View source for United States Court of International Trade

{{short description|US court dealing with international trade and customs law}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}}{{coord|40|42|54|N|74|0|13|W|type:landmark_region:US|display=title}}
{{Infobox U.S. federal court
| court_type = tribunal
| court_name = United States Court of International Trade
| abbreviation = Ct. Int'l Trade or CIT
| seal = Seal of the United States Court of International Trade.gif {{!}} class=skin-invert-image
| seal_size = 150
| courthouse = 
| location = James L. Watson Court of International Trade Building<br>[[Foley Square|1 Federal Plaza]]<br>[[New York City|New York]], [[New York (State)|NY]] 10278<br>United States
| appeals_to = [[United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit|Federal Circuit]]
| established = {{start date and age|1980|12|18}}
| authority = Article III
| created_by = {{UnitedStatesCode|28|251|258}}
| composition = [[President of the United States|Presidential]] nomination<br>with [[United States Senate|Senate]] [[advice and consent]]
| judges_assigned = 9
| term_length = [[Article Three of the United States Constitution#Tenure|Life tenure]]
| chief = [[Mark A. Barnett]]
| official_site = {{URL|cit.uscourts.gov}}
}}
The '''United States Court of International Trade''' ([[case citation]]s: '''Ct. Int'l Trade'''), or '''CIT''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=What is the Court of International Trade? Learn more about the judges who blocked Trump's tariffs. - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/court-international-trade-federal-trump-tariffs/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> is a [[Federal judiciary of the United States|U.S. federal court]] that adjudicates [[civil actions]] arising out of U.S. customs and [[international trade law]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Court  |url=https://www.cit.uscourts.gov/about-court |access-date=2021-03-12 |website=Court of International Trade}}</ref> Seated in [[Lower Manhattan]], [[New York City]], the court exercises broad jurisdiction over most [[trade]]-related matters and is permitted to hear and adjudicate cases originating anywhere in the United States as well as internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Court |url=https://www.cit.uscourts.gov/about-court#JURISDICTION%20OF%20THE%20COURT |access-date=2021-03-12 |website=Court of International Trade |at= Jurisdiction of the Court}}</ref>

The court originated with the Customs Administrative Act of 1890, which established the '''Board of General Appraisers''' as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial entity]] of the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury Department]] to hear disputes primarily concerning tariffs and import duties.<ref name=":0">Patrick C. Reed, ''[https://www.cit.uscourts.gov/sites/cit/files/Origins_and_Creation_of_the_Board_of_General_Appraisers.pdf The Origins and Creation of the Board of General Appraisers],'' pp. 92-92.</ref> In 1926, [[United States Congress|Congress]] replaced the Board with the '''United States Customs Court''', an [[Article I tribunal|administrative tribunal]] with greater judicial functions, which in 1930 was made independent of the Treasury Department. In 1956, the U.S. Customs Court was reconstituted by Congress as an [[Article III court|Article III tribunal]], giving it the status and privileges of a federal court. The Customs Courts Act of 1980 established the U.S. Court of International Trade in its current form, granting it jurisdiction over all trade matters and conferring its judges with life tenure.<ref name=":0" />

The court's [[Subject-matter jurisdiction|subject matter jurisdiction]] is limited to particular questions in [[international trade]] and customs law, though it may also decide any civil action against the U.S. government, its officers, or its agencies arising out of any law connected to international trade. As an Article III tribunal, the U.S. Court of International Trade can decide controversies in both law and [[Equity (law)|equity]], and is thus allowed to grant relief in virtually all means available, including money judgments, [[writs of mandamus]], and preliminary or permanent injunctions.

Led by a chief judge, the CIT is composed of nine judges appointed by the U.S. president and confirmed by the Senate. No more than five judges can be of the same political party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/251|title = 28 U.S. Code § 251 - Appointment and number of judges; offices}}</ref> Cases are typically heard by just one judge, although trials involving potential constitutional issues or broad legal implications for customs laws may be decided by a three-judge panel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=28 USC Ch. 11: COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE |url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title28/part1/chapter11&edition=prelim#:~:text=%C2%A7251.,from%20the%20same%20political%20party |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=uscode.house.gov}}</ref> The court operates on procedures and protocols drawn heavily from the [[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure]].

== History ==
In 1890, the [[United States Congress]] passed legislation creating the Board of General Appraisers, a quasi-judicial administrative unit within the [[United States Department of the Treasury]]. The Board had nine members appointed by the [[President of the United States]] and empowered to review decisions of United States Customs officials concerning the amount of duties to be paid on importations.<ref name="history">[http://www.cit.uscourts.gov/AboutTheCourt.html#history History of the United States Court of International Trade].</ref>

