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{{Short description|Fictional technology that instantly translates any language}}
{{See also|Interlingual machine translation}}
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A '''universal translator''' is a device common to many [[science fiction]] works, especially on television. First described in [[Murray Leinster]]'s 1945 [[novella]] "[[First Contact (novelette)|First Contact]]",<ref>"Hic Rhodus, His Salta" by [[Robert Silverberg]], [[Asimov's Science Fiction]], January 2009, page 6.</ref> the translator's purpose is to offer an instant [[translation]] of any [[language]].

As a convention, it is used to remove the problem of translating between [[alien language]]s when it is not vital to the plot. Especially in science fiction television, translating a new language in every episode when a new species is encountered would consume time normally allotted for plot development and would potentially become repetitive to the point of annoyance. Occasionally, intelligent alien races are portrayed as being able to extrapolate the [[English grammar|rules of English]] from little speech and rapidly become fluent in it, making the translator unnecessary.

While a ''universal'' translator seems unlikely, scientists continue to work towards similar real-world technologies involving small numbers of known languages.<ref>{{cite news | title  = 'Tower of Babel' translator made | date = 2006-10-25 | work = [[BBC News]] | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6083994.stm | access-date = 2008-08-05 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=February 2023|reason=Google Translate covers most of the world's population very well.}}

==General==
As a rule, a universal translator is instantaneous, but if that language has never been recorded, there is sometimes a time delay until the translator can properly work out a translation, as is true of ''[[Star Trek]]''. The operation of these translators is often explained as using some form of telepathy by reading the brain patterns of the speaker(s) to determine what they are saying; some writers seek greater plausibility by instead having computer translation that requires collecting a database of the new language, often by listening to radio transmissions.

The existence of a universal translator tends to raise questions from a logical perspective, such as:
* The continued functioning of the translator even when no device is evident;
* Multiple speakers hear speech in one and only one language (so for example, for a [[Spanish language|Spanish]] speaker and a [[German language|German]] speaker listening to an [[Italian language|Italian]] speaker the Spanish speaker would only hear Spanish and neither the original Italian nor the translated German, while the German speaker would not hear any Spanish nor Italian but only German);
* Characters' mouths move in sync with the translated words and not the original language;
* The ability for the translator to function in real-time even for languages with different word order (such as a phrase ''the horse standing in front of the barn'' would end up in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as 納屋の前に立っている馬, lit. ''barn-in-front-at-standing-horse''; however, there is no delay for the Japanese listener even when the English speaker has yet to mention the barn).

Nonetheless, it removes the need for cumbersome and potentially extensive subtitles, and it eliminates the rather unlikely supposition that every other race in the galaxy has gone to the trouble of learning English.

== Fictional depictions ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2010}}

===''Doctor Who''===
Using a [[telepathy|telepathic field]], the [[TARDIS]] automatically translates most comprehensible languages (written and spoken) into a language understood by its pilot and each of the crew members. The field also translates what they say into a language appropriate for that time and location (e.g., speaking the appropriate dialect of [[Latin]] when in ancient [[Rome]]). This system has frequently been featured as a main part of the show. The TARDIS, and by extension a number of its major systems, including the translator, are telepathically linked to its pilot, [[Doctor (Doctor Who)|the Doctor]].  None of these systems appear able to function reliably when the Doctor is incapacitated.  In "[[The Fires of Pompeii]]", when companion [[Donna Noble]] attempts to speak the local language directly, her words are humorously rendered into what sounds to a local like Welsh. One flaw of this translation process is that if the language a word is being translated into does not have a concept for it, the word may not be correctly translated or understood. For example, the Romans don't have a word or a general understanding of "volcano" as [[Mount Vesuvius]] has not erupted yet.

