View source for University of Salamanca

{{short description|Public university in Salamanca, Spain}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Pontifical University of Salamanca]]}}
{{Infobox university
 | name                   = University of Salamanca
 | native_name            = ''Universidad de Salamanca''
 | native_name_lang       = es
 | image                  = University of Salamanca vector seal.svg
 | caption                = Seal of the University of Salamanca
 | motto                  = ''Omnium scientiarum princeps Salmantica docet'' ([[Latin]])
 | mottoeng               = Salamanca is foremost in teaching all the sciences
 | logo                   = Logotipo Universidad de Salamanca.svg
 | logo_alt               = Universidad de Salamanca logo
 | established            = 1218<ref name="Alvarez Villar">{{cite book |last=Álvarez Villar |first=Julián |date=1972 |title=La Universidad de Salamanca: arte y tradiciones |isbn=847481751X |page=13 |publisher=Universidad de Salamanca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxXTlyyj4gAC}}</ref>
 | type                   = [[public university|Public]]
 | endowment              = 
 | administrative_staff   = 1,252<ref name="usal_stats_staff">{{cite web |author=University of Salamanca |title=Personal |url=http://www.usal.es/web-usal/Universidad/personal.shtml |language=es| access-date = 2008-09-15| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325111448/http://www.usal.es/web-usal/Universidad/personal.shtml| archive-date = 2009-03-25}}</ref>
 | rector                 = [[Juan Manuel Corchado]]
 | students               = 30.000
 | undergrad              = 
 | postgrad               = 
 | doctoral               = 2,240<ref name="usal_stats_students">{{cite web |author=University of Salamanca |title=Estudiantes |url=http://www.usal.es/web-usal/Universidad/estudiantes.shtml |language=es| access-date = 2008-09-15| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325111357/http://www.usal.es/web-usal/Universidad/estudiantes.shtml| archive-date = 2009-03-25}}</ref>
 | faculty                = 2,453<ref name="usal_stats_staff"/>
 | city                   = [[Salamanca]]
 | state                  = [[Castile and León]]
 | country                = [[Spain]]
 | campus                 = Urban/[[College town]]
 | coordinates            = {{Coord|40|57|41|N|05|40|00|W|region:ES-CL_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
 | free_label             = 
 | free                   = 
 | colours                = {{color box|#B22222}} [[Carmine (color)|Carmine]]
 | academic_affiliations  = [[European University Association|EUA]], [[Coimbra Group]]
 | footnotes              = 
 | website                = {{official URL}}
}}
{{Infobox university rankings
| ARWU_W = 501–600 | ARWU_W_year = 2023 | ARWU_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=ARWU World University Rankings 2034|website=www.shanghairanking.com|access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref>
| QS_W = =526| QS_W_year = 2026 | QS_W_ref = <ref name=":QSW2026">{{Cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings|title=QS World University Rankings}}</ref>
| THE_W = 801–1000| THE_W_year = 2024 | THE_W_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024|title=World University Rankings|date=6 August 2023|website=timeshighereducation.com|access-date=26 August 2023|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919095416/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|USNWR_W= =770| USNWR_W_year = 2023|USNWR_W_ref=<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/spain| title = U.S. News Education: Best Global Universities 2022-23| access-date = 23 November 2023}}</ref>}}

[[File:University of Salamanca.jpg|thumb|Close up of the [[plateresque]] façade of the University of Salamanca.]]
[[File:University of Salamanca Fray Luis de Leon edited.jpg|thumb|Plateresque façade of the university facing a statue of [[Fray Luis de León]]. ]]
[[File:Patio de Escuelas-Universidad de Salamanca-Salamanca-Espana0031.JPG|thumb|School Courtyard in the university.]]
[[File:Old Library in University of Salamanca 01.jpg|thumb|The old library of the University of Salamanca.]]
[[File:Fray Luis de Leon's classroom - University of Salamanca.jpg|thumb|[[Luis de León|Fray Luis de León]]'s classroom.]]

