View source for United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

{{Short description|International environmental treaty}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = UNFCCC
| long_name = United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
| image = UNFCCC logo with text.svg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Multilateral treaty|Multilateral]] [[International environmental agreement|environmental agreement]]
| context = [[Environmentalism]]
| date_drafted = {{Start date|1992|05|09|df=yes}}
| date_signed = 4–14 June 1992 <br /> 20 June 1992 – 19 June 1993
| location_signed = [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil<br />[[New York City|New York]], United States
| date_effective = {{Start date|1994|03|21|df=yes}}
| condition_effective = Ratification by 50 states
| amendment =
| provisional_application =
| signatories = 165
| parties = [[List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|198]]
| depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| languages = {{plainlist|
* [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
* [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[French language|French]]
* [[Russian language|Russian]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
}}
| wikisource = United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
| footnotes =
}}

The '''United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change''' ('''UNFCCC''') is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an [[international treaty]] among countries to combat "dangerous [[Global warming|human interference]] with the [[climate system]]". The main way to do this is limiting the increase in [[greenhouse gases]] in the [[atmosphere]].<ref name="art2">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf|title=Article 2|work=The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> It was signed in 1992 by 154 states at the [[United Nations Conference on Environment and Development]] (UNCED), informally known as the [[Earth Summit]], held in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. The treaty entered into force on 21 March 1994.<ref name="Framework">{{Cite web|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)|url=https://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/unfccc/en/|access-date=22 October 2020|website=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> "UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the [[UN Campus, Bonn|UN Campus in Bonn]], Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Secretariat |url=https://unfccc.int/about-us/about-the-secretariat |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=unfccc.int |quote=The secretariat was established in 1992 when countries adopted the UNFCCC. The original secretariat was in Geneva. Since 1996, the secretariat has been located in Bonn, Germany.}}</ref>

[[File:Living Laudato Si' Philippines intervention at COP27 Catholic Actors meeting with the Holy See delegation.jpg|thumb|Living Laudato Si' [[Philippines]] intervention at [[2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP 27]] Catholic Actors meeting with the [[Foreign relations of the Holy See|Holy See delegation]]]]
[[File:Armen Sarkissian attends the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (75).jpg|thumb|[[Armen Sarkissian]], the 4th [[president of Armenia]] from 2018 to 2022, attends the [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP 26]]]]

The convention's main objective is explained in Article 2. It is the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-caused] interference with the [[climate system]]".<ref name="art2" /> The treaty calls for continuing scientific research into the climate. This research supports meetings and negotiations to lead to agreements. The aim is to allow [[ecosystem]]s to [[Climate change adaptation|adapt to climate change]]. At the same time it aims to ensure there are no threats to [[Food industry|food production]] from climate change or measures to address it. And it aims to enable [[economic development]] to proceed in a [[Sustainable development|sustainable]] manner.<ref name="Framework" /><ref name="Policy">{{Cite web|last=H.K.|first=Jacobson|date=2001|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Climate Policy: International|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change|access-date=22 October 2020|website=Science Direct}}</ref> The UNFCCC's work currently focuses on implementing the [[Paris Agreement]]. This agreement entered into force in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About UNFCCC |url=https://www.ungm.org/Shared/KnowledgeCenter/Pages/UNFCCC |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=United Nations Global Market place (ungm)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jepsen |first1=Henrik |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/negotiating-the-paris-agreement/660C5CB692E6AE32FE9244374CD1EF39 |title=Negotiating the Paris Agreement: The Insider Stories |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-88624-6 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> It aims to limit the [[Instrumental temperature record|rise in global temperature]] to well below {{convert|2|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}} above levels before the [[Industrial Revolution]], and even aiming to hold it at {{convert|1.5|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}. The Paris Agreement superseded the UNFCCC's [[Kyoto Protocol]] which had been signed in 1997 and ran from 2005 to 2020.

By 2022, the UNFCCC had 198 parties. Its supreme decision-making body, the [[Conference of the parties|Conference of the Parties]] (COP), meets every year. Other meetings at the regional and technical level take place throughout the year.<ref name="mitigation2014">[http://report.mitigation2014.org/drafts/final-draft-postplenary/ipcc_wg3_ar5_final-draft_postplenary_chapter13.pdf R. Stavins, J. Zou, et al., "International Cooperation: Agreements and Instruments."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929140547/http://report.mitigation2014.org/drafts/final-draft-postplenary/ipcc_wg3_ar5_final-draft_postplenary_chapter13.pdf|date=29 September 2014}} Chapter 13 in: ''Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. Cambridge University Press, 2014.</ref><ref name="climate-leaders.org">{{cite web|year=2009|title=What is the UNFCCC & the COP|url=http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-at-cop-15/unfccc-cop|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327142028/http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-at-cop-15/unfccc-cop|archive-date=27 March 2009|access-date=5 December 2009|work=Climate Leaders|publisher=Lead India}}</ref> The Paris Agreement mandates a review or "[[global stocktake]]" of progress towards meeting its goals every five years. The first of these took place at [[2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP28]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) in 2023.

The treaty sets out responsibilities for three categories of states. These are [[developed countries]], developed countries with special financial responsibilities, and [[developing countries]].<ref name="Policy" /> The developed countries are called Annex I countries. At first there were 38 of them. Annex I countries should adopt national policies and take corresponding measures to limit their [[Greenhouse gas emissions|emissions of greenhouse gases]]. They should also report on steps for returning individually or jointly to their 1990 greenhouse gas emission levels.<ref name="Policy" />

It is problematic that key signatory states are not adhering to their individual commitments. For this reason, the UNFCCC has been criticized as being unsuccessful in reducing greenhouse gas emission since its adoption.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Schiermeier |first1=Quirin |year=2012 |title=The Kyoto Protocol: Hot air |journal=Nature |volume=491 |issue=7426 |pages=656–658 |bibcode=2012Natur.491..656S |doi=10.1038/491656a |pmid=23192127 |s2cid=4401151 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Parties to the convention have not agreed on a process allowing for majority voting. All decisions are taken by consensus, giving individual parties or countries a veto.<ref name="Staff">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Carbon Brief |date=2024-03-05 |title=Guest post: The challenge of consensus decision-making in UN climate negotiations |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-the-challenge-of-consensus-decision-making-in-un-climate-negotiations/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> The effectiveness of the Paris Agreement to reach its climate goals is also under debate, especially with regards to its more ambitious goal of keeping the global temperature rise to under 1.5&nbsp;°C.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Raiser |first1=Kilian |last2=Kornek |first2=Ulrike |last3=Flachsland |first3=Christian |last4=Lamb |first4=William F |date=19 August 2020 |title=Is the Paris Agreement effective? A systematic map of the evidence |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=083006 |bibcode=2020ERL....15h3006R |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab865c |issn=1748-9326 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maizland |first=Lindsay |date=29 April 2021 |title=Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612023125/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=20 June 2021 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref>

In a recent study, a hybrid meeting cycle alternating in-person summits with virtual thematic sessions is proposed as a means of enhancing equity and effectiveness in climate governance under the UNFCCC framework <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Do |first=Thang Nam |date=2025-12-01 |title=Fund more, fly less: A hybrid meeting cycle for more effective and equitable climate governance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589811625000667 |journal=Earth System Governance |volume=26 |article-number=100300 |doi=10.1016/j.esg.2025.100300 |issn=2589-8116|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Development ==
{{climate change mitigation}}