===''Farscape''===
On the TV show ''[[Farscape]]'', [[John Crichton (Farscape)|John Crichton]] is injected with bacteria called translator microbes which function as a sort of universal translator. The microbes colonize the host's brainstem and translate anything spoken to the host, passing along the translated information to the host's brain.  This does not enable the injected person to speak other languages; they continue to speak their own language and are only understood by others as long as the listeners possess the microbes. The microbes sometimes fail to properly translate slang, translating it literally. Also, the translator microbes cannot translate the natural language of the alien Pilots or [[Diagnosan]]s because every word in their language can contain thousands of meanings, far too many for the microbes to translate; thus Pilots must learn to speak in "simple sentences", while Diagnosans require interpreters. The implanted can learn to speak new languages if they want or to make communicating with non-injected individuals possible.  The crew of [[Moya (Farscape)|Moya]] learned English from Crichton, thereby being able to communicate with the non-implanted populace when the crew visited Earth. Some species, such as the [[List of races in Farscape#Kalish|Kalish]], cannot use translator microbes because their body rejects them, so they must learn a new language through their own efforts.

===''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy''===
In the universe of ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', universal translation is made possible by a small fish called a "babel fish". The fish is inserted into the auditory canal where it feeds off the mental frequencies of those speaking to its host. In turn it excretes a translation into the brain of its host.

The book remarks that, by allowing everyone to understand each other, the babel fish has caused more wars than anything else in the universe.

The book also explains that the babel fish could not possibly have developed naturally and therefore proves the existence of God as its creator, which in turn proves the non-existence of God. Since God needs faith to exist, and this proof dispels the need for faith, this therefore causes God to vanish "in a puff of logic".

===''Men in Black''===
The [[Men in Black (franchise)|''Men in Black'' franchise]] possess a universal translator, which, as [[Agent K]] explains in the first film, [[Men in Black (1997 film)|''Men in Black'']], they are not allowed to have because "human thought is so primitive, it's looked upon as an infectious disease in some of the better galaxies." remarking “That kinda makes you proud, doesn’t it?”

===''Neuromancer''===
In [[William Gibson]]'s novel ''[[Neuromancer]]'', along with the other novels in his [[Sprawl trilogy]], ''[[Count Zero]]'' and ''[[Mona Lisa Overdrive]]'', devices known as "microsofts" are small chips plugged into "wetware" sockets installed behind the user's ear, giving them certain knowledge and/or skills as long as they are plugged in, such as the ability to speak another language.  (The name is a combination of the words "micro" and "soft", and is not named after the software firm [[Microsoft]].)

===''Star Control''===
In the ''[[Star Control]]'' computer game series, almost all races are implied to have universal translators; however, discrepancies between the ways aliens choose to translate themselves sometimes crop up and complicate communications. The [[VUX]], for instance, are cited as having uniquely advanced skills in linguistics and can translate human language long before humans are capable of doing the same to the VUX. This created a problem during the first contact between Vux and humans, in a starship commanded by Captain Rand. According to ''[[Star control#Star Control|Star Control: Great Battles of the Ur-Quan Conflict]]'', Captain Rand is referred to as saying "That is one ugly sucker" when the image of a VUX first came onto his viewscreen. However, in ''[[Star Control II#Star Control II|Star Control II]]'', Captain Rand is referred to as saying "That is the ugliest freak-face I've ever seen" to his first officer, along with joking that the VUX name stands for Very Ugly Xenoform. It is debatable which source is canon. Whichever the remark, it is implied that the VUX's advanced Universal Translator technologies conveyed the exact meaning of Captain Rand's words. The effete VUX used the insult as an excuse for hostility toward humans.

Also, a new race called the [[Orz (Star Control)|Orz]] was introduced in ''Star Control II''. They presumably come from another dimension, and at first contact, the ship's computer says that there are many vocal anomalies in their language resulting from their referring to concepts or phenomena for which there are no equivalents in human language. The result is dialogue that is a patchwork of ordinary words and phrases marked with *asterisk pairs* indicating that they are loose translations of unique Orz concepts into human language, a full translation of which would probably require paragraph-long definitions. (For instance, the Orz refer to the human dimension as *heavy space* and their own as *Pretty Space*, to various categories of races as *happy campers* or *silly cows*, and so on.)

