View source for United States Marshals Service

{{Short description|Federal law enforcement agency}}
{{About||the air marshal service|Federal Air Marshal Service|the head of the U.S. Supreme Court Police|Marshal of the United States Supreme Court}}
{{Redirect|US Marshals|the film|U.S. Marshals (film){{!}}''U.S. Marshals'' (film)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname        = United States Marshals Service
| commonname        = U.S. Marshals
| abbreviation      = USMS
| logo              = Seal of the United States Marshals Service.svg
| logocaption       = Seal of the U.S. Marshals Service
| badge             = US Marshal Badge.png
| badgecaption      = Badge of a deputy U.S. marshal
| flag              = Flag of the United States Marshals Service.svg
| flagcaption       = Flag of the U.S. Marshals Service
| motto             = ''Justice, Integrity, Service''
| formed            = {{start date and age|1789|9|24}}<br />1969 (in present form)
| country           = United States
| federal           = Yes
| constitution1     = [[Title 28 of the United States Code|United States Code, Title 28, Chapter 37]]<ref>{{Usc-title-chap|28|37}}</ref>
| headquarters      = [[Crystal City, Virginia|Crystal City]], [[Arlington County, Virginia]], U.S.
| sworn             = {{Unbulleted indent list
  | 94 U.S. marshals, one for each federal court district (2025)<ref name=marshalsfactfigure>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/sites/default/files/media/document/2024-Facts-and-Figures_0.pdf|title=Fact Sheet Facts and Figures 2024|author=Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Marshals Service|date=October 1, 2023|website=U.S. Marshals|publisher=U.S. Marshals Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803050510/https://www.usmarshals.gov/sites/default/files/media/document/2024-Facts-and-Figures_0.pdf|archive-date=August 3, 2024|url-status=live|access-date=July 31, 2024}}</ref>
  | 3,892 deputy U.S. marshals and criminal investigators (2025)<ref name=marshalsfactfigure/>
  }}
| unsworn           = {{Unbulleted indent list
  | 1,596 administrative employees and detention enforcement officers (2025)<ref name=marshalsfactfigure/>
  }}
| chief1name        = Gadyaces S. Serralta
| chief1position    = [[Director of the United States Marshals Service|Director]]
| chief2name        = Stephanie Creasy
| chief2position    = Deputy Director (Acting)
| chief3name        = Quintella Downs-Bradshaw
| chief3position    = Chief of Staff (Acting)
| parentagency      = [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]]
| website           = {{URL|https://www.usmarshals.gov/|usmarshals.gov}}
}}

The '''United States Marshals Service''' ('''USMS''') is a [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|federal law enforcement agency]] in the [[United States]]. The Marshals Service serves as the enforcement and security arm of the [[United States federal judiciary|U.S. federal judiciary]]. It is an [[Government agency|agency]] of the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] and operates under the direction of the [[United States Attorney General|U.S. attorney general]].<ref>{{usc|28|561}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/jmd/organization-mission-and-functions-manual-united-states-marshals-service |title=Department of Justice Organisation, Mission and Functions Manual: United States Marshals Service |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |date=n.d. |access-date=January 7, 2018 |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020191420/https://www.justice.gov/jmd/organization-mission-and-functions-manual-united-states-marshals-service |url-status=dead }}</ref> U.S. Marshals are the original U.S. federal law enforcement officers, created by the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] during the presidency of [[George Washington]] as the "Office of the United States Marshal" under the [[United States district court|U.S. district courts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/timeline.html|title=United States Marshals Service Historical Timeline|date=n.d.|publisher=United States Marshals Service|access-date=January 13, 2015|archive-date=January 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104021504/http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/timeline.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The USMS was established in 1969 to provide guidance and assistance to U.S. Marshals throughout the [[United States federal judicial district|federal judicial districts]].

The Marshals Service is primarily responsible for locating and [[arrest warrant|arresting]] [[Federal government of the United States|federal]] suspects, the administration of [[fugitive]] operations, the management of criminal assets, the operation of the [[United States Federal Witness Protection Program]] and the [[Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System]], the protection of federal courthouses and judicial personnel, and the protection of senior government officials through the [[#Office of Protective Operations|Office of Protective Operations]]. Throughout its history the Marshals have also provided unique security and enforcement services including protecting [[African Americans|African American]] students enrolling in the South during the [[civil rights movement]], escort security for [[United States Air Force]] [[LGM-30 Minuteman]] missile convoys, law enforcement for the [[United States Antarctic Program]], and protection of the [[Strategic National Stockpile]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title28-vol1/xml/CFR-2013-title28-vol1-part0-subpartT.xml |title=United States Marshals Service |publisher=Gpo.gov |date=n.d. |access-date=July 27, 2014 |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307210455/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title28-vol1/xml/CFR-2013-title28-vol1-part0-subpartT.xml |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==

===Origins===
The office of United States Marshal was created by the First Congress. President George Washington signed the [[Judiciary Act of 1789|Judiciary Act]] into law on September 24, 1789.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Marshals Celebrate 225 Years of Service|url=https://www.justice.gov/marshals/news/chron/2014/225/index.html|website=Department Of Justice|access-date=October 30, 2014|archive-date=December 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204101716/http://www.justice.gov/marshals/news/chron/2014/225/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The act provided that a United States Marshal's primary function was to execute all lawful warrants issued to him under the authority of the United States. The law defined marshals as officers of the courts charged with assisting federal courts in their law-enforcement functions:

{{Blockquote|And be it further enacted, That a marshal shall be appointed in and for each district for a term of four years, but shall be removable from office at pleasure, whose duty it shall be to attend the district and circuit courts when sitting therein, and also the Supreme Court in the district in which that court shall sit. And to execute throughout the district, all lawful precepts directed to him, and issued under the authority of the United States, and he shall have the power to command all necessary assistance in the execution of his duty, and to appoint as shall be occasion, one or more deputies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/oldest.htm |title=U.S. Marshals Service, History, Oldest Federal Law Enforcement Agency |work=Usmarshals.gov |date=2004-06-03 |access-date=2012-06-11 |archive-date=May 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513072004/https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/oldest.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Six days after signing the act into law, President Washington appointed the first thirteen U.S. Marshals, for each of the then extant federal districts.<ref name=jud1789>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=U.S. Marshals Service: History - The Judiciary Act of 1789: Charter for U.S. Marshals and Deputies: Appointment of the First 13 Marshals |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/judiciary/judiary_act_of_1789_8.htm |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.usmarshals.gov |date=June 16, 2020 |language=en-us |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705073057/https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/judiciary/judiary_act_of_1789_8.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=U.S. Marshals Service: Historical Timeline |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/timeline.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.usmarshals.gov |language=en-us |quote=President George Washington appointed the first 13 U.S. Marshals following the passage of the first Judiciary Act. |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513021319/https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/timeline.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> To each of his appointees for Marshal and District Attorney, the president addressed a form letter:

{{Blockquote|I have the pleasure to inform you that you are appointed (Marshal or Attorney) for the District of _______ and your Commission is enclosed, accompanied with such Laws as have passed relative to the Judicial Department of the United States.

The high importance of the Judicial System in our National Government made it an indispensable duty to select such Characters to fill the several offices in it as would discharge their respective trust with honor to themselves and advantage to their Country.<ref name=jud1789/>}}

The critical Supreme Court decision affirming the legal authority of the federal marshals was made in {{ussc|name=In re Neagle|135|1|1890}}.

[[File:Morgan Earp.jpg|left|180px|thumb|Deputy U.S. Marshal [[Morgan Earp]] in an 1881 photograph]]

For over 100 years marshals were patronage jobs, typically controlled by the district judge. They were paid primarily by fees until a salary system was set up in 1896.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Marshals and Their Deputies: 1789-1989 |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/who-we-are/history/historical-reading-room/lawmen-united-states-marshals-and-their-deputies-1789-1989 |website=U.S. Marshals Service |access-date=25 March 2023 |date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325233229/https://www.usmarshals.gov/who-we-are/history/historical-reading-room/lawmen-united-states-marshals-and-their-deputies-1789-1989 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the first U.S. Marshals had already proven themselves in military service during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Among the first marshals were [[John Adams]]'s son-in-law Congressman [[William Stephens Smith]] for the District of [[New York (state)|New York]], another New York district marshal, Congressman [[Thomas Morris (New York)|Thomas Morris]], and [[Henry Dearborn]] for the [[District of Maine]].

From the nation's earliest days, marshals were permitted to recruit special deputies as local hires, or as temporary transfers to the Marshals Service from other federal law-enforcement agencies. Marshals were also authorized to swear in a [[Posse comitatus|posse]] to assist with manhunts, and other duties, ad hoc. Marshals were given extensive authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts, and to carry out all lawful orders issued by federal judges, Congress, or the president. Federal marshals were by far the most important government officials in territorial jurisdictions. Local law enforcement officials were often called "marshals" so there is often an ambiguity whether someone was a federal or a local official.

Federal marshals are most famous for their law enforcement work, but that was only a minor part of their workload. The largest part of the business was paper work—serving [[writ]]s (e.g., [[subpoena]]s, [[summons]]es, [[warrant (law)|warrants]]), and other processes issued by the courts, making arrests and handling all federal prisoners. They also disbursed funds as ordered by the courts. Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the [[court clerk]]s, [[United States Attorney|U.S. Attorneys]], jurors, and witnesses. They rented the courtrooms and jail space, and hired the [[bailiff]]s, [[crier]]s, and janitors. They made sure the prisoners were present, the jurors were available, and that the witnesses were on time. The marshals thus provided local representation for the federal government within their districts. They took the national [[census]] every decade through 1870. They distributed [[presidential proclamation]]s, collected a variety of statistical information on commerce and manufacturing, supplied the names of government employees for the national register, and performed other routine tasks needed for the central government to function effectively.