The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]]'s [[IPCC First Assessment Report|First Assessment Report]] appeared in 1990. The report gave a broad overview of climate change science and the [[Scientific consensus on climate change|scientific consensus to date]]. It discussed uncertainties and provided evidence of warming. The authors said they are certain that greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere because of human activity. This is resulting in more warming of the [[Earth]]'s surface.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAR Climate Change: Scientific Assessment of Climate Change — IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar1/wg1/ |access-date=2022-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1990 |title=Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment: Policymaker Summary - Executive Summary |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ipcc_far_wg_I_spm.pdf |website=ipcc.ch}}</ref> The report led to the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).<ref name="UCS IPCC Who are they?">{{cite web |date=11 October 2018 |title=The IPCC: Who Are They and Why Do Their Climate Reports Matter? |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/ipcc-who-are-they |website=Union of Concerned Scientists: Reports & Multimedia - Activist Resources: Explainers |publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists}}</ref>

=== Convention Agreement in 1992 ===
The text of the convention was produced during the meeting of an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. The convention was adopted on 9 May 1992 and opened for signature on 4 June 1992 at the [[United Nations Conference on Environment and Development]] (UNCED) in [[Rio de Janeiro]] (known by its popular title, the [[Earth Summit]]).<ref>{{citation|title=Status of Ratification of the Convention|publisher= United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url= https://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php |access-date= 10 May 2015}}</ref> On 12 June 1992, 154 nations signed the UNFCCC, which upon ratification committed signatories' governments to reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases with the goal of "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with Earth's climate system". This commitment would require substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (see the later section, [[#Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations|"Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations"]]).<ref name="art2" /><ref name="mitigation2014" /> Parties to the Convention have met annually from 1995 in [[United Nations Climate Change conference|Conferences of the Parties]] (COPs) to assess progress in dealing with [[climate change]].<ref name="climate-leaders.org"/>

Article 3(1) of the Convention<ref>
{{citation
 | title=UNFCCC Article 3: Principles
 | url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1355.php
}}, in {{harvnb|United Nations|1992}}
</ref> states that Parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of "common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities", and that developed country Parties should "take the lead" in addressing climate change. Under Article 4, all Parties make general commitments to address climate change through, for example, climate change mitigation and adapting to the eventual impacts of climate change.<ref>
{{citation
 |title=UNFCCC Article 4: Commitments
 |url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1362.php
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124034306/https://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1362.php
 |archive-date=24 January 2011
}}, in {{harvnb|United Nations|1992}}
</ref> Article 4(7) states:<ref>
{{citation
 |title=UNFCCC Article 4: Commitments, paragraph 7
 |url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1362.php
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124034306/https://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1362.php
 |archive-date=24 January 2011
}}, in {{harvnb|United Nations|1992}}
</ref>

<blockquote>The extent to which [[developing country]] Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and social development and [[poverty reduction|poverty eradication]] are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties.</blockquote>

The Convention specifies the aim of Annex I Parties was stabilizing their greenhouse gas emissions ([[carbon dioxide]] and other anthropogenic greenhouse gases not regulated under the [[Montreal Protocol]]) at 1990 levels, by 2000.<ref>
{{citation
 |title=UNFCCC Article 4: Commitments: 2a, b
 |url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1362.php
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124034306/https://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1362.php
 |archive-date=24 January 2011
}}, in {{harvnb|United Nations|1992}}
</ref>

=== Overarching objective ===
The ultimate objective of the Framework Convention is specified in Article 2: "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-caused] interference with the climate system".<ref name="art2" /> Article 2 of the convention says this "should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow [[ecosystems]] to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that [[Effects of climate change on agriculture|food production]] is not threatened and to enable [[economics of global warming|economic development]] to proceed in a sustainable manner".<ref name="art2" />

=== Six priority areas (Action for Climate Empowerment) ===
{{Main|Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE)}}

Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a term adopted by the UNFCCC in 2015 to have a better name for this topic than "Article 6". It refers to Article 6 of the convention's original text (1992), focusing on six priority areas: education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to information, and international cooperation on these issues. The implementation of all six areas has been identified as the pivotal factor for everyone to understand and participate in solving the challenges presented by climate change. ACE calls on governments to develop and implement educational and public awareness programmes, train scientific, technical and managerial personnel, foster access to information, and promote public participation in addressing climate change and its effects. It also urges countries to cooperate in this process, by exchanging good practices and lessons learned, and strengthening national institutions. This wide scope of activities is guided by specific objectives that, together, are seen as crucial for effectively implementing climate adaptation and mitigation actions, and for achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=UNESCO and UNFCCC |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002464/246435e.pdf |title=Action for climate empowerment: Guidelines for accelerating solutions through education, training and public |publisher=UNESCO and UNFCCC |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3100-182-6 |page=6}}</ref>

==Key agreements and protocols==
===Kyoto Protocol===
[[File:Kyoto Protocol parties.svg|thumb|Map of parties to the Kyoto Protocol {{legend|#008000|Annex B parties with binding targets in 1st and 2nd period}} {{legend|purple|Annex B parties with binding targets in 1st period but not 2nd}} {{legend|#0000FF|Non-Annex B parties without binding targets}} {{legend|#EEEE00|Annex B parties with binding targets in 1st period but which withdrew from the Protocol}} {{legend|orange|Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified}} {{legend|#FF1111|Other UN member states and observers that are not party to the Protocol}}]]

{{excerpt|Kyoto Protocol|file=no|paragraphs=1-4}}

===Paris Agreement===
[[File:ParisAgreement.svg|thumb|Map of signatories and parties to the Paris Agreement<ref name="depo2">{{cite web|title=Paris Agreement|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141043/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en|archive-date=5 July 2021|access-date=15 July 2021|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref>{{legend|#ffcc00|Signatories that have not ratified}}{{legend|#6666ff|State parties}}
{{legend|#000088|Parties also covered by [[European Union|EU]] ratification}}{{legend|#e0e0e0|Agreement does not apply}}]]
{{excerpt|Paris Agreement|file=no|paragraphs=1-2}}

===Further commitments===
In addition to the Kyoto Protocol (and its amendment) and the Paris Agreement, parties to the Convention have agreed to further commitments during UNFCCC Conferences of the Parties. These include the [[2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Bali Action Plan]] (2007),<ref>
{{harvnb|COP|2008}}</ref> the [[Copenhagen Accord]] (2009),<ref name="copenhagen accord p5">
{{harvnb|COP|2010|p=5}}</ref> the Cancún agreements (2010),<ref name="COP 2011">{{harvnb|COP|2011}}</ref> and the [[2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Durban Platform for Enhanced Action]] (2012).<ref>{{harvnb|COP|2012}}</ref>

;Bali Action Plan
{{Further|Bali Road Map}}
As part of the Bali Action Plan, adopted in 2007, all developed country Parties have agreed to "quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives, while ensuring the comparability of efforts among them, taking into account differences in their national circumstances".<ref name="cop bali action plan">
Decision 1/CP.13, in {{harvnb|COP|2008|p=3}}
</ref> Developing country Parties agreed to "[nationally] appropriate mitigation actions context of [[sustainable development]], supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner."<ref name="cop bali action plan" /> 42 developed countries have submitted mitigation targets to the UNFCCC secretariat,<ref>* {{harvnb|UNFCCC|2012c}} (23 August)
* {{harvnb|UNFCCC|2013a}} (18 February)
</ref> as have 57 developing countries and the [[African Group]] (a group of countries within the UN).<ref>* {{harvnb|UNFCCC|2013b}} (28 May)
* {{harvnb|UNFCCC|2013c}} (1 July)
</ref>
;Copenhagen Accord and Cancún agreements
{{Further|Copenhagen Accord|2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference}}
As part of the 2009 Copenhagen negotiations, a number of countries produced the Copenhagen Accord.<ref name="copenhagen accord p5" /> The Accord states that global warming should be limited to below {{convert|2.0|°C|°F|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="copenhagen accord p5" /> The Accord does not specify what the baseline is for these temperature targets (e.g., relative to pre-industrial or 1990 temperatures). According to the UNFCCC, these targets are relative to pre-industrial temperatures.<ref>{{harvnb|UNFCCC|2012a}} (16 May)</ref>

114 countries agreed to the Accord.<ref name="copenhagen accord p5" /> The UNFCCC secretariat notes that "Some Parties ... stated in their communications to the secretariat specific understandings on the nature of the Accord and related matters, based on which they have agreed to [the Accord]." The Accord was not formally adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Instead, the COP "took note of the Copenhagen Accord."<ref name="copenhagen accord p5" />

As part of the Accord, 17 developed country Parties and the EU-27 submitted mitigation targets,<ref>{{harvnb|UNFCCC|2011a}} (25 February)</ref> as did 45 developing country Parties.<ref>{{harvnb|UNFCCC|2012b}} (21 May)</ref> Some developing country Parties noted the need for international support in their plans.

