View source for United States Environmental Protection Agency

{{Short description|U.S. federal government agency}}
{{redirect-multi|2|EPA|Environmental Protection Agency}}
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* http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id (refs: 18, 42, 129, 133, 177, 189)

* https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/information-about-public-water-systems (refs: 25, 149)

* https://envirodatagov.org/update-of-sheep-in-the-closet-report-epa-enforcement-record-in-the-trump-administration-through-fiscal-year-2018/ (refs: 171, 194)

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The '''Environmental Protection Agency''' ('''EPA''') is an [[independent agency of the United States government]] tasked with [[environmental protection]] matters.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/our-mission-and-what-we-do|title = Our Mission and What We Do|date = January 21, 2017 |publisher = EPA |access-date = March 28, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170328120158/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/our-mission-and-what-we-do |archive-date = March 28, 2017 |url-status = live}}</ref> President [[Richard Nixon]] proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970; it began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an [[executive order]].<ref name = "reorg">{{cite web|url = https://www.epa.gov/archive/epa/aboutepa/reorganization-plan-no-3-1970.html |title = Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 |publisher = EPA |access-date = 2020-07-21 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212130101/https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/reorganization-plan-no-3-1970.html |archive-date = February 12, 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Reorganization Plan No. 3|order establishing the EPA]] was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate.

The agency is led by its [[Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency|administrator]], who is appointed by the [[President of the United States|president]] and approved by the [[United States Senate|Senate]].<ref name="reorg" /> Since January 29, 2025, the administrator is [[Lee Zeldin]]. The EPA is not a [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] department, but the administrator is normally given [[Cabinet of the United States#Cabinet-level officials|cabinet rank]]. The EPA has its headquarters in [[Washington, D.C.]] There are regional offices for each of the agency's ten regions, as well as 27 laboratories around the country.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/regionallabs/epa-regional-laboratories-unique-analytical-capabilities-and-services-region |title = EPA Regional Laboratories Unique Analytical Capabilities and Services by Region |date = September 12, 2017 |publisher = EPA |access-date = April 3, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073655/https://www.epa.gov/regionallabs/epa-regional-laboratories-unique-analytical-capabilities-and-services-region |archive-date = April 4, 2018 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

The agency conducts [[environmental assessment]], research, and education. It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of [[U.S. environmental law]]s, in consultation with state, tribal, and local governments. EPA enforcement powers include fines, [[sanctions (law)|sanctions]], and other measures.

It delegates some permitting, monitoring, and enforcement responsibility to [[U.S. state]]s and the [[List of federally recognized tribes|federally recognized tribes]]. The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts.

The agency's budgeted employee level in 2023 was 16,204.1 [[full-time equivalent]] (FTE).<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-03/fy-2023-epa-bib.pdf |title = FY 2023 EPA Budget in Brief |publisher = EPA |date = March 1, 2022 |access-date = January 11, 2023 |archive-date = December 29, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221229015210/https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-03/fy-2023-epa-bib.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> More than half of EPA's employees are engineers, scientists, and environmental protection specialists; other employees include legal, public affairs, financial, and information technologists.

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==History==
===Background===
[[File:BURNING DISCARDED AUTOMOBILE BATTERIES. (FROM THE SITES EXHIBITION. FOR OTHER IMAGES IN THIS ASSIGNMENT, SEE FICHE... - NARA - 553841.jpg|thumb|Stacks emitting smoke from burning discarded automobile batteries, photo taken in Houston in 1972 by [[Marc St. Gil]], official photographer of recently founded EPA]]
[[File:SMOKESTACKS OF THE HOLMES ROAD INCINERATOR, NO LONGER POLLUTE THE ATMOSPHERE. THE PLANT PREVIOUSLY BURNED OLD... - NARA - 557411.jpg|thumb|Same smokestacks in 1975 after the plant was closed in a push for greater environmental protection.]]
Beginning in the late 1950s and through the 1960s, [[United States Congress|Congress]] reacted to increasing public concern about the impact that human activity could have on the environment.<ref name="Distillations">{{cite magazine |last1=Rinde |first1=Meir |title=Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism |magazine=Distillations |date=2017 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=16–29 |publisher=[[Science History Institute]] |location=Philadelphia, PA |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024821/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism|archive-date=April 5, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-history-clean-air-act-1970/1977 |title=EPA History: Clean Air Act of 1970/1977 |date=October 18, 2016 |publisher=EPA |access-date=March 28, 2017 |archive-date=February 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225081217/https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-history-clean-air-act-1970/1977 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name = "EPA-guardian">{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/archive/epa/aboutepa/guardian-origins-epa.html |title=The Guardian: Origins of the EPA |date=Spring 1992 |series=EPA Historical Publication |publisher = EPA |access-date = March 28, 2017 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170329045640/https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/guardian-origins-epa.html |archive-date = March 29, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Senator [[James E. Murray]] introduced a bill, the Resources and Conservation Act (RCA) of 1959, in the [[86th United States Congress|86th Congress]]. The bill would have established a Council on Environmental Quality in the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|Executive Office of the President]], declared a national environmental policy, and required the preparation of an annual environmental report. The conservation movement was weak at the time and the bill did not pass Congress.<ref name="Luther">{{cite report |last1=Luther |first1=Linda |title=The National Environmental Policy Act: Background and Implementation |date=November 16, 2005 |publisher=Congressional Research Service (CRS) |location=Washington, D.C. |page=CRS-3 |url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/Unit1_01CRSReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801025406/https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/Unit1_01CRSReport.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |url-status=dead |id= RL33152}}</ref>

The 1962 publication of ''[[Silent Spring]]'', a best-selling book by [[Rachel Carson]], alerted the public about the detrimental effects on animals and humans of the indiscriminate use of [[pesticide]] chemicals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Griswold |first=Eliza |date=September 21, 2012 |title=How 'Silent Spring' Ignited the Environmental Movement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/magazine/how-silent-spring-ignited-the-environmental-movement.html |work=The New York Times Magazine |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914204632/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/magazine/how-silent-spring-ignited-the-environmental-movement.html |archive-date=September 14, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the years following, Congress discussed possible solutions. In 1968, a joint House–Senate colloquium was convened by the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Senator [[Henry M. Jackson]], and the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Representative [[George P. Miller]], to discuss the need for and means of implementing a national environmental policy. Congress enacted the [[National Environmental Policy Act|National Environmental Policy Act of 1969]] (NEPA) and the law was based on ideas that had been discussed in the 1959 and subsequent hearings.<ref>United States. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. {{USPL|91|290}}, Approved January 1, 1970. {{USC|42|4321}} ''et seq.''</ref><ref name="Luther"/>

The [[Richard Nixon administration]] made the environment a policy priority in 1969–1971 and created two new agencies, the [[Council on Environmental Quality]] (CEQ) and EPA.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/landuse/Vol122/Weiland.pdf |title=Amending the National Environmental Policy Act: Federal Environmental Protection in the Twenty-First Century |last=Weiland |first=Paul S. |date=Spring 1997 |journal=Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law |pages=275–301 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712230318/http://www.law.fsu.edu/journals/landuse/Vol122/Weiland.pdf |archive-date=July 12, 2007}}</ref> Nixon signed NEPA into law on January 1, 1970. The law established the CEQ in the Executive Office of the President. NEPA required that a detailed statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal actions significantly affecting the environment. The "detailed statement" would ultimately be referred to as an [[environmental impact statement]] (EIS).<ref name="Distillations"/>

===Establishment===
[[File:William Ruckelshaus Swearing In as EPA Administrator.jpg|thumb|left|Ruckelshaus sworn in as first EPA administrator.]]
On July 9, 1970, Nixon proposed an [[Reorganization Plan No. 3|executive reorganization]] that consolidated many environmental responsibilities of the federal government under one agency, a new Environmental Protection Agency.<ref>{{cite report |date = July 9, 1970 |title = Reorganization Plans Nos. 3 and 4 of 1970. Message from the President of the United States to the House of Representatives |series = House of Representatives, 91st Congress, 2d Session |url = https://archive.epa.gov/ocir/leglibrary/pdf/created.pdf |id = Document no. 91-366 |access-date = March 28, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170426222447/https://archive.epa.gov/ocir/leglibrary/pdf/created.pdf |archive-date = April 26, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> This proposal included merging [[pollution control]] programs from a number of departments, such as the combination of pesticide programs from the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] and the [[United States Department of the Interior]].<ref name = Elkins>{{Cite web |url = https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/600A1DB1B9EF1E85.pdf |title = Behind the Scenes at the Creation of EPA: An interview with Chuck Elkins |date = October 2013 |series = Oral History Program |publisher = EPA Alumni Association |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093827/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/600A1DB1B9EF1E85.pdf |archive-date = August 21, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref>{{rp|5}} After conducting hearings during that summer, the House and Senate approved the proposal. The EPA was created 90 days before it had to operate,<ref name = Elkins/>{{rp|11}} and officially opened its doors on December 2, 1970. The agency's first administrator, [[William Ruckelshaus]], took the oath of office on December 4, 1970.<ref name = "EPA-guardian"/>

EPA's primary predecessor was the former [[Environmental Health Divisions]] of the [[U.S. Public Health Service]] (PHS), and its creation caused one of [[U.S. Public Health Service reorganizations of 1966–1973|a series of reorganizations of PHS]] that occurred during 1966–1973. From PHS, EPA absorbed the entire National Air Pollution Control Administration, as well as the Environmental Control Administration's Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Bureau of Water Hygiene, and part of its Bureau of Radiological Health. It also absorbed the Federal Water Quality Administration, which had previously been transferred from PHS to the Department of the Interior in 1966. A few functions from other agencies were also incorporated into EPA: the formerly independent Federal Radiation Council was merged into it; pesticides programs were transferred from the Department of the Interior, [[Food and Drug Administration]], and [[Agricultural Research Service]]; and some functions were transferred from the [[Council on Environmental Quality]] and [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]].<ref name="NatArchives-2016">{{Cite web|date = 2016-08-15|title = Records of the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]|url = https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/412.html|access-date = 2021-04-23|website = National Archives|at = Section 412.2|language = en|archive-date = April 19, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210419122728/https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/412.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="reorg" />

Upon its creation, EPA inherited 84 sites spread across 26 states, of which 42 sites were laboratories. The EPA consolidated these laboratories into 22 sites.<ref>{{Cite web |last = Williams |first = Dennis C. |date = 1993-03-01 |title = Why Are Our Regional Offices and Labs Located Where They Are? A Historical Perspective on Siting |url = https://www.epa.gov/history/why-are-our-regional-offices-and-labs-located-where-they-are-historical-perspective-siting |access-date = 2021-04-23 |publisher = EPA |archive-date = May 10, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200510005954/https://www.epa.gov/history/why-are-our-regional-offices-and-labs-located-where-they-are-historical-perspective-siting |url-status = live }}</ref>

===1970s===
In its first year, the EPA had a budget of $1.4&nbsp;billion and 5,800 employees.<ref name = "Elkins" />{{rp|5}} At its start, the EPA was primarily a technical assistance agency that set goals and standards. Soon, new acts and amendments passed by Congress gave the agency its regulatory authority.<ref name = "Elkins" />{{rp|9}} A major expansion of the [[Clean Air Act of 1963|Clean Air Act]] was approved in December 1970.<ref>United States. Clean Air Amendments of 1970. {{uspl|91|604}} Approved December 31, 1970.</ref>

EPA staff recall that in the early days there was "an enormous sense of purpose and excitement" and the expectation that "there was this agency which was going to do something about a problem that clearly was on the minds of a lot of people in this country," leading to tens of thousands of resumes from those eager to participate in the mighty effort to clean up America's environment.<ref name=":0">EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator Bill Ruckelshaus and some of his closest aides recall the opening months of the new agency in 1970, [http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id = 16 Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011072603/http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id |date=October 11, 2016 }}}, [http://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/605EA9C8EF2DD115.pdf#page = 2 Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224944/http://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/605EA9C8EF2DD115.pdf#page = 2 |date=October 11, 2016 }} (see p. 2).</ref>

When EPA first began operation, members of the private sector felt strongly that the environmental protection movement was a passing fad. Ruckelshaus stated that he felt pressure to show a public which was deeply skeptical about government's effectiveness, that EPA could respond effectively to widespread concerns about pollution.<ref name=":0" />

The burning [[Cuyahoga River]] in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1969 led to a national outcry and criminal charges against major steel companies. The US Justice Department in late 1970 began pollution control litigation in cooperation with the new EPA. Congress enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, better known as the [[Clean Water Act]] (CWA).<ref>United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. {{uspl|92|500}} Approved 1972-10-18.</ref> The CWA established a national framework for addressing water quality, including mandatory pollution control standards, to be implemented by the agency in partnership with the states.<ref name="Hanlon-2019">Jim Hanlon, Mike Cook, Mike Quigley, Bob Wayland. [http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/waterquality.pdf "Water Quality: A Half Century of Progress."] {{Webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070143/https://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/waterquality.pdf |date = April 12, 2019 }} EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</ref> Congress amended the [[Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act]] (FIFRA) in 1972, requiring EPA to measure every pesticide's risks against its potential benefits.<ref>United States. Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act. {{uspl|92|516}} Approved 1972-10-21.</ref><ref name="Wayland -2019">Susan Wayland and Penelope Fenner-Crisp. [http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/pesticides.pdf "Reducing Pesticide Risks: A Half Century of Progress."] {{Webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070256/https://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/pesticides.pdf |date = April 12, 2019 }} EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</ref>

In 1973 President Nixon appointed [[Russell E. Train]] to be the next EPA administrator.<ref>J. Brooks Flippen, ''Conservative Conservationist: Russell E. Train and the Emergence of American Environmentalism'' (LSU Press, 2006).</ref> In 1974 Congress passed the [[Safe Drinking Water Act]], requiring EPA to develop mandatory federal standards for all [[public water system]]s, which serve 90% of the US population. The law required EPA to enforce the standards with the cooperation of state agencies.<ref>United States. Safe Drinking Water Act. {{USPL|93|523}} Approved 1974-12-16.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/information-about-public-water-systems |title = Information about Public Water Systems |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date = 2017-03-08 |website = Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems |publisher = EPA |access-date = July 26, 2020 |archive-date = July 27, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200727070236/https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/information-about-public-water-systems |url-status = live }}</ref>

In October 1976, Congress passed the [[Toxic Substances Control Act]] (TSCA) which, like FIFRA, related to the manufacture, labeling and usage of commercial products rather than pollution.<ref>United States. Toxic Substances Control Act. {{uspl|94|469}} Approved 1976-10-11.</ref><ref name="Auer-2019">Auer, Charles, Frank Kover, James Aidala, Marks Greenwood. [http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/toxics.pdf "Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress"]. {{Webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070300/https://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/toxics.pdf |date = April 12, 2019}}. EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</ref> This act gave the EPA the authority to gather information on chemicals and require producers to test them, gave it the ability to regulate chemical production and use (with specific mention of [[PCBs]]), and required the agency to create the National Inventory listing of chemicals.<ref name="Auer-2019" />