In 1926, Congress responded to the increasing number and complexity of customs cases by replacing the Board of General Appraisers with the United States Customs Court, an independent [[Article I tribunal]], retaining the jurisdiction and powers of the Board of General Appraisers. In 1928, the United States Customs Court became the first federal tribunal in the United States to have a woman judge,<ref>Jo Freeman, ''A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics'', 2002: Rowman and Littlefield, p. 216 ({{ISBN|084769805X}})</ref> when President [[Calvin Coolidge]] nominated [[Genevieve R. Cline]] to the court.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130204143413/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,787204,00.html "The Coolidge Week", ''Time'', May 14, 1928]</ref> Although many members of the [[United States Senate]] objected to Cline's appointment, both because of her sex, and because they believed she was self-taught and had no judicial experience, her supporters advocated strongly for her, including Katherine Pike, president of the National Association of Women Lawyers and a number of club-women. Cline won U.S. Senate confirmation on May 25, 1928, received her commission on May 26, 1928, and took her oath of office in the Cleveland Federal Building on June 5, 1928.<ref>William Ganson Rose, ''Cleveland: the Making of a City'', 1990: Kent State Univ. Press, p. 854 ({{ISBN|0873384288}})</ref>

On July 14, 1956, Congress made the United States Customs Court an [[Article III tribunal]], again without changing its jurisdiction, powers, or procedures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fjc.gov/history/courts/u.s.-customs-court-legislative-history|title=U.S. Customs Court: Legislative History – Federal Judicial Center|website=www.fjc.gov}}</ref> After making some procedural changes in the Customs Courts Act of 1970, Congress addressed substantive issues concerning the court's jurisdiction and remedial powers in the Customs Courts Act of 1980, which broadened the power of the court and renamed it the United States Court of International Trade.<ref name="history"/>

On May 28, 2025, a three-judge panel of the court ruled in ''[[V.O.S. Selections, Inc. v. United States]]'' that President [[Donald Trump]] overstepped his authority by using the 1977 [[International Emergency Economic Powers Act]] (IEEPA) to justify sweeping tariff hikes under his [[Liberation Day tariffs|Liberation Day]] trade policy. The court held that the IEEPA does not grant presidents the power to impose such broad import taxes. The judges also struck down a separate set of tariffs the Trump administration had levied on China, Mexico, and Canada, which had been justified as a response to drug trafficking and illegal immigration. The court found that these measures exceeded executive authority.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romm |first=Tony |last2=Swanson |first2=Ana |date=2025-05-28 |title=Trump Tariffs Blocked by U.S. Court of International Trade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/28/business/trump-tariffs-blocked-federal-court.html |access-date=2025-05-29 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-29 |title=US trade court blocks Trump's sweeping tariffs in blow to trade policies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8xgdj9kyero |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Courthouse== <!--this header anchored from James L. Watson Court of International Trade Building redirect -->
{{main| James L. Watson United States Court of International Trade Building}}
[[File:United States Court of International Trade (48126614652).jpg|thumb|right|The James L. Watson Court of International Trade Building on Foley Square]]
The [[James L. Watson Court of International Trade Building]], located on [[Foley Square]] in [[lower Manhattan]] in New York City, houses the court.  Also known as 1 Federal Plaza, it was built in 1968 adjacent to the [[Jacob K. Javits Federal Building]].<ref>[[Casey Nelson Blake]], "Tilted Arc, and the Crisis of Public Art" in ''The Power of Culture: Critical Essays in American History'' (eds. Richard Wightman Fox & T. J. Jackson Lears), pp. 260–61, 278.</ref> In 2003, the building was named in honor of [[James Lopez Watson|James L. Watson]], a judge of the United States Customs Court from 1964 to 1980, and of the Court of International Trade from 1980 to 2001.<ref>[https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-108publ70/html/PLAW-108publ70.htm Public Law 108-70], [[108th United States Congress]].</ref>

== Jurisdiction ==
The court possesses limited [[subject matter jurisdiction]], meaning that it may hear only cases involving particular [[international trade]] and [[customs law]] questions. For example, the court hears disputes such as those involving protests filed with [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]], decisions regarding [[Trade Adjustment Assistance]] by the [[United States Department of Labor]] or [[United States Department of Agriculture]], customs broker licensing, and disputes relating to determinations made by the [[United States International Trade Commission]] and the [[United States Department of Commerce|Department of Commerce]]'s [[International Trade Administration]] regarding [[Dumping (pricing policy)|anti-dumping]] and [[countervailing duties]].<ref>Gregory W. Carman, Jurisdiction and the Court of International Trade: Remarks of the Honorable Gregory W. Carman at the Conference on International Business Practice Presented by the Center for Dispute Resolution on February 27–28, 1992, 13 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 245 (1992-1993). Retrieved from https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1357&context=njilb.</ref>

There is one notable exception to the court's jurisdiction. In cases involving antidumping and countervailing duties imposed on Canadian or Mexican merchandise, an interested party can request that the case be heard before a special ''ad hoc'' binational panel organized under Chapter 19 of the 1994 [[North American Free Trade Agreement]].

