View source for Uniform Crime Reports

{{Short description|Federal Bureau of Investigation program in the United States}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox law enforcement unit
| unit_name         = Uniform Crime Reporting
| native_name       = <!-- Use {{native name|language code|name}} -->
| native_namea      = <!-- Use {{native name|language code|name}} -->
| native_namer      = <!-- Use {{native name|language code|name}} -->
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| alt               = 
| caption           = 
| dates             = 1929 - present
| country           = [[United States]]
| agency            = [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
| type              = [[Crime statistics]] program
| role              = Collection and publishing
| ops_juris         = 
| command_structure = [[FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division|Criminal Justice Information Services Division]]
| headquarters_label = 
| headquarters      = 
| coordinates       = 
| motto             = 
| motto_translated  = 
| common_name       = 
| abbreviation      = UCR
<!-- Structure -->| sworn_type_label  = 
| sworn             = 
| unsworn_type_label = 
| unsworn           = 
| subunit_type_label = 
| subunits          = 
| station_type_label = 
| stations          = <!-- Commanders -->
| current_commander = 
| notable_commanders = <!-- Notables -->
| programs          = <!-- or | programmes = -->
| significant_operations = 
| anniversaries     = 
| awards            = <!-- Equipment -->
| vehicles          = 
| boats             = 
| aircraft          = 
| animals           = <!--Website -->
| website           = {{Official website|https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/ucr}}
}}

The '''Uniform Crime Reporting''' ('''UCR''') '''program''' compiles official data on [[crime in the United States]], published by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI). UCR is "a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of nearly 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, [[Federally recognized tribes|tribal]], and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/killed/2009/aboutucr.html |title=Summary of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program |website=fbi.gov |date=1987-09-30 |access-date=2012-12-30}}</ref>

Crime statistics are compiled from UCR data and published annually by the FBI in the ''Crime in the United States'' series. The FBI does not collect the data itself. Rather, [[Law enforcement in the United States|law enforcement agencies]] across the United States provide the data to the FBI, which then compiles the Reports.

The Uniform Crime Reporting program began in 1929, and since then has become an important source of crime information for law enforcement, policymakers, scholars, and the media.

==History==

=== Formation by the IACP & SSRC and Initial Reports (1927-1930) ===
The UCR Program was based upon work by the [[International Association of Chiefs of Police]] (IACP) and the [[Social Science Research Council]] (SSRC)<ref>Lawrence Rosen, "The Creation of the Uniform Crime Report", ''Social Science History'' 19:2 (Summer 1995):215–238.</ref> throughout the 1920s to create a uniform national set of crime statistics, reliable for analysis. In 1927, the IACP created the Committee on Uniform Crime Reporting to determine statistics for national comparisons. The committee concluded that eight index crimes were fundamental to comparing crime rates across geographic locations: [[Murder|murder and non-negligent manslaughter]], [[Negligent homicide|negligent manslaughter]], [[Rape|forcible rape]], [[robbery]], [[Assault#Aggravated assault|aggravated assault]], [[burglary]], [[Larceny|larceny-theft]], and [[motor vehicle theft]]. (From 1930 to 1957, negligent manslaughter was included as an index crime.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=United States Department of Justice |last2=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=2003-06-19 |title=Uniform Crime Reports [United States], 1930-1959 |url=https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/NACJD/studies/3666/versions/V1 |archive-url= |website=Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research}}</ref> In 1979, [[arson]] would be added as an index crime by a congressional directive.)