===19th century===
During the War of 1812, marshals such as [[Peter Le Barbier Duplessis]] played a significant role in communicating intelligence and in defense of key sites such as New Orleans.<ref>US Marshals Service: Who We Are: History, Directors and Organizational Leadership: Peter Duplessis https://www.usmarshals.gov/who-we-are/history/directors-and-organizational-leadership/peter-duplessis</ref><ref>James, William (1818) A Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and the United states of America, Volume II. Naval and Military Press 2012 copyright.</ref> During the settlement of the [[American frontier]], marshals served as the main source of day-to-day law enforcement in areas that had no local government of their own.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ball |first1=Larry D. |title=The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories, 1846-1912 |date=1978 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |isbn=9780826306173}}</ref> U.S. Marshals were instrumental in keeping law and order in the "[[American West|Old West]]" era. They were involved in apprehending desperadoes such as [[Bill Doolin]], [[Ned Christie]], and in 1893, the infamous [[Dalton Gang]] after a shoot-out that left dead Deputy Marshals Ham Hueston and Lafe Shadley, and posse member Dick Speed. Individual deputy marshals have been seen as legendary heroes in the face of rampant lawlessness (see [[#Notable marshals and deputy marshals|Notable marshals]] below) with [[Wyatt Earp]], [[Bat Masterson]], [[Dallas Stoudenmire]], and [[Bass Reeves]] as examples of well-known marshals. [[Bill Tilghman]], [[Heck Thomas]], and [[Chris Madsen]] formed a legendary law enforcement trio known as "[[Three Guardsmen]]" when they worked together policing the vast, lawless [[Oklahoma Territory|Oklahoma]] and [[Indian Territory|Indian Territories]].

Until its repeal in 1864, the [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850]] tasked marshals to accept an affidavit on its face to recover a fugitive slave.

On October 26, 1881, Deputy U.S. Marshal and Tombstone City Marshal [[Virgil Earp]], his brothers, Deputy City Marshal [[Morgan Earp|Morgan]] and temporary Assistant City Marshal [[Wyatt Earp|Wyatt]], and temporary Assistant City Marshal [[Doc Holliday|John "Doc" H. Holliday]] (the latter two only sworn in by Virgil moments before), gunned down [[Frank McLaury|Frank]] and [[Tom McLaury]] and [[Billy Clanton]] in the legendary [[gunfight at the O.K. Corral]] in [[Tombstone, Arizona]]. In 1894, U.S. Marshals helped suppress the [[Pullman Strike]].

====Marshals of the Consular Court====
During the 19th century, the United States government appointed marshals to be attached to the courts of American consulates in [[Qing dynasty|China]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], and [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]]. The duties of these marshals included settling shipboard disputes and mutinies aboard American vessels, the apprehension of runaway sailors and American crews engaged in the illegal slave trade, adjusting claims for damages caused by American sailors to natives, and the rescue of natives kidnapped for slavery by Americans.<ref>{{cite report |author= |author-link= |date=1863 |title=Reports of Committees: 30th Congress, 1st Session - 48th Congress, 2nd Session, Volume 1  |publisher=United States Senate |page= |docket= |quote=}}</ref>

===20th century===
{{Multiple image
|image1=James Meredith OleMiss.jpg|caption1=U.S. Marshals accompanying [[James Meredith]] to class
|image2=US Marshals with Young Ruby Bridges on School Steps.jpg|caption2=Marshals escort six-year-old [[Ruby Bridges]] from school.}}

During the 1920s, U.S. Marshals enforced [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]. Marshals registered enemy aliens in wartime, sealed the American border against armed expeditions from foreign countries, and at times during the [[Cold War]] also swapped spies with the [[Soviet Union]].

In the 1960s the marshals were on the front lines of the [[civil rights movement]], mainly providing protection to volunteers. In September 1962, President [[John F. Kennedy]] ordered 127 marshals to accompany [[James Meredith]], an [[African American]] who wished to register at the segregated [[University of Mississippi]]. Their presence on campus provoked riots at the university, but the marshals stood their ground, and Meredith registered. Marshals provided continuous protection to Meredith during his first year at Ole Miss, and Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]] later proudly displayed a deputy marshal's dented helmet in his office. U.S. Marshals also protected black school children integrating public schools in the South. Artist [[Norman Rockwell]]'s famous painting ''[[The Problem We All Live With]]'' depicted a tiny [[Ruby Bridges]] being escorted by four towering United States Marshals in 1964.

In 1956, the Executive Office for U.S. Marshals was created as "the first organization to supervise U.S. Marshals nationwide". Until 1966, each U.S. district court hired and administered its own marshals independently from all others. The United States Marshals Service was created in 1969.<ref name="Archives1">{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/527.html |title=Records of the United States Marshals Service |access-date=June 9, 2010 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |archive-date=June 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621115928/http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/527.html |url-status=live }} {{cite web |url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/duties/factsheets/general-1209.html |title=''Fact Sheets: General Information'' |access-date=June 26, 2010 |publisher=U.S. Marshals Service |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527151643/http://www.usmarshals.gov/duties/factsheets/general-1209.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/jmd/mps/manual/usms.htm |title=United States Marshals Service |date=August 13, 2007 |access-date=June 9, 2010 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527203210/http://www.justice.gov/jmd/mps/manual/usms.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since June 1975, the Marshals Service has the mission of providing law enforcement support and escort security to [[United States Air Force]] [[LGM-30 Minuteman]] and missile systems from military facilities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turk |first1=David S. |title=Forging the star : the official modern history of the United States Marshals Service |date=2016 |publisher=University of North Texas Press |location=Denton, Texas |isbn=9781574416541}}</ref>

In 1985, the Marshals Service partnered with local Washington, D.C., law enforcement officers to create [[Operation Flagship]], arresting fugitives by using faked free tickets to a local American football game as a lure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Emery |first=Debbie |date=2017-09-12 |title=ESPN's '30 for 30' Short 'Strike Team' Recalls How US Marshals Lured Fugitives With NFL Tickets |url=https://www.thewrap.com/espns-30-for-30-film-strike-team-recalls-how-us-marshals-lured-fugitives-with-nfl-tickets/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301194818/https://www.thewrap.com/espns-30-for-30-film-strike-team-recalls-how-us-marshals-lured-fugitives-with-nfl-tickets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1989, the Marshals Service was given jurisdiction over crimes committed relating to U.S. personnel in Antarctica.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/antarctica/ |title=U.S. Marshals make legal presence in Antarctica |access-date=January 8, 2007 |publisher=United States Marshals Service |archive-date=February 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205115539/http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/antarctica/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]], 200 deputy marshals of the [[Police tactical unit|tactical unit]] [[#Special Operations Group|Special Operations Group]] were dispatched to assist local and state authorities in restoring peace and order throughout [[Los Angeles County, California]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-king-case-aftermath-a-city-in-crisis-19920502-story.html |title=King case aftermath: A city in crisis |first1=Paul |last1=Lieberman |first2=Dean E. |last2=Murphy |date=May 2, 1992 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221085634/https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-king-case-aftermath-a-city-in-crisis-19920502-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1990s, deputy marshals protected abortion clinics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/02/us/marshals-sent-to-a-dozen-abortion-clinics-in-drive-to-halt-violence.html |title=Marshals Sent to a Dozen Abortion Clinics in Drive to Halt Violence |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=David |last=Johnston |date=August 2, 1994 |access-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926111059/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/02/us/marshals-sent-to-a-dozen-abortion-clinics-in-drive-to-halt-violence.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/08/02/us-marshals-dispatched-to-guard-abortion-clinics/80067334-dd30-4a0a-9a00-bfa438da968a/ |title=U.S. Marshals Dispatched to Guard Abortion Clinics |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Pierre |last=Thomas |author-link=Pierre Thomas (journalist) |date= August 2, 1994 |access-date=September 26, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/judge-orders-us-marshals-to-prevent-closing-of-abortion-clinics.html |title=Judge Orders U.S. Marshals to Prevent Closing of Abortion Clinics |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 30, 1991 |access-date=September 26, 2022 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926111056/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/judge-orders-us-marshals-to-prevent-closing-of-abortion-clinics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===21st century===
Marshals have protected American athletes at [[Olympic Games]],<ref>{{cite press release |title=Preparing for the World: Homeland Security and Winter Olympics |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020110-7.html |website=The White House |access-date=25 March 2023 |date=10 January 2002 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604051021/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020110-7.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[refugee]] boy [[Elián González]] before his return to [[Cuba]] in 2000,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bragg |first1=Rick |title=The Elian Gonzalez Case: The Overview; Cuban Boy Seized by U.S. Agents and Reunited With His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/us/elian-gonzalez-case-overview-cuban-boy-seized-us-agents-reunited-with-his-father.html |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 April 2000 |archive-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227114031/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/23/us/elian-gonzalez-case-overview-cuban-boy-seized-us-agents-reunited-with-his-father.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[abortion]] clinics<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/01/us-shooting-abortion-doctor-rightwing-militia?CMP=gu_com |title=Security stepped up at abortion clinics in US after killing of Dr George Tiller |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Chris |last=McGreal |date=June 1, 2009 |access-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926105822/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/01/us-shooting-abortion-doctor-rightwing-militia?CMP=gu_com |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2009/05/31/attorney-general-directs-us-marshals-to-protect-abortion-clinics-providers/ |title=Attorney general directs U.S. marshals to protect abortion clinics, providers |publisher=Colorado Independent |first=Ernest |last=Luning |date=May 31, 2009 |access-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926105834/https://www.coloradoindependent.com/2009/05/31/attorney-general-directs-us-marshals-to-protect-abortion-clinics-providers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as required by federal law. In 2003, Marshals retrieved North Carolina's copy of the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History in Custody: The U.S. Marshals Service Takes Possession of North Carolina's Copy of the Bill of Rights |date=June 19, 2020 |publisher=United States Marshals Service |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/north_carolina_bill_of_rights.htm |access-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125155807/https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/north_carolina_bill_of_rights.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2002, the Marshals Service was tasked by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) to provide protective security and law enforcement capabilities in the protection of the [[Strategic National Stockpile]] (SNS), such as warehouses, materiel and CDC personnel during deployment. Marshals also provide secure transportation of critical medical supplies and bio-terrorism response resources throughout the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/pubs/pub99.pdf |title=Operations Support Division |access-date=January 7, 2018 |publisher=United States Marshals Service |archive-date=February 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211224849/https://www.usmarshals.gov//pubs/pub99.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Senior Inspectors of the U.S. Marshals Service SNS Security Operations (SNSSO) Program have deployed to [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005 and responded during the [[H1N1 flu (outbreak in the US)|H1N1 flu pandemic]] in 2009. SNSSO Senior Inspectors have also staffed [[National Security Special Event]]s (NSSE) with their state, local and other federal partners on a regular basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourdigitalmags.com/display_article.php?id=1762258&view=217704 |title=The U.S. Marshals Service, Strategic National Stockpile Security Operations |access-date=January 7, 2018 |magazine=Sheriff Magazine |archive-date=January 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061054/http://www.ourdigitalmags.com/display_article.php?id=1762258&view=217704 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, the Sex Offenders Investigations Branch (SOIB) was formed on July 27 with the passage of the [[Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act]] (AWA). The SOIB carries out the USMS's three principal responsibilities under the AWA: assist state, local, tribal, and territorial authorities in the location and apprehension of non-compliant and fugitive sex offenders; investigate violations of the act for federal prosecution, and assist in the identification and location of sex offenders relocated as a result of a major disaster. To ensure the safety of communities and children across the country, the USMS has implemented an aggressive enforcement strategy for its responsibilities under the AWA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/investigations/index.html|title=U.S. Marshals Service|first=U. S. Marshals|last=Service (USMS)|website=www.usmarshals.gov|access-date=February 11, 2021|archive-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220416/https://www.usmarshals.gov/investigations/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This branch apprehends sex offenders, primarily those who prey on minors. Offenders are apprehended due to failure to register, among other things.