As part of the Cancún agreements, developed and developing countries submitted mitigation plans to the UNFCCC.<ref>{{harvnb|UNFCCC|2011c}} (7 June)</ref><ref>{{harvnb|UNFCCC|2011b}} (18 March)</ref> These plans were compiled with those made as part of the Bali Action Plan.

;UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs

At the 2021 annual meeting UNFCCC launched the 'UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs'. The aim of the campaign is to transform 20 sectors of the economy in order to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions. At least 20% of each sector should take specific measures, and 10 sectors should be transformed before [[COP26|COP&nbsp;26]] in Glasgow. According to the organizers, 20% is a tipping point, after which the whole sector begins to irreversibly change.<ref>{{cite web |title=Launch of UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs |url=https://unfccc.int/news/launch-of-un-race-to-zero-emissions-breakthroughs |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=United Nations Climate Change |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Transforming our systems together |url=https://racetozero.unfccc.int/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Race-to-Zero-Breakthroughs-Transforming-Our-Systems-Together.pdf |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=Race-to-Zero-Breakthroughs |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

;Developing countries
At Berlin,<ref>{{harvnb|COP|1995|pp=4–5}}
</ref> Cancún,<ref>{{harvnb|COP|2011|p=2}}
</ref> and Durban,<ref name="durban development">{{harvnb|COP|2012|p=9}}
</ref> the development needs of developing country parties were reiterated. For example, the Durban Platform reaffirms that:<ref name="durban development" />

{{Blockquote|[...] social and economic development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing country Parties, and that a low-emission development strategy is central to sustainable development, and that the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet their social and development needs.}}

==== Green Climate Fund ====
[[File:Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png|thumb|World map for [[Sustainable Development Goal 13]] Indicator 13.A.1: Green Climate Fund mobilization of $100 billion, 2018|300x300px]]The UN [[Sustainable Development Goal 13]] (SDG 13) includes a target about the UNFCCC and explains how the [[Green Climate Fund]] is meant to be used: One of the five targets under SDG 13,  meant to be achieved by 2030, states: "Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible."<ref name=":172">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref>

This target only has one indicator: Indicator 13.a is the "Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025".<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2020 |title=SDG Indicator changes (15 October 2018 and onward) - current to 17 April 2020 |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/List_of_changes_since_15_Oct_2018.pdf |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division}}</ref>{{excerpt|Green Climate Fund|file=no}}

== Secretariat and offices ==
[[File:2014-06-12 Altes Abgeordnetenhochhaus, Bonn IMG 5597.jpg|thumb|[[UN Campus, Bonn]], seat of the secretariat]]

"UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the UN Campus in [[Bonn, Germany]]. Offices were formerly located in [[Haus Carstanjen]] and in a building on the UN Campus known as [[Langer Eugen]].

The secretariat is established under Article{{nbsp}}8 of the convention and headed by the Executive Secretary. The secretariat, augmented through the parallel efforts of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC), aims to gain consensus through meetings and the discussion of various strategies. Since the signing of the UNFCCC treaty, [[UNFCCC#Conferences of the Parties|Conferences of the Parties]] (COPs) have discussed how to achieve the treaty's aims.

From 2010 to 2016 the head of the secretariat was [[Christiana Figueres]], following by [[Patricia Espinosa]] who was appointed Executive Secretary on 18 May 2016 by United Nations Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] and took office on 18 July 2016.<ref name="Espinosa">{{cite web |title=Former Executive Secretary: Patricia Espinosa |url=https://unfccc.int/about-us/the-executive-secretary/former-executive-secretary-patricia-espinosa |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> Espinosa retired on 16 July 2022.<ref name="Espinosa" /> UN Under Secretary General [[Ibrahim Thiaw]] served as the acting Executive Secretary in the interim.<ref name="ExecutiveSec">{{cite web |title=Executive Secretary |url=http://unfccc.int/secretariat/executive_secretary/items/1200.php |access-date=28 August 2016 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> On 15 August 2022, Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] appointed former [[Grenada|Grenadian]] climate minister [[Simon Stiell]] as Executive Secretary, replacing Espinosa.<ref name="StiellWP">{{cite news |date=15 August 2022 |title=UN chief taps Grenada's Simon Stiell as new UN climate chief |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/un-chief-taps-grenadas-simon-stiell-as-new-un-climate-chief/2022/08/15/065f3326-1cd6-11ed-9ce6-68253bd31864_story.html |access-date=16 August 2022 |via=The Washington Post |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

Current and former executive secretaries are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="7" | List of Executive Secretaries of the UNFCCC<br /><small>Sources:<ref name="ExecutiveSec" /><ref>{{Cite news |author=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=8 June 2022 |title=Alok Sharma in running to be UN's global climate chief |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/08/alok-sharma-in-running-to-be-uns-global-climate-chief |access-date=8 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref></small>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sr
! rowspan="2" | Executive Secretary
! rowspan="2" | Country
! colspan="2" | Tenure
! rowspan="2" | Other offices held
|-
! From
! To
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| Michael Zammit Cutajar
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1995
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| [[Joke Waller-Hunter]]
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 May 2002<ref>{{Cite web | title=Joke Waller-Hunter - Biography {{!}} UNFCCC | url=https://unfccc.int/about-us/the-executive-secretary/former-executive-secretary-ms-joke-waller-hunter | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519084015/https://unfccc.int/about-us/the-executive-secretary/former-executive-secretary-ms-joke-waller-hunter | access-date=2025-08-18 | archive-date=2018-05-19}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | 14 October 2005
| {{flagicon|United Nations}} Director for Sustainable Development (1994–98)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Acting''
| [[Richard Kinley]]
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 15 October 2005
| style="text-align:center;" | 9 August 2006
| Deputy Executive Secretary, UNFCCC 2006 - 2016<br />Chairman, [https://www.foggs.org/richard-kinley/ FOGGS] (2016–)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| [[Yvo de Boer]]
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 10 August 2006
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 July 2010
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| [[Christiana Figueres]]
| {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rica]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 July 2010
| style="text-align:center;" | 18 July 2016
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| [[Patricia Espinosa]]
| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 18 July 2016
| style="text-align:center;" | 16 July 2022
| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]] (2006–12)<br />{{flagicon|Mexico}} Ambassador to Germany (2013–16)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Acting''
|   [[Ibrahim Thiaw]]
|   {{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritania]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 17 July 2022<ref>{{cite web |author=Joe Lo |date=21 June 2022 |title=Ibrahim Thiaw appointed interim UN Climate Change head |url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/06/21/ibrahim-thiaw-appointed-interim-un-climate-change-head/ |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Climate Home News}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | 14 August 2022
|  {{flagicon|United Nations}} Under Secretary General of the United Nations and [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|UNCCD]] Executive Secretary (2019-2025)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| [[Simon Stiell]]
| {{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Grenada]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 15 August 2022<ref name="StiellWP" /><ref>{{cite news |author=Harvey |first=Fiona |author-link=Fiona Harvey |date=15 August 2022 |title=Grenadian minister Simon Stiell to be next UN climate chief |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/15/grenadian-minister-simon-stiell-to-be-next-un-climate-chief |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="StiellRelease">{{cite web |author= |date=15 August 2022 |title=Simon Stiell Appointed New UNFCCC Executive Secretary |url=https://unfccc.int/news/simon-stiell-appointed-new-unfccc-executive-secretary |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | current
| {{flagicon|Grenada}} Environment minister (2017–22)<ref name="StiellRelease" />
|-
|}