The early program was managed by the IACP and published through a monthly report.<ref name=":0" /> The first report in January 1930 reported data from 400 cities throughout 43 states, covering more than 20 million individuals, approximately twenty percent of the total U.S. population at the time.<ref name=":1">[https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_00/contents.pdf Crime in the United States 2000]. (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C.. Retrieved on 30 March 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100414194515/http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_00/contents.pdf Archived] on 14 April 2010.</ref>

=== Transition to Oversight by the FBI (1930) ===
The intention of the IACP in developing the UCR program was always to have its management transferred to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI).<ref name=":1" /> Through IACP lobbying, on June 11, 1930 the [[United States Congress]] passed legislation enacting [[Title 28 of the United States Code|28 U.S.C.]] § 534, which granted the office of the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] the ability to "acquire, collect, classify, and preserve identification, criminal identification, crime, and other records" and the ability to appoint officials to oversee this duty, including the subordinate members of the Bureau of Investigation. The Attorney General, in turn, designated the FBI to serve as the national clearinghouse for the data collected, and the FBI assumed responsibility for managing the UCR Program in September 1930. In the July 1930 issue of the crime report the IACP announced the FBI's takeover of the program. While the IACP discontinued oversight of the program, they continued to advise the FBI on how to better the UCR.

Since 1935, the FBI served as a data clearinghouse, organizing, collecting, and disseminating information voluntarily submitted by local, state, federal and tribal law enforcement agencies. The UCR remained the primary tool for collection and analysis of data for the next half century.

=== Development of NIBRS (1980s-present) ===
Throughout the 1980s, a series of National UCR Conferences were with members from the IACP, Department of Justice, including the FBI, and newly formed [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]] (BJS). The purpose was to determine necessary system revisions and then implement them. The result of these conferences was the release of a ''Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=U.S. Department of Justice |url=https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/bjs/98348.pdf |title=Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program: Final Report of the UCR Study |last2=Bureau of Justice Statistics |last3=Federal Bureau of Investigation |year=1985}}</ref> release in May 1985, detailing the necessary revisions. The key recommendations made by the report were 1) a move to requesting data on each individual offense rather than monthly totals, 2) a move to requesting more detailed data about crime incidents including more specific data used to classify offenses and information like the victim and offender's demographic characteristics, their relationship, and the location of the crime, and 3) quality assurance measures like routine audits, minimum reporting-system standards, increased feedback to and from local agencies, and strengthening of state-level UCR Programs.

These recommendations were implemented in the form of the [[National Incident-Based Reporting System]] (NIBRS). The FBI began accepting data in the new NIBRS format in January 1989.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=U.S. Department of Justice |url=https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/125018NCJRS.pdf |title=Crime in the United States: Uniform Crime Reports, 1989 |last2=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=August 5, 1990 }}</ref> For many years, the FBI collected UCR data in both the NIBRS and traditional Summary Reporting System (SRS) formats. In 2015, in consultation with their law enforcement partners and the [[FBI Criminal Justice Information Services Division|Criminal Justice Information Services]] (CJIS) Advisory Policy Board, the FBI announced that it would be retiring the SRS format.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Christman |first1=Michael A. |last2=Piquero |first2=Alexis R. |date=2022-10-05 |title=New and Better Crime Data for the Nation |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/blog/new-and-better-crime-data-nation |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs |language=en}}</ref> As of January 1, 2021, the SRS has been discontinued and been fully replaced by (NIBRS).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Federal Bureau of Investigation |title=National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) |url=https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr/nibrs |access-date=September 17, 2024}}</ref>

== Coverage ==
Each month, law enforcement agencies report the number of known index crimes in their jurisdiction to the FBI.  This mainly includes crimes reported to the police by the general public, but may also include crimes that [[police officer]]s discover, and known through other sources.  Law enforcement agencies also report the number of crime cases [[Crime clearance rate|cleared]].

In 2003, FBI UCR data were compiled from more than 16,000 agencies, representing 93 percent of the population<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucrquest.htm Frequently Asked Questions]. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C.. ''Uniform Crime Reports''. Retrieved on 2008-03-30.</ref> in 46 states and the [[District of Columbia]].<ref>[http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/nibrsstatus.htm UCR and NIBRS Participation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425085732/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/nibrsstatus.htm |date=2006-04-25 }}. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, D.C. Retrieved on 2008-03-30.</ref>  While nationally reporting is not mandated, many states have instituted laws requiring law enforcement within those states to provide UCR data.