In February 2017, Marshals began providing protective security to [[United States Secretary of Education|United States secretary of education]] [[Betsy DeVos]], the first time since 2009 that a [[United States Cabinet]]-level official has been provided security by the Marshals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Douglas-Gabriel |first1=Danielle |last2=Brown |first2=Emma |title=Betsy DeVos being guarded by U.S. Marshals Service |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/betsy-devos-is-now-being-guarded-by-us-marshals/2017/02/17/7dc341f4-f54b-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html |access-date=25 March 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=17 February 2017 |archive-date=February 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220172556/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/betsy-devos-is-now-being-guarded-by-us-marshals/2017/02/17/7dc341f4-f54b-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Marshals were deployed to keep order in [[Washington, D.C.]] during the [[George Floyd protests]] on May 31, 2020,<ref>{{cite news |title=Fires, Looting, Tear Gas: DC in Turmoil Following 3rd Night of Protests |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/3rd-day-george-floyd-protests-washington-dc/2318177/ |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=NBC4 Washington |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=1 June 2020 |quote="In a rare move, US Marshals and DEA agents were activated to assist police." |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320125931/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/3rd-day-george-floyd-protests-washington-dc/2318177/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as during the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]].<ref>{{Cite web|last2=Mangan|first1=Amanda |last1=Macias |first2=Dan|date=2021-01-06|title=U.S. Capitol secured hours after pro-Trump rioters invade Congress |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/buildings-in-us-capitol-complex-evacuated-amid-pro-trump-protests.html|access-date=2021-01-07|website=[[CNBC]]|language=en|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107030000/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/buildings-in-us-capitol-complex-evacuated-amid-pro-trump-protests.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since January 8, 2021 the Office of Protective Operations no longer provides protective services to the [[United States Secretary of Education|United States secretary of education]] as [[Betsy DeVos]] resigned and it was considered that her successor [[Miguel Cardona]] did not need the security based on the fact that there was an absence of a credible threat against his life or that of his family.

On April 29, 2024, in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], one Marshal, two Department of Adult Corrections officers, and one local police officer on a task force [[2024 Charlotte shootout|were killed]] serving a warrant on a man for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Four [[Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department]] officers were wounded.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/charlotte-north-carolina-shooting-police-42d3e25ec6ec990634c9ac209e0f779a | title=4 law officers serving warrant are killed, 4 wounded in shootout at North Carolina home, police say | website=[[Associated Press News]] | date=April 29, 2024 }}</ref>

==Duties and responsibilities==
[[File:DodgeCityPeaceCommission.jpg|thumb|Bat Masterson (standing second from right), Wyatt Earp (sitting second from left), and other deputy marshals during the [[American frontier|Wild West]] era]]

The Marshals Service is responsible for apprehending wanted fugitives, providing protection for the federal judiciary, [[Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System|transporting federal prisoners]], protecting endangered federal witnesses, and managing assets seized from criminal enterprises.<ref>{{cite web |title=Strategic Plan: 2012 - 2016 |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/foia/strategic_plan-2016.pdf |website=U.S. Marshals Service |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |access-date=28 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412084339/https://www.usmarshals.gov/foia/strategic_plan-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Marshals Service is responsible for 55.2% of arrests of federal [[fugitive]]s. Between 1981 and 1985, the Marshals Service conducted [[Fugitive Investigative Strike Team]] operations to jump-start fugitive capture in specific districts. In 2012, U.S. marshals captured over 36,000 federal fugitives and cleared over 39,000 fugitive warrants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Facts and Figures 2013 |url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/duties/factsheets/facts-2013.pdf|publisher=U.S. Marshals Service|access-date=April 22, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517090800/http://www.usmarshals.gov/duties/factsheets/facts-2013.pdf|archive-date=May 17, 2013}}</ref>

The Marshals Service also executes all lawful writs, processes, and orders issued under the authority of the United States, and can command all necessary assistance to execute its duties, as found in 18 USC 564. Other powers are also listed in: 18USC3053; 28USC566; 50USC24; 18USC3058 and 18USC3193.

Historically, under Section 27 of the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] U.S. Marshals had the common law-based power to enlist any willing civilians as deputies for necessary assistance in the execution of their duties.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/history/oldest.htm |title=History - Oldest Federal Law Enforcement Agency |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=United States Marshal's Service |access-date=May 26, 2020 |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501104411/https://www.usmarshals.gov//history/oldest.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[American Old West|Old West]] this was known as [[Posse comitatus (common law)|forming a posse]], although under the [[Posse Comitatus Act]], they could not use military troops in uniform representing their unit or the military service for law enforcement duties. However, if a service member was off duty, wearing civilian clothing, and willing to assist a law enforcement officer on their own behalf, it was acceptable.{{citation needed|date=July 2010}} In contemporary times, the deputation of a civilian would be extraordinarily unusual. However, the [[director of the United States Marshals Service]] currently has the statutory authority to deputize (for one year) selected officers of the [[United States Department of Justice]]; federal, state, or local law enforcement officers; employees of [[private security companies]] to provide courtroom security for the Federal judiciary; or other persons as designated by the [[United States Associate Attorney General|United States associate attorney general]].<ref name="specialdeputation">{{CodeFedReg |28|0|112}}</ref>

Title 28 USC Chapter 37 § 564 authorizes United States Marshals, deputy marshals and such other officials of the Service as may be designated by the Director, in executing the laws of the United States within a State, to exercise the same powers which a sheriff of the State may exercise in executing the laws thereof.<ref>{{USC|28|564}}</ref> Title 28 US Code 566 and 18 USC 3053 authorizes the carry of firearms and powers of arrest (with and without warrants) for violations of law.

Except for suits by incarcerated persons, non-prisoner litigants proceeding ''[[in forma pauperis]]'', or (in some circumstances) by seamen, U.S. Marshals no longer serve leading process or subpoenas in private civil actions filed in the U.S. district courts. Under the [[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure]], process may be served by any U.S. citizen over the age of 18 who is not a party involved in the case. The Marshals still levy executions and serve writs of [[garnishment]].

===Witness Protection Program===
{{main|United States Federal Witness Protection Program}}

A chief responsibility of the Marshals is the [[United States Federal Witness Protection Program]].

===Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS)===
{{main|Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System}}

The Marshals Service operates the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS), an [[airline]] used mainly to transport inmates between prisons and courts across the United States; multiple Marshals guard the prisoners on every flight. The service is also used to carry out ordered deportations of undocumented immigrants.

===Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015===
The [[Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015]] amends the federal judicial code to authorize the United States Marshals Service to assist state, local, tribal, and other federal law enforcement agencies, upon request, in locating and recovering missing children. The Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act also established The Missing Child Unit of The Marshals Service.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summary of S. 178 (114th): Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/s178/summary |website=GovTrack.us |access-date=3 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921124719/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/s178/summary |url-status=live }}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

===Fugitive programs===
The Marshals Service publicizes the names of wanted persons it places on the list of U.S. Marshals 15 Most Wanted Fugitives,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/investigations/most_wanted/index.html |title=Current U.S. Marshals 15 Most Wanted Fugitives |publisher=United States Marshals Service |access-date=March 26, 2011 |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502113859/https://www.usmarshals.gov//investigations/most_wanted/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is similar to and sometimes overlaps the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] list or the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives]] Most Wanted List, depending on jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atf.gov/most-wanted|title=Most Wanted &#124; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|website=www.atf.gov|access-date=September 7, 2021|archive-date=September 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908112914/https://www.atf.gov/most-wanted|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 15 Most Wanted Fugitive Program was established in 1983 in an effort to prioritize the investigation and apprehension of high-profile offenders who are considered to be some of the country's most dangerous fugitives. These offenders tend to be career criminals with histories of violence or whose instant offense(s) pose a significant threat to public safety. Current and past fugitives in this program include murderers, [[sex offender]]s, major [[drug lord|drug kingpins]], [[organized crime]] figures, and individuals wanted for high-profile financial crimes.

The Major Case Fugitive Program was established in 1985 in an effort to supplement the successful 15 Most Wanted Fugitive Program. Much like the 15 Most Wanted Fugitive Program, the Major Case Fugitive Program prioritizes the investigation and apprehension of high-profile offenders who are considered to be some of the country's most dangerous individuals. All escapes from custody are automatically elevated to Major Case status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/investigations/major_cases/index.html |title=Current U.S. Marshals Service Major Case Fugitives |publisher=United States Marshals Service |access-date=March 26, 2011 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064939/http://www.usmarshals.gov/investigations/major_cases/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported on November 14, 2014, that the Marshals Service's Technical Operations Group utilizes a so-called [[Dirtbox (cell phone)|dirtbox]] to track fugitives.<ref name=wsj>{{cite news |first=Devlin |last=Barrett |title=Americans' Cellphones Targeted in Secret U.S. Spy Program |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/americans-cellphones-targeted-in-secret-u-s-spy-program-1415917533 |access-date=November 14, 2014 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=November 13, 2014 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=November 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116162639/http://online.wsj.com/articles/americans-cellphones-targeted-in-secret-u-s-spy-program-1415917533 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Special Operations Group===
The Special Operations Group (SOG) was created in 1971,<ref name="gao-2020">{{cite report |title=Federal Tactical Teams |url=https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-20-710.pdf |website=Government Accountability Office |access-date=25 March 2023 |page=42 |date=September 2020 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031209/https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-20-710.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and is the Marshals Service's [[SWAT|tactical unit]]. It is a self-supporting response team capable of responding to emergencies anywhere in the U.S. or its territories.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=USMarshalsHQ |number=1420111815732781056 |title=A glance at USMS SOG selection….the first few hours. The Special Operations Group (SOG) is a specially trained and highly disciplined tactical unit. It is a self-supporting response team capable of responding to emergencies anywhere in the United States or its territories.}}</ref>

Most of the deputy marshals who have volunteered to be SOG members serve as full-time deputies in Marshals Service offices throughout the nation, and they remain on call 24 hours a day.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} The SOG also maintains a small, full-time operational cadre stationed at the Marshals Service Tactical Operations Center at [[Louisiana National Guard Training Center Pineville]], Louisiana, where all deputies undergo extensive, specialized training in tactics and weaponry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tactical Operations |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/what-we-do/tactical-operations |website=U.S. Marshals Service |access-date=25 March 2023 |date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318015746/https://www.usmarshals.gov/what-we-do/tactical-operations |url-status=live }}</ref>

Deputies must meet rigorous physical and mental standards.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} The group's missions include: apprehending fugitives, protecting dignitaries, providing court security, transporting high-profile and dangerous prisoners, providing witness security, and seizing assets.<ref name="gao-2020" />

===Office of Protective Operations===
The Office of Protective Operations (OPO) is the United States Marshals Service's preeminent expert on physical protection. OPO provides [[Subject-matter expert|subject matter expertise]], guidance, and direct action support to district offices on high-threat/-profile proceedings and risk-/threat-based protective operations. The footprint is national, covering all twelve [[Federal circuit courts|federal judicial circuits]] across the country,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/judicial/|title=U.S. Marshals Service|last=Service (USMS)|first=U. S. Marshals|website=www.usmarshals.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=August 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816092734/https://www.usmarshals.gov/judicial/|url-status=live}}</ref> with the ability to project globally.

Currently, the OPO is responsible for two permanent risk-based protection details for the [[United States Deputy Attorney General|deputy attorney general]] [[Todd Blanche]] (DAG) and the [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|secretary of health and human services]] [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-marshals-providing-security-health-secretary-kennedy-email-shows-2025-03-05/|title=Exclusive: US Marshals providing security to health secretary Kennedy, email shows|last=Lynch|first=Sarah|date=2025-03-25|website=[[Reuters]]|language=en|access-date=2025-06-06}}.</ref> Previously in the [[first Trump administration]] it provided security to then [[United States Secretary of Education|secretary of education]] [[Betsy Devos]], due to threats against her life, from 2017 until her resignation on January 8, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/417087-millions-being-spent-on-us-marshals-service-security-detail-for-devos|title=Millions being spent on U.S. Marshals Service security detail for DeVos: report|last=Folley|first=Aris|date=2018-11-16|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823205446/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/417087-millions-being-spent-on-us-marshals-service-security-detail-for-devos|url-status=live}}</ref>

These Senior Inspectors routinely deploy across the U.S. and around the globe to protect the DAG<ref name="David Shortell">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/26/politics/rosenstein-deputy-marshals-rescue-fentanyl-overdose/index.html|title=Deputy US marshals on Rosenstein security team save woman after fentanyl overdose|first=David|last=Shortell|website=[[CNN]]|date=April 26, 2018|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823211620/https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/26/politics/rosenstein-deputy-marshals-rescue-fentanyl-overdose/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Secretary of Health and Human Services. They lead security for [[Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States|nominees to the U.S. Supreme Court]] through the pendency of the nomination, which are often fraught with threats of violence and protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/kavanaugh-sexual-assault-allegation-dle/h_eb6b78dccbaf05cf86e3a760037d46f4|title=US Marshals investigating threats against Kavanaugh and his family|date=2018-09-21|work=[[CNN]]|last=de Vogue|first=Ariane|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823215457/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/kavanaugh-sexual-assault-allegation-dle/h_eb6b78dccbaf05cf86e3a760037d46f4|url-status=live}}</ref> They also provide security for sitting U.S. Supreme Court Justices, when those Justices are farther than 50 miles from Washington, D.C., where the [[Supreme Court Police|U.S. Supreme Court Police]] have statutory protection authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2004/05/who-protects-david-souter.html|title=Who protects David Souter?|last=Koerner|first=Brendan|date=2004-05-03|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823210923/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2004/05/who-protects-david-souter.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://securitytoday.com/articles/2018/10/10/securing-the-supreme-court.aspx|title=Securing the Supreme Court|last=Jensen|first=Ralph C.|date=2018-10-10|website=Security Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823210917/https://securitytoday.com/articles/2018/10/10/securing-the-supreme-court.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/policy/group-raises-concern-about-protecting-supreme-court-justices|title=Supreme Court Justices Make Their Own Security Choices, Documents Reveal|last1=Ruger|first1=Todd|date=2018-03-14|access-date=2019-08-23|language=en|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823210914/https://www.rollcall.com/news/policy/group-raises-concern-about-protecting-supreme-court-justices|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, they develop a deep expertise in protective operations and partner extensively with the [[United States Secret Service|U.S. Secret Service]], [[Diplomatic Security Service]], along with local, state, federal, and foreign law enforcement and security agencies.