The '''University of Salamanca''' ({{langx|es|Universidad de Salamanca}}) is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Salamanca]], Spain. Founded in 1218 by [[Alfonso IX of León|King Alfonso IX]], it is the oldest university in the [[Hispanic world]] and the fourth oldest in the world [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|in continuous operation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caldwell |first=Zelda |date=2019-02-01 |title=Salamanca: The third oldest university in the world is in Spain |url=https://aleteia.org/2019/02/01/salamanca-the-third-oldest-university-in-the-world-is-in-spain |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Aleteia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Bhupinder |date=2022-11-30 |title=The World's Oldest Universities, Some That Have Been Around For More Than A Thousand Years |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/list-of-oldest-universities-in-the-world-586276.html |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> It has over 30,000 students from 50 different nationalities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ven a la USAL: futuros estudiantes {{!}} Universidad de Salamanca |url=https://www.usal.es/ven-a-la-usal |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=www.usal.es}}</ref>

== History ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2021}}
Prior to the foundation of the university, Salamanca was home to a cathedral school, known to have been in existence by 1130. The university was founded as a ''[[studium generale]]'' by the [[Leonese king]] [[Alfonso IX of León|Alfonso IX]] in 1218 as the ''scholas Salamanticae'', with the actual creation of the university (or the transformation of the existing school into the university) occurring between August 1218 and the following winter.<ref name="Alvarez Villar"/> A further [[royal charter]] from King Alfonso X, dated 8 May 1254, established rules for the organisation and [[financial endowment]] of the university, and referred to it for the first time by that name.<ref>{{cite book |last=Álvarez Villar |first=Julián |date=1972 |title=La Universidad de Salamanca: arte y tradiciones |isbn=847481751X |page=15 |publisher=Universidad de Salamanca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxXTlyyj4gAC}}</ref> A [[papal bull]] of [[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]] in 1255 confirmed the Royal Charter of Alfonso X and granted universal recognition to the university's degrees.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usal.es/en/historia |language=Spanish |publisher=University of Salamanca |accessdate=14 August 2021 |title=Historia}}</ref>

The historical phrases ''Quod natura non dat, Salmantica non praestat'' (what nature does not give, Salamanca does not lend, in Latin) and ''Multos et doctissimos Salmantica habet'' (many and very versed Salamanca has) give an idea of the prestige the institution rapidly acquired.<ref>[http://centenario.usal.es/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&Itemid=144&lang=es VIII Centenario de la Universidad de Salamanca - Reseña Histórica de la Universidad de Salamanca:]. Centenario.usal.es. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2021}}

In the reign of King [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and Queen [[Isabella I of Castile]], the [[Spain|Spanish]] government was revamped. Contemporary with the [[Spanish Inquisition]], the expulsion of the [[Jews]] and Muslims, and the conquest of [[Granada]], there was a certain professionalization of the apparatus of the state. This involved the massive employment of "letrados", i.e., bureaucrats and lawyers, who were "licenciados" (university graduates), particularly, of [[Salamanca]], and the newly founded [[University of Alcalá]]. These men staffed the various councils of state, including, eventually, the [[Consejo de Indias]] and [[Casa de Contratacion]], the two highest bodies in metropolitan Spain for the government of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish Empire in the New World]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

While [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] was lobbying the King and Queen for a contract to seek out a western route to the Indies, he made his case to a council of geographers at the University of Salamanca. While the geographers were skeptical of Columbus and his voyage calculations, the University of Salamanca always defended the theory of unknown territories to the west, and supported Columbus' voyage, believing that new territories may be discovered. In the next century, the morality and laws of [[colonization]] in the [[West Indies|Indies]] were debated by the [[School of Salamanca]], along with the development of the study of [[science]], [[geography]] and [[cartography]] of the [[Americas]], and as well as the study of general subjects of [[economics]], [[philosophy]] and [[theology]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Salamanca's colleges (''Colegios Mayores'') were founded as charitable institutions to enable poor scholars to attend the university. By the eighteenth century they had become closed corporations controlled by the families of their founders, and dominated the university between them. Most were destroyed by Napoleon's troops. In the 19th century, the Spanish government dissolved the university's faculties of [[canon law]] and [[theology]]. They were later reestablished in the 1940s as part of the [[Pontifical University of Salamanca]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Related affairs==
The faculty renovated the theology department, laid the foundation for modern-day law, international law, modern economic science and actively participated in the [[Council of Trent]]. The school's mathematicians studied the [[Gregorian calendar|calendar reform, commissioned by Pope Gregory XIII]] and proposed the solution that was later implemented. By 1580, 6,500 new students had arrived at Salamanca each year, amongst the graduates were state officials of the Spanish monarchy administration. It was also during this period when the first female university students were probably admitted, [[Beatriz Galindo]] and [[Luisa de Medrano]], the latter probably being the first woman ever to give classes at a university.<ref>Montaño Montero, Luisa, «Humanistas en la Corte de Isabel la Católica, Luisa de Medrano, ¿Primera catedrática en una universidad europea?», en ''Cuadernos sobre Vico'' 27 (2013), p. 132.</ref>