In the other direction, the [[Supox]] are a race portrayed as attempting to mimic as many aspects of other races' language and culture as possible when speaking to them, to the point of referring to their own planet as “[[Earth]],” also leading to confusion.

In ''Star Control III'', the [[K'tang|K’tang]] are portrayed as an intellectually inferior species using advanced technology they do not fully understand to intimidate people, perhaps explaining why their translators’ output is littered with misspellings and nonstandard usages of words, like threatening to “crushify” the player. Along the same lines, the [[Daktaklakpak]] dialogue is highly stilted and contains many numbers and mathematical expressions, implying that, as a mechanical race, their thought processes are inherently too different from humans’ to be directly translated into human language.

===''Star Trek''===
In ''[[Star Trek]]'', the universal translator was used by [[Ensign (Star Trek)|Ensign]] [[Hoshi Sato]], the communications officer on the ''[[Enterprise (NX-01)|Enterprise]]'' in ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'', to invent the linguacode matrix. It was supposedly first used in the late 22nd century on Earth for the instant translation of well-known Earth languages. Gradually, with the removal of language barriers, Earth's disparate cultures came to terms of universal peace. Translations of previously unknown languages, such as those of aliens, required more difficulties to be overcome.

Like most other common forms of ''Star Trek'' technology (warp drive, transporters, etc.), the universal translator was probably developed independently on several worlds as an inevitable requirement of space travel; certainly the [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcans]] had no difficulty communicating with humans upon making "[[Star Trek: First Contact|first contact]]" (although the Vulcans could have learned [[Standard English]] from monitoring Earth radio transmissions). The Vulcan ship that landed during [[first contact (science fiction)|First Contact]] was a survey vessel. The Vulcans had been surveying the humans for over a hundred years, when first contact actually occurred to T'Pol's great-grandmother, T'mir, in the episode "[[Carbon Creek (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Carbon Creek]]"; however, in ''Star Trek First Contact'' it is implied that they learned English by surveying the planets in the Solar System. [[Deanna Troi]] mentions the Vulcans have no interest in Earth as it is "too primitive", but the [[Prime Directive]] states not to interfere with pre-Warp species. The Vulcans only noticed the warp trail and came to investigate.

Improbably, the universal translator has been successfully used to interpret non-biological lifeform communication (in the ''Original Series'' episode "[[Metamorphosis (Star Trek: The Original Series)|Metamorphosis]]"). In the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' (''TNG'') episode "[[The Ensigns of Command]]", the translator proved ineffective with the language of the [[Sheliak]]s, so the [[United Federation of Planets|Federation]] had to depend on the aliens' interpretation of Earth languages. The ''TNG'' episode "[[Darmok]]" also illustrates another instance where the universal translator proves ineffective and unintelligible, because the Tamarian language is too deeply rooted in local [[metaphor]].

Unlike virtually every other form of Federation technology, universal translators almost never break down. A notable exception is in the ''[[Star Trek: Discovery]]'' episode "An Obol for Charon", where alien interference causes the translator to malfunction and translate crew speech and computer text into multiple languages at random, requiring [[Commander (Star Trek)|Commander]] [[Saru (Star Trek: Discovery)|Saru]]'s fluency in nearly one hundred languages to repair the problem. Although universal translators were clearly in widespread use during this era and [[Captain (Star Trek)|Captain]] [[James T. Kirk|Kirk]]'s time (inasmuch as the crew regularly communicated with species who could not conceivably have knowledge of Standard English), it is unclear where they were carried on personnel of that era.