== Processes ==
=== Relationship with IPCC reports ===
The reports published by [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] play a key role in the annual climate negotiations held by the UNFCCC.<ref name="UNFCCC intro">{{cite web |title=What is the UNFCCC? |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-convention/what-is-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change |website=UNFCCC}}</ref><ref name="Principles">IPCC. {{cite web |title=Principles Governing IPCC Work |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/documentation/procedures/}}. Approved 1–3 October 1998, last amended 14–18 October 2013.</ref> For example, the UNFCCC invited the IPCC to prepare a report on global warming of 1.5&nbsp;°C. The IPCC subsequently released the [[Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C]] (SR15) in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Warming of 1.5 °C — |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ |access-date=2022-11-17}}</ref> The report showed that it was possible to keep warming below 1.5&nbsp;°C during the 21st century. But this would mean deep cuts in emissions. It would also mean rapid, far-reaching changes in all aspects of society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=IPCC Press Release: Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C approved by governments |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/pr_181008_P48_spm_en.pdf |website=ipcc.ch}}</ref> The report showed warming of 2&nbsp;°C would have much more severe impacts than 1.5&nbsp;°C. In other words: every bit of warming matters. SR15 had an unprecedented impact for an IPCC report in the media and with the public.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Progress Report on Communication and Outreach Activities to the 49th Session of the IPCC, 2019 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/01/010520190905-INF.-9Coms.pdf}}</ref> It put the 1.5&nbsp;°C target at the center of [[climate activism]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2020 |title=Greta Thunberg tells leaders at Davos to heed global heating science |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/21/greta-thunberg-calls-on-world-leaders-to-heed-global-heating-science-davos |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

=== Conferences of the Parties (CoP) ===
{{main|United Nations Climate Change conference}}

[[File:Cop21cmp11 logo hp 159x216.jpg|thumb|Logo of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21) and 11th Meeting of the Parties to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol (CMP 11) from November, 30th till December 2015, 12th.]]
The United Nations Climate Change Conference are yearly conferences held in the framework of the UNFCCC. They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC Parties (''Conferences of the Parties'') (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-1990s, to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.<ref name="climate-leaders.org" /> Since 2005 the Conferences also served as the Meetings of Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) and since 2016 the Conferences also serve as Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA).

The first conference (COP1) was held in 1995 in Berlin. The 3rd conference (COP3) was held in Kyoto and resulted in the Kyoto protocol, which was amended during the 2012 Doha Conference (COP18, CMP 8). The [[COP21]] (CMP11) conference was held in [[Paris, France|Paris]] in 2015 and resulted in adoption of the [[Paris Agreement]]. [[2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP28]] took place in the United Arab Emirates in 2023 and included the first [[global stocktake]] under the Paris Agreement. The UAE nominated [[Sultan Al Jaber|Sultan al-Jaber]], who is also head of Abu Dhabi's national oil company [[Abu Dhabi National Oil Company|ADNOC]], to preside over COP28.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-12 |title=Climate change: UAE names oil chief to lead COP28 talks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-64240206 |access-date=2023-02-05 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Azerbaijan]] will host [[2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP29]] in 2024.

==== Subsidiary bodies ====
A subsidiary body is a committee that assists the Conference of the Parties. Subsidiary bodies include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary of climate change acronyms |url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php |access-date=23 August 2016 |work=Essential Background |publisher=UNFCCC.int}}</ref>
* Permanents:
** The [[Subsidiary Body of Scientific and Technological Advice]] (SBSTA) is established by Article 9 of the convention to provide the Conference of the Parties and, as appropriate, its other subsidiary bodies with timely information and advice on scientific and technological matters relating to the convention. It serves as a link between information and assessments provided by expert sources (such as the IPCC) and the COP, which focuses on setting policy.
** The [[Subsidiary Body of Implementation]] (SBI) is established by Article 10 of the convention to assist the Conference of the Parties in the assessment and review of the effective implementation of the convention. It makes recommendations on policy and implementation issues to the COP and, if requested, to other bodies.
* Temporary:
** Ad hoc Group on Article 13 (AG13), active from 1995 to 1998;
** Ad hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate (AGBM), active from 1995 to 1997;
** [[Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol]] (AWG-KP), established in 2005 by the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to consider further commitments of industrialized countries under the Kyoto Protocol for the period beyond 2012; it concluded its work in 2012 when the CMP adopted the [[2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Doha Amendment]];<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the AWG-KP? |url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6409.php |access-date=23 August 2016 |publisher=UNFCCC.int}}</ref>
** [[Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action]] (AWG-LCA), established in Bali in 2007 to conduct negotiations on a strengthened international deal on climate change;
** Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), established at [[2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP 17 in Durban]] in 2011 "to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties."<ref>{{cite web |title=Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a01.pdf#page=2 |access-date=23 August 2016 |work=Decision 1/CP.17 |publisher=UNFCCC.int}}</ref> The ADP concluded its work in Paris on 5 December 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the ADP? |url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php |access-date=23 August 2016 |publisher=UNFCCC.int}}</ref>

=== National communication ===
A "National Communication" is a type of report submitted by the countries that have ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is transparency and reporting? |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/the-big-picture/what-is-transparency-and-reporting |access-date=2019-11-10 |website=UNFCCC}}</ref> Developed countries are required to submit National Communications every four years and [[Developing country|developing countries]] should do so.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seventh National Communications - Annex I {{!}} UNFCCC |url=https://unfccc.int/process/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/national-communications-and-biennial-reports-annex-i-parties/submitted-national-communications-from-annex-i-parties |access-date=2018-08-24 |website=unfccc.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties {{!}} UNFCCC |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/national-communications-and-biennial-update-reports-non-annex-i-parties/national-communication-submissions-from-non-annex-i-parties |access-date=2018-08-24 |website=unfccc.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moving Towards the Enhanced Transparency Framework |url=https://unfccc.int/enhanced-transparency-framework#eq-3 |access-date=2020-11-10 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> Some Least Developed Countries have not submitted National Communications in the past 5–15 years,<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties {{!}} UNFCCC |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/national-communications-and-biennial-update-reports-non-annex-i-parties/national-communication-submissions-from-non-annex-i-parties |access-date=2018-09-29 |website=unfccc.int |language=en}}</ref> largely due to capacity constraints.

National Communication reports are often several hundred pages long and cover a country's measures to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions as well as a description of its vulnerabilities and impacts from climate change.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lesnikowski |first1=Alexandra C. |last2=Ford |first2=James D. |last3=Berrang-Ford |first3=Lea |last4=Barrera |first4=Magda |last5=Heymann |first5=Jody |date=2015-02-01 |title=How are we adapting to climate change? A global assessment |journal=Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=277–293 |bibcode=2015MASGC..20..277L |doi=10.1007/s11027-013-9491-x |issn=1573-1596 |s2cid=154846075 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10.1007/s11027-013-9491-x}}</ref> National Communications are prepared according to guidelines that have been agreed by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC. The [[Intended Nationally Determined Contributions|(Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions]] (NDCs) that form the basis of the Paris Agreement are shorter and less detailed but also follow a standardized structure and are subject to technical review by experts.

=== Nationally Determined Contributions ===
{{Main|Nationally Determined Contributions}}

At the [[2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference|19th session of the Conference of the Parties]] in Warsaw in 2013, the UNFCCC created a mechanism for ''Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)'' to be submitted in the run up to the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties in Paris (COP21) in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://climateobserver.org/open-and-shut/indc/|title=INDC - Climate Policy Observer|newspaper=Climate Policy Observer|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211202251/http://climateobserver.org/open-and-shut/indc|archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref> Countries were given freedom and flexibility to ensure that these climate change mitigation and adaptation plans were nationally appropriate.<ref>''[http://climateobserver.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/l05.pdf Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action Second session, part seven]'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001232319/http://climateobserver.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/l05.pdf |date=1 October 2016 }}, UNFCCC, Geneva, 12 December 2014</ref> This flexibility, especially regarding the types of actions to be undertaken, allowed for developing countries to tailor their plans to their specific adaptation and mitigation needs, as well as towards other needs.