===Sorcery===
In popular belief, the university was associated with sorcery. A certain cave in Salamanca was considered the site of a school of black magic. In Spanish, Salamanca may mean "cave", "an evil iguana" and "hand trick"<ref name="DRAEsalamanca">{{cite book |title=Diccionario de la lengua española |date=2020 |publisher=RAE-ASALE |url=https://dle.rae.es/salamanca |access-date=14 November 2021 |language=es |chapter=salamanca}}</ref> and the {{lang|es|salamanquesa}} ({{lang|la|[[Tarentola mauritanica]]}}, the Spanish name is also derived from "[[salamander]]") is a reptile with magical attributes in Spanish tradition.<ref name="DRAEsalamanquesa">{{cite book |title=Diccionario de la lengua española |date=2020 |publisher=RAE-ASALE |url=https://dle.rae.es/salamanquesa?m=form |access-date=14 November 2021 |language=es |chapter=salamanquesa}}</ref>
In [[Romanian folklore]], the devil runs a school of black magic named {{lang|de-RO|[[Scholomance]]}}.

The name is derived from "Salamanca" and the wise king "[[Solomon]]".<ref name="GAste">{{cite journal |last=Gaster |first=Moses |author-link=Moses Gaster |title=Scholomonar, d. i. er Grabancijaš dijak nach der Voksüberlieferung er Rumänen |journal=Archiv für slavische Philologie |volume=VII |year=1884 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069551789;view=1up;seq=9 |pages=288–289 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Oisteanu">{{cite book |last=Oișteanu |first=Andrei |author-link=Andrei Oișteanu |translator1=Mirela Adăscăliţei |translator2=Alexander Drace-Francis |title=Cosmos Vs. Chaos: Myth and Magic in Romanian Traditional Culture : a Comparative Approach |publisher=Romanian Cultural Foundation Publishing House |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rot5AAAAMAAJ |isbn=9-789-7357-7198-0 |page=221}}: "În 1884, Moses Gaster a acordat apelativului în discuţie o etimologie combinată: "Şolomonar este rezultatul dintre şolomanţă [de la Salamanca – n. A.O.] + solomonie [de la Solomon – n. A.O.]"</ref>

==Present day==
Salamanca draws undergraduate and graduate students from across Spain and the world; it is the top-ranked university in Spain based on the number of students coming from other [[Comunidad autonoma|regions]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usal.es/webusal/files/Discurso_rector_Inauguracion_09_10_0.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-10-21 |archive-date=2012-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228200115/http://www.usal.es/webusal/files/Discurso_rector_Inauguracion_09_10_0.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also known for its Spanish courses for non-native speakers, which attract more than two thousand foreign students each year.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/07/02/castillayleon/1215017453.html La USAL inaugura los cursos de verano con 2.000 estudiantes extranjeros]. elmundo.es. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.</ref>

Scientific research is carried out in the university and research centers associated with it, such as at the Centro de Investigación del Cáncer [Cancer Research Centre],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cicancer.org/ |title=Home |website=cicancer.org}}</ref> Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León or INCyL [Institute of Neuroscience of Castile and León],<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www-incyl.usal.es/ INCyL]. INCyL. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.</ref> Centro de Láseres Pulsados Ultracortos Ultraintensos [Ultrashort Ultraintense Pulse Lasers Centre]. It is one of only two [[Hispanophone]] universities in the world that have a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with the [[United Nations]] to train language professionals for the organization.<ref>{{cite web |title=MoU Network |url=https://languagecareers.un.org/dgacm/Langs.nsf/xpONetwork.xsp |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=2020-12-28 |archive-date=2020-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204175643/https://languagecareers.un.org/dgacm/Langs.nsf/xpONetwork.xsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> In conjunction with the [[University of Cambridge]], the University of Salamanca co-founded the [[Association of Language Testers in Europe]] (ALTE) in 1989.