The episode "[[Metamorphosis (Star Trek: The Original Series)|Metamorphosis]]" was the only time in which the device was actually seen; Spock removes the device that had been installed in a shuttlecraft, modifies so that they can communicate with a non-corporeal alien, using the translator as a hand-held device. In the episode "[[Arena (Star Trek: The Original Series)|Arena]]" the Metrons supply Captain Kirk and the Gorn commander with a Translator-Communicator, allowing conversation between them to be possible. During Kirk's era, they were also apparently less perfect in their translations into [[Klingon language|Klingon]]. In the [[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country|sixth ''Star Trek'' film]], the characters are seen relying on print books in order to communicate with a Klingon military ship, since [[Pavel Chekov|Chekov]] said that the Klingons would recognize the use of a Translator. Actress [[Nichelle Nichols]] reportedly protested this scene, as she felt that [[Uhura]], as communications officer during what was effectively a cold war, would be trained in [[fluency|fluent]] Klingon to aid in such situations. The novelization of that movie provided a different reason for the use of books: the translator had been sabotaged by somebody working on the Starfleet side of the conspiracy in the story, but the novelization is not part of the [[Star Trek canon|''Star Trek'' canon]]. In that same movie, during the trial scene of Kirk and McCoy before a Klingon judiciary, the Captain and the Doctor are holding communication devices while a Klingon (played by Todd Bryant) translates for them. 

By the 24th century, universal translators are built into the communicator pins worn by [[Starfleet]] personnel, although there were instances when crew members (such as [[William Riker|Riker]] in the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation|Next Generation]]'' episode "[[First Contact (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|First Contact]]") spoke to newly encountered aliens even when deprived of their communicators. In the ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' episode "[[The 37's (Star Trek: Voyager)|The 37's]]" the device apparently works among intra-species languages as well; after the ''Voyager'' crew discovers and revives eight humans abducted in 1937 (including [[Amelia Earhart]] and [[Fred Noonan]]) and held in [[Stasis (fiction)|stasis]] since then, a Japanese Army officer expresses surprise that an Ohio farmer is apparently speaking Japanese, while the farmer is equally surprised to hear the soldier speaking English (the audience hears them all speaking English only, however). Certain Starfleet programs, such as the Emergency Medical Hologram, have universal translators encoded into the programming.

The ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual]]'' says that the universal translator is an "extremely sophisticated computer program" which functions by "analyzing the patterns" of an unknown foreign language, starting from a speech sample of two or more speakers in conversation. The more extensive the conversational sample, the more accurate and reliable is the "translation matrix", enabling instantaneous conversion of verbal utterances or written text between the alien language and American English / Federation Standard.<ref>Rick Sternbach and Michael Okuda, ''Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual (introduction by Gene Roddenberry)'', p. 101. Simon & Schuster, 1991.</ref>

In some episodes of ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'', we see a [[Cardassian]] universal translator at work. It takes some time to process an alien language, whose speakers are initially not understandable but as they continue speaking, the computer gradually learns their language and renders it into Standard English (also known as Federation Standard).

[[Ferengi]] customarily wear their universal translators as an implant in their ears. In the ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' (''DS9'') episode "[[Little Green Men (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)|Little Green Men]]", in which the show's regular Ferengi accidentally become the [[Roswell UFO incident|three aliens in Roswell]], the humans without translators are unable to understand the Ferengi (who likewise can not understand the English spoken by the human observers) until the Ferengi get their own translators working. Similarly, throughout all ''Trek'' series, a universal translator possessed by only one party can audibly broadcast the results within a limited range, enabling communication between two or more parties, all speaking different languages. The devices appear to be standard equipment on starships and space stations, where a communicator pin would therefore presumably not be strictly necessary.

Since the Universal Translator presumably does not physically affect the process by which the user's vocal cords (or alien equivalent) forms audible speech (i.e. the user is nonetheless speaking in his/her/its own language regardless of the listener's language), the listener apparently hears only the speaker's translated words and not the alien language that the speaker is actually, physically articulating; the unfamiliar oratory is therefore not only translated but somehow replaced. The universal translator is often used in cases of contact with pre-warp societies such as in the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode "[[Who Watches the Watchers]]", and its detection could conceivably lead to a violation of the Prime Directive. Therefore, logically there must be some mechanism by which the lips of the speaker are perceived to be in sync with the words spoken. No explanation of the mechanics of this function appears to have been provided; the viewer is required to suspend disbelief enough to overcome the apparent limitation.