In the aftermath of COP21, these INDCs became [[Nationally determined contribution|Nationally Determined Contributions]] (NDCs) as each country ratified the Paris Agreement, unless a new NDC was submitted to the UNFCCC at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/Pages/Home.aspx|title=NDC Registry|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|website=unfccc.int|access-date=2017-01-23}}</ref> The [[2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference|22nd session of the Conference of the Parties]] (COP22) in Marrakesh focused on these Nationally Determined Contributions and their implementation, after the Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|language=EN|access-date=2017-01-23}}</ref>

== Membership and participation ==
[[File:UNFCCC parties.svg|thumb|right|350px|Parties to the UNFCCC
{{legend|#008000|Annex I and II parties}} {{legend|#0000FF|Annex I parties}} {{legend|orange|Non-annex parties}} {{legend|#FF1111|Observer states}}]]
{{main|List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}

As of 2022, the UNFCCC has 198 parties including all [[United Nations member states]], [[United Nations General Assembly observer]]s the [[State of Palestine]] and the [[Holy See]], UN non-member states [[Niue]] and the [[Cook Islands]], and the [[supranational union]] [[European Union]].<ref name=unfcc>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php|title=Status of Ratification of the Convention|access-date=2013-06-25|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}</ref><ref name=partiesobservers>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/items/2352.php|title=Parties to the Convention and Observer States|access-date=2013-06-25|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705201620/http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/items/2352.php|archive-date=5 July 2013}}</ref>

=== Classification of Parties and their commitments ===
Parties to the UNFCCC are classified as:
* '''Annex I''': There are 43 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex I of the convention, including the European Union.<ref name=anexIlist>{{cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/annex_i/items/2774.php|title=List of Annex I Parties to the Convention| publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | access-date=2014-05-15}}</ref> These Parties are classified as [[developed country|industrialized (developed) countries]] and "[[transition economy|economies in transition]]" (EITs).<ref name="unfccc parties and observers">{{citation | title=Parties & Observers | url=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php | publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | access-date=2014-05-15}}</ref> The 14 EITs are the former centrally-planned ([[Soviet Union|Soviet]]) economies of Russia and Eastern Europe.<ref name="unfccc annex i">{{citation | title=Full text of the convention - Annex I | url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1346.php | publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | access-date=2014-05-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120740/http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1346.php | archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>
* '''Annex II''': Of the Parties listed in Annex I of the convention, 24 are also listed in Annex II of the convention, including the European Union.<ref name="unfccc annex ii">{{citation | title=Full text of the convention - Annex II | url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1348.php | publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | access-date=2014-05-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517114834/http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1348.php | archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> These Parties are made up of members of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD): these Parties consist of the members of the OECD in 1992, minus Turkey, plus the EU. Annex II Parties are required to provide financial and technical support to the EITs and [[developing countries]] to assist them in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and manage the impacts of climate change ([[climate change adaptation]]).<ref name="unfccc parties and observers"/>
* '''[[Least developed country|Least-developed countries]]''' (LDCs): 49 Parties are LDCs, and are given special status under the treaty in view of their limited capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.<ref name="unfccc parties and observers"/>
* '''Non-Annex I''': Parties to the UNFCCC not listed in Annex I of the convention are mostly low-income<ref>
{{Citation
|date=25 October 2005
|author=UNFCCC
|title=Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention. Note by the secretariat. Executive summary. Document code FCCC/SBI/2005/18
|url=http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/3594.php?rec=j&priref=600003578#beg
|publisher=United Nations Office
 | location=Geneva, Switzerland
 | page=4
}}
</ref> developing countries.<ref name="unfccc parties and observers"/> Developing countries may volunteer to become Annex I countries when they are sufficiently developed.
[[File:UNFCCC Annex I Parties, OECD, EU.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Parties: Annexes, EU, OECD, EITs<ref>{{Cite web |title=Based on Höhne et al. (2005). in AR4 of the UNFCCC. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/figure-13-2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103101035/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/figure-13-2.html |archive-date=3 November 2018 |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>]]

=== List of parties ===
=== Annex I countries ===
There are 43 Annex I Parties including the European Union.<ref name=anexIlist/> These countries are classified as industrialized countries and economies in transition.<ref name="unfccc parties and observers"/> Of these, 24 are also Annex II Parties, including the European Union,<ref name="unfccc annex ii"/> and 14 are Economies in Transition.<ref name="unfccc annex i"/>

Annex I countries (24 of these are also ''Annex II Parties)'':
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
# {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]{{efn|name=AII|Annex II Party}}
# {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]]
# {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|EU}} [[European Union|EU]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|France}} [[France]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Ireland (country)|Ireland]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein]]
# {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]]
# {{flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]]
# {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]
# {{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]{{efn|name=AII}}
# {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States|United States of America]]{{efn|name=AII}}
{{div col end}}Annex I countries that are ''Economies in Transition'':
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
# {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]]
# {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]]
# {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]]
# {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]]
# {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]]
# {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]
# {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]]
# {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]]
# {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]]
# {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]]
# {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian Federation]]
# {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]]
# {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]]
# {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]
{{div col end}}

;Notes
{{notelist|close}}

=== Engagement of civil society ===
In 2014, The UN with Peru and France created the Global Climate Action Portal NAZCA for writing and checking all the climate commitments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Climate Action NAZCA |url=https://climateaction.unfccc.int/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009063906/https://climateaction.unfccc.int/ |archive-date=9 October 2019 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Global Climate Action Portal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=global climate action portal NAZCA, About |url=https://climateaction.unfccc.int/views/about.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=global climate action portal NAZCA}}</ref>

Thousands of observers from civil society, business and academia attend the COPs. They organize a huge programme of activities including officially coordinated "side events". These complement and inform the official negotiations.

Civil Society Observers under the UNFCCC have organized themselves in loose groups, covering about 90% of all admitted organisations. Some groups remain outside these broad groupings, such as faith groups or national parliamentarians.<ref name="constituencies">[https://unfccc.int/files/parties_and_observers/ngo/application/pdf/constituencies_and_you.pdf UNFCCC: ''Non-governmental organization constituencies'', about 2014, (pdf)].</ref> The UNFCCC secretariat also recognizes the following groups as informal NGO groups (2016):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Admitted NGOs |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/parties-non-party-stakeholders/non-party-stakeholders/information-by-category-of-observer/admitted-ngos |access-date=2021-06-13 |website=unfccc.int}}</ref> [[Faith-based organization]]s, Education and Capacity Building and Outreach NGOs, parliamentarians.