In 2018, the institution celebrated its eighth centennial.<ref>[http://centenario.usal.es/index.php VIII Centenario de la Universidad de Salamanca - VIII Centenario de la Universidad de Salamanca]. Centenario.usal.es. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.</ref>

== Library ==
The library holds about 906,000 volumes.<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Spain-LIBRARIES-AND-MUSEUMS.html Spain – Libraries and museums]</ref>

==Notable people==

===Notable staff===
*[[Juan de Galavís]], professor of theology; later became [[Archbishop of Santo Domingo]] and [[Archbishop of Bogotá]]
*[[Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola]], professor of Philosophy of Law and Natural Law
*[[Enrique Gil Robles]], professor of Natural Law
*[[Pablo de Coronel]] (d.1534), professor of Hebrew
*[[Miguel de Unamuno]], writer
*[[Beatriz Galindo]], (d. 1534), professor of Latin and rhetoric
*[[Luisa de Medrano]], (d. 1527) the first female professor at the University, teacher of Latin. The secondary school in Salamanca, IES Lucia de Medrano was named after her.
*[[García de Medrano y Álvarez de los Ríos]] (d. 1683) professor of Canon law, property, Sextus Decretalium and Clementines
*[[García de Medrano y Mendizábal, I Count of Torrubia|García de Medrano y Mendizábal]], [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the University of Salamanca in 1669
*[[Juan Manuel Corchado]], computer scientist and rector in 2024 who was involved in publication scandal<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O’Grady |first=Cathleen |date=2024-10-21 |title=Springer Nature retracts 75 papers connected to Spanish university head |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/springer-nature-retracts-75-papers-connected-spanish-university-head |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.zvmx7id|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh Chawla |first=Dalmeet |date=2024-08-20 |title=The citation black market: schemes selling fake references alarm scientists |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=632 |issue=8027 |pages=966 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01672-7|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Notable students===
*[[Miguel de Cervantes]], author
*[[Luis de Góngora]]
*[[Fray Luis de León]]
*[[Francisco de Vitoria]]
*[[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]]
*[[Bartolomé de Las Casas]]
*[[Beatriz Galindo]]
*[[Miguel de Unamuno]]
*[[Bernardino de Sahagún]]
*[[Henry O'Neill (soldier)|Henry O'Neill]]
*[[Flora de Pablo]]

Other notable students and academic teachers include:
*[[Gustavo Petro]], [[President of Colombia]]
*[[Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez]], [[President of Colombia]]
*[[Arístides Royo]], [[President of Panama]]
*[[Francisco J. Ayala]]
*[[Susana Marcos Celestino]]
*[[Abraham Zacuto]]
*[[Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate]]
*[[Esteban de Bilbao Eguía]]
*[[Domingo de Soto]]
*[[Melchor Cano]]
*[[Francisco Suárez]]
*[[John of the Cross]]
*[[Antonio de Nebrija]]
*[[Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares]]
*[[Gaspar Sanz]]
*[[Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador|Pedro Gómez Labrador]]
*[[Cardinal Mazarin]]
*[[Mateo Alemán]]
*[[Diego de Torres Villarroel]]
*[[Pedro Salinas]]
*[[Adolfo Suárez]]
*[[Juan Zarate]]
*[[Manuel Belgrano]]
*[[Luis de Onís]]
*[[Pedro Nunes]]
*[[Simón de Rojas]]
*[[Antonio Tovar]]
*[[Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta]]
*[[Xavier Becerra]]
*[[Ángela Abós Ballarín]]
*[[Juan Pizarro Navarrete]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Spain}}
*[[School of Salamanca]]
*[[Pontifical University of Salamanca]]
*[[List of medieval universities]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Literature ==
*Manuel Fernández Álvarez, Luis E. Rodríguez San Pedro & Julián Álvarez Villar, ''The University of Salamanca'', Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1992. {{ISBN|84-7481-701-3}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{official website}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407024031/http://fundacion.usal.es/centenario/ VIII Centenario website]
*[https://cursosinternacionales.usal.es/en University of Salamanca language courses. Official spanish courses website ]
*[http://www.salamanca-university.org/ Language courses in Salamanca University, marketed by a private company, Accom Consulting Spain S. L., an authorized University agent]
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=University of Salamanca}}
*[https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/66073 Scholars and Literati at the University of Salamanca (1218–1800)], in [https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/index Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE].

{{Universities in Spain}}
{{Coimbra Group}}
{{Compostela Group of Universities}}
{{Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salamanca, University of}}
[[Category:University of Salamanca| ]]
[[Category:Universities in Castile and León]]
[[Category:1134 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 12th century]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in the Kingdom of León]]
[[Category:Renaissance architecture in Salamanca]]
[[Category:Public universities]]