Congress also enacted the [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act]] (RCRA) in 1976, significantly amending the [[Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965]].<ref>United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. {{uspl|94|580}} Approved 1976-10-21.</ref> It tasked the EPA with setting national goals for waste disposal, conserving energy and natural resources, reducing waste, and ensuring environmentally sound management of waste. Accordingly, the agency developed [[Primary and secondary legislation#Regulations "with the force of law"|regulations]] for [[solid waste|solid]] and [[hazardous waste]] that were to be implemented in collaboration with states.<ref name="Horinko-2016">Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. "[http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress] {{Webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161022224142/http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf |date = October 22, 2016 }}." EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</ref>

President [[Jimmy Carter]] appointed [[Douglas M. Costle]] as EPA administrator in 1977.<ref name = "EPA admin">{{cite web |title = EPA's Administrators |url = https://www.epa.gov/history/epas-administrators |date = 2022-03-23 |publisher = EPA |access-date = April 11, 2022 |archive-date = April 11, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220411045537/https://www.epa.gov/history/epas-administrators |url-status = live }}</ref> To manage the agency's expanding legal mandates and workload, by the end of 1979 the budget grew to $5.4&nbsp;billion and the workforce size increased to 13,000.<ref name = "EPA budget">{{cite web |title = EPA's Budget and Spending |url = https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/budget |date = 2022-05-16 |publisher = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |location = Washington, D.C. |access-date = January 12, 2017 |archive-date = January 13, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170113120223/https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/budget |url-status = live }}</ref>

===1980s===
In 1980, following the discovery of many abandoned or mismanaged hazardous waste sites such as [[Love Canal]], Congress passed the [[Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act]], nicknamed "Superfund." The new law authorized EPA to cast a wider net for parties responsible for sites contaminated by previous hazardous waste disposal and established a funding mechanism for assessment and cleanup.<ref name="Voltaggio-2019" />

In a dramatic move to the right, President [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1981 appointed [[Anne Gorsuch Burford|Anne Gorsuch]] as EPA administrator.<ref>Richard Lazarus and Andrew Slottje, "Justice Gorsuch and the Future of Environmental Law." ''Stanford Environmental Law Journal'' 43 (2023) pp.2–3. [https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/FINAL-Lazarus-Article.pdf online].</ref> Gorsuch based her administration of EPA on the [[New Federalism]] approach of downsizing federal agencies by delegating their functions and services to the individual states.<ref name = "epajournal">{{cite web |title = Views from the Former Administrators |url = http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/views-former-administrators#Gorsuch |date = November 1985 |publisher = EPA |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925054739/http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/views-former-administrators#Gorsuch |archive-date = 2015-09-25}}</ref> She believed that EPA was over-regulating business and that the agency was too large and not cost-effective. During her 22 months as agency head, she cut the budget of the EPA by 22%, reduced the number of cases filed against polluters, relaxed Clean Air Act regulations, and facilitated the spraying of restricted-use pesticides. She cut the total number of agency employees, and hired staff from the industries they were supposed to be regulating.<ref name = "wapo">{{cite news |last = Sullivan |first = Patricia |title = Anne Gorsuch Burford, 62, Dies; Reagan EPA Director |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3418-2004Jul21.html |date = 2004-07-22 |newspaper = The Washington Post |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170812031743/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3418-2004Jul21.html |archive-date = 2017-08-12}}</ref> [[Environmentalists]] contended that her policies were designed to placate polluters, and accused her of trying to dismantle the agency.<ref>{{cite news |last = Martin |first = Douglas |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/22/us/anne-gorsuch-burford-62-reagan-epa-chief-dies.html |title = Anne Gorsuch Burford, 62, Reagan E.P.A. Chief, Dies |work = The New York Times |date = July 22, 2004 |access-date = December 2, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131114095030/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/22/us/anne-gorsuch-burford-62-reagan-epa-chief-dies.html |archive-date = November 14, 2013 |url-status = live}}</ref>

Assistant Administrator [[Rita Lavelle]] was fired by Reagan in February 1983 because of her mismanagement of the [[Superfund]] program.<ref name = "NYT chronology">{{cite news |title = Chronology of Events in the E.P.A. Dispute |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/10/us/chronology-of-events-in-the-epa-dispute.html |date = 1983-03-10 |work = The New York Times |access-date = January 17, 2021 |archive-date = January 22, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210122182623/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/10/us/chronology-of-events-in-the-epa-dispute.html |url-status = live }}</ref> Gorsuch had increasing confrontations with Congress over Superfund and other programs, including her refusal to submit subpoenaed documents. Gorsuch was cited for [[contempt of Congress]] and the White House directed EPA to submit the documents to Congress. Gorsuch and most of her senior staff resigned in March 1983.<ref name="NYT chronology"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hoffman |first1=David |last2=Peterson |first2=Cass |title=Burford Quits as EPA Administrator |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/03/10/burford-quits-as-epa-administrator/49ef0add-f834-4bef-8fd5-35f13d1f2abd/ |date=1983-03-10 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122084901/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/03/10/burford-quits-as-epa-administrator/49ef0add-f834-4bef-8fd5-35f13d1f2abd/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Reagan then appointed William Ruckelshaus as EPA administrator for a second term. As a condition for accepting his appointment, Ruckleshaus obtained autonomy from the White House in appointing his senior management team. He then appointed experienced competent professionals to the top management positions, and worked to restore public confidence in the agency.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/27/us/politics/william-ruckelshaus-dead.html |title=William Ruckelshaus, who quit in 'Saturday Night Massacre,' dies at 87 |last=McFadden |first=Robert D. |date=2019-11-27 |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203105106/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/27/us/politics/william-ruckelshaus-dead.html |archive-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref>

[[Lee M. Thomas]] succeeded Ruckelshaus as administrator in 1985.<ref name = "EPA history 1970-1985">{{cite web |title = EPA History (1970-1985) |url = https://www.epa.gov/archive/epa/aboutepa/epa-history-1970-1985.html |date = 2016-09-06 |publisher = EPA |access-date = January 17, 2021 |archive-date = January 7, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210107095041/https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epa-history-1970-1985.html |url-status = live }}</ref> In 1986 Congress passed the [[Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act]], which authorized the EPA to gather data on toxic chemicals and share this information with the public.<ref name="Auer-2019" /> EPA also researched the implications of stratospheric ozone depletion. Under Administrator Thomas, EPA joined with several international organizations to perform a [[risk assessment]] of stratospheric ozone, which helped provide motivation for the Montreal Protocol, which was agreed to in August 1987.<ref name = "Lee Thomas interview">{{cite web |title = Interview with Lee Thomas |url = https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60740780F5ACB3D5.pdf |date = 2012-04-19 |publisher = EPA Alumni Association |access-date = September 25, 2018 |archive-date = April 12, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070306/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60740780F5ACB3D5.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>{{rp|14}}

In 1988, during his first presidential campaign, [[George H. W. Bush]] was vocal about environmental issues. Following his election victory, he appointed [[William K. Reilly]], an environmentalist, as EPA administrator in 1989.<ref name = "EPA admin"/> Under Reilly's leadership, the EPA implemented voluntary programs and initiated the development of a "cluster rule" for multimedia regulation of the pulp and paper industry.<ref>EPA (1993-12-17). "Effluent Limitations Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards, and New Source Performance Standards: Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Category; National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Category: Pulp and Paper Production." Proposed rules. ''Federal Register,'' {{USFR|58|66078}}</ref> At the time, there was increasing awareness that some environmental issues were regional or localized in nature, and were more appropriately addressed with sub-national approaches and solutions. This understanding was reflected in the 1990 amendments to the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]] and in new approaches by the agency, such as a greater emphasis on [[Drainage basin|watershed]]-based approaches in Clean Water Act programs.<ref>Former Deputy Administrator Hank Habicht talks about management at EPA. An Interview with Hank Habicht [http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id = 17 Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131181856/https://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id&id |date=January 31, 2024 }}, [https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60772C611F145A4D.pdf#page = 7 Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070307/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60772C611F145A4D.pdf#page = 7 |date=April 12, 2019 }} (see pp. 7, 10). December 21, 2012.</ref>

===1990s===
In 1992 EPA and the Department of Energy launched the [[Energy Star]] program, a voluntary program that fosters energy efficiency.<ref>{{cite web |title = What is Energy Star |url = https://www.energystar.gov/about |access-date = 2021-06-12 |publisher = EPA and U.S. Department of Energy |archive-date = January 2, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210102224156/https://www.energystar.gov/about |url-status = live }}</ref>

[[Carol Browner]] was appointed EPA administrator by President [[Bill Clinton]] and served from 1993 to 2001.<ref name = "EPA-admin">{{cite web |title = Chronology of EPA Administrators |url = https://www.epa.gov/history/chronology-epa-administrators |date = 2021-03-11 |publisher = EPA |access-date = October 13, 2020 |archive-date = October 13, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201013114615/https://www.epa.gov/history/chronology-epa-administrators |url-status = live }}</ref> Major projects during Browner's term included:
* Initiation of the [[Brownfield land#United States|Brownfields]] pilot program in 1995<ref>{{cite web |title = Overview of EPA's Brownfields Program |url = https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/overview-epas-brownfields-program |date = 2021-07-26 |publisher = EPA |access-date = August 18, 2021 |archive-date = October 20, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231020135311/https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/overview-epas-brownfields-program |url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Initial hazardous air pollution standards for [[petroleum refineries]] in 1995<ref>EPA (1995-08-18). "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Petroleum Refineries." Final rule. ''Federal Register,'' {{USFR|60|43244}}.</ref>
* Initial [[lead paint]] abatement regulations under TSCA in 1996<ref>EPA (1996-08-29). "Lead; Requirements for Lead-Based Paint Activities in Target Housing and Child-Occupied Facilities." Final rule. ''Federal Register,'' {{USFR|61|45778}}.</ref>
* Update of the [[National Ambient Air Quality Standards]] for [[Particulates#Health effects|particulate matter]] and [[Ozone#Ozone air pollution|ozone]] in 1997.<ref>EPA (1997-07-18). "National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter." Final rule. ''Federal Register,'' {{USFR|62|38652}}; "National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone." Final rule. {{USFR|62|38856}}.</ref>

Since the passage of the Superfund law in 1980, an [[excise tax]] had been levied on the chemical and petroleum industries, to support the cleanup trust fund. Congressional authorization of the tax was due to expire in 1995. Although Browner and the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton Administration]] supported continuation of the tax, Congress declined to reauthorize it. Subsequently, the Superfund program was supported only by annual appropriations, greatly reducing the number of waste sites that are remediated in a given year.<ref>{{cite report |title=Superfund: Trends in Federal Funding and Cleanup of EPA's Nonfederal National Priorities List Sites |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/673051.pdf |date=September 2015 |publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office |location=Washington, D.C. |id=GAO-15-812 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132159/http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/673051.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> (In 2021 Congress reauthorized an excise tax on chemical manufacturers.<ref name="infrastructure act 2021">United States. Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. {{USPL|117|58}} Section 80201. Approved November 15, 2021.</ref>)

Major legislative updates during the Clinton Administration were the [[Food Quality Protection Act]]<ref>United States. Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. {{USPL|104|170}} 1996-08-03.</ref> and the 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.<ref>United States. Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996. {{USPL|104|182}} 1996-08-06.</ref>

===2000s===
President [[George W. Bush]] appointed [[Christine Todd Whitman]] as EPA administrator in 2001. Whitman was succeeded by [[Mike Leavitt]] in 2003 and [[Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)|Stephen L. Johnson]] in 2005.<ref name = "EPA admin"/>

In March 2005 nine states (California, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Mexico and Vermont) sued the EPA. The EPA's [[Office of Inspector General (United States)|inspector general]] had determined that the EPA's regulation of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] emissions did not follow the Clean Air Act, and that the regulations were influenced by top political appointees.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/01/31/proposed-mercury-rules-bear-industry-mark/028e1379-0026-4bcb-b7ce-192bbae7b4c6/ |first = Eric |last = Pianin |title = Proposed Mercury Rules Bear Industry Mark |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191229021711/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/01/31/proposed-mercury-rules-bear-industry-mark/028e1379-0026-4bcb-b7ce-192bbae7b4c6/ |archive-date = December 29, 2019 |date = January 31, 2004 |url-access = limited |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = July 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Shankar |last = Vedantam |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61762-2005Feb3.html |title = EPA Inspector Finds Mercury Proposal Tainted|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200527092803/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61762-2005Feb3.html|archive-date = May 27, 2020 |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = February 4, 2005 |access-date = July 21, 2020}}</ref> The EPA had suppressed a study it commissioned by [[Harvard University]] which contradicted its position on mercury controls.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55268-2005Mar21.html New EPA Mercury Rule Omits Conflicting Data] {{Webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170106132433/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55268-2005Mar21.html |date = January 6, 2017 }}, ''The Washington Post'', March 22, 2005</ref> The suit alleged that the EPA's rule exempting coal-fired power plants from "maximum available control technology" was illegal, and additionally charged that the EPA's system of [[cap-and-trade]] to lower average mercury levels would allow power plants to forego reducing mercury emissions, which they objected would lead to dangerous local hotspots of mercury contamination even if average levels declined.<ref name = "Bustillo2005">Bustillo, Miguel.[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-mar-30-me-mercury30-story.html States Sue EPA Over Mercury Emissions], ''Los Angeles Times'', March 30, 2005</ref> Several states also began to enact their own mercury emission regulations. Illinois's proposed rule would have reduced mercury emissions from power plants by an average of 90% by 2009.<ref>[http://www.epa.state.il.us/environmental-progress/v32/n1/environmental-progress.pdf Governor Blagojevich and Illinois EPA Propose Aggressive Mercury Controls For Illinois Power Plants] {{Webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070710021724/http://www.epa.state.il.us/environmental-progress/v32/n1/environmental-progress.pdf |date = July 10, 2007 }}, ''Environmental Progress'', Spring 2006, page 12</ref> In 2008—by which point a total of fourteen states had joined the suit—the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the EPA regulations violated the Clean Air Act.<ref name = "Baltimore2008">{{cite news |last1 = Baltimore |first1 = Chris |title = EPA must rewrite utility mercury rule: U.S. court |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/environment-usa-utilities-mercury-dc-idUSN0847678520080208 |access-date = February 1, 2017 |work = Reuters |date = February 8, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204634/https://www.reuters.com/article/environment-usa-utilities-mercury-dc-idUSN0847678520080208 |archive-date = March 22, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> In response, EPA announced plans to propose such standards to replace the vacated Clean Air Mercury Rule, and did so on March 16, 2011.<ref name = "EPA_MATS2011">{{cite web |title = History of the MATS Regulation |url = https://www.epa.gov/mats/history-mats-regulation |publisher = EPA |access-date = February 1, 2017|date = November 11, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202092159/https://www.epa.gov/mats/history-mats-regulation|archive-date = February 2, 2017 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