In 2019, the Trump administration investigated the feasibility of shifting protective responsibility for many government officials to the U.S. Marshals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/21/politics/us-marshals-cabinet-security/index.html|title=Trump admin wants US Marshals to take over security for Cabinet heads|first1=Rene|last1=Marsh|first2=Mary Kay|last2=Mallonee|first3=Josh|last3=Campbell|first4=Eli|last4=Watkins|website=[[CNN]]|date=June 21, 2018|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823210914/https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/21/politics/us-marshals-cabinet-security/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/us-marshals-cabinet-security_n_5c86b359e4b0ed0a0016389b|title=Trump Administration Wants To Study Idea Of U.S. Marshals Taking Over Cabinet Security|last=Reilly|first=Ryan J.|date=2019-03-11|website=[[HuffPost]]|language=en|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=August 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823210918/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/us-marshals-cabinet-security_n_5c86b359e4b0ed0a0016389b|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Training and equipment==

===Training===
Marshals Service hiring is competitive and comparable to the selection process for special agent positions in agencies with similar duties. Typically fewer than five percent of qualified applicants are hired {{citation needed|date=August 2009}} and must possess at a minimum a four-year [[bachelor's degree]] or competitive work experience (which is usually three or more years at a local or state police department). While the USMS's hiring process is not entirely public, applicants must pass a written test, an oral board interview, an extensive background investigation, a medical examination and drug test, and multiple Fitness In Total (FIT) exams to be selected for training.<ref>{{cite web|title = U.S. Marshals Service|url = http://www.usmarshals.gov/careers/qualifications.html|website = www.usmarshals.gov|access-date = January 9, 2016|language = en-us|first = U.S. Marshals Service|last = (USMS)|archive-date = January 1, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101171205/http://www.usmarshals.gov/careers/qualifications.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Deputy U.S. Marshals complete a 18-week training program at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's [[Federal Law Enforcement Training Center]] in [[Glynco, Georgia|Glynco]], Georgia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Training Academy |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/careers/deputy-us-marshals/training-academy |website=U.S. Marshals Service |access-date=25 March 2023 |date=28 July 2020 |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111041653/https://www.usmarshals.gov/careers/deputy-us-marshals/training-academy |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Firearms and protective gear===
[[File:United States Marshals Service Tools.jpg|thumb|Equipment used by the USMS]]

The primary [[handgun]] for all current deputy marshals is the [[Glock 17]] in [[9×19mm Parabellum|9mm]]. Prior to that deputies were issued the [[Glock 22]] in [[.40 S&W]]. Deputy Marshals may also carry a backup gun, but it must meet certain requirements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmarshals.gov/usmsforkids/week_wed.htm |title=U.S. Marshals Service for Students: A Week in the Life of a Deputy U.S. Marshal: Wednesday |publisher=United States Marshals Service |date=13 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414020420/http://www.usmarshals.gov/usmsforkids/week_wed.htm|archive-date=14 April 2017|access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref> Deputy Marshals are also equipped with body armor and collapsible batons for daily use, and ballistic shields, helmets, and protective goggles for serving high risk warrants.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Members of the U.S. Marshal SOG Teams are armed with the Staccato Model P 2011 pistols in 9mm Parabellum. They have both a full size with a red dot sight as well as a smaller, more concealable version for covert operations. In 2019, the SOG adopted the STI 2011, a 1911 platform of pistol that is modified for USMS SOG needs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guns.com/news/2019/07/24/exclusive-u-s-marshals-special-operations-group-adopts-sti-2011-pistols|title=Exclusive: U.S. Marshals Special Operations Group Adopts STI 2011 Pistols|website=Guns.com|first=Chris|last=Eger|date=24 July 2019|access-date=February 1, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205102736/https://www.guns.com/news/2019/07/24/exclusive-u-s-marshals-special-operations-group-adopts-sti-2011-pistols|url-status=live}}</ref>

All marshals have a variety of AR-platform rifles, shotguns, and less-lethal options available for their use. Recently, the service has introduced a [[body-worn camera]] (BWC) program. Marshals are issued various body armor including a concealable vest, a tactical vest that accepts their soft-armor panels and rifle plates, as well as a rifle plate only carrier depending on their needs. Ballistic helmets and shields are also available.

===Surveillance airplanes===
The U.S. Marshals Service has planes registered under a [[front company]] named Early Detection Alarm Systems, which has an address of a [[UPS Store]] mailbox in [[Spring, Texas]]. This operation has been in place since at least 2007, and by 2014 were based in five airports across the country.<ref name="buzz_USFe"/><ref name="wsjtgt">{{Cite news |title=Americans' Cellphones Targeted in Secret U.S. Spy Program |last=Barrett |first=Devlin |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=14 November 2014 |access-date=26 June 2020 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/americans-cellphones-targeted-in-secret-u-s-spy-program-1415917533 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200304190558/https://www.wsj.com/articles/americans-cellphones-targeted-in-secret-u-s-spy-program-1415917533?mod=article_inline |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wsjdefend">{{Cite news |title=U.S. Defends Marshals in Wake of Secret Cellphone Spying Report |last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |last2=Nagesh |first2=Gautham |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=14 November 2014 |access-date=26 June 2020 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/justice-dept-defends-u-s-marshals-in-wake-of-secret-cellphone-spy-report-1415980141 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200626174530/https://www.wsj.com/articles/justice-dept-defends-u-s-marshals-in-wake-of-secret-cellphone-spy-report-1415980141 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="docu_edas">{{Cite web |title=Marshals Plane Registration |author=Peter Aldhous |work=[[BuzzFeed News]] via documentcloud.org |date=27 July 2011 |access-date=26 June 2020 |url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3902584-Marshals-Plane-Registration.html |archive-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627044134/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3902584-Marshals-Plane-Registration.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The planes tend to fly in a tight circle; GPS/radio trackers, cameras, video recorder, and video transmitter installations are documented. It is also presumed to include an [[IMSI-catcher]] such as the [[Stingray phone tracker]] or the [[Dirtbox (cell phone)|Boeing DRTbox (Dirtbox)]], which are used by the Marshals' Technical Operations Group.<ref name="buzz_USFe">{{Cite web |title=US Federal Agents Flew A Secret Spy Plane To Hunt Drug Cartel Leaders In Mexico |author=Peter Aldhous |author2=Karla Zabludovsky |work=[[BuzzFeed News]] |date=3 August 2017 |access-date=26 June 2020 |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/us-marshals-spy-plane-over-mexico |archive-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627070458/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/us-marshals-spy-plane-over-mexico |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wsjtgt"/><ref name="wsjdefend"/><ref name="docu_Mars">{{Cite web |title=Marshals Plane Mexico |author=Peter Aldhous |work=[[BuzzFeed News]] via documentcloud.org |date=24 May 2012 |access-date=26 June 2020 |url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3902581-Marshals-Plane-Mexico.html#document/p3/a365008 |archive-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624223756/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3902581-Marshals-Plane-Mexico.html#document/p3/a365008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

; Observed locations of U.S. Marshals planes:
* [[Mexico]] states of [[Sinaloa]] and [[Durango]] during April–May, July, and November 2017, including during the capture of a [[Sinaloa Cartel]] member in [[El Dorado, Sinaloa]] on May 1, 2017<ref name="buzz_USFe"/><ref name="wsjdress">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Marshals Service Personnel Dressed as Mexican Marines Pursue Cartel Bosses |last=Barrett |first=Devlin |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=26 June 2020 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-marshals-service-personnel-dressed-as-mexican-marines-pursue-drug-cartel-bosses-1416595305 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200620044414/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-marshals-service-personnel-dressed-as-mexican-marines-pursue-drug-cartel-bosses-1416595305 |archive-date=June 20, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Guatemala]]<ref name="wsjdress"/>
* Carver Shores, Orlando, Florida, January 2017<ref name="buzz_USFe"/>

==Organization==
[[File:USMS Brief.jpg|thumb|right|Marshals being briefed for [[Operation FALCON|Operation FALCON III]], 2008]]
[[File:U.S. Marshals knock and announce.jpg|thumb|Deputy U.S. Marshals and [[Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department]] officers during a "[[knock-and-announce]]" procedure]]

The Marshals Service is based in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], and, under the authority of the [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]], is headed by a director, who is assisted by a deputy director. The director is supervised by the deputy attorney general. The Marshals Service headquarters provides command, control, and cooperation for the disparate elements of the service.

===Headquarters===
* Director of the U.S. Marshals Service
** Chief of Staff
*** Office of General Counsel
*** Office of Equal Employment Opportunity
** Deputy Director of the U.S. Marshals Service
*** Chief of District Affairs
*** Office of Professional Responsibility
** Associate Director for Operations
*** Judicial Security Division
**** [[#Office of Protective Operations|Office of Protective Operations]]
***** [[#Office of Protective Operations|Deputy Attorney General's Protection Detail]]
***** [[#Office of Protective Operations|Secretary of Education's Protection Detail]]
*** Investigative Operations Division
*** Witness Security Division
*** Tactical Operations Division
*** Prisoner Operations Division
*** [[Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System]]
** Chief Financial Officer
*** Financial Services Division
** Associate Director for Administration
*** Training Division
*** Human Resources Division
*** Information Technology Division
*** Office of Public and Congressional Affairs
*** Management Support Division
*** Asset Forfeiture Division

===Federal judicial districts===
The [[Federal judiciary of the United States|U.S. court system]] is divided into 94 [[United States federal judicial district|federal judicial districts]], each with a [[United States district court|district court]] (except the territory of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, which share a U.S. Marshal). For each district there is a [[List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation|presidentially-appointed and Senate-confirmed]] United States Marshal, a chief deputy U.S. Marshal ([[General Schedule (U.S. civil service pay scale)|GS-14 or 15]]) (and an assistant chief Deputy U.S. Marshal in certain larger districts), Supervisory deputy U.S. Marshals (GS-13),<ref name="opm.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.opm.gov/fedclass/gs0082.pdf |title=Position classification standard for United States Marshal series, GS-0082 |date=June 1973 |publisher=[[United States Office of Personnel Management]] |access-date=February 25, 2007 |archive-date=September 10, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910041016/http://www.opm.gov/fedclass/gs0082.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and as many deputy U.S. Marshals ([[General Schedule (U.S. civil service pay scale)|GS-7]] and above)<ref name="opm.gov"/> and special deputy U.S. Marshals as needed. In the [[United States federal budget]] for 2005, funds for 3,067 deputy marshals and criminal investigators were provided. The U.S. Marshal for each [[United States courts of appeals]] (the 13 circuit courts) is the U.S. Marshal in whose district that court is physically located.