An overview is given in the table below:<ref name="constituencies" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name!! Abbreviation !! Admitted since
|-
| Business and industry NGOs || BINGO || 1992
|-
| Environmental NGOs || ENGO || 1992
|-
| Local government and municipal authorities || LGMA || COP1 (1995)
|-
| Indigenous peoples organizations || [https://www.iipfcc.org/ IPO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401004140/http://www.iipfcc.org/ |date=1 April 2022 }} || COP7 (2001)
|-
| Research and independent NGOs || [https://ringosnet.wordpress.com/ RINGO] || COP9 (2003)
|-
| Trade union NGOs || TUNGO || Before COP 14 (2008)
|-
| Women and gender || [http://womengenderclimate.org/ WGC] || Shortly before COP17 (2011)
|-
| Youth NGOs || [https://youthclimatemovement.wordpress.com/youngo/ YOUNGO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919142408/https://youthclimatemovement.wordpress.com/youngo/ |date=19 September 2020 }} || Shortly before COP17 (2011)
|-
| Farmers || Farmers ||  (2014)
|}

== Analysis ==
=== Interpreting ultimate objective in Article 2 ===
{{Further|Climate change mitigation|Effects of climate change}}

[[File:Panorama- UNFCCC 'Family' photo shoot- We Will Move Ahead COP22 (31074469326).jpg|thumb|A "family photo" in 2016, organized by [[Greenpeace]], at the entrance to the United Nations, with a banner reading "We Will Move Ahead". It highlighted the resolve, despite all the differences, that we will continue to pursue strong [[climate action]], moving towards 100 per cent renewals and aiming for 1.5C target.]]The ultimate objective of the Framework Convention contains some key words that are discussed further below and shown here in italics: "''stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations'' in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent ''dangerous'' anthropogenic [i.e., human-caused] interference with the climate system".<ref name="art2" />

To stabilize atmospheric GHG concentrations, global anthropogenic GHG emissions would need to peak then decline (see [[climate change mitigation]]).<ref name="stabilize conc">[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains5-4.html Section 5.4 Emission trajectories for stabilisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127224337/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains5-4.html|date=27 November 2014}}, in: Synthesis Report, in: {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}</ref> Lower stabilization levels would require emissions to peak and decline earlier compared to higher stabilization levels.<ref name="stabilize conc" /> These lower stabilization levels are associated with lower magnitudes of global warming compared to higher stabilization levels.<ref name="stabilize conc" />

There are a range of views over what level of climate change is ''dangerous''.<ref name="van Vuuren">{{citation
 |title           = Meeting the 2-degree target. From climate objective to emission reduction measures. PBL publication number 500114012
 |date            = 7 December 2009
 |author          = van Vuuren, D.P.
 |ref             = CITEREFvan Vuurenothers2009
 |publisher       = Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (PBL))
 |url             = http://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/500114012.pdf
 |display-authors = etal
 |archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20131102030225/http://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/500114012.pdf
 |archive-date    = 2 November 2013
}}. Archived (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140821023807/http://www.pbl.nl/node/46765 21 August 2014]).</ref>{{rp|29–33}} Scientific analysis can provide information on the risks of climate change, but deciding which risks are dangerous requires value judgements.<ref name="dangerous climate change">Edenhofer, O., ''et al''., TS.1 Introduction and framing (pp.3-6 of final draft), in: [http://report.mitigation2014.org/drafts/final-draft-postplenary/ipcc_wg3_ar5_final-draft_postplenary_technical-summary.pdf Technical summary] (archived {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152007/http://report.mitigation2014.org/drafts/final-draft-postplenary/ipcc_wg3_ar5_final-draft_postplenary_technical-summary.pdf|date=29 June 2014}}), in: {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3|2014}}</ref>

The global warming that has already occurred poses a risk to some human and natural systems.<ref>Cramer, W., ''et al''., Executive summary, in: [https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap18_FINAL.pdf Chapter 18: Detection and attribution of observed impacts] (archived {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018073217/https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap18_FINAL.pdf|date=18 October 2014}}), pp.982-984, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}</ref> Higher magnitudes of global warming will generally increase the risk of negative impacts.<ref name="climate change impacts">Field, C.B., ''et al''., Section B: FUTURE RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADAPTATION, in: [https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf Technical summary] (archived {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018073024/https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf|date=18 October 2014}}), pp.59-84, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}</ref> Climate change risks are "considerable" with 1 to 2&nbsp;°C of global warming, relative to pre-industrial levels. 4&nbsp;°C warming would lead to significantly increased risks, with potential impacts including widespread [[Biodiversity loss|loss of biodiversity]] and reduced global and regional [[food security]].<ref name="climate change impacts" />

Climate change policies may lead to costs that are relevant to the article 2.<ref name="dangerous climate change" /> For example, more stringent policies to control GHG emissions may reduce the risk of more severe climate change, but may also be more expensive to implement.<ref name="climate change impacts" /><ref>Rogner, H-.H., ''et al''., [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch1s1-2.html Section 1.2.1: Article 2 of the Convention] (archived {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923012655/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch1s1-2.html|date=23 September 2014}}), in: Chapter 1: Introduction, p.99, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007}}</ref><ref>Edenhofer, O., ''et al''., TS.3.1.3 Costs, investments and burden sharing (p.31 of final draft), in: [http://report.mitigation2014.org/drafts/final-draft-postplenary/ipcc_wg3_ar5_final-draft_postplenary_technical-summary.pdf Technical summary] (archived {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152007/http://report.mitigation2014.org/drafts/final-draft-postplenary/ipcc_wg3_ar5_final-draft_postplenary_technical-summary.pdf|date=29 June 2014}}), in: {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3|2014}}</ref>

In decision making, the [[precautionary principle]] is considered when possibly dangerous, irreversible, or catastrophic events are identified, but scientific evaluation of the potential damage is not sufficiently certain.<ref name="2001 toth precautionary principle">{{cite book |author=Toth, F.L. |url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/437.htm |title=Chapter 10. Decision-making Frameworks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |editor=B. Metz |series=Climate Change 2001: Mitigation: Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |contribution=10.4.2.2 Precautionary Considerations |display-authors=etal |display-editors=etal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412121951/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/437.htm |archive-date=12 April 2012 }}</ref>{{rp|655–656}} The precautionary principle implies an emphasis on the need to prevent such adverse effects. Following the precautionary principle, uncertainty (about the exact effects of climate change) is not a reason for inaction, and this is acknowledged in Article 3.3 of the UNFCCC.<ref name="2001 toth precautionary principle" />{{rp|656}}

===International trade===
Academics and environmentalists criticize article 3(5) of the convention, which states that any climate measures that would restrict [[international trade]] should be avoided.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}<ref>Jakob, Michael. (2021, September). Climate policy and international trade – A critical appraisal of the literature. ''Energy Policy, 156''. [[doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112399.|https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112399.]]</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Criticism of processes ===
{{See also|Criticism of the Kyoto Protocol}}
The overall umbrella and processes of the UNFCCC and the adopted [[Kyoto Protocol]] have been criticized by some as not having achieved their stated goals of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.<ref name=":1" /> The UNFCCC is a multilateral body concerned with climate change and can be an inefficient system for enacting international policy: Because the framework system includes over 190 countries and because negotiations are governed by consensus, small groups of countries can often block progress.<ref>{{cite news |title="Voices" speaker talks climate change |url=http://thedartmouth.com/2012/08/03/news/climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324150915/http://thedartmouth.com/2012/08/03/news/climate |archive-date=24 March 2013 |access-date=29 November 2012 |newspaper=The Dartmouth}}</ref><ref name="Staff"/>

There has been a failure to achieve effective greenhouse gas emission reduction policy treaties since 1992. This has driven some countries like the United States to hold back from ratifying the UNFCCC's most important agreement—the Kyoto Protocol—in large part because the treaty did not cover [[Developing country|developing countries]] which now include the largest {{CO2}} emitters. However, this failed to take into account both the historical responsibility for climate change since [[Industrialisation|industrialization]], which is a contentious issue in the talks, and also responsibility for emissions from consumption and importation of goods (see [[carbon footprint]]).<ref>{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Duncan |date=21 April 2011 |title=Which nations are most responsible for climate change? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/apr/21/countries-responsible-climate-change |access-date=2 January 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> It has also led Canada to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011 out of a wish not to make its citizens pay penalties that would result in wealth transfers out of Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canada pulls out of Kyoto Protocol |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-pulls-out-of-kyoto-protocol-1.999072 |access-date=29 November 2012 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> Both the US and Canada are looking at internal [[Voluntary Emissions Reduction]] schemes to curb carbon dioxide emissions outside the Kyoto Protocol.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2012 |title=U.N. Global Warming Summit: Heading Over the Climate Cliff |url=https://science.time.com/2012/11/27/u-n-global-warming-summit-heading-over-the-climate-cliff/#ixzz2DcXQP6Zp |access-date=29 November 2012 |magazine=Time}}</ref>