In July 2005 there was a delay in the issuance of an EPA report showing that auto companies were using loopholes to produce less fuel-efficient cars. The report was supposed to be released the day before a controversial energy bill was passed and would have provided backup for those opposed to it, but the EPA delayed its release at the last minute.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/28/business/28fuel.html |title = E.P.A. Holds Back Report on Car Fuel Efficiency |work = [[New York Times]] |date = July 28, 2005 |author = Danny Hakim |access-date = February 20, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150509135924/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/28/business/28fuel.html |archive-date = May 9, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref>

EPA initiated its voluntary [[WaterSense]] program in 2006 to encourage [[water efficiency]] through the use of a special label on consumer products.<ref>{{cite web |title=Accomplishments and History |url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense/accomplishments-and-history |date=2022-06-14 |website=WaterSense |publisher=EPA |access-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613035348/https://www.epa.gov/watersense/accomplishments-and-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007 the state of California sued the EPA for its refusal to allow California and 16 other states to raise fuel economy standards for new cars.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Keim |first=Brandon |url=http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/10/governor-arnie-.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080307171242/http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/10/governor-arnie-.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 7, 2008 |title=Governor Arnie to EPA: Hasta La Vista, Bureaucratic Delay Monkeys &#124; Wired Science |magazine= Wired |access-date=January 28, 2017}}</ref> EPA Administrator Stephen Johnson claimed that the EPA was working on its own standards, but the move has been widely considered an attempt to shield the auto industry from environmental regulation by setting lower standards at the federal level, which would then preempt state laws.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maynard |first=Micheline |title=E.P.A. Denies California Emission's Waiver |date=2007-12-19 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/opinion/editorials/stories/DN-EPA_30edi.ART.State.Edition1.36bb1ef.html |title = Absurdity at the EPA: Denying California emissions plan a new low |department=Editorials |newspaper=The Dallas Morning News |date=January 1, 2008 |access-date=November 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025074902/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/opinion/editorials/stories/DN-EPA_30edi.ART.State.Edition1.36bb1ef.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> California governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], along with governors from 13 other states, stated that the EPA's actions ignored federal law, and that existing California standards (adopted by many states in addition to California) were almost twice as effective as the proposed federal standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ca.gov/press-release/8596/ |title=Text of Letter from Gov. Schwarzenegger and 13 other Governors Regarding U.S. EPA's Denial of California's Tailpipe Emissions Waiver Request |publisher=State of California, Office of the Governor |access-date=November 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124000909/http://gov.ca.gov/press-release/8596 |archive-date=November 24, 2009}}</ref> It was reported that Johnson ignored his own staff in making this decision.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-epa21dec21-story.html |title=EPA chief is said to have ignored staff |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=December 21, 2007 |first=Janet |last=Wilson |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407151426/https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-epa21dec21-story.html |archive-date=April 7, 2022 }}</ref>

In 2007 it was reported that EPA research was suppressed by career managers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Stedeford |first = Todd |year = 2007 |title = Prior restraint and censorship: acknowledged occupational hazards for government scientists |journal = William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review |volume = 31 |issue = 3 |pages = 725–745 |url = http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol31/iss3/4 |access-date = May 17, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519061055/http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol31/iss3/4/ |archive-date = May 19, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> Supervisors at EPA's National Center for Environmental Assessment required several paragraphs to be deleted from a peer-reviewed journal article about EPA's [[integrated risk information system]], which led two co-authors to have their names removed from the publication, and the corresponding author, Ching-Hung Hsu, to leave EPA "because of the draconian restrictions placed on publishing".<ref>{{harvp|Stedeford|2007|loc = p. 738, note 95}}</ref> The 2007 report stated that EPA subjected employees who author scientific papers to [[prior restraint]], even if those papers are written on personal time.<ref>{{harvp|Stedeford|2007|pp = 736–740}}</ref>

In December 2007 EPA administrator Johnson approved a draft of a document that declared that climate change imperiled the public welfare—a decision that would trigger the first national mandatory global-warming regulations. Associate Deputy Administrator Jason Burnett e-mailed the draft to the White House. White House aides—who had long resisted mandatory regulations as a way to address climate change—knew the gist of what Johnson's finding would be, Burnett said. They also knew that once they opened the attachment, it would become a public record, making it controversial and difficult to rescind. So they did not open it; rather, they called Johnson and asked him to take back the draft. Johnson rescinded the draft; in July 2008, he issued a new version which did not state that [[global warming]] was danger to public welfare. Burnett resigned in protest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shiffman |first1=John |last2=Sullivan |first2=John |title=An Eroding Mission at EPA |url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/special_packages/inquirer/Inq_ST_EPA1.html |date=2008-12-02 |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225211948/https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/special_packages/inquirer/Inq_ST_EPA1.html |archive-date=2022-12-25}}</ref>{{further|Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act}}

In April 2008, the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]] said that more than half of the nearly 1,600 EPA staff scientists who responded online to a detailed questionnaire reported they had experienced incidents of political interference in their work. The survey included chemists, toxicologists, engineers, geologists and experts in other fields of science. About 40% of the scientists reported that the interference had been more prevalent in the last five years than in previous years.<ref>{{cite report|url = https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/interference-at-the-epa.pdf|title = Interference at the EPA|date = April 2008|publisher = UCS Publications|author = The Scientific Integrity Program of the Union of Concerned Scientists|access-date = July 12, 2022|archive-date = October 8, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221008215532/https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/interference-at-the-epa.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref>

President [[Barack Obama]] appointed [[Lisa P. Jackson]] as EPA administrator in 2009.<ref name = "EPA admin"/>

===2010s===
In 2010 it was reported that a $3&nbsp;million mapping study on [[Climate Change Science Program#Coastal sensitivity to sea level rise (SAP 4.1)|sea level rise]] was suppressed by EPA management during both the Bush and Obama administrations, and managers changed a key interagency report to reflect the removal of the maps.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author = Josh Harkinson and Kate Sheppard |title = Coastal Collapse |url = http://www.slate.com/id/2252063|access-date = June 1, 2010 |magazine = Slate |date = April 27, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100606050100/http://www.slate.com/id/2252063|archive-date = June 6, 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref>

Between 2011 and 2012, some EPA employees reported difficulty in conducting and reporting the results of studies on [[hydraulic fracturing]] due to industry and governmental pressure, and were concerned about the censorship of [[environmental reports]].<ref name = "Urbina 03Mar2011">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/us/04gas.html |title = Pressure Limits Efforts to Police Drilling for Gas |first = Ian |last = Urbina |quote = More than a quarter-century of efforts by some lawmakers and regulators to force the federal government to police the industry better have been thwarted, as E.P.A. studies have been repeatedly narrowed in scope and important findings have been removed |date = March 3, 2011 |newspaper = The New York Times |access-date = February 23, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120108162945/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/04/us/04gas.html |archive-date = January 8, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name = "EPA re study">{{cite web |last = DiCosmo |first = Bridget |url = http://insideepa.com/201107052369131/EPA-Daily-News/Daily-News/sab-pushes-to-advise-epa-to-conduct-toxicity-tests-in-fracking-study/menu-id-95.html |title = SAB Pushes To Advise EPA To Conduct Toxicity Tests In Fracking Study |quote = But some members of the chartered SAB are suggesting that the fracking panel revise its recommendation that the agency scale back its planned toxicity testing of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, process, because of the limited resources and time frame ... Chesapeake Energy supported the draft recommendation, saying that "an in-depth study of toxicity, the development of new analytical methods and tracers are not practical given the budget and schedule limitation of the study."|date = May 15, 2012 |work = Inside EPA |publisher = Inside Washington Publishers |access-date = May 19, 2012 |id = {{subscription required}}}}</ref><ref name = "NYT lobbying docs">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/04/us/20110304_natural-gas-documents-intro.html |title = The Debate Over the Hydrofracking Study's Scope |quote = While environmentalists have aggressively lobbied the agency to broaden the scope of the study, industry has lobbied the agency to narrow this focus |date = March 3, 2011 |newspaper = The New York Times |access-date = May 1, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120502220627/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/04/us/20110304_natural-gas-documents-intro.html |archive-date = May 2, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name = "NYT Docs">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/natural-gas-documents-1.html#document/p533/a9948 |title = Natural Gas Documents |date = February 27, 2011 |newspaper = The New York Times |access-date = May 5, 2012 |quote = The Times reviewed more than 30,000 pages of documents obtained through open records requests of state and federal agencies and by visiting various regional offices that oversee drilling in Pennsylvania. Some of the documents were leaked by state or federal officials. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120502204707/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/natural-gas-documents-1.html#document/p533/a9948 |archive-date = May 2, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Chesapeake">{{cite journal |url=http://insideepa.com/iwpfile.html?file=jul2011%2Fepa2011_1273b.pdf |title=Letter from Chesapeake Energy to EPA |last=Satterfield |first=John |date=June 30, 2011 |quote=Flowback and Produced water&nbsp;... Chesapeake agrees that an in-depth study of toxicity, the development of new analytic methods and tracers are not practical given the budget and schedule limitations of the study&nbsp;... Wastewater Treatment and Waste Disposal&nbsp;... Chesapeake believes there was unjustified emphasis on the surface disposal of produced water to treatment plants in the SAB's Review&nbsp;... Chesapeake disagrees with the inclusion of water distribution network corrosion and burden of analyzing for contaminants by POTW's into the study.|journal=Inside EPA |access-date=May 19, 2012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

President Obama appointed [[Gina McCarthy]] as EPA administrator in 2013.<ref name = "EPA admin"/>

In 2014, the EPA published its "Tier 3" standards for cars, trucks and other motor vehicles, which tightened [[air pollution]] emission requirements and lowered the sulfur content in gasoline.<ref>EPA (2014-04-18). "Control of Air Pollution From Motor Vehicles: Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards." Final rule. ''Federal Register,'' {{USFR|79|23414}}</ref>

In 2015, the EPA discovered [[Volkswagen emissions scandal|extensive violations]] by [[Volkswagen Group]] in its manufacture of [[Volkswagen]] and [[Audi]] diesel engine cars, for the 2009 through 2016 model years. Following notice of violations and potential criminal sanctions, Volkswagen later agreed to a legal settlement and paid billions of US dollars in criminal penalties, and was required to initiate a vehicle buyback program and modify the engines of the vehicles to reduce illegal air emissions.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2016/10/25/volkswagen-settlement-approved/92719174/ |title = Judge approves $15B Volkswagen settlement |last = Bomey |first = Nathan |date = 2016-10-25 |work = USA Today |access-date = June 6, 2022 |archive-date = June 6, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220606232156/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2016/10/25/volkswagen-settlement-approved/92719174/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Learn About Volkswagen Violations |url = https://www.epa.gov/vw/learn-about-volkswagen-violations |date = 2021-10-18 |publisher = EPA |access-date = June 6, 2022 |archive-date = June 10, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220610033747/https://www.epa.gov/vw/learn-about-volkswagen-violations |url-status = live }}</ref>

In August 2015, the EPA finalized the [[Clean Power Plan]] to regulate emissions from power plants, projecting a 15-year cut of 32%, or 789 million metric tons of carbon dioxide.<ref name="Clean Power Plan">{{cite web | title=Clean Power Plan | website=US EPA | date=January 19, 2017 | url=https://archive.epa.gov/epa/cleanpowerplan.html | access-date=May 27, 2024}}</ref> In 2019 it was voided and replaced by the Affordable Clean Energy rule under the Trump administration,<ref name="ACE rule">{{cite web | title=Affordable Clean Energy Rule | website=US EPA | date=May 10, 2019 | url=https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/affordable-clean-energy-rule | access-date=May 27, 2024}}</ref> and in 2022 its constitutionality was ruled out by the Supreme Court.<ref name="NLC 2022">{{cite web | last=Soronen | first=Lisa | title=Supreme Court Strikes Down Clean Power Plan | website=National League of Cities | date=July 1, 2022 | url=https://www.nlc.org/article/2022/07/01/supreme-court-strikes-down-clean-power-plan/ | access-date=May 27, 2024}}</ref>

In August 2015, the [[2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill]] occurred when EPA contractors examined the level of pollutants such as [[lead]] and [[arsenic]] in a [[Colorado]] mine,<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.newsweek.com/epa-causes-massive-colorado-spill-1-million-gallons-mining-waste-turns-river-361019|first = Zoë|last = Schlanger|title = EPA Causes Massive Spill of Mining Waste Water in Colorado, Turns Animas River Bright Orange|date = August 7, 2015|access-date = August 10, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150809171122/http://www.newsweek.com/epa-causes-massive-colorado-spill-1-million-gallons-mining-waste-turns-river-361019|archive-date = August 9, 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> and accidentally released over three million gallons of waste water into Cement Creek and the [[Animas River]].<ref name = "aug10spillfox">{{cite news|url = https://www.foxnews.com/us/theyre-not-going-to-get-away-with-this-anger-mounts-at-epa-over-mining-spill/|first = Joseph J.|last = Kolb|title = 'They're not going to get away with this': Anger mounts at EPA over mining spill|date = August 10, 2015|access-date = August 10, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150810191420/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/08/10/navajo-nation-aims-to-sue-epa-over-devastating-mining-spill/|archive-date = August 10, 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>
In 2015, the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC), a branch of the [[World Health Organization]], cited research linking [[glyphosate]], an ingredient of the weed killer Roundup manufactured by the chemical company [[Monsanto]], to [[non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]]. In March 2017, the presiding judge in a litigation brought about by people who claim to have developed glyphosate-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma opened Monsanto emails and other documents related to the case, including email exchanges between the company and federal regulators. According to ''The New York Times'', the "records suggested that Monsanto had ghostwritten research that was later attributed to academics and indicated that a senior official at the Environmental Protection Agency had worked to quash a review of Roundup's main ingredient, glyphosate, that was to have been conducted by the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]." The records show that Monsanto was able to prepare "a public relations assault" on the finding after they were alerted to the determination by [[Jess Rowland]], the head of the EPA's cancer assessment review committee at that time, months in advance. Emails also showed that Rowland "had promised to beat back an effort by the Department of Health and Human Services to conduct its own review."<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Hakim |first1 = Danny |title = Monsanto Weed Killer Roundup Faces New Doubts on Safety in Unsealed Documents |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/business/monsanto-roundup-safety-lawsuit.html |newspaper = The New York Times |date = March 15, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180809185318/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/business/monsanto-roundup-safety-lawsuit.html|archive-date = August 9, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1 = Yan |first1 = Holly |title = Patients: Roundup gave us cancer as EPA official helped the company |url = http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/15/health/roundup-herbicide-cancer-allegations/index.html |work = CNN |date = May 15, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052539/https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/15/health/roundup-herbicide-cancer-allegations/index.html |archive-date = August 18, 2018|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1 = Nelson |first1 = Arthur |title = EU declared Monsanto weedkiller safe after intervention from controversial US official |url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/24/eu-declared-monsanto-weedkiller-safe-after-intervention-from-controversial-us-official |work = The Guardian |date = May 24, 2017 |access-date = August 17, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180817110131/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/24/eu-declared-monsanto-weedkiller-safe-after-intervention-from-controversial-us-official |archive-date = August 17, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref>