The director and each United States Marshal are appointed by the [[president of the United States]] and subject to confirmation by the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]]. The district U.S. Marshal is traditionally appointed from a list of qualified [[police|law enforcement]] personnel for that district or state. Each state has at least one district, while several larger states have three or more.

==Personnel==
[[File:US Marshals escorting prisoner in court.png|thumb|United States Marshals escorting a prisoner in court]]
[[File:USMS Arrest.jpg|thumb|right|Marshals arresting a suspect]]
[[File:US Marshal guarding prisoners.png|thumb|Deputy United States Marshal guarding prisoners]]
[[File:Conair-Marshal.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Marshal on a "Con Air" flight]]

===Titles===
'''Agency executives'''
* The [[Director of the United States Marshals Service|director]], originally titled the chief United States Marshal, overall head of the USMS and overseer of the Marshals.
* The deputy director, principal deputy and first in line of succession to the director.

'''Marshals'''
* United States Marshal: the top executive of the Marshals Service in each of the 94 federal judicial districts,<ref name="opm.gov"/> appointed by the president subject to confirmation by the senate
* Chief Deputy United States Marshal: the senior career manager for the federal judicial district who is responsible for management of the Marshals office and staff
* Supervisory Deputy United States Marshal, responsible for the supervision of three or more deputy U.S. Marshals and clerks
* Deputy United States Marshal: for all nonsupervisory positions

===Deputy Marshals===
Deputy U.S. Marshals start their careers at the [[General Schedule (US civil service pay scale)|GS]]-5 to [[General Schedule (US civil service pay scale)|GS]]-7 pay grade.<ref name="opm.gov"/> Once deputies graduate from the Academy they are reclassified as [[Special agent|1811 Criminal Investigators]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opm.gov/fedclass/gs181011.pdf |title=Position Classification Standard for General Investigating/Criminal Investigating Series, GS-1810/1811 |publisher=[[United States Office of Personnel Management]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327051121/http://www.opm.gov/fedclass/gs181011.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2009 }}</ref> this allows them to work additional hours and receive an additional 25% [[Law Enforcement Availability Pay]] on top of their base pay. Prior to this new deputies did not receive the [[Special agent|1811 Criminal Investigators]] until after they reached the GS-11 pay grade. This practice caused financial hardship and retention issues to new deputies coming into the agency in the past. After the first year in grade, they are promoted to [[General Schedule (US civil service pay scale)|GS]]-9, then to [[General Schedule (US civil service pay scale)|GS]]-11 after a second year, and then to [[General Schedule (US civil service pay scale)|GS]]-12 after a third year.

Duties performed include criminal investigations, execution of warrants, and other investigative operations. They also protect government officials, process seized assets of crime rings for investigative agencies, and relocate and arrange new identities for federal witnesses in the [[United States Federal Witness Protection Program]], which is headed by the USMS.<ref name="WitSec">{{cite web |title=Witness Security - U.S. Marshals |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/what-we-do/witness-security |website=United States Marshals Service |date=August 3, 2020 |publisher=Department of Justice |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref> After Congress passed the [[Adam Walsh Act]], the U.S. Marshals Service was chosen to head the new federal sex offender tracking and prosecution team.<ref name="Sex Offender Tracking">{{cite web |title=Most Wanted International Sex Offenders |url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/what-we-do/fugitive-investigations/most-wanted-international-sex-offenders |website=United States Marshals Service |date=September 19, 2020 |publisher=Department of Justice |access-date=20 March 2025}}</ref>

===Special Deputy Marshals===
The director of the United States Marshals Service is authorized to deputize the following persons to perform the functions of a deputy U.S. Marshal in any district designated by the director:
* Selected officers or employees of the Department of Justice;
* Selected federal, state, or local law enforcement officers whenever the law enforcement needs of the U.S. Marshals Service so require;
* Selected employees of private security companies in providing courtroom security for the Federal judiciary;
* Other persons designated by the Associate Attorney General pursuant to 28 CFR 0.19(a)(3).<ref name="specialdeputation" />

===Coast Guard as Deputy Marshals===
Commissioned officers in the [[United States Coast Guard]] may be appointed as United States Deputy Marshals in Alaska.<ref>{{USC|14|2114}}</ref>

===Court Security Officers===
Court security officers (CSOs) are contracted former law enforcement officers who receive limited deputations as armed special deputy marshals and play a role in courthouse security.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/marshals/judicial/court_security_officer.htm |title=Court Security Officer position requirements |publisher=United States Marshals Service |access-date=March 26, 2011 |archive-date=March 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301024423/http://www.justice.gov/marshals/judicial/court_security_officer.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Using security screening systems, court security officers attempt to detect and intercept weapons and other prohibited items that individuals attempt to bring into federal courthouses. There are more than 5,000 court security officers with certified law enforcement experience deployed at more than 400 federal court facilities in the United States and its territories.

===Inspectors===
The Marshal Service has the positions of inspector,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2020/mar/3/inside-us-marshals-secretive-deadly-detention-empire/|title=Inside the US Marshals' Secretive, Deadly Detention Empire|publisher=prisonlegalnews.org|date=3 March 2020|access-date=22 August 2021|archive-date=August 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822174639/https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2020/mar/3/inside-us-marshals-secretive-deadly-detention-empire/|url-status=live}}</ref> senior inspector<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/careers/duties.html|title=Duties|publisher=usmashals.gov|access-date=22 August 2021|archive-date=August 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822174635/https://www.usmarshals.gov/careers/duties.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Weichselbaum |first1=Simone |last2=McClendon |first2=Sachi |last3=Garcia |first3=Uriel J. |title=US marshals act like local police, but with more violence and less accountability |url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/investigations/2021/02/11/investigation-us-marshals-kill-more-people-but-face-less-scrutiny/4397533001/ |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=11 February 2021 |language=en-us |archive-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309210014/https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/investigations/2021/02/11/investigation-us-marshals-kill-more-people-but-face-less-scrutiny/4397533001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and chief inspector,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marusak |first1=Joe |last2=Alexander |first2=Ames |title=Deputy US Marshal who shot, killed Frankie Jennings won't face charges, Meck DA says |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article252445253.html |access-date=25 March 2023 |work=The Charlotte Observer |date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822174634/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article252445253.html |url-status=live }}</ref> depending on the duties and position to which a deputy marshal has been assigned to.
This title was created for promotions within the service usually for senior non-supervisory personnel. Senior deputy marshals assigned to regional fugitive task forces or working in special assignments requiring highly skilled criminal investigators often receive the title Inspector.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Operational non-supervisory employees assigned to the Witness Protection Program are given the title Senior Inspector.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Deputy Marshals assigned to the [[Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force]] (OCDETF) department within the USMS also hold the title of Senior Inspector.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Senior inspectors receive a [[GS-13]] pay grade level.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Line-of-duty deaths===
More than 200 U.S. Marshals, deputy marshals, and special deputy marshals have been killed in the line of duty since Marshal Robert Forsyth was shot dead by an intended recipient of court papers in [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]], Georgia, on January 11, 1794.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odmp.org/officer/5016-marshal-robert-forsyth |title=Marshal Robert Forsyth |work=Officer Down Memorial Page |access-date=March 26, 2011 |archive-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321042425/http://www.odmp.org/officer/5016-marshal-robert-forsyth |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the first U.S. federal law enforcement officer to be killed in the line of duty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odmp.org/officer/16907-constable-darius-quimby |title=Constable Darius Quimby |work=Officer Down Memorial Page |access-date=March 26, 2011 |archive-date=April 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429074511/http://www.odmp.org/officer/16907-constable-darius-quimby |url-status=live }}</ref> The dead are remembered on an honor roll permanently displayed at headquarters and at the United States Marshals' National Museum in Fort Smith, Arkansas.

