View source for United States service academies

{{Short description|Federal academies for commissioned officers of the U.S. Armed Forces}}
{{broader|United States military schools and academies}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2011}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
The '''United States service academies''', also known as '''United States military academies''', are [[United States federal academies|federal academies]] for the [[undergraduate education]] and training of [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned officers]] for the [[United States Armed Forces]].

There are five U.S. service academies:
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* The [[United States Military Academy]] (USMA) in [[West Point, New York]], founded in 1802
* The [[United States Naval Academy]] (USNA) in [[Annapolis, Maryland]], founded in 1845
* The [[United States Coast Guard Academy]] (USCGA) in [[New London, Connecticut]], founded in 1876
* The [[United States Merchant Marine Academy]] (USMMA) in [[Kings Point, New York]], founded in 1943
* The [[United States Air Force Academy]] (USAFA) in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]], founded in 1954

==Description==
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Service academies can be used to refer to all of the academies collectively. While they are often referred to as military academies, only the Military Academy, the Naval Academy, and the Air Force Academy are operated by the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. The Coast Guard Academy is operated by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]], and the Merchant Marine Academy is operated by the [[United States Department of Transportation|Department of Transportation]]. Students enrolled at the Military Academy, the Naval Academy, the Air Force Academy, and the Coast Guard Academy are considered to be on [[active duty]] in the United States Armed Forces from the day they enter the academy, with the rank of [[cadet]] or [[midshipman]], and subject to the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]]. Students enrolled at the Merchant Marine Academy serve in the [[United States Navy Reserve|U.S. Navy Reserve]], with the rank of midshipman and are only subject to the UCMJ while actively training with the U.S. military on Navy orders.

The Naval Academy and Air Force Academy are noteworthy in that they each serve two different services. The Naval Academy commissions midshipmen into both the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] and the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]]. The Air Force Academy commissions cadets into both the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] and the [[United States Space Force|U.S. Space Force]].

In the case of the non–military Merchant Marine Academy, midshipmen may elect to receive an active duty or reserves commission in any branch of the [[Uniformed services of the United States|uniformed services]], including [[NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps|NOAA]] and the [[United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps|United States Public Health Service]]. Most are commissioned into the Navy Reserve, Strategic Sealift Officer Force.

Students at the Military Academy, the Air Force Academy, and the Coast Guard Academy are cadets, while students at the Naval Academy and the Merchant Marine Academy are midshipmen. All cadets and midshipmen receive taxable pay at a rate of 35% of an O-1 under two years of service (which can be used to pay for textbooks and uniforms), free room and board, and pay no tuition or fees, with the exception of USMMA who receive taxable pay at US$1,217.10 a month only during their required 300+ days at sea during their four-year studies.

===Nominations===
All applicants, except for the Coast Guard Academy, are required to obtain a nomination to the academies. Nominations may be made by Congressional Representatives, Senators, the [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]], and the [[President of the United States|President]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usna.edu/Admissions/Apply/index.php#fndtn-panel3-Steps-for |title=Steps for Admission: Apply for Nomination |work=United States Naval Academy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://uscga.edu/admissions/admission-requirements/ |title=Admission Requirements |work=United States Coast Guard Academy |access-date=2022-12-15 }}</ref> Applicants to the Coast Guard Academy compete in a direct nationwide competitive process that has no by-state quotas.{{fact|date=December 2021}}

===Admissions===
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The admissions process to the U.S. service academies is an extensive and very competitive process. The Military Academy, the Naval Academy, and the Air Force Academy all require an applicant to submit an online file and proceed through pre-candidate qualification before an application is provided. The Merchant Marine Academy requires an applicant to submit part 1 of the 3 part application prior to receiving a nomination. All these schools have an extremely competitive application process and are ranked annually by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' and ''[[Forbes]]'' as some of the most selective colleges and universities in the United States. The average acceptance rate is between 8–17% for each of the schools.

===Duty commitments===
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Upon graduation and the receipt of a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree, the cadets and midshipmen commission as [[second lieutenant]]s or [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]]s and must serve a minimum [[tour of duty|term of duty]], usually five years plus another three years in the [[Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|reserves]]. If the student's chosen occupation requires particularly extensive training (such as [[Military aviation|aviation]] or [[special operations]]), the service commitment may be longer.

At the Merchant Marine Academy, midshipmen repay their service obligations through a variety of methods depending on their selected career path. On average, about one third of the graduating class each year will actively sail on their Coast Guard license as either Unlimited [[Third mate|Third Mates]] or [[Fourth engineer|Third Assistant Engineers]] in the [[United States Merchant Marine|U.S. Merchant Marine]], about one third will go to work in the civilian maritime industry ashore, and the remaining one third will enter active duty military service.

A Merchant Marine midshipman who enters active duty military service will typically assume a service obligation similar to those of cadets and midshipmen entering the military services from their respective service academies (i.e., a Merchant Marine midshipman entering the U.S. Marine Corps would assume a similar obligation to a midshipman from the Naval Academy entering the Marine Corps).

Merchant Marine midshipmen not entering active duty typically assume an eight-year obligation to the Navy Reserve Strategic Sealift Officer Program, unless they have elected to enter another branch of the armed forces. In addition, midshipmen who do not serve on active duty are restricted from working outside the maritime industry or merchant marine for a period of five years following graduation and must seek annual [[United States Maritime Administration|MARAD]] approval for their employment.

==Preparatory schools==
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Preparatory schools provide for strengthening of academic potential of candidates to each of the above-described U.S. service academies. Admission is restricted to those students who have applied to an academy, failed initially to qualify, either academically or physically, but who have demonstrated an ability to qualify during the initial admission selection process:
* [[United States Military Academy Preparatory School]] in West Point, New York
* [[Naval Academy Preparatory School]] in Newport, Rhode Island
* [[United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School]] in Colorado Springs, Colorado

==See also==
* [[List of United States military schools and academies]]
* [[List of defunct military academies in the United States|List of defunct United States military academies]]
* [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]]
** [[Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps|Army ROTC]]
** [[Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps|Navy ROTC]]
** [[Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps|Air Force ROTC]]
* [[United States senior military college]]s (SMCs)
* [[Military junior college|United States military junior colleges]] (MJCs)
* U.S. military graduate schools:
** [[Air Force Institute of Technology]]
** [[Naval Postgraduate School]]
** [[Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences]]
* [[Staff college]]s

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.usma.edu United States Military Academy]
* [http://www.usna.edu United States Naval Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906180027/http://www.usna.edu/ |date=6 September 2016 }}
* [http://www.uscga.edu United States Coast Guard Academy]
* [http://www.usmma.edu United States Merchant Marine Academy]
* [http://www.usafa.edu United States Air Force Academy]

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{{United States federal service academies}}

[[Category:United States military service academies| ]]
[[Category:Military academies of the United States|*]]