On February 17, 2017, President [[Donald Trump]] appointed [[Scott Pruitt]] as EPA administrator.<ref name = "EPA admin"/> The Democratic Party saw the appointment as a controversial move, as Pruitt had spent most of his career challenging environmental regulations and policies. He did not have previous experience in the environmental protection field and had received financial support from the fossil fuel industry.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/epas-scott-pruitt-haunted-corruption-allegations-old-and-new |title = EPA's Scott Pruitt haunted by corruption allegations, old and new |work = MSNBC |access-date = April 25, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180425115033/http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/epas-scott-pruitt-haunted-corruption-allegations-old-and-new|archive-date = April 25, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> In 2017, the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Presidency of Donald Trump]] proposed a 31% cut to the EPA's budget to $5.7&nbsp;billion from $8.1&nbsp;billion and to eliminate a quarter of the agency jobs.<ref>{{cite news |first = Hiroko |last = Tabuchi |author-link = Hiroko Tabuchi |title = What's at Stake in Trump's Proposed E.P.A. Cuts |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/climate/trump-epa-budget-cuts.html |date = April 10, 2017 |work = The New York Times |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170417165254/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/climate/trump-epa-budget-cuts.html |archive-date = April 17, 2017 |url-status = live}}</ref> However, this cut was not approved by Congress. Pruitt resigned from the position on July 5, 2018, citing "unrelenting attacks" due to ongoing ethics controversies.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/05/politics/scott-pruitt-epa-resigns/index.html |title = EPA chief Scott Pruitt resigns amid ethics scandals |author1-link = Jeremy Diamond (journalist) |author1 = Jeremy Diamond |author2 = Eli Watkins |author3 = Juana Summers |work = CNN |access-date = July 6, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180705195635/https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/05/politics/scott-pruitt-epa-resigns/index.html |archive-date = July 5, 2018|url-status = live}}</ref>

President Trump appointed [[Andrew R. Wheeler]] as EPA administrator in 2019.<ref name = "EPA admin"/> Trump promised to eliminate EPA "in almost every form" leaving "only tidbits" intact.<ref name="friedmann">{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Lisa |date=2025-02-26 |title=Trump Says E.P.A. Layoffs Will Cut Staff by 65 Percent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/26/climate/trump-epa-layoffs.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

On July 17, 2019, EPA management prohibited the agency's Scientific Integrity Official, [[Francesca Grifo]], from testifying at a House committee hearing. EPA offered to send a different representative in place of Grifo and accused the committee of "dictating to the agency who they believe was qualified to speak." The hearing was to discuss the importance of allowing federal scientists and other employees to speak freely when and to whom they want to about their research without having to worry about any political consequences.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.npr.org/2019/07/17/742818906/top-epa-scientific-integrity-official-not-allowed-to-testify-at-house-hearing |title = Top EPA Scientific Integrity Official Not Allowed To Testify At House Hearing |work = NPR |access-date = 2019-07-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190718104031/https://www.npr.org/2019/07/17/742818906/top-epa-scientific-integrity-official-not-allowed-to-testify-at-house-hearing |archive-date = July 18, 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref>

In September 2019 air pollution standards in California were once again under attack, as the Trump administration attempted to revoke a waiver issued to the state which allowed more stringent standards for auto and truck emissions than the federal standards.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/18/politics/epa-trump-california/index.html |title = Trump revokes waiver for California to set higher auto emissions standards |first = Kevin |last = Liptak |date = September 18, 2019 |publisher = CNN |access-date = October 24, 2022 |archive-date = October 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221024203619/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/18/politics/epa-trump-california/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== 2020–2024 ===
President [[Joe Biden]] appointed [[Michael S. Regan]] to be administrator in 2021. Regan began serving on March 11, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael S. Regan Sworn in as 16th EPA Administrator |url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/michael-s-regan-sworn-16th-epa-administrator |date=2021-03-11 |publisher=EPA |id=News Release |access-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322223915/https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/michael-s-regan-sworn-16th-epa-administrator |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2021 EPA announced its "PFAS Strategic Roadmap." [[PFASs]] are [[organofluorine]] [[chemical compounds]] referred to as "[[forever chemicals]]". The roadmap is a "whole-of-EPA" strategy and the agency will consider the full [[Life-cycle assessment|life cycle]] of PFAS, including preventing PFAS from entering the environment, holding polluters accountable, and remediation of contaminated sites. It also will include drinking water monitoring and risk assessment for [[PFOA]] and [[PFOS]] in [[biosolids]] (processed [[sewage sludge]] used as fertilizer).<ref>{{cite web |title=PFAS Strategic Roadmap: EPA's Commitments to Action 2021-2024 |date=October 14, 2021 |url=https://www.epa.gov/pfas/pfas-strategic-roadmap-epas-commitments-action-2021-2024 |publisher=EPA |access-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-date=September 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914144724/https://www.epa.gov/pfas/pfas-strategic-roadmap-epas-commitments-action-2021-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2021 EPA issued new [[Greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas]] standards for passenger cars and light trucks. The standards, which will reduce climate pollution and improve public health, became effective for the 2023 vehicle model year.<ref>{{cite web |title=EPA Finalizes Greenhouse Gas Standards for Passenger Vehicles, Paving Way for a Zero-Emissions Future |url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-finalizes-greenhouse-gas-standards-passenger-vehicles-paving-way-zero-emissions |date=2021-12-20 |id=News Release |access-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226183023/https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-finalizes-greenhouse-gas-standards-passenger-vehicles-paving-way-zero-emissions |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2022 the [[Biden administration]] allowed California to again set stricter auto emissions standards.<ref>{{cite news |last=Davenport |first=Coral |title=Biden Restores California's Power to Set Stringent Tailpipe Rules |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/climate/biden-california-tailpipe-waiver.html |date=2022-03-09 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=October 24, 2022 |archive-date=October 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022015254/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/climate/biden-california-tailpipe-waiver.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2022 the EPA was allotted a listed ~$53.216&nbsp;billion in funding pursuant to the [[Inflation Reduction Act of 2022|Inflation Reduction Act]] (IRA). The EPA listed 24 total initiatives, the most notable among them being [[greenhouse gas]] reduction and monitoring, a superfund petroleum tax, replacing current heavy-duty vehicles with [[Zero-emissions vehicle|zero-emission vehicles]], and a methane incentive program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inflation Reduction Act |url=https://www.epa.gov/inflation-reduction-act |date=2022-12-07 |publisher=EPA |access-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110141843/https://www.epa.gov/inflation-reduction-act |url-status=live}}</ref>

On February 3, 2023, more than 100 train cars were derailed in [[East Palestine, Ohio|East Palestine]], and around half of those cars containing chemicals like [[butyl acrylate]], [[vinyl chloride]], and [[2-Ethylhexyl acrylate|ethylhexyl acrylate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Train 32N - East Palestrine |url=https://response.epa.gov/sites/15933/files/TRAIN%2032N%20-%20EAST%20PALESTINE%20-%20derail%20list%20Norfolk%20Southern%20document.pdf |date=2023-02-13|publisher=EPA|access-date=February 14, 2023|archive-date=February 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217230221/https://response.epa.gov/sites/15933/files/TRAIN%2032N%20-%20EAST%20PALESTINE%20-%20derail%20list%20Norfolk%20Southern%20document.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, the chemicals combusted into a flame being seen from miles around and the fumes filled the air with residents reporting animals falling ill and a burning sensation in their eyes and nose. The EPA monitered the situation and experts recommended that local residents take part in the EPA's at-home air screening.<ref>{{cite web |title=Health concerns grow in East Palestine, Ohio, after train derailment |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/02/14/1156567743/health-east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-chemicals |date=2023-02-14 |publisher=NPR |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214142257/https://www.npr.org/2023/02/14/1156567743/health-east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-chemicals|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Residents not yet allowed to return to homes near site of fiery train derailment in Ohio |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/06/us/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fire-monday/index.html |date=2023-02-07 |publisher=CNN |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214130944/https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/06/us/east-palestine-ohio-train-derailment-fire-monday/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2024, EPA published regulations for [[Vehicle emission standard|tailpipe emissions standards]] that accelerate the transition to [[electric vehicle]]s (EVs). The standards require at least two-thirds of all new cars sold in the United States to be zero-emissions vehicles by 2032, in order to reduce air pollution and climate change. The agency projected that the regulations would cut emissions by 7&nbsp;billion metric tons, or 56% of 2026 levels, by 2032.<ref name="Daly Krisher 2024">{{cite web |last1=Daly |first1=Matthew |last2=Krisher |first2=Tom |title=EPA issues new auto rules aimed at cutting carbon emissions, boosting electric vehicles and hybrids |website=AP News |date=March 20, 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/epa-electric-vehicles-emissions-limits-climate-biden-e6d581324af51294048df24269b5d20a}}</ref>

In April 2024, EPA finalized new standards for power plant carbon emissions, projecting cuts of 65,000 tons by 2028 and 1.38&nbsp;billion tons by 2047.<ref name="EPA power plant rules 2024">{{cite web |title=Biden-Harris Administration Finalizes Suite of Standards to Reduce Pollution from Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Plants |date=April 25, 2024 |url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/biden-harris-administration-finalizes-suite-standards-reduce-pollution-fossil-fuel |publisher=EPA |id=News release}}</ref> The agency also issued final drinking water standards for six PFAS compounds.<ref>EPA (2024-04-26). "PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation." ''Federal Register,'' {{USFR|89|32532}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation |url=https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas |date=2024-05-22 |publisher=EPA}}</ref>

In December, 2024 the EPA announced it approved California's plan to end the sale of gasoline-only vehicles by 2035. EPA Administrator Michael Regan granted a waiver under the Clean Air Act to California to implement the plan which was first announced in 2020. It required that by 2035 at least 80% of new cars sold be electric and up to 20% plug-in hybrid models. California's rules were adopted by 11 other states including New York, Massachusetts and Oregon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 18, 2024 |title=US EPA approves California plan to ban sale of gas-only cars starting in 2035 |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/us-epa-approves-california-plan-ban-gas-only-cars-starting-2035-2024-12-18/}}</ref>

===2025===
With the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|second presidential term of Donald Trump]], [[Lee Zeldin]] began serving as administrator on January 29, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lee M. Zeldin Sworn in as 17th EPA Administrator |url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/lee-m-zeldin-sworn-17th-epa-administrator |date=2025-01-30 |publisher=EPA}}</ref>

On February 27, 2025, EPA received a White House memo issued by [[Russell Vought]] to prepare for mass layoffs. Hours earlier, Trump had said that there would be a 65 percent reduction in its roughly 17,000 personnel, which was later corrected to 65 percent overall agency budget cuts.<ref name="friedmann" />

In March 2025 the EPA dropped a lawsuit against [[Denka]], a chemical company, which was intended to reduce emissions of [[chloroprene]] at its plant in [[LaPlace, Louisiana]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Lisa |date=2025-03-04 |title=Trump Administration Said to Drop Lawsuit Over Toxic Chemical |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/03/climate/trump-administration-lawsuit-denka-carcinogen.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

After the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] overturned an injunction against termination of government employees in ''[[AFGE v. Trump]]'', the EPA announced in July 2025 that it would be eliminating its Office of Research and Development. The agency had previously denied plans to do so after a leaked memo indicating plans to do so was reported on in March.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Friedman |first1=Lisa |last2=Joselow |first2=Maxine |date=2025-07-18 |title=E.P.A. Says It Will Eliminate Its Scientific Research Arm |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/18/climate/epa-firings-scientific-research.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The EPA released a new proposed rule in July 2025 to repeal the previous endangerment finding that had been established in 2009 that greenhouse gases posed a risk to human health, a basis used in many of the EPA's regulations supporting the Clean Air Act. Zeldin asserted that the impact of these existing regulations was harming American citizens through increases costs as a rationale for eliminating the endangerment finding.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/03/climate/trump-epa-endangerment-finding-climate-change.html | title = Inside the 'Radical Transformation' of America's Environmental Role | first1 = David | last1 = Gelles | first2 = Maxine | last2 = Joselow | date = August 3, 2025 | accessdate = August 3, 2025 | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref>

==Organization==
[[File:EPA HQ - WJ Clinton Building - Main entrance - 2018a.jpg|thumb|200px|Headquarters of the EPA at the [[William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building]]]]
The EPA is led by the administrator, appointed following nomination by the president and approval from Congress.