===Notable marshals and deputy marshals===
<gallery>
File:Wild Bill Hickok sepia.png|[[Wild Bill Hickok]]
File:BassReeves.jpg|[[Bass Reeves]]
File:Wyatt Earp portrait.png|[[Wyatt Earp]]
File:Frederick_Douglass_(circa_1879)_(cropped).jpg|[[Frederick Douglass]]
</gallery>
* [[Nathaniel P. Banks]] (1816–1894), U.S. Marshal for Massachusetts 1879–1888
* [[Jesse D. Bright]] (1812–1875), U.S. Marshal for Indiana; later served as [[U.S. senator]] for that state
* [[Seth Bullock]] (1849–1919), businessman, rancher, [[sheriff]] for Montana, sheriff of [[Deadwood, South Dakota|Deadwood]], South Dakota, U.S. Marshal of South Dakota
* [[John F. Clark]], U.S. Marshals Service Director and U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of Virginia
* [[Charles Francis Colcord]] (1859–1934), rancher, businessman and U.S. Marshal for [[Oklahoma]]
* [[Phoebe Couzins]] (1839–1913), lawyer, first woman appointed to the U.S. Marshals
* [[Henry Dearborn]] (1751–1829), U.S. Marshal for the [[District of Maine]]
* [[Frederick Douglass]] (1818–1895), former slave and noted [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] leader, appointed U.S. Marshal for the [[District of Columbia]] in 1877
* [[Virgil Earp]] (1843–1905), Deputy U.S. Marshal, Tombstone, Arizona.
* [[Wyatt Earp]] (1848–1929), Deputy U.S. Marshal (twice, first deputized in Arizona for the purpose of [[Earp Vendetta Ride|leading a federal posse]], then in Nevada for a brief period, later in life).
** [[James Earp]] (1841-1926), Special Deputy U.S. Marshal, as a member of Wyatt's federal posse.
** [[Warren Earp]] (1855-1900), Special Deputy U.S. Marshal, as a member of Wyatt's federal posse.
* [[Frank Eaton]] (1860–1958), While a legitimate cowboy and role model for [[Pistol Pete (Oklahoma State University)|Pistol Pete]], the mascot for [[Oklahoma State University]], claims of his service as the Deputy U.S. Marshal for Judge [[Isaac C. Parker]] and related stories of revenge killings by him are provably false.
* [[Richard Griffith (general)|Richard Griffith]] (1814–1862), [[brigadier general (CSA)|Brigadier General]] for the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]
* [[Wild Bill Hickok]] (1837–1876), noted Western lawman; served as a Deputy U.S. Marshal at [[Fort Riley, Kansas]] 1867–1869
* [[Ward Hill Lamon]] (1826–1893), friend, and frequent bodyguard of President [[Abraham Lincoln]], who appointed him U.S. Marshal for the [[District of Columbia]]
* [[James Longstreet]] (1832–1904), a former high-ranking [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] general in the [[American Civil War]] who became a Republican and supporter of [[Reconstruction Acts|Reconstruction]] after the war. Appointed as U.S. Marshall for the Northern District of Georgia by [[James Garfield]] in June 1881 and served until July 1884.<ref>Varon, Elizabeth R. (2023) ''Longstreet: The Confederate General Who Defied the South'' New York: Simon & Schuster.  pp.264-281 {{isbn|978-19821-4827-0}}</ref>
* [[J. J. McAlester]] (1842–1920), U.S. Marshal for [[Indian Territory]] (1893–1897), Confederate Army captain, merchant in and founder of McAlester, Oklahoma as well as the developer of the coal mining industry in eastern Oklahoma, one of three members of the first [[Oklahoma Corporation Commission]] (1907–1911) and the second [[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma]] (1911–1915)
* [[Benjamin McCulloch]] (1811–1862), U.S. Marshal for Eastern District of Texas; became a [[brigadier general]] in the army of the [[Confederate States]] during the [[American Civil War]]
* [[Henry Eustace McCulloch]] (1816–1895), U.S. Marshal for Eastern District of Texas. Brother of Benjamin McCulloch; also a Confederate General
* [[James J. P. McShane]] (1909–1968), appointed U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia by President [[John F. Kennedy]] then named chief marshal in 1962
* [[John W. Marshall]], U.S. Marshal for the Eastern District of Virginia (1994–1999), first African-American to serve as Director of the U.S. Marshals Service (1999–2001)
* [[Bat Masterson]] (1853–1921), noted Western lawman; deputy to U.S. Marshal for Southern District of New York, appointed by [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
* [[Joseph Meek]] (1810–1875), territorial marshal for [[Oregon]]
* [[Thomas Morris (New York politician)|Thomas Morris]] (1771–1849), U.S. Marshal for [[New York (state)|New York]] District
* [[David Neagle]] (1847–1925), shot former [[Chief Justice of California]] [[David S. Terry]] to protect [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court Justice]] [[Stephen Johnson Field]], resulting in [[U.S. Supreme Court]] decision ''[[In re Neagle]]''{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
* John L. Pascucci (1948–present), former Chief of International Operations for the U.S. Marshals Service and author of ''The Manhunter: The Astounding True Story of the U.S. Marshal Who Tracked Down the World's Most Evil Criminals''. Charged with extortion in 1989.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marshals Service Official Charged with Extortion |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/07/06/marshals-service-official-charged-with-extortion/4677518f-d9a2-4ba5-a7c2-6bffb7f5f45f/ |first=Robert F. |last=Howe |date=6 July 1989 |access-date=July 30, 2018 |archive-date=September 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909000330/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/07/06/marshals-service-official-charged-with-extortion/4677518f-d9a2-4ba5-a7c2-6bffb7f5f45f/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bob Pavlak]] (1924–1994), U.S. Marshal for the District of Minnesota and Minnesota legislator
* [[Henry Massey Rector]] (1816–1899), U.S. Marshal for [[Arkansas]], later governor of that state
* [[Bass Reeves]] (July 1838 – January 1910), is thought by most to be one of the first Black men to receive a commission as a Deputy U.S. Marshal west of the Mississippi River. Before he retired from federal service in 1907, Reeves had arrested over 3,000 felons.
* [[Porter Rockwell]] (c.1813–1878), Deputy U.S. Marshal for [[Utah]]
* [[William Stephens Smith]] (1755–1816), 1789 U.S. Marshal for [[New York (state)|New York]] district and son-in-law of President [[John Adams]]
* [[Dallas Stoudenmire]] (1845–1882), successful city marshal who tamed and controlled the remote, wild and violent town of [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]], Texas; became U.S. Marshal serving West Texas and New Mexico Territory just before his death
* [[Heck Thomas]] (1850–1912), [[Bill Tilghman]] (1854–1924), and [[Chris Madsen]] (1851–1944), the "[[Three Guardsmen]]" of the [[Oklahoma Territory]]
* [[William F. Wheeler]] (1824–1894), U.S. Marshal for the [[Montana Territory]]
* Cal Whitson (1845–1926), one-eyed Deputy U.S. Marshal for the Oklahoma Territory; served as the basis for the character [[Rooster Cogburn (character)|Rooster Cogburn]] in the novel and films ''[[True Grit (novel)|True Grit]]''
* [[James E. Williams]] (1930–1999), U.S. Marshal for South Carolina, [[Medal of Honor]] recipient

==Criticism and controversy==
{{See also|Police misconduct#United States}}

===Inspector General audits===
An audit by the [[Office of Inspector General]] (OIG) (November 2010) of the Justice Department found "weaknesses in the USMS's efforts to secure federal court facilities in the six USMS district offices we visited".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/USMS/a1102.pdf |title=Audit of the United States Marshals Service's Oversight of its Judicial Facilities Security Program |date=November 2010 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |access-date=March 26, 2011 |archive-date=January 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101143432/http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/USMS/a1102.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The report found, among other things, that the Marshals Service's Judicial Security Division had contracted private security firms to provide Court Security Officers without having completed background checks. Another incident involved the Marshals Service awarding a $300 million contract to a security guard company named USProtect Corporation, which had a known history of numerous criminal activities leading to convictions for [[mail fraud]] and [[bank fraud]] and [[insurance fraud|false insurance claims]] in addition to a civil judgment against its chief financial officer. Technical problems included court security officers not being properly trained on security screening equipment, which also meant equipment not being used. The OIG noted that in February 2009, several courthouses failed to detect mock explosives sent by Marshals Service Headquarters in order to test security procedures. They also found that 18% of court security officers had outdated firearms qualifications.

===Internal thefts===
In January 2007, Deputy U.S. Marshal John Thomas Ambrose was charged with theft of Justice Department property, disclosure of confidential information, and lying to federal agents during an investigation. Deputy Ambrose had been in charge of protecting mobster-turned-informant [[Nicholas Calabrese]], who was instrumental in sending three mob bosses to prison for life.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/12/deputy-us-marshal-john-t_n_186004.html |work=[[HuffPost]] |title=Deputy US Marshal John T. Ambrose To Be Tried For Leaking Secrets To The Mob |first=Mike |last=Robinson |date=April 13, 2009 |access-date=March 26, 2011 |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606220506/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/12/deputy-us-marshal-john-t_n_186004.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A federal jury convicted Ambrose on April 27, 2009, of leaking secret government information concerning Calabrese to William Guide, a family friend and former Chicago police officer who had also served time in prison for corruption. Ambrose also was convicted of theft of government property but acquitted of lying to federal agents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/mob/1547639,marshal-ambrose-trial-loses-juror-042809.article |title= Deputy U.S. Marshal Ambrose guilty on two charges |first1=Natasha |last1=Korecki |first2=Frank |last2=Main |date=April 28, 2009 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502140324/http://www.suntimes.com/news/mob/1547639,marshal-ambrose-trial-loses-juror-042809.article |archive-date=May 2, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On October 27, 2009, Ambrose was sentenced to serve four years in prison.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/crime-law-justice/trials/02008000.topic |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |title=Trials |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720215042/http://www.chicagotribune.com/topic/crime-law-justice/trials/02008000.topic |archive-date=July 20, 2014 }}</ref>