== Data Collection and Publications ==
The UCR Program has published data on crime in the United States since 1930. In addition, the UCR Program has published more specific reports based on its primary data collection efforts and overseen other data collection efforts related to crime and law enforcement in the U.S.

=== Crime in the United States ===

* '''National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)''' - NIBRS collects information about offenses known to and arrests made by law enforcement officers in the U.S. While the FBI began collecting NIBRS-format data in 1989,<ref name=":4" /> the NIBRS data collection program ran concurrently with the traditional SRS for many years. As of January 1, 2021, NIBRS is the sole FBI data collection program used for crime data.<ref name=":5" /> NIBRS-format data is reported at the incident-level rather than in totals per months (as the SRS was). For each incident, agencies are asked to report information about the crime victim(s), the offender(s), their relationship to each other, and the value of any property stolen, lost, damaged, etc. during the incident.<ref name=":3" /> 
* '''Summary Reporting System (SRS)''' - The SRS collected information about offenses known to and arrests made by law enforcement officers in the U.S. The SRS data collection program was in use from 1930 to 2020.<ref name=":1" />'''<ref name=":5" />''' SRS-format data included monthly offense totals for the eight [[Uniform Crime Reports#Part I Offenses (Offenses & Arrests)|index crimes]] and arrest totals for all crime types broken down by age, sex, race, and (starting in 2013<ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal Bureau of Investigation |title=Crime in the United States 2012: Table 43: Arrests by Race, 2012 |url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/43tabledatadecoverviewpdf |access-date=September 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal Bureau of Investigation |title=Crime in the United States 2013: Table 43: Arrests by Race, 2013 |url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/tables/table-43}}</ref>) Hispanic-origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Federal Bureau of Investigation |url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/additional-ucr-publications/ucr_handbook.pdf |title=Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook |last2=U.S. Department of Justice |date=2004}}</ref> 
** '''Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR)''' - As part of the SRS program, agencies were also asked to submit detailed information about each homicide incident that occurred in their jurisdiction through the SHR. This information included the date, location, and circumstances of the killing, the method used to kill, and demographic characteristics of the homicide victim and the offender.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fox |first1=James Alan |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/uniform-crime-reports-united-states-supplementary-homicide-reports |title=Uniform Crime Reports (United States): Supplementary Homicide Reports, 1976-1983 |last2=Pierce |first2=Glenn L. |publisher=Center for Applied Social Research, National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice |year=1987}}</ref> In addition, the Supplementary Homicide Reports included data about incidents of justifiable homicide, that is, non-crime incidents [[Justifiable homicide|when a private citizen kills someone committing a crime]] or when [[Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States|law enforcement kills someone while acting in the line of duty]]. This information is now collected as part of NIBRS. 
* '''Hate Crime Statistics''' - As part of the [[Hate Crime Statistics Act]] passed in 1990, the UCR began collecting additional information about hate crimes reported through the SRS and NIBRS.
* '''Cargo Theft'''
* '''Federal Crime Data''' 
* '''Human Trafficking'''

=== Law Enforcement Data Collections ===

* '''Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA)'''
* '''Law Enforcement Suicide Data Collection''' 
* '''The National Use-of-Force Data Collection'''

==UCR crime categories==
[[File:FBI UCR crime-clock 2014.jpg|thumb|[[FBI]] Crime Clock – 2014]]
[[Image:2004 UCR Overview.jpg|thumb|Violent and Property Crime Indexes per 100,000 population, 2004 Uniform Crime Report]]

=== NIBRS Categories ===
Under the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), offenses are classified as Group A or Group B offenses.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Criminal Justice Information Services Division |url=https://le.fbi.gov/file-repository/nibrs-user-manual-063023.pdf/view |title=2023.0 National Incident-Based Reporting System User Manual |last2=Federal Bureau of Investigation |last3=U.S. Department of Justice |date=June 30, 2023}}</ref> Additionally, Group A offenses can fall into one of three sub-categories: crimes against persons, crimes against property, or crimes against society.