===Offices===
* Office of the Administrator (OA). {{As of|2020|10}}, the office consisted of 12 divisions:<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-administrator |title = About the Office of the Administrator |date = October 26, 2017 |publisher = EPA |access-date = February 18, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110105122554/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ao.html |archive-date = January 5, 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref>
** Office of Administrative and Executive Services
** Office of Children's Health Protection
*** [[Children's Health Protection Advisory Committee]]
** Office of Civil Rights
** Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations
** Office of Continuous Improvement
** Office of the Executive Secretariat
** Office of Homeland Security
** Office of Policy<ref name="About Policy">{{cite web |title=About the Office of Policy |url=https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-policy-op |date=2023-02-07 |publisher=EPA |access-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213184605/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-policy-op |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Office of Public Affairs
** Office of Public Engagement and Environmental Education
** Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
** [[Science Advisory Board]]
* Office of Air and Radiation (OAR)<ref name = "About OAR">{{cite web |title = About the Office of Air and Radiation |url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-air-and-radiation |date = 2022-07-13 |publisher = EPA |access-date = March 20, 2017 |archive-date = March 13, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170313035320/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-air-and-radiation-oar |url-status = live }}</ref>
* Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP)<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chemical-safety-and-pollution-prevention |title = About the Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention |publisher = EPA |date = May 13, 2014 |access-date = May 19, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140603223904/http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chemical-safety-and-pollution-prevention-ocspp |archive-date = June 3, 2014 |url-status = live}}</ref>
* Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chief-financial-officer-ocfo |title = About the Office of the Chief Financial Officer |publisher = EPA |date = January 20, 2017 |access-date = November 6, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161013041423/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chief-financial-officer-ocfo |archive-date = October 13, 2016 |url-status = live}}</ref>
* Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights<ref name = "About OEJECR">{{cite web |title = About the Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights |url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-environmental-justice-and-external-civil-rights |date = 2022-10-06 |publisher = EPA |access-date = October 24, 2022 |archive-date = October 24, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221024205430/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-environmental-justice-and-external-civil-rights |url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance]] (OECA)<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-enforcement-and-compliance-assurance-oeca|title = About the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance|publisher = EPA|date = November 17, 2010|access-date = March 20, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329024948/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-enforcement-and-compliance-assurance-oeca|archive-date = March 29, 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
* Office of General Counsel (OGC)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ogc.html |title = About the Office of General Counsel |publisher = EPA |date = November 17, 2010 |access-date = April 22, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501141448/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ogc.html |archive-date = May 1, 2012 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
* Office of [[Inspector general#United States|Inspector General]] (OIG)<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120510195006/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/oig.html |url-status = dead |title = About EPA |publisher = EPA |date = January 18, 2013 |archive-date = May 10, 2012}}</ref>
* Office of International and Tribal Affairs (OITA)<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-international-and-tribal-affairs-oita |title = About the Office of International and Tribal Affairs |publisher = EPA |date = November 17, 2010 |access-date = March 20, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170329025052/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-international-and-tribal-affairs-oita |archive-date = March 29, 2017 |url-status = live}}</ref>
* Office of Mission Support (OMS)<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-organization-chart |title = EPA Organization Chart |publisher = EPA |date = 2013-01-29 |access-date = 2019-07-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190710034347/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-organization-chart |archive-date = July 10, 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref>
** Office of Resources and Business Operations (ORBO)
** Environmental Appeals Board
** Office of Federal Sustainability
** Office of Administrative Law Judges
** Office of Acquisition Solutions (OAS)
** Office of Administration (OA)
** Office of Human Resources (OHR)
** Office of Grants and Debarment (OGD)
** Office of Customer Advocacy, Policy and Portfolio Management (OCAPPM)
** Office of Digital Services and Technical Architecture (ODSTA)
** Office of Information Management (OIM)
** Office of Information Security and Privacy (OISP)
** Office of Enterprise Information Programs (OEIP)
** Office of IT Operations (OITO)
[[File:EPA Breidenbach Laboratory 2019a.jpg|thumb|The [[Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center]] in [[Cincinnati]] is EPA's second-largest R&D center.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/andrew-w-breidenbach-environmental-research-center-awberc |title = Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center (AWBERC) |date = 2015-09-18 |publisher = EPA |access-date = 2019-05-29|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190529143426/https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/andrew-w-breidenbach-environmental-research-center-awberc |archive-date = May 29, 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref>]]
* Office of Research and Development (ORD), which {{As of|2021|11|lc=y}}, consisted of:<ref>{{Cite web|date = 2019-04-08|title = EPA's Office of Research and Development Reorganizes to Better Support EPA's Mission|url = https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/epas-office-research-and-development-reorganizes-better-support-epas-mission|publisher = EPA|access-date = November 6, 2021|archive-date = November 6, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211106212415/https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/epas-office-research-and-development-reorganizes-better-support-epas-mission|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date = 2013-01-29 |title = Organization Chart for the Office of Research and Development |url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/organization-chart-office-research-and-development-ord |access-date = 2021-11-06 |publisher = EPA |archive-date = November 6, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211106212415/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/organization-chart-office-research-and-development-ord |url-status = live }}</ref>
** Immediate Office of the Assistant Administrator
** Office of Science Advisor, Policy, and Engagement (OSAPE)
** Office of Science Information Management (OSIM)
** [[Office of Resource Management]]
** Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE)
** [[National Exposure Research Laboratory|Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling]] (CEMM)
** Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA)
** Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response (CESER)
* Office of Land and Emergency Management (OLEM), which {{As of|2017|3|lc=y}}, consisted of:<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-land-and-emergency-management |title = About the Office of Land and Emergency Management |date = November 17, 2010 |publisher = EPA |access-date = January 27, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127120503/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-land-and-emergency-management-olem |archive-date = January 27, 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>
** Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation
** Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery
** Office of Underground Storage Tanks
** Office of Brownfields and Land Revitalization
** Office of Emergency Management
** Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office
* Office of Water (OW)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ow.html |title = About the Office of Water |publisher = EPA |date = November 17, 2010 |access-date = April 22, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120501133930/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ow.html |archive-date = May 1, 2012 |url-status = dead}}</ref> which, {{As of|2017|3|lc=y}}, consisted of:<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-water#wetlands |title = About the Office of Water |publisher = EPA |date = January 29, 2013 |access-date = March 20, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170320233011/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-water#wetlands |archive-date = March 20, 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
** Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water (OGWDW)
** Office of Science and Technology (OST)
** Office of Wastewater Management (OWM)
** Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (OWOW)

===Regions===
[[File:Regions of the United States EPA.svg|thumb|The administrative regions of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.]]
Creating 10 EPA regions was an initiative that came from President Richard Nixon.<ref>EPA Alumni Association: Former EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus and his senior assistants discuss integrating 10 regional offices into the fledgling agency. [http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id = 16 Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011072603/http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id |date=October 11, 2016 }}, [http://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/605EA9C8EF2DD115.pdf#page = 6 Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224944/http://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/605EA9C8EF2DD115.pdf#page = 6 |date=October 11, 2016 }} (see pp. 6, 9).</ref> ''See'' [[Standard Federal Regions]]. Each EPA regional office is responsible within its states for implementing the agency's programs, except those programs that have been specifically delegated to states.
* Region 1: responsible within the states of [[Connecticut]], [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Rhode Island]], and [[Vermont]] ([[New England]]).
* Region 2: responsible within the states of [[New Jersey]] and [[New York (state)|New York]]. It is also responsible for the US territories of [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]].
* Region 3: responsible within the states of [[Delaware]], [[Maryland]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Virginia]], [[West Virginia]], and the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]].
* Region 4: responsible within the states of [[Alabama]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Kentucky]], [[Mississippi]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]], and [[Tennessee]].
* Region 5: responsible within the states of [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Ohio]], and [[Wisconsin]].
* Region 6: responsible within the states of [[Arkansas]], [[Louisiana]], [[New Mexico]], [[Oklahoma]], and [[Texas]].
* Region 7: responsible within the states of [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], [[Missouri]], and [[Nebraska]].
* Region 8: responsible within the states of [[Colorado]], [[Montana]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Utah]], and [[Wyoming]].
* Region 9: responsible within the states of [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Hawaii]], [[Nevada]], the territories of [[Guam]] and [[American Samoa]], and the [[Navajo Nation]].<ref>Memorandum Of Agreement between The Navajo Nation and The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regions 6, 8, and 9 regarding the Implementation of Environmental Standards and Regulations on the Navajo Nation, October 9, 1991</ref>
* Region 10: responsible within the states of [[Alaska]], [[Idaho]], [[Oregon]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]].
Each regional office also implements programs on [[List of Indian reservations in the United States|Indian Tribal lands]], except those programs delegated to tribal authorities.

==Legal authority==
The Environmental Protection Agency can only act pursuant to [[statute]]s—the laws passed by Congress. [[Appropriations bill (United States)|Appropriations statutes]] authorize how much money the agency can spend each year to carry out the approved statutes. The agency has the power to issue [[Primary and secondary legislation#Regulations "with the force of law"|regulations]]. A regulation interprets a statute, and EPA applies its regulations to various environmental situations and enforces the requirements. The agency must include a rationale of why a regulation is needed. (''See'' [[Administrative Procedure Act (United States)|Administrative Procedure Act]].) Regulations can be challenged in federal courts, either [[United States district court|district court]] or [[United States courts of appeals|appellate court]], depending on the particular statutory provision.<ref>{{cite report |last = Garvey |first = Todd |title = A Brief Overview of Rulemaking and Judicial Review |url = https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41546.pdf |date = 2017-03-27 |publisher = U.S. Congressional Research Service |location = Washington, D.C. |id = R41546 |access-date = July 4, 2020 |archive-date = July 27, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200727111130/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41546.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>

===Related legislation===
{{See also|List of federal environmental statutes in the United States}}
EPA has principal implementation authority for the following federal environmental laws:{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]]
* [[Clean Water Act]]
* [[Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act]] ("Superfund")
* [[Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act]]
* [[Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act]]
* [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act]]
* [[Safe Drinking Water Act]]
* [[Toxic Substances Control Act]]
* [[Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act]]
There are additional laws where EPA has a contributing role or provides assistance to other agencies. Among these laws are:{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* [[Endangered Species Act]]
* [[Energy Independence and Security Act]]
* [[Energy Policy Act of 2005|Energy Policy Act]]
* [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]]
* [[Food Quality Protection Act]]
* [[National Environmental Policy Act]]
* [[Oil Pollution Act]]
* [[Pollution Prevention Act of 1990|Pollution Prevention Act]]

== Programs ==
[[File:NEregionalLab 069 (14411979858).jpg|thumb|EPA scientists conducting a stream survey on the [[Merrimack River]] in Massachusetts.]]
EPA established its major programs pursuant to the primary missions originally articulated in the laws passed by Congress. Additional programs have been developed to interpret the primary missions. Some of the newer programs have been specifically authorized by Congress.<ref>{{cite report |title=FY 2013 Annual Performance Plan and President's Budget |url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100GCFT.txt |date=2012 |publisher=EPA |id=EPA 190-R-12-005 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030041141/https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100GCFT.txt |url-status=live }}</ref> Former administrator William Ruckelshaus observed in 2016 that a danger for EPA was that air, water, waste and other programs would be unconnected, placed in "silos", a problem that persists more than 50 years later, albeit less so than at the start.<ref>EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus comments on the "silos" problem that has dogged EPA from the start.[http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id = 16 Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011072603/http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id |date=October 11, 2016 }}, [http://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/605EA9C8EF2DD115.pdf#page = 11 Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224944/http://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/605EA9C8EF2DD115.pdf#page = 11 |date=October 11, 2016 }} (see p. 11).</ref>

===Core programs===
====Air quality and radiation protection====
The Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) describes itself as the official authority in charge of "developing national programs, policies, and regulations for controlling air pollution and radiation exposure." The OAR is responsible for enforcing the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]], the [[Atomic Energy Act of 1954|Atomic Energy Act]], the [[Waste Isolation Pilot Plant]] Land Withdrawal Act, and other applicable laws. The OAR is in charge of the Offices of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Atmospheric Protection, Transportation and Air Quality, and the Office of Radiation and Indoor Air.<ref name = "About OAR"/>

=====Ambient standards=====
* [[National Ambient Air Quality Standards]] (NAAQS)
* [[State Implementation Plan]]s (SIPs)

=====Stationary air pollution source standards=====
* [[New Source Performance Standards#Clean Air Act|New Source Performance Standards]]
* [[National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants]] (NESHAPs)
* [[Clean Air Act of 1963#Title V: Permits|Permits for industrial and commercial sources]]

=====Mobile source standards=====
[[File:AN EPA FACILITY AT ANN ARBOR MEASURES ENGINE EXHAUST FROM A NEW AUTOMOBILE. (FROM THE SITES EXHIBITION. FOR OTHER... - NARA - 553895.jpg|thumb|Testing automobile emissions at an EPA laboratory in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]].]]
* [[Clean Air Act (United States)#On-road vehicles regulations|On-road vehicles regulation]]
* [[Clean Air Act (United States)#Non-road vehicles regulations|Non-road vehicle regulation]] (including aircraft, locomotives, marine transport, stationary engines)
* [[Clean Air Act (United States)#Fuel controls|Transportation fuel controls]]
* [https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-laboratory-nvfel National Vehicle Fuel and Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL)]

=====Radiation protection=====
The '''Radiation Protection Program''' comprises seven project groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/radiation |title=Radiation Protection |date=2022-03-29 |publisher=EPA |access-date=July 9, 2011 |archive-date=September 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914131227/https://www.epa.gov/radiation |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Radioactive Waste<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/radtown/radioactive-waste |title=Radioactive Waste |date=2022-07-11 |publisher=EPA |access-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207224622/http://www.epa.gov/radtown/radioactive-waste |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Emergency Preparedness and Response Programs<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiological-emergency-response |title = Radiological Emergency Response|date = July 27, 2016 |publisher = EPA |access-date = March 13, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174231/https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiological-emergency-response|archive-date = March 15, 2017 |url-status = live}}</ref> Protective Action Guides And Planning Guidance for Radiological Incidents: EPA developed a manual as guideline for local and state governments to protect the public from a [[nuclear accident]],<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-01/documents/epa_pag_manual_final_revisions_01-11-2017_cover_disclaimer_8.pdf |title = EPA Protective Action Guide |date = January 11, 2017|publisher = EPA |page = 86 |access-date = March 13, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174648/https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/epa_pag_manual_final_revisions_01-11-2017_cover_disclaimer_8.pdf |archive-date = March 15, 2017 |url-status = live}}</ref> the 2017 version being a 15-year update.
# EPA's Role in Emergency Response – Special Teams<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/cbrn-consequence-management-advisory-team |title=Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Consequence Management |website=Emergency Response |date=2022-12-19 |publisher=EPA |access-date=March 14, 2017 |archive-date=March 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330170507/https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/chemical-biological-radiological-and-nuclear-consequence-management |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) Program<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/radiation/technologically-enhanced-naturally-occurring-radioactive-materials-tenorm |title=Naturally-Occurring Radiation Program |date=2022-07-05 |publisher=EPA |access-date=March 14, 2017 |archive-date=March 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174445/https://www.epa.gov/radiation/technologically-enhanced-naturally-occurring-radioactive-materials-tenorm |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Radiation Standards for Air and Drinking Water Programs<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.epa.gov/radiation/air-water-overview.html|title = Radiation Regulations and Laws, Standards for Air and Drinking Water|date = January 19, 2017 |publisher = EPA |access-date = March 13, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907191429/http://www.epa.gov/radiation/air-water-overview.html |archive-date = September 7, 2015 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
# Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/radiation/federal-guidance-radiation-protection|title = Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection|date = September 1, 2016 |publisher = EPAaccess-date = March 13, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174138/https://www.epa.gov/radiation/federal-guidance-radiation-protection|archive-date = March 15, 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
<!-- Add subsection for discussion of climate change, stratospheric ozone, & acid rain control programs -->