On March 26, 2009, the body of Deputy U.S. Marshal Vincent Bustamante was discovered in [[Ciudad Juárez|Juárez]], [[Mexico]], according to the Marshals Service. Bustamante, who was accused of stealing and [[pawnbroker|pawning]] government property, was a fugitive from the law at the time of his death. [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] State Police said the body had multiple wounds to the head{{spaced ndash}} apparently consistent with an execution-style shooting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/03/26/marshal.killed/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]]|title=Wanted U.S. marshal's body found in Mexico |date=March 26, 2009 |first=Doug |last=Gross |access-date=March 26, 2011 |archive-date=October 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004203337/http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/03/26/marshal.killed/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Racial discrimination===
In 1998, retired Chief Deputy U.S. Marshal Matthew Fogg won a landmark [[Equal Employment Opportunity|EEO]] and [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964|Title VII]] [[racial discrimination]] and retaliation lawsuit against the Justice Department, for which he was awarded $4 million. The jury found the entire Marshals Service to be a "racially [[Hostile work environment|hostile environment]]" which discriminates against black employees in its promotion practices. U.S. District Judge [[Thomas Penfield Jackson]] summarized the jurors' decision by stating that they felt there was an "atmosphere of racial disharmony and mistrust within the United States Marshal Service".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramea7.com/Matthew_Foggs_BIO_WithOut_Photo.htm |title=Ramaea7.com |access-date=June 17, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720220753/http://www.ramea7.com/Matthew_Foggs_BIO_WithOut_Photo.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="bwbadge.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bwbadge.com/|title=CARCLE: Congress Against Racism and Corruption in Law EnforcementCARCLE|website=www.bwbadge.com|access-date=January 16, 2010|archive-date=January 13, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113211004/http://www.bwbadge.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2011, Fogg is president of "Bigots with Badges",<ref name="bwbadge.com"/> and executive director of CARCLE (Congress Against Racism and Corruption in Law Enforcement), and is also associated with [[Law Enforcement Against Prohibition]] (LEAP), a [[drug law]] reform organization of law enforcement officers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leap.cc/cms/index.php?name=Speakers&bio=234 |title=Matthew F. Fogg |access-date=March 26, 2011 |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611110634/http://www.leap.cc/cms/index.php?name=Speakers&bio=234 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In September 2023, U.S. Marshals Service settled a $15 million, nearly 30-year-old EEOC class action lawsuit filed by Matthew Fogg in January, 1994. Alleging discrimination against African-American Deputy U.S. Marshal applicants, employees and Detention Officers with regard to hiring, promotions, recruitment and headquarter assignments.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/press-release/us-marshals-service-reaches-settlement-class-action-lawsuit | title=U.S. Marshals Service Reaches Settlement in Class Action Lawsuit &#124; U.S. Marshals Service | date=25 September 2023 }}</ref>

===Ruby Ridge===
{{Main|Ruby Ridge standoff}}

The Department of Justice under [[Janet Reno]] acknowledged wrongdoing in U.S. marshals' decisions surrounding a firefight at [[Ruby Ridge]] in 1992, where a deputy U.S. marshal shot 14-year-old Samuel Weaver in the back. Afterwards, deputy U.S. marshals became involved in a gunfight with Weaver's father, who was wanted on a federal warrant for failure to appear, and another person. Deputy U.S. marshals dispute this claim. Deputy U.S. marshal Billy Degan was killed during a surveillance operation after identifying himself as a federal agent. This led to an extended gunfight in which both sides fired several rounds. Samuel Weaver was shot and killed. His body was taken to a small building for more than a week and an autopsy was unable to determine entry and exit wounds (see Idaho Federal Court Transcripts for clarification of this incident).{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} ''[[Newsweek]]'' described the incident as "one of the most shameful episodes in the history of American law enforcement".<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=August 27, 1995 |title=Echoes of Ruby Ridge |work=[[Newsweek]]|url=http://www.newsweek.com/echoes-ruby-ridge-182402 |access-date=October 1, 2017 |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029121652/https://www.newsweek.com/echoes-ruby-ridge-182402 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
<!-- Non-notable entries will be removed. -->
* Deputy Marshal [[Raylan Givens]] stars in the modern western crime TV series ''[[Justified (TV series)|Justified]]'' and the spin-off miniseries ''[[Justified: City Primeval]]'', both of which are based on [[Elmore Leonard]] stories.
* Deputy Marshal Karen Sisco stars in the crime comedy film ''[[Out of Sight]]'', and a spin-off crime drama TV series, ''[[Karen Sisco]]''. The character, created by Elmore Leonard, also appeared in a [[Justified (season 3)|season 3]] episode of ''Justified'', while a second character, a police detective from ''Out of Sight'', also appears in ''Justified: City Primeval''.
* Marshal [[Marshal Matt Dillon|Matt Dillon]] stars in the [[Western (genre)|Western]] drama radio and television series ''[[Gunsmoke]]''.
* Deputy Marshal [[List of In Plain Sight characters#Mary Shannon|Mary Shannon]] stars in the crime drama TV series ''[[In Plain Sight]]'' 
* Deputy Marshal [[Rooster Cogburn (character)|"Rooster" Cogburn]] features in the western novel ''[[True Grit (novel)|True Grit]]'', the two film versions thereof ([[True Grit (1969 film)|1969]] and [[True Grit (2010 film)|2010]]), and the first film's sequel, [[Rooster Cogburn (film)|''Rooster Cogburn'']]
* Deputy Marshal [[Wyatt Earp]] and his brothers Deputy Marshal [[Virgil Earp|Virgil]], Special Deputy Marshal [[James Earp|James]] and Special Deputy Marshal [[Warren Earp|Warren]], all based on real life U.S. Marshals, star in the western drama film ''[[Tombstone (film)|Tombstone]]'', one of [[Wyatt Earp in popular culture|many films and TV shows to star the Earp brothers]], along with brothers and local lawmen [[Morgan Earp|Morgan]] and [[Newton Jasper Earp|Newton]]. This includes the film ''[[Wyatt Earp (film)|Wyatt Earp]]'', tv series ''[[The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp]]'' and streaming series ''[[Wyatt Earp and the Cowboy War]]''.
* Deputy Marshal J.D. Cahill stars in the western drama film ''[[Cahill U.S. Marshal]]''.
* Supervisory Deputy Marshal Samuel Gerard stars in the action thriller films [[The Fugitive (1993 film)|''The Fugitive'']], and its spin-off [[U.S. Marshals (film)|''U.S. Marshals'']].
* Deputy Marshal Carrie Stetko stars in the crime thriller graphic novel ''[[Whiteout (Oni Press)|Whiteout]]'', and the [[Whiteout (2009 film)|2009 film]] of the same name based on the novel, as the lone Deputy Marshal assigned to [[Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station]] in Antarctica.
* Deputy Marshal Winston MacBride stars in the action drama series ''[[The Marshal]]'', as a lone marshal pursuing fugitives across the country.
* Deputy Marshal Vince Larkin stars in the action film ''[[Con Air]]'', which largely takes place aboard a hijacked Marshal Service prisoner transport plane, nicknamed "Con Air". 
* Deputy Marshal Annie Frost stars alongside a group of Marshals out of Houston who form the Fugitive Apprehension Team on the drama series ''[[Chase (2010 TV series)|Chase]]''.
* A team of Deputy Marshals star in the action comedy TV series ''[[Eagleheart (TV series)|Eagleheart]]''
* Deputy Marshal James Anderson (retired) is a main character in the video game ''[[Outlaws (1997 video game)|Outlaws]]''.
<!-- Non-notable entries will be removed. -->

==See also==
* [[Federal law enforcement in the United States]]
* [[Law enforcement in the United States]]
{{Portal bar|United States|Politics}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ball, Larry D. (1978). ''The United States Marshals of New Mexico and Arizona Territories, 1846–1912''.
* Ball, Larry D. (Summer 1993). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41696005.pdf {{"'}}Just and Right in Every Particular': US Marshal Zan Tidball and the Politics of Frontier Law Enforcement"] (PDF). ''Journal of Arizona History'' 34.2: 177–200. {{JSTOR|i40079610}}.
* Calhoun, Frederick S. (1989). [https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/104856NCJRS.pdf ''The Lawmen: United States Marshals and Their Deputies''] (advance excerpt). Smithsonian Press.
* Ellis, Mark R. (2007). ''Law and Order in Buffalo Bill's Country: Legal Culture and Community on the Great Plains, 1867–1910''. University of Nebraska Press.
* Gomez, Laura E. (2000). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-society-review/article/race-colonialism-and-criminal-law-mexicans-and-the-american-criminal-justice-system-in-territorial-new-mexico/77FD23C4EBFDAD60BDC7D41894E0171C "Race, Colonialism, and Criminal Law: Mexicans and the American Criminal Justice System in Territorial New Mexico"]. ''Law and Society Review'' '''34''':4. 1129–1202.
* Lamar, Howard R. (1998). ''The New Encyclopedia of the American West''. pp.&nbsp;678–79.
* [[David S. Turk|Turk, David S.]] (2016). ''Forging the Star: The Official Modern History of the United States Marshals Service''. University of North Texas Press.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.usmarshals.gov/}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/usmarshals/ U.S. Marshals Service Office of Public Affairs] Official [[Flickr]] account
* [http://www.usmarshals.gov/judicial/ Court Security Program]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065002/http://www.usmarshals.gov/judicial/ |date=July 16, 2011 }}{{spaced ndash}} includes role in CSOs
* [https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/1995/02/31/op-olc-v019-p0033.pdf Authority of FBI agents, serving as special deputy United States marshals, to pursue non-federal fugitives]
* [https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/1994/05/31/op-olc-v018-p0125_0.pdf Deputization of Members of Congress as special deputy U.S. marshals]
* [http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/28C37.txt USC on the U.S. Marshals Service]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301013709/http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/28C37.txt |date=March 1, 2007 }}
* [http://rusma.com/ Retired US Marshals Association]
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/m/ds/ U.S. Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)]
* [http://www.allgov.com/officials/hylton-stacia?officialid=28491 Stacia Hylton Director of U.S. Marshals Service 12/23/10 to 6/9/15]
* [[United States Code]] [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2010-title14/html/USCODE-2010-title14-partI-chap17-sec634.htm 14 U.S.C. § 634 "Officers holding certain offices"]

{{DOJ agencies}}
{{Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United States Marshals Service| ]]
[[Category:1789 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Court security]]
[[Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Department of Justice agencies]]