==== Group A (Offenses & Arrests) ====
Agencies are asked to fill out an incident report for every Group A offense reported to them (or that they otherwise come to know about), regardless of whether an arrest was made.<ref name=":3" /> NIBRS's Group A therefore replaces and expands on the SRS's Part I offenses.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Offense Category
!Offense
!Crime Type
!Reported By
|-
|Homicide
|[[Murder]]/[[Voluntary manslaughter|Non-Negligent Manslaughter]]
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Homicide
|[[Negligent homicide|Negligent Manslaughter]] 
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Homicide
|[[Justifiable homicide|Justifiable Homicide]]
|Not a Crime
|All Agencies
|-
|Assault
|[[Assault#Aggravated assault|Aggravated Assault]]
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Assault
|[[Assault|Simple Assault]]
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Assault
|[[Intimidation]]
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Sex Offenses
|[[Rape]]
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Sex Offenses
|[[Sodomy laws in the United States|Sodomy]]<sup>1</sup>
|Persons
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Sex Offenses
|[[Sexual Assault|Sexual Assault with An Object]]<sup>1</sup>
|Persons
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Sex Offenses
|[[Groping|Fondling]]
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Sex Offenses
|[[Legality of incest in the United States|Incest]]
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Sex Offenses
|[[Ages of consent in the United States|Statutory Rape]]
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Sex Offenses
|[[Sex offender registries in the United States|Failure to Register as a Sex Offender]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Human Trafficking
|[[Human trafficking#Sex trafficking|Commercial Sex Acts]]
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Human Trafficking
|[[Human trafficking#Labour trafficking|Involuntary Servitude]] 
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Kidnapping/Abduction 
|[[Kidnapping|Kidnapping/Abduction]] 
|Persons
|All Agencies
|-
|Robbery
|[[Robbery]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Burglary/B&E
|[[Burglary|Burglary/B&E]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Larceny/Theft
|[[Pickpocketing|Pocket Picking]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Larceny/Theft
|[[Snatch theft|Purse Snatching]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Larceny/Theft
|[[Shoplifting]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Larceny/Theft
|[[Larceny|Theft from Building]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Larceny/Theft
|[[Larceny|Theft from Coin-Operated Machine or Device]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Larceny/Theft
|[[Larceny|Theft from Motor Vehicle]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Larceny/Theft
|[[Larceny|Theft of Motor Vehicle Parts or Accessories]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Larceny/Theft
|[[Larceny|All Other Larceny]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Motor Vehicle Theft
|[[Motor vehicle theft|Motor Vehicle Theft]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Arson 
|[[Arson]] 
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Bribery
|[[Bribery]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Counterfeiting/Forgery
|[[Counterfeit]]ing/[[Forgery]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property
|[[Vandalism|Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Embezzlement
|[[Embezzlement]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Extortion/Blackmail 
|[[Extortion]]/[[Blackmail]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Stolen Property Offenses
|Stolen Property Offenses (e.g., [[Fence (criminal)|selling]], [[Possession of stolen goods|possessing]])
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Fraud
|[[False pretenses|False Pretenses]]/[[Scam|Swindle/Confidence Games]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Fraud
|[[Credit card fraud|Credit Card/Automatic Teller Machine Fraud]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Fraud
|[[Impersonating a public servant|Impersonation]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Fraud
|[[Welfare fraud|Welfare Fraud]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Fraud
|[[Mail and wire fraud|Wire Fraud]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Fraud
|[[Identity theft|Identity Theft]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Fraud
|[[Hacking of consumer electronics|Hacking/Computer Invasion]]
|Property
|All Agencies
|-
|Fraud 
|[[Money laundering|Money Laundering]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Animal Cruelty
|[[Cruelty to animals|Animal Cruelty]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Commerce Violations
|[[Smuggling#Goods|Import Violations]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Commerce Violations
|[[Smuggling#Goods|Export Violations]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Commerce Violations
|[[Alcohol law#United States 5|Federal Liquor Offenses]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Commerce Violations
|[[Regulation of tobacco by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration|Federal Tobacco Offenses]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Commerce Violations
|[[Wildlife smuggling|Wildlife Trafficking]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Drug/Narcotic Violations
|[[Federal drug policy of the United States|Drug/Narcotic Violations]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Drug/Narcotic Violations
|[[Federal drug policy of the United States|Drug/Narcotic Equip. Violations]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Espionage
|[[Espionage]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Fugitive Offenses
|[[Accessory (legal term)|Harboring Escapee/Concealing from Arrest]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Fugitive Offenses
|[[Fugitive|Flight to Avoid Prosecution]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Fugitive Offenses
|[[Deportation and removal from the United States|Flight to Avoid Deportation]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Gambling Offenses 
|[[Gambling in the United States#Legality|Betting/Wagering]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Gambling Offenses 
|[[Gambling in the United States#Legality|Operating/Promoting/Assisting Gambling]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Gambling Offenses 
|[[Gambling in the United States#Legality|Gambling Equip. Violations]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Gambling Offenses 
|[[Match fixing related to gambling|Sports Tampering]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Immigration Violations
|[[Illegal entry|Illegal Entry into the United States]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Immigration Violations
|[[Illegal immigration to the United States|False Citizenship]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Immigration Violations
|[[People smuggling|Smuggling Aliens]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Immigration Violations
|[[Illegal entry|Re-entry after Deportation]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Pornography/Obscene Material
|[[United States obscenity law|Pornography/Obscene Material]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Prostitution Offenses
|[[Prostitution]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Prostitution Offenses
|[[Procuring (prostitution)|Assisting or Promoting Prostitution]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Prostitution Offenses
|[[Client (prostitution)|Purchasing Prostitution]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Treason
|[[Treason]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Weapon Law Violations
|[[Gun laws in the United States by state|Weapon Law Violations]]
|Society
|All Agencies
|-
|Weapon Law Violations
|[[National Firearms Act|Violation of National Firearm Act of 1934]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Weapon Law Violations
|[[Weapon of mass destruction|Weapons of Mass Destruction]]
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Weapon Law Violations
|[[Explosive]]s
|Society
|Federal and Tribal Only
|}
<small>1 Federal and tribal law enforcement agencies report sodomy and sexual assault with an object separately from rape. Other law enforcement agencies report offenses of this type under the offense label of rape.</small>