== Procedure ==
Most cases are heard by a single judge. If a case challenges the constitutionality of a U.S. law or has important implications regarding the administration or interpretation of the customs laws, then it may be heard by a three-judge panel. Many Judges of the Court of International Trade also regularly sit [[by designation]] on three-judge panels of the [[United States courts of appeals]].<ref name="history" />

Although the Court maintains its own rules of procedure, they are patterned for the most part on the [[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure]]. The court has held that decisions interpreting the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are "instructive" in interpreting its own rules.<ref name="history" />

== Current composition of the court ==
{{As of|2025|07|08|df=US}}:
{{start U.S. judgeship Current}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 24
 | title        = Chief Judge
 | name         = [[Mark A. Barnett]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1963
 | term         = 2013–present<ref group=Note>By virtue of his seniority of age, Judge Barnett holds seniority over Judge Kelly despite their identical commission dates.</ref>
 | chief term   = 2021–present
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Obama|List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 25
 | title        = Judge
 | name         = [[Claire R. Kelly]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1965
 | term         = 2013–present
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Obama|List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 26
 | title        = Judge
 | name         = [[Jennifer Choe-Groves]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1969
 | term         = 2016–present
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Obama|List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 27
 | title        = Judge
 | name         = [[Gary Katzmann]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1953
 | term         = 2016–present
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Obama|List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 28
 | title        = Judge
 | name         = [[Timothy M. Reif]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1959
 | term         = 2019–present
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Trump|List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 29
 | title        = Judge
 | name         = [[M. Miller Baker]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1962
 | term         = 2019–present
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Trump|List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 31
 | title        = Judge
 | name         = [[Lisa Wang (judge)|Lisa Wang]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1980
 | term         = 2024–present
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Biden|List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 32
 | title        = Judge
 | name         = [[Joseph A. Laroski]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1971
 | term         = 2024–present
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Biden|List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 33
 | title        = Judge
 | name         = ''Vacant''
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = –
 | term         = –
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = –
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 11
 | title        = Senior Judge
 | name         = [[Jane A. Restani]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1948
 | term         = 1983–2015
 | chief term   = 2003–2010
 | senior term  = 2015–present
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 13
 | title        = Senior Judge
 | name         = [[Thomas J. Aquilino]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1939
 | term         = 1985–2004
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 2004–present
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 19
 | title        = Senior Judge
 | name         = [[Judith Barzilay]]
 | duty station = ''inactive''
 | born         = 1944
 | term         = 1998–2011
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 2011–present
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Clinton|List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 20
 | title        = Senior Judge
 | name         = [[Delissa A. Ridgway]]
 | duty station = ''inactive''
 | born         = 1955
 | term         = 1998–2019
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 2019–present
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Clinton|List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 21
 | title        = Senior Judge
 | name         = [[Richard K. Eaton]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1948
 | term         = 1999–2014
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 2014–present
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Clinton|List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 22
 | title        = Senior Judge
 | name         = [[Timothy C. Stanceu]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1951
 | term         = 2003–2021
 | chief term   = 2014–2021
 | senior term  = 2021–present
 | appointer    = {{sortname|G.W.|Bush|List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush}}
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Current
 | index        = 23
 | title        = Senior Judge
 | name         = [[Leo M. Gordon]]
 | duty station = [[New York City]]
 | born         = 1952
 | term         = 2006–2019
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 2019–present
 | appointer    = {{sortname|G.W.|Bush|List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush}}
}}
{{end U.S. judgeship Current}}
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
</onlyinclude>

== Vacancies and pending nominations ==

{| class=wikitable
! Seat
! Prior Judge's Duty Station
! Seat last held by
! Vacancy reason
! Date of vacancy
! Nominee
! Date of nomination
|-
| 9
| [[New York City]]
| [[Stephen Vaden]]
| Resignation
| July 7, 2025
| align="center" | {{sort|0|–}}
| align="center" | {{sort|0|–}}
|}