== Non-fictional translators ==
{{See also|Mobile translation|Machine translation}}
{{Contradicts other|date=June 2012|1=Machine translation}}
[[Microsoft]] is developing its own translation technology, for incorporation into many of their software products and services. Most notably this includes real-time translation of video calls with [[Skype Translator]]. As of July 2019, [[Microsoft Translator]] supports over 65 languages and can translate video calls between English, French, German, Chinese (Mandarin), Italian, and Spanish.

In 2010, [[Google]] announced that it was developing a translator. Using a voice recognition system and a database, a robotic voice will recite the translation in the desired language.<ref>{{cite news  | title = Google's Next Venture: Universal Translator  | date = 2010-02-08  | work = PC World  | url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/188777  | access-date = 2010-02-08  | archive-date = 2011-06-05  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605073828/http://www.pcworld.com/article/188777  | url-status = dead  }}</ref>
Google's stated aim is to translate the entire world's information. Roya Soleimani, a spokesperson for Google, said during a 2013 interview demonstrating the translation app on a smartphone, "You can have access to the world's languages right in your pocket... The goal is to become that ultimate Star Trek computer."<ref>{{cite news  | author = Alison van Diggelen  | title  = From Babel to Star Trek: The Quest for Translation  | date = 2013-08-05  | work = KQED  | url = http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201308050850/b#sthash.sib90ihU.dpuf  | access-date = 2013-10-02  }}</ref>
 
The [[United States Army]] has also developed a two-way translator for use in Iraq.  TRANSTAC (Spoken Language Communication and Translation System for Tactical Use), though, only focuses on Arabic-English translation.<ref>{{cite news  | author = Lucian Dorneanu  | title  = US Army Develops Automatic Translators for Iraq Soldiers  | date = 2007-07-24  | work = Softpedia  | url = http://news.softpedia.com/news/US-Army-Wants-Automatic-Translators-for-Iraq-Soldiers-60817.shtml  | access-date = 2010-02-08  }}</ref>
The United States Army has scrapped the TRANSTAC Program and is developing in conjunction with DARPA, the BOLT (Broad Operational Language Translation) in its place.

In February 2010, a communications software called VoxOx launched a two-way translator service for instant messaging, SMS, email and social media titled the VoxOx Universal Translator.<ref>{{Cite web  | title  = VoxOx Adds Native Translation to Differentiate from Skype, Google Voice  | author = Clint Boulton  | date = 2010-02-16  | url = http://www.eweek.com/c/a/VOIP-and-Telephony/VoxOx-Adds-Native-Translation-to-Differentiate-From-Skype-Google-Voice-575273/  }}</ref>
It enables two people to communicate instantly with each other while both typing in their native languages.<ref>{{Cite web  | title  = VoxOx Real-Time Language Translation For SMS/Chat/Email/Twitter Makes You Fluent Across the Globe  | author = Brian Barrett  | date = 2010-02-16  | url = https://gizmodo.com/5472968/voxox-real+time-language-translation-for-smschatemailtwitter-makes-you-fluent-across-the-globe  }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Speculative fiction|Television}}
* [[Interlingual machine translation]]
* [[List of language interpreters in fiction]]
* [[Mobile translation]]
* [[Pivot language]]
* [[Phraselator]]
* [[Speech translation]]
* [[Universal language]]
* See [[speech recognition]], [[machine translation]] and [[speech synthesis]] for discussions of real-world [[natural language processing]] technologies.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Memory Alpha|Universal translator}}
* [https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/31/reverse-engineering-the-universal-translator/ Reverse-engineering the universal translator]

[[Category:Fictional technology]]
[[Category:Fiction about interpreting and translation]]
[[Category:Science fiction themes]]
[[Category:Star Trek devices]]
[[Category:Machine translation]]
[[Category:Fictional alien languages]]