==== Group B (Arrests Only) ====
Agencies only submit information to the FBI about Group B offenses if an arrest is made. 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Offense
!Reported By
|-
|Curfew/Loitering/Vagrancy Violations 
|All Agencies
|-
|Disorderly Conduct 
|All Agencies
|-
|Driving Under the Influence 
|All Agencies
|-
|Failure to Appear
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Family Offenses, Nonviolent 
|All Agencies
|-
|Federal Resource Violations
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Liquor Law Violations 
|All Agencies
|-
|Perjury
|Federal and Tribal Only
|-
|Trespass of Real Property 
|All Agencies
|-
|All Other Offenses 
|All Agencies
|}

=== SRS Categories ===
The UCR program's traditional Summary Reporting System (SRS) was in use from 1930 to 2020. As of January 1, 2021, the SRS has been discontinued and been fully replaced by the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). In the SRS, criminal offenses were divided into two major groups: Part I offenses and Part II offenses.

==== Part I Offenses (Offenses & Arrests) ====
In Part I, the UCR indexed reported incidents of major crimes, referred to as '''"index crimes,"''' which were reported to the FBI via a document named "Return A – Monthly Return of Offenses Known to the Police." Agencies were asked to report each month the total number of index crimes reported to them (or that they otherwise came to know about) regardless of whether an arrest was made.