====Water quality====
=====Science and regulatory standards=====
* The '''[[National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System]]''' (NPDES) permit program addresses [[water pollution]] by regulating [[point source]]s which discharge to US waters. Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act, the NPDES permit program authorizes state governments to perform its many permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects.<ref name="NPDES Basics">{{cite web |title = NPDES Permit Basics |url=https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-permit-basics |date=2025-06-03 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, the EPA has approved 47 states to administer all or portions of the permit program.<ref>{{cite web |title=NPDES State Program Authority |url=https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-state-program-authority |date=2025-02-24 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> EPA regional offices manage the program in the remaining areas of the country.<ref name = "NPDES Basics"/> The Water Quality Act of 1987 extended NPDES permit coverage to [[industrial stormwater]] dischargers and municipal separate storm sewer systems.<ref>Clean Water Act section 402(p); {{USC|33|1342(p)}}.</ref> In 2016, there were 6,700 major point source NPDES permits in place and 109,000 municipal and industrial point sources with general or individual permits.<ref name="Hanlon-2019" />
{{see also|United States regulation of point source water pollution}}
* [[Effluent guidelines]] (technology based standards) for industrial point sources<ref>{{cite web |title=Effluent Guidelines |url=https://www.epa.gov/eg/ |date=2025-07-01 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> and [[Clean Water Act#Water quality standards|Water quality standards]] (risk-based standards) for water bodies,<ref>{{cite web |title=What are Water Quality Standards? |url=https://www.epa.gov/wqs-tech/what-are-water-quality-standards |date=2025-06-03 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> under Title III of the CWA
* [[Nonpoint source pollution]] programs<ref>{{cite web |title=Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source (NPS) Pollution |url=https://www.epa.gov/nps |date=2025-05-08 |publisher=EPA}}</ref>
* The CWA '''Section 404 Program''' regulates the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States. Permits are issued by the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] and reviewed by EPA, and may be denied if they would cause unacceptable degradation or if an alternative does not exist that does not also have adverse impacts on waters. Permit holders are typically required to restore or create wetlands or other waters to offset losses that cannot be avoided.<ref>{{cite web |title=Section 404 of the Clean Water Act: Permitting Discharges of Dredge or Fill Material |url=https://www.epa.gov/cwa-404 |date=2025-07-10 |publisher=EPA}}</ref>
* EPA ensures safe '''[[drinking water]]''' for the public, by setting standards for more than 148,000 [[public water system]]s nationwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information about Public Water Systems |url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/information-about-public-water-systems |date=2024-10-30 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> EPA oversees states, local governments and water suppliers to enforce the standards under the [[Safe Drinking Water Act]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Primacy Enforcement Responsibility for Public Water Systems |url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/primacy-enforcement-responsibility-public-water-systems |date=2024-10-30 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> The program includes [[Safe Drinking Water Act#Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program|regulation of injection wells]] to protect underground sources of drinking water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protecting Underground Sources of Drinking Water from Underground Injection |url=https://www.epa.gov/uic |date=2025-06-13 |publisher=EPA}}</ref>

=====Infrastructure financing=====
* The '''[[Clean Water State Revolving Fund]]''' provides grants to states which, along with matching state funds, are loaned to municipalities for [[sewage treatment]] projects and development of [[green infrastructure]] at below-market interest rates.<ref name="Hanlon-2019" /> These loans are expected to be paid back, creating [[revolving fund|revolving loan funds]]. Cumulative assistance from the revolving fund has surpassed US$172&nbsp;billion {{As of|lc=y| 2023}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clean Water State Revolving Fund Infographic |url=https://www.epa.gov/cwsrf/clean-water-state-revolving-fund-infographic |date=2024-01-30 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> The revolving fund replaced the Construction Grants Program, which was phased out in 1990.
* The '''Drinking Water State Revolving Fund''' (DWSRF) provides financial assistance to local drinking water utilities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drinking Water State Revolving Fund |url=https://www.epa.gov/dwsrf |date=2024-07-10 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> The total appropriation of DWSRF funds available to states, which allocate funds to individual utilities, was US$3.5 billion in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fiscal Year 2024 Allotments for the State Revolving Fund Provisions of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Base Program Funding. Attachment A. |url=https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-04/fy24-joint-srf-allotments-memorandum-attachments_0.pdf |website=Drinking Water State Revolving Fund |date=2024-04-03 |publisher=EPA}}</ref>

====Land, waste and cleanup====
* '''Regulation of solid waste (non-hazardous) and hazardous waste under RCRA.''' To implement the 1976 law, EPA published standards in 1979 for "sanitary" [[landfill]]s that receive [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act#Subtitle D: Non-hazardous Solid Wastes|municipal solid waste]].<ref>EPA (1979-09-13). "Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices; Final rule." ''Federal Register,'' {{USFR|44|53438}}</ref> The agency published national [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act#Subtitle C: "Cradle to Grave" requirements for hazardous waste|hazardous waste regulations]] and established a nationwide permit and tracking system for managing hazardous waste. The system is largely managed by state agencies under EPA authorization. Standards were issued for [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act#Treatment, storage, and disposal facility permits|waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities]] (TSDFs), and ocean dumping of waste was prohibited.<ref name = "RCRA 25 years">{{cite report |title = 25 Years of RCRA: Building on Our Past To Protect Our Future |url = https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=10000MAO.txt |date = April 2002 |publisher = EPA |id = EPA 530-K-02-027 |access-date = March 21, 2021 |archive-date = April 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210416020325/https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=10000MAO.txt |url-status = live }}</ref>{{rp|2–4}} In 1984 Congress passed the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) which expanded several aspects of the RCRA program:<ref>United States. Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984. {{uspl|98|616}} Approved November 8, 1984.</ref>
** The '''Land Disposal Restrictions Program''' sets treatment requirements for hazardous waste before it may be disposed on land.<ref>{{cite web |title=Land Disposal Restrictions for Hazardous Waste |url=https://www.epa.gov/hw/land-disposal-restrictions-hazardous-waste |date=2023-02-22 |publisher=EPA |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=March 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320215115/https://www.epa.gov/hw/land-disposal-restrictions-hazardous-waste |url-status=live }}</ref> EPA began issuing treatment methods and levels of requirements in 1986 and these are continually adapted to new hazardous wastes and treatment technologies. The stringent requirements it sets and its emphasis on waste minimization practices encourage businesses to plan to minimize waste generation and prioritize reuse and [[Recycling in the United States|recycling]]. From the start of the program in 1984 to 2004, the volume of hazardous waste disposed in landfills had decreased 94% and the volume of hazardous waste disposed of by underground injection had decreased 70%.<ref name="Horinko-2016" />
** The '''RCRA Corrective Action Program''' requires TSDFs to investigate and clean up hazardous releases at their own expense.<ref name="Horinko-2016" /> In the 1980s, EPA estimated that the number of sites needing cleanup was three times more than the number of sites on the national Superfund list.<ref name = "RCRA 25 years"/>{{rp|6}} The program is largely implemented through permits and orders.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/hw/learn-about-hazardous-waste-cleanups |title=Learn about Corrective Action |date=2016-01-22 |publisher=EPA |access-date=2018-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223154426/https://www.epa.gov/hw/learn-about-corrective-action |archive-date = December 23, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, the program has led to the cleanup of 18&nbsp;million acres of land, of which facilities were primarily responsible for cleanup costs. The goal of EPA and states is to complete final remedies by 2020 at 3,779 priority facilities out of 6,000 that need to be cleaned up, according to EPA.<ref name="Horinko-2016" />{{Update inline|date=March 2023}}
** Beginning in the mid-1980s EPA developed standards for small quantity generators of hazardous waste, pursuant to HSWA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Categories of Hazardous Waste Generators |url=https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/categories-hazardous-waste-generators |date=2022-05-22 |publisher=EPA |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319210524/https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/categories-hazardous-waste-generators |url-status=live }}</ref>
** EPA was mandated to conduct a review of landfill conditions nationwide. The agency reported in 1988 that the effectiveness of environmental controls at landfills varied nationwide, which could lead to serious contamination of groundwater and surface waters. EPA published a national plan in 1989 calling for state and local governments to better integrate their municipal solid waste management practices with [[source reduction]] and recycling programs.<ref name = "RCRA 25 years"/>{{rp|8}}
** '''Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks'''. The [[Resource Conservation and Recovery Act#Subtitle I: Underground Storage Tanks|Underground Storage Tank (UST) Program]] was launched in 1985 and covers about 553,000 active USTs containing petroleum and hazardous chemicals. Since 1984, 1.8&nbsp;million USTs have been closed in compliance with regulations.<ref name="Horinko-2016" /> 38 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico manage UST programs with EPA authorization.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/ust/ust-program-facts |title = UST Program Facts |author = <!--Not stated--> |date = May 2018 |publisher = EPA |access-date = August 27, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180825173609/https://www.epa.gov/ust/ust-program-facts |archive-date = August 25, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> When the program began, EPA had only 90 staff to develop a system to regulate more than 2&nbsp;million tanks and work with 750,000 owners and operators. The program relies more on local operations and enforcement than other EPA programs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/602BCE06FAFAB29B.pdf |title=Interview with Ron Brand re the Underground Storage Tank Program |date=April 24, 2013 |publisher=EPA Alumni Association |access-date=August 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075349/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/602BCE06FAFAB29B.pdf |archive-date=August 27, 2018}}</ref> Today, the program supports the inspection of all federally regulated tanks, cleans up old and new leaks, minimizes potential leaks, and encourages sustainable reuse of abandoned gas stations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn About Underground Storage Tanks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ust/learn-about-underground-storage-tanks |date=2022-08-23 |publisher=EPA |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323182308/https://www.epa.gov/ust/learn-about-underground-storage-tanks-usts |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Hazardous site cleanup.''' In the late 1970s, the need to clean up sites such as [[Love Canal]] that had been highly contaminated by previous hazardous waste disposal became apparent. However the existing regulatory environment depended on owners or operators to perform environmental control. While the EPA attempted to use RCRA's section 7003 to perform this cleanup, it was clear a new law was needed. In 1980, Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as "Superfund".<ref>United States. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980. {{uspl|96|510}}, approved December 11, 1980. {{USC|42|9601}} ''et seq.''</ref> This law enabled the EPA to cast a wider net for responsible parties, including past or present generators and transporters as well as current and past owners of the site to find funding. The act also established some funding and a tax mechanism on certain industries to help fund such cleanup. Congress did not renew the Superfund tax in the 1990s, and subsequently funding for cleanup actions was supported only by general appropriations. Congress restored an excise tax on chemical manufacturers in 2021, which will eventually increase the available budget for site cleanups.<ref name = "infrastructure act 2021"/> Today, due to restricted funding, most cleanup activities are performed by responsible parties under the oversight of the EPA and states. {{As of|2016}}, more than 1,700 sites had been put on the cleanup list since the creation of the program. Of these, 370 sites have been cleaned up and removed from the list, cleanup is underway at 535, cleanup facilities have been constructed at 790 but need to be operated in the future, and 54 are not yet in cleanup stage.<ref name="Voltaggio-2019" />{{Update inline|date=March 2023}}
* EPA's '''oil spill prevention program''' includes the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) and the Facility Response Plan (FRP) rules. The SPCC Rule applies to all facilities that store, handle, process, gather, transfer, refine, distribute, use or consume oil or oil products. Oil products includes petroleum and non-petroleum oils as well as: animal fats, oils and greases; fish and marine mammal oils; and vegetable oils. It mandates a written plan for facilities that store more than 1,320 gallons of fuel above ground or more than 42,000 gallons below-ground, and which might discharge to navigable waters (as defined in the Clean Water Act) or adjoining shorelines. [[Secondary spill containment]] is mandated at oil storage facilities and oil release containment is required at oil development sites.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/oil-spills-prevention-and-preparedness-regulations |title = Oil Spills Prevention and Preparedness Regulations |date = March 7, 2017 |publisher = EPA |access-date = March 14, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063148/https://www.epa.gov/oil-spills-prevention-and-preparedness-regulations |archive-date = March 14, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>

====Chemical approval, manufacture and usage====
* EPA regulates '''pesticides''' under the [[Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act]] (FIFRA) and the [[Food Quality Protection Act]].<ref name="Wayland -2019" /> The agency assesses, registers, regulates, and regularly reevaluates all [[pesticide]]s legally sold in the United States. A few challenges this program faces are transforming toxicity testing, screening pesticides for endocrine disruptors, and regulating biotechnology and nanotechnology.<ref name="Wayland -2019" />
* EPA approves and regulates new chemicals issuing "safety reviews".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tabuchi |first=Hiroko |date=2025-02-26 |title=She Lobbied for Formaldehyde. Now She's at E.P.A. Approving New Chemicals. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/26/climate/epa-lynn-dekleva-formaldehyde.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* TSCA required EPA to create and maintain a '''national inventory of all existing chemicals''' in U.S. commerce. When the act was passed in 1976, there were more than 60,000 chemicals on the market that had never been comprehensively cataloged. To do so, the EPA developed and implemented procedures that have served as a model for Canada, Japan, and the European Union. For the inventory, the EPA also established a baseline for new chemicals that the agency should be notified about before being commercially manufactured. Today, this rule keeps the EPA updated on volumes, uses, and exposures of around 7,000 of the highest-volume chemicals via industry reporting.<ref name="Auer-2019" />
* The '''[[Toxics Release Inventory]]''' (TRI) is a resource established by the [[Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act]] specifically for the public to learn about toxic chemical releases and pollution prevention activities reported by industrial and federal facilities.<ref name="Auer-2019" /> TRI data support informed decision-making by communities, government agencies, companies, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program |title = Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Program |publisher = EPA |date = February 13, 2017 |access-date = March 14, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170310051921/https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program |archive-date = March 10, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> Annually, the agency collects data from more than 20,000 facilities.<ref name="Auer-2019" /> The EPA has generated a range of tools to support the use of this inventory, including interactive maps and online databases such as ChemView.<ref name="Auer-2019" />