The perceived lack of progress has also led some countries to seek and focus on alternative high-value activities like the creation of the [[Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants]] which seeks to regulate short-lived pollutants such as methane, [[black carbon]] and [[hydrofluorocarbon]]s (HFCs), which together are believed to account for up to one third of current global warming but whose regulation is not as fraught with wide economic impacts and opposition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary Clinton To Announce a Climate and Clean Air Initiative To Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/02/184011.htm |access-date=29 November 2012 |publisher=US Dept of State}}</ref>

In 2010, Japan stated that it will not sign up to a second Kyoto term, because it would impose restrictions on it not faced by its main economic competitors, China, India and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Michael |date=2 December 2010 |title=Japan derails climate talks by refusing to renew Kyoto treaty |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/japan-derails-climate-talks-by-refusing-to-renew-kyoto-treaty-2148769.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310081721/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/japan-derails-climate-talks-by-refusing-to-renew-kyoto-treaty-2148769.html |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=29 November 2012 |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref> A similar indication was given by the Prime Minister of [[New Zealand]] in November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 2012 |title=NZ backs off Kyoto climate change route |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10846305 |access-date=29 November 2012 |work=The New Zealand Herald}}</ref> At the 2012 conference, last-minute objections at the conference by Russia, [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]] and [[Kazakhstan]] were ignored by the governing officials, and they have indicated that they will likely withdraw or not ratify the treaty.<ref name="Belarus negotiator hints at Kyoto exit, says others could follow">{{citation |author1=Andrew Allan |title=Belarus negotiator hints at Kyoto exit, says others could follow |date=10 December 2012 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-talks-kyoto-idUSBRE8B90ZY20121210 |access-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111081216/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/10/us-climate-talks-kyoto-idUSBRE8B90ZY20121210 |url-status=live |publisher=REUTERS |name-list-style=amp |archive-date=11 January 2013 |author2=Marton Kruppa}}</ref> These defections place additional pressures on the UNFCCC process that is seen by some as cumbersome and expensive: in the UK alone, the climate change department has taken over 3,000 flights in two years at a cost of over [[£]]1,300,000 (British pounds sterling).<ref>{{cite web |title=UK climate change department takes over 3000 flights at a cost of over £1.3m |url=http://www.thecommentator.com/article/1920/uk_climate_change_department_takes_over_3000_flights_at_a_cost_of_over_1_3m |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028165337/http://www.thecommentator.com/article/1920/uk_climate_change_department_takes_over_3000_flights_at_a_cost_of_over_1_3m |archive-date=28 October 2012 |access-date=29 November 2012 |publisher=The Commentator}}</ref>

Further, the UNFCCC (mainly during the Kyoto protocol) failed to facilitate the transfer of environmentally sound technologies (SETs) which are mechanisms used to decrease the vulnerability of the human race against the unfavorable effects of climate change. One of the more widely used of these being [[renewable energy]] sources. The UNFCCC created the body "technology mechanism" who would distribute these resources to developing countries; however this distribution was too moderate and, coupled with the failings of the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ediboglu |first1=Ezgi |title=Effectiveness Analysis of the United Nations Climate Change Regime |date=28 February 2018 |url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/blog/effectiveness-analysis-of-the-united-nations-climate-change-regime |access-date=28 February 2018 |publisher=University of Aberdeen}}</ref> led to low ratification numbers for the second commitment (resulting in it not going ahead).
Before the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, [[National Geographic Magazine|''National Geographic'' magazine]] added to the criticism, writing: "Since 1992, when the world's nations agreed at Rio de Janeiro to avoid 'dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,' they've met 20 times without moving the needle on carbon emissions. In that interval we've added almost as much carbon to the atmosphere as we did in the previous century."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151019060744/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2015/11/climate-change/introduction-text Fresh Hope for Combating Climate Change], National Geographic, November 2015, page 14 of print edition</ref>

===Criticism of effectiveness of Paris Agreement===
{{excerpt|Paris Agreement#Effectiveness}}

== Awards ==
In 2016, the UNFCCC received the "Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation" by the [[Princess of Asturias Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016 |title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement - Laureates - Princess of Asturias Awards |url=https://www.fpa.es/en/princess-of-asturias-awards/laureates/2016-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-and-the-paris-agreement.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2016&especifica=0 |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Princess of Asturias awards - Laureates |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115130804/https://www.fpa.es/en/princess-of-asturias-awards/laureates/2016-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-and-the-paris-agreement.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2016&especifica=0 }}</ref>

== Meetings of the Parties ==
A [[United Nations Climate Change Conference|Conference of the Parties]] (COP) has been held annually for most years since 1995.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of COPs of the UNFCCC
|-
! COP !! Year !! Country !! Begin !! End !! Days !! City !! Link
|-
| COP1 || 1995 || [[Germany]] || 28.03.1995 || 07.04.1995 || 10 || [[Berlin]] || [COP 1] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-1)
|-
| COP2 || 1996 || [[Switzerland]] || 08.07.1996 || 19.07.1996 || 11 || [[Geneva]] || [COP 2] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-2)
|-
| COP3 || 1997 || [[Japan]] || 01.12.1997 || 10.12.1997 || 10 || [[Kyoto]] || [COP 3] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-3)
|-
| [[1998 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP4]]|| 1998 || [[Argentina]] || 02.11.1998 || 13.11.1998 || 12 || [[Buenos Aires]] || [COP 4] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-4)
|-
| COP5 || 1999 || [[Germany]] || 25.10.1999 || 05.11.1999 || 12 || [[Bonn]] || [COP 5] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-5)
|-
| COP6 || 2000 || [[Netherlands]] || 13.11.2000 || 24.11.2000 || 12 || [[The Hague]] || [COP 6] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-6)
|-
| [[2001 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP7]]|| 2001 || [[Morocco]] || 29.10.2001 || 10.11.2001 || 12 || [[Marrakech]] || [COP 7] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-7)
|-
| [[2002 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP8]]|| 2002 || [[India]] || 23.10.2002 || 01.11.2002 || 10 || [[New Delhi]] || [COP 8] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-8)
|-
| [[2003 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP9]]|| 2003 || [[Italy]] || 01.12.2003 || 12.12.2003 || 12 || [[Milan]] || [COP 9] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-9)
|-
| [[2004 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP10]]|| 2004 || [[Argentina]] || 01.12.2004 || 12.12.2004 || 12 || [[Buenos Aires]] || [COP 10] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-10)
|-
| [[2005 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP11]]|| 2005 || [[Canada]] || 28.11.2005 || 10.12.2005 || 12 || [[Montreal]] || [COP 11] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-11)
|-
| [[2006 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP12]]|| 2006 || [[Kenya]] || 06.11.2006 || 17.11.2006 || 12 || [[Nairobi]] || [COP 12] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-12)
|-
| [[2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP13]]|| 2007 || [[Indonesia]] || 03.12.2007 || 15.12.2007 || 12 || [[Bali]] || [COP 13] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-13)
|-
| [[2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP14]]|| 2008 || [[Poland]] || 01.12.2008 || 12.12.2008 || 12 || [[Poznań]] || [COP 14] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-14)
|-
| [[Copenhagen climate summit|COP15]]|| 2009 || [[Denmark]] || 07.12.2009 || 18.12.2009 || 12 || [[Copenhagen]] || [COP 15] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-15)
|-
| [[2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP16]]|| 2010 || [[Mexico]] || 29.11.2010 || 11.12.2010 || 12 || [[Cancún]] || [COP 16] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-16)
|-
| [[2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP17]]|| 2011 || [[South Africa]] || 28.11.2011 || 11.12.2011 || 14 || [[Durban]] || [COP 17] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-17)
|-
| [[2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP18]]|| 2012 || [[Qatar]] || 26.11.2012 || 08.12.2012 || 12 || [[Doha]] || [COP 18] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-18)
|-
| [[2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP19]]|| 2013 || [[Poland]] || 11.11.2013 || 22.11.2013 || 12 || [[Warsaw]] || [COP 19] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-19)
|-
| [[2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP20]]|| 2014 || [[Peru]] || 01.12.2014 || 12.12.2014 || 12 || [[Lima]] || [COP 20] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-20)
|-
| [[2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP21]]|| 2015 || [[France]] || 30.11.2015 || 12.12.2015 || 12 || [[Paris]] || [COP 21] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-21)
|-
| [[2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP22]]|| 2016 || [[Morocco]] || 07.11.2016 || 18.11.2016 || 12 || [[Marrakech]] || [COP 22] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-22)
|-
| [[2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP23]]|| 2017 || [[Germany]] || 06.11.2017 || 17.11.2017 || 12 || [[Bonn]] || [COP 23] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-23)
|-
| [[2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP24]]|| 2018 || [[Poland]] || 02.12.2018 || 14.12.2018 || 12 || [[Katowice]] || [COP 24] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-24)
|-
| [[2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP25]]|| 2019 || [[Spain]] || 02.12.2019 || 13.12.2019 || 12 || [[Madrid]] || [COP 25] (https://unfccc.int/conference/un-climate-change-conference-december-2019)
|-
| [[2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP26]]|| 2021 || [[United Kingdom]] || 31.10.2021 || 12.11.2021 || 12 || [[Glasgow]] || [COP 26] (https://unfccc.int/conference/glasgow-climate-change-conference-october-november-2021)
|-
| [[2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP27]]|| 2022 || [[Egypt]] || 06.11.2022 || 18.11.2022 || 12 || [[Sharm el-Sheikh]] || [COP 27] (https://unfccc.int/cop27)
|-
| [[2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP28]]|| 2023 || [[United Arab Emirates]] || 30.11.2023 || 12.12.2023 || 12 || [[Dubai]] || [COP 28] (https://unfccc.int/cop28)
|-
| [[2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP29]]|| 2024 || [[Azerbaijan]] || 11.11.2024 || 22.11.2024 || 12 || [[Baku]] || [COP 29] (https://unfccc.int/cop29)
|-
| [[2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference|COP30]]|| 2025 || [[Brazil]] || 31.10.2025 || 12.11.2025 || 12 || [[Belém]] || [COP 30] (https://unfccc.int/cop30)
|}