Crimes were included in the index based on their relative seriousness, their tendency to be reported more reliably than other crime types, and that reports for them are generally taken directly by the police and not a separate agency which aggregates the data and does not necessarily contribute to the UCR. The index crimes were broken into two categories: violent and property crimes. [[murder|Murder and non-negligent manslaughter]], [[rape|forcible rape]], [[robbery]], and [[aggravated assault]] were classified as violent crimes and used to create an overall "violent crime index" while [[burglary]], [[larceny|larceny-theft]], [[motor vehicle theft]], and [[arson]] were classified as property crimes and used to create an overall "property crime index."

[[Arson]] was not initially included as one of the Part I index crimes. It was added in 1979 by a congressional directive.

From 1930 to 1957, [[Negligent homicide|negligent manslaughter]] was included in UCR reporting as one of the violent index crimes.<ref name=":0" /> As of 1958 annual report, it was no longer included in reporting about the index crimes, although the FBI continued to request information about the total number of negligent homicide offenses known to law enforcement agencies as part of Return A until 1985.<ref name=":2" /> So, from 1958 to 1985, negligent manslaughter was a Part I offense but not an index crime.

==== Part II Offenses (Arrests Only) ====
In Part II, the following categories were tracked: simple assault, curfew offenses and loitering, embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting, disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, drug offenses, fraud, gambling, liquor offenses, offenses against the family, prostitution, [[public drunkenness]], runaways, sex offenses, stolen property, vandalism, vagrancy, and weapons offenses. Agencies were asked to report each month the total number of arrests made for all Part I and Part II offenses.

==Advisory groups==
The Criminal Justice Information Systems Committees of the [[International Association of Chiefs of Police]] (IACP) and the [[National Sheriffs' Association]] (NSA) serve in an advisory capacity to the UCR Program and encourage local police departments and sheriff's departments to participate fully in the program.

In 1988, a Data Providers' Advisory Policy Board was established to provide input for UCR matters. The Board operated until 1993 when it combined with the National Crime Information Center Advisory Policy Board to form a single Advisory Policy Board (APB) to address all issues regarding the FBI's criminal justice information services. In addition, the Association of State UCR Programs (ASUCRP) focuses on UCR issues within individual state law enforcement associations and promotes interest in the UCR Program. These organizations foster widespread and responsible use of UCR statistics and assist data contributors when needed.

==Limitations==
The UCR itself warns that it reflects crime reports by police, not later adjudication.<ref name=limits>{{Cite report |url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/ucr-statistics-their-proper-use |title=UCR Statistics: Their Proper Use |last=Uniform Crime Reporting Program |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |language=en}}</ref> Because reporting quality, arrest likelihood, officers per capita, and funding vary by jurisdiction, the data should not be used to compare crime rates or frequencies between reporting agencies.<ref name=limits />

[[Image:UCR versus NCVS.PNG|thumb|Comparing arrests, reports and unknown violent crime]]

==See also==
* [[National Crime Victimization Survey]]
* [[Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Lynch, J. P., & Addington, L. A. (2007). ''Understanding crime statistics: revisiting the divergence of the NCVS and UCR''. Cambridge studies in criminology. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521862042}}
*Kaplan, Jacob. 2021. ''[https://ucrbook.com/ Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Data: A Practitioner's Guide]''.

==External links==
* [https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr/publications#cius Uniform Crime Reports, all years] (official)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091211060154/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ Uniform Crime Report Statistics Graphed]
* [https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/handbook/ucrhandbook04.pdf Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook] (FBI)
* [https://disastercenter.com/crime/index.html United States: Uniform Crime Report – State Statistics from 1960 to 2005]
* [https://leb.fbi.gov/spotlights/officer-survival-spotlight-officer-perception-and-assault-prevention Officer Survival Spotlight - Officer Perception and Assault Prevention] [[FBI]]

{{DOJ agencies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Law enforcement databases in the United States]]
[[Category:United States Department of Justice publications]]
[[Category:Crime statistics]]
[[Category:Academic works about criminology]]
[[Category:1930 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1930]]