====Enforcement====
{{Expand section|program summaries|date=July 2020}}
* [[Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance#Office of Civil Enforcement|Civil enforcement]] and [[Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance#Office of Criminal Enforcement, Forensics and Training|criminal enforcement]] programs. EPA develops and prosecutes administrative civil and judicial cases and provides legal support for cases and investigations initiated in its regional offices. Federal judicial actions (formal lawsuits) are filed by the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] on behalf of EPA.<ref name="basic-info">{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/basic-information-enforcement |title=Basic Information on Enforcement |date=2022-11-02 |publisher=EPA |access-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213183916/https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/basic-information-enforcement |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance#Office of Compliance|Compliance assistance]]. EPA identifies, prevents, and reduces noncompliance and environmental risks by establishing enforcement initiatives and ensuring effective monitoring and assessment of compliance.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives |url=https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/national-enforcement-and-compliance-initiatives |date=2023-01-19 |publisher=EPA |access-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213183914/https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/national-enforcement-and-compliance-initiatives |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance#Federal Facilities Enforcement Office|Federal facilities enforcement]]
* [[Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance#Office of Environmental Justice|Environmental Justice program]]
In 2019 the Environmental Data & Governance Initiative, "a network of academics, developers, and non-profit professionals", published a report which compared EPA enforcement statistics over time.<ref>{{Cite web |date = May 2019 |title = A Sheep In The Closet: The Erosion of Enforcement at the EPA |publisher = Environmental Data & Governance Initiative (EDGI) |url = https://envirodatagov.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Sheep-in-the-Closet.pdf |access-date = April 13, 2021 |archive-date = May 22, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230522170104/https://envirodatagov.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Sheep-in-the-Closet.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref> The number of civil cases filed by EPA have gradually decreased, and in 2018 the criminal and civil penalties from EPA claims dropped over four times their amounts in 2013, 2016, and 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date = 2019-06-11 |title = Update of Sheep in the Closet Report; EPA Enforcement Record in the Trump Administration through Fiscal Year 2018 |url = https://envirodatagov.org/update-of-sheep-in-the-closet-report-epa-enforcement-record-in-the-trump-administration-through-fiscal-year-2018/ |publisher = EDGI |access-date = April 13, 2021 |archive-date = April 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210416012438/https://envirodatagov.org/update-of-sheep-in-the-closet-report-epa-enforcement-record-in-the-trump-administration-through-fiscal-year-2018/ |url-status = live }}</ref> In 2016 EPA issued $6,307,833,117 in penalties due to violations of agency requirements,<ref>{{Cite web |date = 2018-02-08 |title = Enforcement Annual Results for Fiscal Year 2016 |url = https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/enforcement-annual-results-fiscal-year-2016 |access-date = 2021-04-06 |publisher = EPA |archive-date = February 9, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180209000954/https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/enforcement-annual-results-fiscal-year-2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref> and in 2018 the agency issued $184,768,000 in penalties.<ref name="2018 E+C-2019">{{Cite web |date = February 8, 2019 |title = Fiscal Year 2018 EPA Enforcement and Compliance Annual Results |url = https://archive.epa.gov/epa/sites/production/files/2019-02/documents/fy18-enforcement-annual-results-data-graphs.pdf |access-date = April 13, 2021 |archive-date = January 31, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240131181902/https://archive.epa.gov/epa/sites/production/files/2019-02/documents/fy18-enforcement-annual-results-data-graphs.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> EPA's inspections and evaluations have steadily decreased from 2015 to 2018.<ref name="2018 E+C-2019" /> Enforcement activity has decreased partially due to budget cuts within the agency.<ref>{{Cite web |date = 2013-02-08 |title = Historical Planning, Budget, and Results Reports |url = https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/archive |access-date = 2021-04-06 |publisher = EPA |archive-date = April 13, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210413201335/https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/archive |url-status = live }}</ref>

===Additional programs===
* The '''[[EPA Safer Choice]]''' label, previously known as the "[[Design for the Environment]]" (since the 1990s) label, helps consumers and commercial buyers identify and select products with safer chemical ingredients, without sacrificing quality or performance. When a product has the Safer Choice label, it means that every intentionally added ingredient in the product has been evaluated by EPA scientists. Only the safest possible functional ingredients are allowed in products with the Safer Choice label.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* Through the '''Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative''',<ref name = "sdsi">{{cite web |url = http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/formulat/sdsi.htm |title = Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative |publisher = EPA |date = December 22, 2008 |access-date = July 16, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110903000102/http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/formulat/sdsi.htm |archive-date = September 3, 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref> EPA's Design for the Environment (DfE) recognizes environmental leaders who voluntarily commit to the use of safer [[surfactants]]. Safer surfactants are the ones that break down quickly to non-polluting compounds and help protect aquatic life in both fresh and salt water. [[Nonylphenol ethoxylates]], commonly referred to as NPEs, are an example of a surfactant class that does not meet the definition of a safer surfactant. The Safer Choice program identified safer alternative surfactants through partnerships with industry and environmental advocates. These alternatives are comparable in cost and are readily available. The CleanGredients website<ref name = "cleangredients">{{cite web |url = http://www.cleangredients.org |title = CleanGredients Home Page |publisher = Cleangredients.org |access-date = July 16, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725175840/http://www.cleangredients.org/ |archive-date = July 25, 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref> is an information source about safer surfactants.
* The '''Energy Star''' program, initiated in 1992, motivated major companies to retrofit millions of square feet of building space with more efficient lighting.<ref>Former Deputy Administrator Hank Habicht talks about management at EPA. An Interview with Hank Habicht [http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id = 17 Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131181856/https://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id&id |date=January 31, 2024 }}, [https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60772C611F145A4D.pdf#page = 10 Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070307/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60772C611F145A4D.pdf#page = 10 |date=April 12, 2019 }} (see p 7, 10). December 21, 2012.</ref> {{As of|2006}}, more than 40,000 Energy Star products were available including major appliances, office equipment, lighting, home electronics, and more. In addition, the label can also be found on new homes and commercial and industrial buildings. In 2006, about 12 percent of new housing in the US displayed an Energy Star label.<ref name = "EPA2006">EPA. [http://www.energystar.gov/ia/news/downloads/annual_report_2006.pdf "2006 Annual Report: Energy Star and Other Climate Protection Partnerships."] {{Webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170221050111/https://www.energystar.gov/ia/news/downloads/annual_report_2006.pdf |date = February 21, 2017 }}. Retrieved March 1, 2008.</ref> EPA estimates that the program saved about $14&nbsp;billion in energy costs in 2006 alone. The program has helped spread the use of [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] [[traffic light]]s, efficient [[fluorescent light]]ing, [[power management]] systems for office equipment, and low [[standby power|standby]] energy use.<ref>EnergyStar.gov, [http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c = about.ab_history "History: Energy Star."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327061507/https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c |date=March 27, 2012 }}. Retrieved March 1, 2008.</ref>
* EPA's '''Smart Growth Program''' began in 1998 and was created to help communities improve their land development practices and get the type of development they want. Together with local, state, and national experts, EPA encourages development strategies that protect human health and the environment, create economic opportunities, and provide attractive and affordable neighborhoods for people of all income levels.<ref name = "epa.gov">{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth |title = Smart Growth |publisher = EPA |access-date = January 28, 2017 |date = April 5, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170128002119/https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth |archive-date = January 28, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* The '''Brownfields Program''' started as a pilot program in the 1990s and was authorized by law in 2002. The program provides grants and tools to local governments for the assessment, cleanup, and revitalization of [[Brownfield land|brownfields]]. {{As of|2015|9}}, the EPA estimates that program grants have resulted in 56,442 acres of land readied for reuse and leveraged 116,963 jobs and $24.2&nbsp;billion to do so. Agency studies also found that property values around assessed or cleaned-up brownfields have increased 5.1 to 12.8 percent.<ref name="Voltaggio-2019">Thomas Voltaggio and John Adams. [http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/superfund.pdf "Superfund: A Half Century of Progress."] {{Webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070304/https://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/superfund.pdf |date = April 12, 2019 }} EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</ref>
* EPA's [[Indoor air quality]] '''Tools for Schools''' Program helps schools to maintain a healthy environment and reduce exposures to indoor environmental contaminants. It helps school personnel identify, solve, and prevent indoor air quality problems in the school environment. Through the use of a multi-step management plan and checklists for the entire building, schools can lower their students' and staff's risk of exposure to [[asthma trigger]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/indoor-air-quality-tools-schools-action-kit |title = Creating Healthy Indoor Air Quality in Schools |publisher = EPA |date = November 28, 2016 |access-date = March 14, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174743/https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/indoor-air-quality-tools-schools-action-kit |archive-date = March 15, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* The [[National Environmental Education Act]] of 1990 requires EPA to provide national leadership to increase environmental literacy. EPA established the Office of Environmental Education to implement this program.<ref>{{cite report |last=Bearden |first=David M. |title=National Environmental Education Act of 1990: Overview, Implementation, and Issues for Congress |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc814764/m2/1/high_res_d/97-97_2008Sep05.pdf |date=2008-09-05 |publisher=CRS |id=97-97}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Education |url=https://www.epa.gov/education |date=2024-07-11 |publisher=EPA}}</ref>
* '''Clean School Bus USA''' is a national partnership to reduce children's exposure to diesel exhaust by eliminating unnecessary school bus idling, installing effective emission control systems on newer buses and replacing the oldest buses in the fleet with newer ones. Its goal is to reduce both children's exposure to diesel exhaust and the amount of air pollution created by diesel school buses.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/dera/reducing-diesel-emissions-school-buses |title = Clean School Bus; Clean Diesel and DERA Funding |publisher = EPA |date = October 24, 2016 |access-date = January 28, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170128005855/https://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/clean-school-bus |archive-date = January 28, 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* The '''Green Chemistry Program''' encourages the development of products and processes that follow green chemistry principles.<ref name="Auer-2019" /> It has recognized more than 100 winning technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/information-about-green-chemistry-challenge |title = Information about the Green Chemistry Challenge |publisher = EPA |date = 2013-02-13 |access-date = 2018-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181221044518/https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/information-about-green-chemistry-challenge |archive-date = December 21, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> These reduce the use or creation of hazardous chemicals, save water, and reduce greenhouse gas release.<ref name="Auer-2019" />
* The '''Beaches''' Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health (BEACH) Act, was authorized in a 2000 amendment to the Clean Water Act. The program focus is on coastal recreational waters, and requires EPA to develop criteria to test and monitor waters and notify public users of any concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/beaches/about-beach-act |title = About the BEACH Act |date = 2013-02-28|publisher = EPA |access-date = 2018-12-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225030846/https://www.epa.gov/beach-tech/about-beach-act|archive-date = December 25, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> The program involves states, local beach resource managers, and the agency in assessing risks of stormwater and wastewater overflows and enables better sampling, analytical methods, and communication with the public.<ref name="Hanlon-2019" />
* The EPA has also established specific '''geographic programs''' for particular water resources such as the [[Chesapeake Bay Program]], the [[National Estuary Program]], and the Gulf of Mexico Program.<ref name="Hanlon-2019" />
* '''Advance identification''', or ADID, is a planning process used by the EPA to identify wetlands and other bodies of water and their respective suitability for the discharge of dredged and fill material. The EPA conducts the process in cooperation with the U.S. [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] and local states or [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American Tribes]]. {{As of|1993|2}}, 38 ADID projects had been completed, and 33 were ongoing.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/wetlands/facts/fact28.html|title = EPA – Wetlands – Wetlands Fact Sheet |date = June 28, 2006 |publisher = EPA |access-date = July 16, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120216182656/http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/facts/fact28.html |archive-date = February 16, 2012 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
* EPA's "One Cleanup Program" initiative was designed to improve coordination across different agency programs that have a role in cleanup at a particular site. The coordination efforts apply to the brownfields, federal facilities, USTs, RCRA and Superfund programs.<ref>{{cite web |title = One Cleanup Program |url = https://archive.epa.gov/oswer/onecleanupprogram/web/html/index.html |date = 2016-02-21 |publisher = EPA |access-date = July 30, 2020 |archive-date = December 16, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201216195605/https://archive.epa.gov/oswer/onecleanupprogram/web/html/index.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
* EPA reviews [[environmental impact statement]]s prepared by other agencies and maintains a national EIS filing system.<ref name="About Policy"/>

===Past programs===
* The former '''Construction Grants Program''' distributed federal grants for the construction of municipal wastewater treatment works from 1972 to 1990. While such grants existed before the 1972, the 1972 CWA expanded these grants dramatically. They were distributed through 1990, when the program and funding were replaced with the State Revolving Loan Fund Program.<ref name="Hanlon-2019" />
* In 1991 under Administrator William Reilly, the EPA implemented its voluntary '''33/50 program'''.<ref>Former Deputy Administrator Hank Habicht talks about management at EPA. An Interview with Hank Habicht [http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id = 17 Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131181856/https://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id&id |date=January 31, 2024 }}, [https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60772C611F145A4D.pdf#page = 7 Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070307/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60772C611F145A4D.pdf#page = 7 |date=April 12, 2019 }} (see p7). December 21, 2012.</ref> This was designed to encourage, recognize, and celebrate companies that voluntarily found ways to prevent and reduce pollution in their operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://archive.epa.gov/oppt/3350/web/pdf/3350-fnl.pdf|title = 33/50 Program|publisher = EPA|access-date = September 16, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105121/https://archive.epa.gov/oppt/3350/web/pdf/3350-fnl.pdf|archive-date = September 17, 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> Specifically, it challenged industry to reduce Toxic Release Inventory emissions of 17 priority chemicals by 33% in one year and 50% in four years.<ref name="Auer-2019" /> These results were achieved before the commitment deadlines.<ref name="Auer-2019" />
* Launched in 2006, the voluntary '''2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program''' worked with eight major companies to voluntarily reduce their global emissions of certain types of perfluorinated chemicals by 95% by 2010 and eliminate these emissions by 2015.<ref name="Auer-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/fact-sheet-20102015-pfoa-stewardship-program |title = Fact Sheet: 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program|publisher = EPA |date = 2016-05-10 |access-date = 2018-12-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181208160450/https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/fact-sheet-20102015-pfoa-stewardship-program |archive-date = December 8, 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref>
[[File:OSV Bold.jpg|thumb|[[USNS Bold (T-AGOS-12)|OSV ''Bold'']] docked at [[Port Canaveral, Florida]]]]
* In March 2004, the U.S. Navy transferred [[USNS Bold (T-AGOS-12)]], a [[Stalwart class ocean surveillance ship|''Stalwart'' class ocean surveillance ship]], to the EPA. The ship had been used in anti-submarine operations during the [[Cold War]], was equipped with sidescan sonar, underwater video, water and sediment sampling instruments used in study of ocean and coastline. One of the major missions of the ''Bold'' was to monitor for ecological impact sites where materials were dumped from dredging operations in U.S. ports.<ref name = "bold brochure">{{cite web |url = http://www.epa.gov/owow/osvbold/brochure.html |title = About the OSV Bold |publisher = EPA |id = EPA 842-F-05-004 |access-date = January 17, 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090224070656/http://www.epa.gov/owow/osvbold/brochure.html |archive-date = February 24, 2009}}</ref> In 2013, the [[General Services Administration]] sold the ''Bold'' to [[Seattle Central Community College]] (SCCC), which demonstrated in a competition that they would put it to the highest and best purpose, at a nominal cost of $5,000.<ref>{{cite news|last = Long |first = Katherine |url = http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021743030_sccvesselxml.html |title = What a $5,000 deal: Seattle Central gets former Navy ship &#124; Local News |newspaper = The Seattle Times |access-date = December 2, 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131012042420/https://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021743030_sccvesselxml.html |archive-date = October 12, 2013}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Scope and fulfillment of agency's authority===
Congress enacted laws such as the Clean Air Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and CERCLA with the intent of preventing and reconciling environmental damages. Beginning in 2018 under Administrator [[Andrew R. Wheeler|Andrew Wheeler]], EPA revised some pollution standards that resulted in less overall regulation.<ref>{{Cite web |date = 2019-06-11 |title = Update of Sheep in the Closet Report—EPA Enforcement Record in the Trump Administration through Fiscal Year 2018 |url = https://envirodatagov.org/update-of-sheep-in-the-closet-report-epa-enforcement-record-in-the-trump-administration-through-fiscal-year-2018/ |access-date = 2021-04-06 |website = Environmental Data and Governance Initiative |archive-date = April 16, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210416012438/https://envirodatagov.org/update-of-sheep-in-the-closet-report-epa-enforcement-record-in-the-trump-administration-through-fiscal-year-2018/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