== Former judges of the United States Court of International Trade ==
{{start U.S. judgeship Former}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = —
 | name         = {{sortname|Samuel Murray|Rosenstein}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1909–1995
 | term         = —
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1980–1995<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned">Reassigned from the United States Customs Court.</ref>
 | appointer    = {{sortname||L. Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 1
 | name         = {{sortname|Paul Peter|Rao}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1899–1988
 | term         = 1980–1988<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Truman|List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 2
 | name         = {{sortname|Morgan|Ford}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1911–1992
 | term         = 1980–1985<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1985–1992
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Truman|List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 3
 | name         = {{sortname|Scovel|Richardson}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1912–1982
 | term         = 1980–1982<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 4
 | name         = {{sortname|Frederick|Landis Jr.}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1912–1990
 | term         = 1980–1983<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1983–1990
 | appointer    = {{sortname||L. Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 5
 | name         = {{sortname|James Lopez|Watson}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1922–2001
 | term         = 1980–1991<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1991–2001
 | appointer    = {{sortname||L. Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 6
 | name         = {{sortname|Herbert N.|Maletz}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1913–2002
 | term         = 1980–1982<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1982–2002
 | appointer    = {{sortname||L. Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 7
 | name         = {{sortname|Bernard|Newman|dab=judge}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1907–1999
 | term         = 1980–1983<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1983–1999
 | appointer    = {{sortname||L. Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 8
 | name         = {{sortname|Edward D.|Re}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1920–2006
 | term         = 1980–1991<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = 1980–1991
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||L. Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 9
 | name         = {{sortname|Nils|Boe}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1913–1992
 | term         = 1980–1984<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1984–1992
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Nixon|List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 10
 | title        = Senior Judge
 | name         = {{sortname|Gregory W.|Carman}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1937–2020
 | term         = 1983–2014
 | chief term   = 1996–2003
 | senior term  = 2014–2020
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 12
 | name         = {{sortname|Dominick L.|DiCarlo}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1928–1999
 | term         = 1984–1996
 | chief term   = 1991–1996
 | senior term  = 1996–1999
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 14
 | name         = {{sortname|Nicholas|Tsoucalas}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1926–2018
 | term         = 1986–1996
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1996–2018
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 15
 | name         = {{sortname|R. Kenton|Musgrave}}
 | state        = [[California|CA]]
 | borndied     = 1927–2023
 | term         = 1987–1997
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1997–2023
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 16
 | title        = Senior Judge
 | name         = {{sortname|Richard W.|Goldberg}}
 | state        = [[North Dakota|ND]]
 | borndied     = 1927–2023
 | term         = 1991–2001
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 2001–2023
 | appointer    = {{sortname||G.H.W. Bush|List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 17
 | name         = {{sortname|Donald C.|Pogue}}
 | state        = [[Connecticut|CT]]
 | borndied     = 1947–2016
 | term         = 1995–2014
 | chief term   = 2010–2014
 | senior term  = 2014–2016
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Clinton|List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 18
 | name         = {{sortname|Evan|Wallach}}
 | state        = [[Nevada|NV]]
 | borndied     = 1949–present
 | term         = 1995–2011
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Clinton|List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton}}
 | termination  = elevation to [[United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit|Fed. Cir.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 30
 | name         = {{sortname|Stephen|Vaden}}
 | state        = [[Tennessee|TN]]
 | borndied     = 1982–present
 | term         = 2020–2025
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Trump|List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump}}
 | termination  = resignation
}}
{{end U.S. judgeship Former}}
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== Former judges of the United States Customs Court ==