== See also ==
{{portal|border=no|Politics|Environment|Ecology|Weather|Global warming|World}}
* {{annotated link|Climate crisis}}
* {{annotated link|Climate justice}}
* {{annotated link|Climate target}}
* {{annotated link|Conference of the parties}}
* {{annotated link|United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Green Climate Fund :1">{{cite web |first=Brandon |last=Wu |year=2013 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brandon-wu/wheres-the-money_b_3499523.html |title=Where's the Money? The Elephant in the Boardroom |publisher=Huffington Post |access-date=24 July 2013}}</ref>
}}

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 |isbn        = 978-92-9169-122-7
}}.
* {{citation
 |year            = 2014
 |author          = IPCC AR5 WG2 A
 |editor          = Field, C.B.
 |title           = Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II (WG2) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
 |url             = http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/
 |publisher       = Cambridge University Press
 |display-editors = etal
 |url-status      = bot: unknown
 |archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416051047/http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/
 |archive-date    = 16 April 2014
}}. Archived
* {{citation
 |year            = 2014
 |author          = IPCC AR5 WG3
 |editor          = Edenhofer, O.
 |title           = Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III (WG3) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
 |url             = http://mitigation2014.org/report/final-draft/
 |publisher       = Cambridge University Press
 |display-editors = etal
 |archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20141029121005/http://mitigation2014.org/report/final-draft
 |archive-date    = 29 October 2014
}}. Archived
* {{citation
 | author=UNFCCC
 | date=25 February 2011a
 | title=Information provided by Annex I Parties relating to Appendix I of the Copenhagen Accord (quantified economy-wide emissions targets for 2020)
 | url=http://unfccc.int/meetings/copenhagen_dec_2009/items/5264.php
 | publisher=UNFCCC
 }}.
* {{citation
 | author=UNFCCC
 | date=18 March 2011b
 | title=FCCC/AWGLCA/2011/INF.1: Compilation of information on nationally appropriate mitigation actions to be implemented by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention
 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/awglca14/eng/inf01.pdf
 | publisher=UN Office
 | location=Geneva, Switzerland
 }}. [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600006178 Library record.]
* {{citation
 | author=UNFCCC
 | date=7 June 2011c
 | title=FCCC/SB/2011/INF.1/Rev.1: Compilation of economy-wide emission reduction targets to be implemented by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention. Revised note by the secretariat
 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/sb/eng/inf01r01.pdf
 | publisher=UN Office
 | location=Geneva, Switzerland
 }}. [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600006313 Library record.]
* {{citation
 | author=UNFCCC
 | date=16 May 2012a
 | title=Meetings: Copenhagen Climate Change Conference - December 2009
 | url=http://unfccc.int/meetings/copenhagen_dec_2009/meeting/6295.php
 | publisher=UNFCCC
 }}.
* {{citation
 | author=UNFCCC
 | date=21 May 2012b
 | title=Information provided by non-Annex I Parties relating to Appendix II of the Copenhagen Accord (nationally appropriate mitigation actions of developing country Parties)
 | url=http://unfccc.int/meetings/cop_15/copenhagen_accord/items/5265.php
 | publisher=UNFCCC
 }}.
* {{citation
 | author=UNFCCC
 | date=23 August 2012c
 | title=FCCC/TP/2012/5: Quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets by developed country Parties to the Convention: assumptions, conditions, commonalities and differences in approaches and comparison of the level of emission reduction efforts. Technical paper
 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/tp/05.pdf
 | publisher=UN Office
 | location=Geneva, Switzerland
 }}. [http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&symbol=FCCC/TP/2012/5#beg Library record.]
* {{citation
 | author=UNFCCC
 | date=18 February 2013a
 | title=FOCUS: Mitigation - Nationally appropriate mitigation commitments or actions by developed country Parties
 | url=http://unfccc.int/focus/mitigation/items/7223.php
 | publisher=UNFCCC
 }}
* {{citation
 | author=UNFCCC
 | date=28 May 2013b
 | title=FCCC/SBI/2013/INF.12/Rev.2: Compilation of information on nationally appropriate mitigation actions to be implemented by developing country Parties. Revised note by the secretariat
 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2013/sbi/eng/inf12r02.pdfpriref=600006173
 | publisher=UN Office
 | location=Geneva, Switzerland
 }}. [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600007348 Library record.]
* {{citation
 | author=UNFCCC
 | date=1 July 2013c
 | title=FOCUS: Mitigation - NAMAs, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
 | url=http://unfccc.int/focus/mitigation/items/7172.php
 | publisher=UNFCCC
 }}
* {{citation
 |date         = 9 May 1992
 |location     = New York
 |author       = United Nations
 |title        = United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
 |url          = http://unfccc.int/not_assigned/b/items/1417.php
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20050404103328/http://unfccc.int/not_assigned/b/items/1417.php
 |archive-date = 4 April 2005
}}  Also available as a single pdf are the [https://web.archive.org/web/20000823193313/http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf August 2000 version] and the [https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf current (updated) version.]

{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}
* [http://unfccc.int/ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ccc/ccc.html Introductory note by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural history note and audiovisual material] on the ''United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]
* [http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf Text of the UNFCCC]

{{United Nations Climate Change conferences|state=expanded}}
{{Climate change|state=collapsed}}
{{Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation}}
{{Authority control}}

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