Furthermore, the CAA's discretionary application<ref>{{Citation |last = Kapp |first = Robert |title = Clean Air Act |date = 2005 |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Toxicology |pages = 616–618 |publisher = Elsevier |doi = 10.1016/b0-12-369400-0/00242-8 |isbn = 978-0-12-369400-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last = S.|first = Carruth, Russelyn |title = Environmental Health Law: An Introduction |date = December 17, 2013 |publisher = Wiley |isbn = 978-1-118-41944-1 |oclc = 1058564715}}</ref> has caused a varied application of the law among states. In 1970, Louisiana deployed its Comprehensive Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Control Program to comply with federal law.<ref>{{Cite web |title = RS 30:2060; Toxic air pollutant emission control program |url = https://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=87125 |website = Louisiana State Laws |access-date = 2021-04-06 |publisher = Louisiana State Legislature |location = Baton Rouge, LA |archive-date = April 13, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210413201336/https://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=87125 |url-status = live }}</ref> This program does not require pollution monitoring that is equivalent to programs in other states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Flatt |first = Victor Byers |date = 2006 |title = Gasping for Breath: The Administrative Flaws of the Federal Hazardous Air Pollutant Program |journal = SSRN Electronic Journal |doi = 10.2139/ssrn.929211 |s2cid = 111813069 |issn = 1556-5068}}</ref>

===Environmental justice===
The EPA has been criticized for its lack of progress towards [[environmental justice]]. Administrator [[Christine Todd Whitman]] was criticized for her changes to President Bill Clinton's [[Executive order (United States)|Executive Order]] 12898 during 2001, removing the requirements for government agencies to take the poor and minority populations into special consideration when making changes to environmental legislation, and therefore defeating the spirit of the Executive Order.<ref name = "O'Neil report">O'Neil, S. G. (2007). [http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/9903/9903.pdf Superfund: Evaluating the Impact of Executive Order 12898] {{webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326091757/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/9903/9903.pdf|date = March 26, 2009}}. Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 115, Number 7, pp. 1087–93</ref> In a March 2004 report, the [[Office of the Inspector General|inspector general]] of the agency concluded that the EPA "has not developed a clear vision or a comprehensive strategic plan, and has not established values, goals, expectations, and performance measurements" for environmental justice in its daily operations. Another report in September 2006 found the agency still had failed to review the success of its programs, policies, and activities toward environmental justice.<ref>{{cite conference |last = Bullard |first = Robert |date = July 25, 2007 |title = Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Health of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee Regarding Environmental Justice}}</ref> Studies have also found that poor and minority populations were underserved by the EPA's [[Superfund]] program, and that this situation was worsening.<ref name = "O'Neil report"/>

In August 2022 the EPA was allotted a listed ~42.8&nbsp;billion in funding from the [[Inflation Reduction Act of 2022|Inflation Reduction Act]] (IRA) towards what the EPA classifies as "Advancing Environmental Justice", and published the statement "Through the Inflation Reduction Act, EPA will improve the lives of millions of Americans by reducing pollution in neighborhoods where people live, work, play, and go to school; accelerating environmental justice efforts in communities overburdened by pollution for far too long; and tackling our biggest climate challenges while creating jobs and delivering energy security."<ref>{{cite web |title = Advancing Environmental Justice |url = https://www.epa.gov/inflation-reduction-act/advancing-environmental-justice |date = 2022-12-19 |publisher = EPA |access-date = January 11, 2023 |archive-date = January 11, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230111133449/https://www.epa.gov/inflation-reduction-act/advancing-environmental-justice |url-status = dead }}</ref>

In September 2022 EPA announced the creation of a new Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights that reports directly to the EPA administrator.<ref>{{cite news |last = Dennis |first = Brady |title = EPA unveils new office to place environmental justice at agency's core |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/09/24/epa-environmental-justice/ |date = 2022-09-24 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = October 24, 2022 |archive-date = September 28, 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220928190107/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/09/24/epa-environmental-justice/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The new office has an expanded budget and staff with broader responsibilities than under the previous organizational arrangement.<ref name="About OEJECR" />

===Freedom of Information Act processing performance===
In the latest [[Center for Effective Government]] analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] (FOIA) requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the EPA earned a D by scoring 67 out of a possible 100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade.<ref>[http://www.foreffectivegov.org/access-to-information-scorecard-2015/ Making the Grade: Access to Information Scorecard 2015] {{Webarchive|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190811044220/https://www.foreffectivegov.org/access-to-information-scorecard-2015 |date = August 11, 2019 }} March 2015, 80 pages, [[Center for Effective Government]], retrieved March 21, 2016</ref>

===Pebble Mine===
[[Pebble Mine]] is a copper and gold mining project located in the southwest region of Alaska in the [[Bristol Bay]] region organized by Northern Dynasty Minerals.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Location |url=https://northerndynastyminerals.com/pebble-project/history-and-location/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Pebble Project |publisher=Northern Dynasty Minerals Ltd. |location=Vancouver, BC |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106152716/https://northerndynastyminerals.com/pebble-project/history-and-location/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014 the EPA released its statement on the impacts that mining would have on Bristol Bay and its tributaries. Among many things, the statement assesses [[Geology|geological]], [[Topography|topographic]], [[ecological]], [[Hydrology|hydrological]], and economic data and determined that mining could negatively impact the salmon population.<ref>{{cite report |title=Bristol Bay Assessment - Final Report |url=https://www.epa.gov/bristolbay/bristol-bay-assessment-final-report-2014 |date=2014 |publisher=EPA |id=EPA 910-R-14-001ES |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106152713/https://www.epa.gov/bristolbay/bristol-bay-assessment-final-report-2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Seeing as Bristol Bay and its [[Drainage divide|watershed]] provides around 46% of the world's sockeye salmon, the EPA did not want to risk an ecological disaster.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Bristol Bay |url=https://www.epa.gov/bristolbay/about-bristol-bay |date=2022-09-08 |publisher=EPA |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106152714/https://www.epa.gov/bristolbay/about-bristol-bay |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2014, before Northern Dynasty Minerals had submitted its EIS, EPA's Region 10 office proposed restrictions pursuant to section 404(c) of the Clean Water Act, restrictions that would effectively prohibit the project.<ref name=epa72014>{{cite web |title=Proposed Determination of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10 Pursuant to Section 404(c) of the Clean Water Act Pebble Deposit Area, Southwest Alaska |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-07/documents/pebble_es_pd_071714_final.pdf |publisher=EPA |location=Seattle, WA |access-date=25 November 2014 |page=14 |date=July 2014 |archive-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714145552/https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-07/documents/pebble_es_pd_071714_final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ab1407/> Northern Dynasty Minerals protested this decision and on July 18, 2014, in a published statement, Pebble Partnership CEO Tom Collier said that the project would continue its litigation against EPA; noted that the EPA's action was under investigation by the EPA inspector general and by the [[House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]]; and noted that two bills were pending in Congress seeking to clarify that EPA did not have the authority to preemptively veto or otherwise restrict development projects prior to the onset of federal and state permitting. Collier's statement also said that EPA's proposal was based on outdated mining scenarios that were not part of the project's approach.<ref name="ab1407">{{cite web |url=http://www.akbizmag.com/Alaska-Business-Monthly/July-2014/EPA-Continues-to-Deny-Pebble-Due-Process/ |title=EPA Continues to Deny Pebble Due Process |website=Alaska Business Monthly |publisher=Alaska Business |location=Anchorage, AK |date=2014-07-18 |access-date=2014-07-28 |archive-date=January 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128225323/http://www.akbizmag.com/Alaska-Business-Monthly/July-2014/EPA-Continues-to-Deny-Pebble-Due-Process/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Multiple journalists and organizations have reported on the controversy including the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] in support of the cancelation of the project and [[John Stossel]] in support of the development of the mine. {{As of|2023}}, the mine remains a controversial topic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title=Bristol Bay |url=https://www.epa.gov/bristolbay |publisher=EPA |location=Seattle, WA |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106152715/https://www.epa.gov/bristolbay |url-status=live }}</ref>

On January 30, 2023, the EPA vetoed the mine.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/joel-reynolds/epa-blocks-pebble-mine-rare-veto-what-happens-next#:~:text=On%20January%2030%2C%202023%2C%20after,of%20stakeholders%20in%20the%20region | title=EPA Blocks Pebble Mine with Rare Veto. What Happens Next? | date=January 31, 2023 | access-date=April 10, 2023 | archive-date=April 10, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410173241/https://www.nrdc.org/bio/joel-reynolds/epa-blocks-pebble-mine-rare-veto-what-happens-next#:~:text=On%20January%2030%2C%202023%2C%20after,of%20stakeholders%20in%20the%20region | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Water quality in East Palestine, Ohio===
Ohio governor Mike DeWine and administrator of the EPA [[Michael S. Regan|Michael Regan]] drank tap water in [[East Palestine, Ohio|East Palestine]], Ohio, on February 3, 2023, after a [[2023 Ohio train derailment|train derailment]] to show that the water was safe.<ref>{{Cite web| date=2023-03-21| title=EPA administrator, Ohio Gov. DeWine visit East Palestine residents' homes, sip tap water| url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/epa-administrator-ohio-gov-dewine-visit-east-palestine/story?id=97362950| publisher=ABC news| access-date=April 4, 2023| archive-date=April 4, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404214310/https://abcnews.go.com/US/epa-administrator-ohio-gov-dewine-visit-east-palestine/story?id=97362950| url-status=live}}</ref> The derailment caused a fire and the release of toxic chemicals into the air and water making locals and environmental groups concerned for the quality of water in the area. Despite the EPA's assurance that the water is safe some residents do not trust the quality of the water and question its long-term effects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=East Palestine, Ohio, residents concerned about water, air despite assurances both are safe |url=https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2023/02/20/east-palestine-ohio-air-water |publisher=wbur |access-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404214311/https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2023/02/20/east-palestine-ohio-air-water |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Environmental history of the United States]]
* [[Environmental policy of the United States]]
** [[Environmental policy of the second Trump administration]]
* [[List of EPA whistleblowers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* Balint, Peter J.; James K. Conant. ''The life cycles of the Council on Environmental Quality and the Environmental Protection Agency: 1970–2035'' (Oxford Univ Press, 2016).
* Bosso, Christopher. ''Environment, Inc.: From Grassroots to Beltway''. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2005
* Bosso, Christopher; Deborah Guber. "Maintaining Presence: Environmental Advocacy and the Permanent Campaign." pp.&nbsp;78–99 in ''Environmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty First Century'', 6th ed., eds. Norman Vig and Michael Kraft. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2006.
* Brooks, Karl Boyd (ed.). ''The Environmental Legacy of Harry S. Truman'' (Truman State University Press, 2009).
* Carter, Neil. ''The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, Policy'', 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007
* Davies, Kate. ''[http://www.environmentalhealthmovement.org The Rise of the U.S. Environmental Health Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118144028/http://www.environmentalhealthmovement.org/ |date=November 18, 2022 }}'' (2013). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
* Demortain, David, ''The Science of Bureaucracy: Risk Decision-Making and the US Environmental Protection Agency''. The MIT Press, 2020 {{doi|10.7551/mitpress/12248.001.0001}}.
* Freedman, Jeri. ''The Establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency'' (Cavendish Square. 2017)
* {{cite book|author = Gottlieb, Robert|title = Forcing the spring: the transformation of the American environmental movement|url = https://archive.org/details/forcingspringtra00gott|url-access = registration|date = August 1, 1993|publisher = Island Press|isbn = 1-55963-123-6}}
* Hays, Samuel P. ''A history of environmental politics since 1945'' (2000)
* Hays, Samuel P. ''Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985'' (1989) [https://archive.org/details/beautyhealthperm0000hays online]
* Mintz, Joel A. ''Enforcement at the EPA: High Stakes and Hard Choices'' (2nd ed. U of Texas Press, 2012).
* Portney, Paul R. "EPA and the Evolution of Federal Regulation." in ''Public policies for environmental protection'' (Routledge, 2010) pp.&nbsp;11–30. [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781936331482-2/epa-evolution-federal-regulation-paul-portney online]
* Richardson, Elmo. ''Dams, Parks and Politics: Resource Development and Preservation the Truman-Eisenhower Era'' (1973).
* Ruckelshaus, William D. "Environmental Regulation: The Early Days at EPA" ''EPA Journal'' (March 1988) [https://www.epa.gov/archive/epa/aboutepa/environmental-regulation-early-days-epa.html online]
* {{cite book|author = Strong, Douglas Hillman|title = Dreamers & Defenders: American Conservationists|url = https://archive.org/details/dreamersdefender00stro|url-access = registration|year = 1988|publisher = University of Nebraska Press|isbn = 978-0-8032-9156-0}}
* Suter, Glenn W. "Ecological risk assessment in the United States Environmental Protection Agency: A historical overview." ''Integrated environmental assessment and management'' 4.3 (2008): 285–289. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Glenn-Suter/publication/5531485_Ecological_Risk_Assesment_in_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency_A_Historical_Overview/links/5fd79d42a6fdccdcb8c92b6f/Ecological-Risk-Assesment-in-the-United-States-Environmental-Protection-Agency-A-Historical-Overview.pdf online]
* [http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/overview.pdf EPA Alumni Association, "Protecting the Environment, A Half Century of Progress"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006050850/http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/overview.pdf |date=October 6, 2016 }} – an overview of EPA's environmental protection efforts over 50 years
* [https://www.epaalumni.com/hcp EPA Alumni Association individual Half Century of Progress reports for air, water, pesticides, drinking water, waste management, Superfund, and toxic substances] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311174528/https://www.epaalumni.com/hcp |date=March 11, 2022 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/environmental-protection-agency Environmental Protection Agency] in the [[Federal Register]]
* [https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/environmental-protection-agency Environmental Protection Agency] on [[USAspending.gov]]
* [https://openomb.org/agency/environmental-protection-agency/bureau/environmental-protection-agency Environmental Protection Agency] [[apportionment (OMB)|apportionment]]s on OpenOMB

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