{{start U.S. judgeship Former}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 1
 | name         = {{sortname|William Barberie|Howell}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1865–1927
 | term         = 1926–1927<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned">Reassigned from the Board of General Appraisers.</ref>
 | chief term   = 1926–1927
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||McKinley|List of federal judges appointed by William McKinley}} /<br>{{nowrap|{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 2
 | name         = {{sortname|Israel F.|Fischer}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1858–1940
 | term         = 1926–1932<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = 1927–1932
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||McKinley|List of federal judges appointed by William McKinley}} /<br>{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 3
 | name         = {{sortname|Byron Sylvester|Waite}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1852–1930
 | term         = 1926–1930<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||T. Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt}} /<br>{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 4
 | name         = {{sortname|Charles Paul|McClelland}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1854–1944
 | term         = 1926–1939<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = 1934–1939
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||T. Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt}} /<br>{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 5
 | name         = {{sortname|Jerry Bartholomew|Sullivan}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1859–1948
 | term         = 1926–1939<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Wilson|List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson}} /<br>{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 6
 | name         = {{sortname|George Stewart|Brown}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1871–1941
 | term         = 1926–1941<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = 1939–1940
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Wilson|List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson}} /<br>{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 7
 | name         = {{sortname|William C.|Adamson}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1854–1929
 | term         = 1926–1928<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Wilson|List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson}} /<br>{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 8
 | name         = {{sortname|George Emery|Weller}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1857–1932
 | term         = 1926–1930<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Wilson|List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson}} /<br>{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 9
 | name         = {{sortname|George M.|Young}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1870–1932
 | term         = 1926–1932<ref group="Note" name="Reassigned" />
 | chief term   = 1932
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Coolidge|List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge}} /<br>{{sortname||Operation of law|Operation of law}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 10
 | name         = {{sortname|William Josiah|Tilson}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1871–1949
 | term         = 1928–1949
 | chief term   = 1932–1934
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Coolidge|List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 11
 | name         = {{sortname|Genevieve R.|Cline}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1877–1959
 | term         = 1928–1953
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Coolidge|List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 12
 | name         = {{sortname|David Hayes|Kincheloe}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1877–1950
 | term         = 1930–1948<ref group=Note>[[Recess appointment]]; formally nominated on December 4, 1930, confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on January 22, 1931, and received commission on January 29, 1931.</ref>
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Hoover|List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 13
 | name         = {{sortname|Walter Howard|Evans}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1870–1959
 | term         = 1931–1941
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Hoover|List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 14
 | name         = {{sortname|Frederick W.|Dallinger}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1871–1955
 | term         = 1932–1942
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Hoover|List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 15
 | name         = {{sortname|William John|Keefe}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1873–1955
 | term         = 1933–1947
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 16
 | name         = {{sortname|Thomas Joseph|Walker}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1877–1945
 | term         = 1940–1945
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 17
 | name         = {{sortname|Webster|Oliver}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1888–1969
 | term         = 1940–1967
 | chief term   = 1940–1965
 | senior term  = 1967–1969
 | appointer    = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 18
 | name         = {{sortname|William A.|Ekwall}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1887–1956
 | term         = 1942–1956
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 19
 | name         = {{sortname|William Purington|Cole Jr.}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1889–1957
 | term         = 1942–1952
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}}
 | termination  = elevation to [[United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals|C.C.P.A.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 20
 | name         = {{sortname|Charles Drummond|Lawrence}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1878–1975
 | term         = 1943–1965
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1965–1975
 | appointer    = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 21
 | name         = {{sortname|Irvin Charles|Mollison}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1898–1962
 | term         = 1945–1962
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Truman|List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 22
 | name         = {{sortname|Jed|Johnson|dab=Oklahoma politician}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1888–1963
 | term         = 1947–1963
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Truman|List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 23
 | name         = {{sortname|Paul Peter|Rao}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1899–1988
 | term         = 1948–1980<ref group=Note>Recess appointment; formally nominated on June 22, 1948, confirmed by the Senate on January 31, 1949, and received commission on February 2, 1948.</ref>
 | chief term   = 1965–1971
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Truman|List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman}}
 | termination  = reassignment to Intl. Trade
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 24
 | name         = {{sortname|Morgan|Ford}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1911–1992
 | term         = 1949–1980
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Truman|List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman}}
 | termination  = reassignment to Intl. Trade
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 25
 | name         = {{sortname|David John|Wilson}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1887–1976
 | term         = 1954–1966
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1966–1976
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 26
 | name         = {{sortname|Mary Donlon|Alger}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1893–1977
 | term         = 1955–1966
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1966–1977
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 27
 | name         = {{sortname|Scovel|Richardson}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1912–1982
 | term         = 1957–1980
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}}
 | termination  = reassignment to Intl. Trade
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 28
 | name         = {{sortname|Philip|Nichols Jr.}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1907–1990
 | term         = 1964–1966
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}}
 | termination  = elevation to [[United States Court of Claims|Ct. Cl.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 29
 | name         = {{sortname|Frederick|Landis Jr.}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1912–1990
 | term         = 1965–1980
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}}
 | termination  = reassignment to Intl. Trade
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 30
 | name         = {{sortname|James Lopez|Watson}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1922–2001
 | term         = 1966–1980
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}}
 | termination  = reassignment to Intl. Trade
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 31
 | name         = {{sortname|Lindley|Beckworth}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1913–1984
 | term         = 1967–1968
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}}
 | termination  = resignation
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 32
 | name         = {{sortname|Herbert N.|Maletz}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1913–2002
 | term         = 1967–1980
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}}
 | termination  = reassignment to Intl. Trade
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 33
 | name         = {{sortname|Bernard|Newman|dab=judge}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1907–1999
 | term         = 1968–1980
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}}
 | termination  = reassignment to Intl. Trade
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 34
 | name         = {{sortname|Samuel Murray|Rosenstein}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1909–1995
 | term         = 1968–1970
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = 1970–1980
 | appointer    = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}}
 | termination  = reassignment to Intl. Trade
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 35
 | name         = {{sortname|Edward D.|Re}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1920–2006
 | term         = 1968–1980
 | chief term   = 1977–1980
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}}
 | termination  = reassignment to Intl. Trade
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 36
 | name         = {{sortname|Nils|Boe}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1913–1992
 | term         = 1971–1980
 | chief term   = 1971–1977
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Nixon|List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon}}
 | termination  = reassignment to Intl. Trade
}}
{{end U.S. judgeship Former}}
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== Former members of the Board of General Appraisers ==

{{Start U.S. appraiser}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 1
 | name         = {{sortname|Charles H.|Ham}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1831–1902
 | term         = 1890–1902
 | chief term   = 1897–1902
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}}
 | termination  = resignation
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 2
 | name         = {{sortname|George C.|Tichenor}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1838–1902
 | term         = 1890–1902
 | chief term   = 1890–1897
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 3
 | name         = {{sortname|Joseph Biddle|Wilkinson Jr.}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1845–1915
 | term         = 1890–1899
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}}
 | termination  = resignation
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 4
 | name         = {{sortname|James A.|Jewell}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = {{sort|1840, c.–1912|{{circa|1840}}–1912}}
 | term         = 1890–1903
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}}
 | termination  = resignation
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 5
 | name         = {{sortname|Henderson M.|Somerville}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1837–1915
 | term         = 1890–1915
 | chief term   = 1910–1914
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 6
 | name         = {{sortname|Ferdinand N.|Shurtleff}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1837–1903
 | term         = 1890–1899
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}}
 | termination  = removal<ref group=Note>Removed from office by [[William McKinley]].</ref>
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 7
 | name         = {{sortname|Joseph Lewis|Stackpole}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1838–1904
 | term         = 1890–1890
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}}
 | termination  = resignation
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 8
 | name         = {{sortname|Thaddeus S.|Sharretts}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1850–1926
 | term         = 1890–1913
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}}
 | termination  = removal<ref group="Note" name="Taft">Removed from office by [[William Howard Taft]].</ref>
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 9
 | name         = {{sortname|George H.|Sharpe}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1828–1900
 | term         = 1890–1899
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}}
 | termination  = resignation
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 10
 | name         = {{sortname|Wilbur Fisk|Lunt}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1848–1908
 | term         = 1891–1908
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 11
 | name         = {{sortname|William Barberie|Howell}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1865–1927
 | term         = 1899–1926
 | chief term   = 1925–1926
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||McKinley|List of federal judges appointed by William McKinley}}
 | termination  = reassignment to [[#Former judges of the United States Customs Court|Cust Ct.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 12
 | name         = {{sortname|Israel F.|Fischer}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1858–1940
 | term         = 1899–1926<ref group=Note>[[Recess appointment]]; formally nominated on December 15, 1899, confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on January 17, 1900, and received commission on January 22, 1900.</ref>
 | chief term   = 1902–1905
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||McKinley|List of federal judges appointed by William McKinley}}
 | termination  = reassignment to [[#Former judges of the United States Customs Court|Cust Ct.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 13
 | name         = {{sortname|Marion|De Vries}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1865–1939
 | term         = 1900–1910<ref group=Note>Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 5, 1900, confirmed by the Senate on December 10, 1900, date of commission is unknown.</ref>
 | chief term   = 1906–1910
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||McKinley|List of federal judges appointed by William McKinley}}
 | termination  = elevation to [[United States Court of Customs Appeals|C.C.P.A.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 14
 | name         = {{sortname|Byron Sylvester|Waite}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1852–1930
 | term         = 1902–1926
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|T.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt}}
 | termination  = reassignment to [[#Former judges of the United States Customs Court|Cust Ct.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 15
 | name         = {{sortname|Charles P.|McClelland}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1854–1944
 | term         = 1903–1926<ref group=Note>Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 10, 1903, confirmed by the Senate on December 7, 1903, and received commission on December 8, 1903.</ref>
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|T.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt}}
 | termination  = reassignment to [[#Former judges of the United States Customs Court|Cust Ct.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 16
 | name         = {{sortname|Eugene Gano|Hay}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1853–1933
 | term         = 1903–1923<ref group=Note>Recess appointment; formally nominated on November 10, 1903, confirmed by the Senate on November 24, 1903, and received commission on November 25, 1903.</ref>
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|T.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt}}
 | termination  = retirement
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 17
 | name         = {{sortname|Roy|Chamberlain}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1861–1953
 | term         = 1908–1913<ref group=Note>Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 8, 1908, confirmed by the Senate on January 11, 1909, and received commission on January 15, 1909.</ref>
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname|T.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt}}
 | termination  = removal<ref group=Note name=Taft />
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 18
 | name         = {{sortname|Samuel B.|Cooper}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1850–1918
 | term         = 1910–1918
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Taft|List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft}}
 | termination  = death
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 19
 | name         = {{sortname|Jerry Bartholomew|Sullivan}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1859–1948
 | term         = 1913–1926
 | chief term   = 1914–1925
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Wilson|List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson}}
 | termination  = reassignment to [[#Former judges of the United States Customs Court|Cust Ct.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 20
 | name         = {{sortname|George Stewart|Brown}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1871–1941
 | term         = 1913–1926
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Wilson|List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson}}
 | termination  = reassignment to [[#Former judges of the United States Customs Court|Cust Ct.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 21
 | name         = {{sortname|William C.|Adamson}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1854–1929
 | term         = 1917–1926
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Wilson|List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson}}
 | termination  = reassignment to [[#Former judges of the United States Customs Court|Cust Ct.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 22
 | name         = {{sortname|George Emery|Weller}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1857–1932
 | term         = 1919–1926
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Wilson|List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson}}
 | termination  = reassignment to [[#Former judges of the United States Customs Court|Cust Ct.]]
}}
{{U.S. judgeship row Former
 | index        = 23
 | name         = {{sortname|George M.|Young}}
 | state        = [[New York (state)|NY]]
 | borndied     = 1870–1932
 | term         = 1924–1926
 | chief term   = —
 | senior term  = —
 | appointer    = {{sortname||Coolidge|List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge}}
 | termination  = reassignment to [[#Former judges of the United States Customs Court|Cust Ct.]]
}}
{{end U.S. judgeship Former}}
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== Chief judges ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| float      = right
| seat title = President (Board of General Appraisers)
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[George C. Tichenor|Tichenor]]
| term = 1890–1897
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Charles H. Ham|Ham]]
| term = 1897–1902
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Israel F. Fischer|Fischer]]
| term = 1902–1905
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Marion De Vries|De Vries]]
| term = 1906–1910
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Henderson M. Somerville|Somerville]]
| term = 1910–1914
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Jerry Bartholomew Sullivan|Sullivan]]
| term = 1914–1925
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[William Barberie Howell|Howell]]
| term = 1925–1926
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| float      = right
| seat title = Chief Judge (Customs Court)
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[William Barberie Howell|Howell]]
| term = 1926–1927
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Israel F. Fischer|Fischer]]
| term = 1927–1932
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[George M. Young|Young]]
| term = 1932–1932
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[William Josiah Tilson|Tilson]]
| term = 1932–1934
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Charles Paul McClelland|McClelland]]
| term = 1934–1939
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[George Stewart Brown|Brown]]
| term = 1939–1940
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Webster Oliver|Oliver]]
| term = 1940–1965
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Paul Peter Rao|Rao]]
| term = 1965–1971
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Nils Boe|Boe]]
| term = 1971–1977
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Edward D. Re|Re]]
| term = 1977–1980
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| float      = right
| seat title = Chief Judge (Court of International Trade)
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Edward D. Re|Re]]
| term = 1980–1991
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Dominick L. DiCarlo|DiCarlo]]
| term = 1991–1996
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Gregory W. Carman|Carman]]
| term = 1996–2003
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Jane A. Restani|Restani]]
| term = 2003–2010
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Donald C. Pogue|Pogue]]
| term = 2010–2014
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Timothy C. Stanceu|Stanceu]]
| term = 2014–2021
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = '''[[Mark A. Barnett|Barnett]]'''
| term = 2021–present
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{Col-end}}

Chief judges have administrative responsibilities with respect to the Court of International Trade, and preside over any panel on which they serve unless circuit judges are also on the panel.<ref name="history" /> Unlike the Supreme Court, where one justice is specifically nominated to be chief, the office of chief judge rotates among the court judges. To be chief, a judge must have been in active service on the court for at least one year, be under the age of 65, and have not previously served as chief judge. A vacancy is filled by the judge highest in seniority among the group of qualified judges. The chief judge serves for a term of seven years or until age 70, whichever occurs first. The age restrictions are waived if no members of the court would otherwise be qualified for the position.

Under the Board of General Appraisers, the position of Chief Judge was entitled "President". When the office was created in 1948, the chief judge was the longest-serving judge who had not elected to retire on what has since 1958 been known as senior status or declined to serve as chief judge. After August 6, 1959, judges could not become or remain chief after turning 70 years old. The current rules have been in operation since October 1, 1982.

== Succession of seats ==

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| seat title = Seat 1
}}
{{U.S. judge succession note
| text = Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26&nbsp;Stat.&nbsp;131, 136
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Joseph Biddle Wilkinson Jr.|Wilkinson, Jr.]]
| term = 1890–1899
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Marion De Vries|De Vries]]
| term = 1900–1910
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Samuel B. Cooper|Cooper]]
| term = 1910–1918
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[George Emery Weller|Weller]]
| term = 1919–1930
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[David Hayes Kincheloe|Kincheloe]]
| term = 1930–1948
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Paul Peter Rao|Rao]]
| term = 1948–1988
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Richard W. Goldberg|Goldberg]]
| term = 1991–2001
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Timothy C. Stanceu|Stanceu]]
| term = 2003–2021
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = '''[[Joseph A. Laroski|Laroski]]'''
| term = 2024–present
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| seat title = Seat 2
}}
{{U.S. judge succession note
| text = Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26&nbsp;Stat.&nbsp;131, 136
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[George H. Sharpe|Sharpe]]
| term = 1890–1899
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[William Barberie Howell|Howell]]
| term = 1899–1927
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[William Josiah Tilson|Tilson]]
| term = 1928–1949
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Morgan Ford|Ford]]
| term = 1949–1985
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[R. Kenton Musgrave|Musgrave]]
| term = 1987–1997
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Richard K. Eaton|Eaton]]
| term = 1999–2014
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = '''[[Timothy M. Reif|Reif]]'''
| term = 2019–present
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| seat title = Seat 3
}}
{{U.S. judge succession note
| text = Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26&nbsp;Stat.&nbsp;131, 136
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Charles H. Ham|Ham]]
| term = 1890–1902
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Byron Sylvester Waite|Waite]]
| term = 1902–1930
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Walter Howard Evans|Evans]]
| term = 1931–1941
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[William A. Ekwall|Ekwall]]
| term = 1942–1956
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Scovel Richardson|Richardson]]
| term = 1957–1982
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Gregory W. Carman|Carman]]
| term = 1983–2014
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = '''[[Jennifer Choe-Groves|Choe-Groves]]'''
| term = 2016–present
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| seat title = Seat 4
}}
{{U.S. judge succession note
| text = Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26&nbsp;Stat.&nbsp;131, 136
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Ferdinand N. Shurtleff|Shurtleff]]
| term = 1890–1899
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Israel F. Fischer|Fischer]]
| term = 1899–1932
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Frederick W. Dallinger|Dallinger]]
| term = 1932–1942
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Charles Drummond Lawrence|Lawrence]]
| term = 1943–1965
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Frederick Landis Jr.|Landis, Jr.]]
| term = 1965–1983
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Thomas J. Aquilino|Aquilino, Jr.]]
| term = 1985–2004
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Leo M. Gordon|Gordon]]
| term = 2006–2019
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = '''[[Lisa Wang (judge)|Wang]]'''
| term = 2024–present
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| seat title = Seat 5
}}
{{U.S. judge succession note
| text = Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26&nbsp;Stat.&nbsp;131, 136
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[George C. Tichenor|Tichenor]]
| term = 1890–1902
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Eugene Gano Hay|Hay]]
| term = 1903–1923
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[George M. Young|Young]]
| term = 1924–1932
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[William John Keefe|Keefe]]
| term = 1933–1947
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Jed Johnson (Oklahoma politician)|Johnson]]
| term = 1947–1963
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[James Lopez Watson|Watson]]
| term = 1966–1991
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Donald C. Pogue|Pogue]]
| term = 1995–2014
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = '''[[M. Miller Baker|Baker]]'''
| term = 2019–present
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| seat title = Seat 6
}}
{{U.S. judge succession note
| text = Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26&nbsp;Stat.&nbsp;131, 136
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Thaddeus S. Sharretts|Sharretts]]
| term = 1890–1913
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Jerry Bartholomew Sullivan|Sullivan]]
| term = 1913–1939
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Thomas Joseph Walker|Walker]]
| term = 1940–1945
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Irvin Charles Mollison|Mollison]]
| term = 1945–1962
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Philip Nichols Jr.|Nichols, Jr.]]
| term = 1964–1966
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Herbert N. Maletz|Maletz]]
| term = 1967–1982
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Jane A. Restani|Restani]]
| term = 1983–2015
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = '''[[Gary Katzmann|Katzmann]]'''
| term = 2016–present
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| seat title = Seat 7
}}
{{U.S. judge succession note
| text = Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26&nbsp;Stat.&nbsp;131, 136
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Henderson M. Somerville|Somerville]]
| term = 1890–1915
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[William C. Adamson|Adamson]]
| term = 1917–1928
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Genevieve R. Cline|Cline]]
| term = 1928–1953
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Mary Donlon Alger|Alger]]
| term = 1955–1966
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Bernard Newman (judge)|Newman]]
| term = 1968–1983
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Dominick L. DiCarlo|DiCarlo]]
| term = 1984–1996
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Judith Barzilay|Barzilay]]
| term = 1998–2011
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = '''[[Mark A. Barnett|Barnett]]'''
| term = 2013–present
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| seat title = Seat 8
}}
{{U.S. judge succession note
| text = Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26&nbsp;Stat.&nbsp;131, 136
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Joseph Lewis Stackpole|Stackpole]]
| term = 1890
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Wilbur Fisk Lunt|Lunt]]
| term = 1891–1908
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Roy Chamberlain|Chamberlain]]
| term = 1908–1913
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[George Stewart Brown|Brown]]
| term = 1913–1941
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[William Purington Cole Jr.|Cole, Jr.]]
| term = 1942–1952
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[David John Wilson|Wilson]]
| term = 1954–1966
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Lindley Beckworth|Beckworth]]
| term = 1967–1968
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Edward D. Re|Re]]
| term = 1968–1991
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Evan Wallach|Wallach]]
| term = 1995–2011
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = '''[[Claire R. Kelly|Kelly]]'''
| term = 2013–present
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{start U.S. judge succession
| seat title = Seat 9
}}
{{U.S. judge succession note
| text = Seat established on June 10, 1890 by 26&nbsp;Stat.&nbsp;131, 136
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[James A. Jewell|Jewell]]
| term = 1890–1903
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Charles P. McClelland|McClelland]]
| term = 1903–1939
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Webster Oliver|Oliver]]
| term = 1940–1967
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Samuel Murray Rosenstein|Rosenstein]]
| term = 1968–1970
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Nils Boe|Boe]]
| term = 1971–1984
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Nicholas Tsoucalas|Tsoucalas]]
| term = 1986–1996
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Delissa A. Ridgway|Ridgway]]
| term = 1998–2019
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = [[Stephen Vaden|Vaden]]
| term = 2020–2025
}}
{{U.S. judge succession row
| name = '''vacant'''
| term = 2025–present
}}
{{end U.S. judge succession}}
{{Col-break}}
{{Col-end}}

== See also ==

* ''[[V.O.S. Selections, Inc. v. United States]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.cit.uscourts.gov United States Court of International Trade], official site
* [http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/custom_cit_bdy History of the court] from the [[Federal Judicial Center]]

{{United States Federal Circuit district judges}}
{{Law of the United States}}
{{Civic Center, Manhattan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United States Court of International Trade| ]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Courts and tribunals established in 1980]]
[[Category:United States federal courts|International Trade]]
[[Category:United States trade policy|Court of International Trade]]
[[Category:Civic Center, Manhattan]]