View source for Unocal Corporation

{{Short description|American petroleum company (1890–2005)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2008}}
{{Infobox company|
| name = Unocal Corporation<br>Union Oil Company of California
| logo = Unocal Logo.svg
| fate = Acquired by [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]<ref name=press>[https://chevroncorp.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/chevrontexaco-announces-agreement-acquire-unocal ChevronTexaco Announces Agreement to Acquire Unocal], Chevron press release, 4 Apr 2005</ref>
| foundation = {{start date|1890|10|17}}
| founders = {{Unbulleted list
   | [[Thomas Bard]]
   | [[Lyman Stewart]]
   | [[Wallace Hardison]]
   }}
| defunct = {{end date|2005|8|11}}
| hq_location = [[Los Angeles Center Studios|Union Oil Center]]
| hq_location_city = [[Los Angeles, California]]
| industry = [[petroleum industry|Petroleum]]
| num_employees = 6,400 <small>(2005)</small>
| brands = [[76 (gas station)|76]] (1932–97)
| homepage = {{website defunct|unocal.com}}
}}

'''Union Oil Company of California''', and its [[holding company]] '''Unocal Corporation''', together known as '''Unocal''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|juː|n|oʊ-|k|æ|l}} was a major petroleum explorer and marketer in the late 19th century, through the 20th century, and into the early 21st century. It was headquartered in [[El Segundo, California]], United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unocal.com/ |title="Unocal World On-Line." |access-date=2009-07-07 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227082136/http://www.unocal.com/ |archive-date=December 27, 1996 }} Unocal Corporation. December 27, 1996. Retrieved on July 7, 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unocal.com/ |title=Home page |access-date=2009-07-07 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050129055602/http://www.unocal.com/ |archive-date=January 29, 2005 }}. Unocal Corporation. January 29, 2005. Retrieved on July 7, 2009.</ref>

Unocal was involved in domestic and global energy projects. Unocal was one of the key players in the [[CentGas]] consortium, which attempted to build the [[Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline]] to run from the Caspian area, through Afghanistan, to the [[Indian Ocean]], at a time after the [[Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)|Taliban siege of Kabul]] in 1996.

On August 10, 2005, [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] acquired Unocal for {{US$|17.9|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}billion (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|17.9|2005|r=1}}&nbsp;billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}), making it a wholly owned [[subsidiary]]. Unocal then ceased operations as an independent company, but continues to conduct many operations as '''Union Oil Company of California, a Chevron company'''.

==History==
{{See also|76 (gas station)}}
[[File:Union Oil Company Building.jpg|thumb|Original Union Oil Co. headquarters in Santa Paula, California, currently the Union 76 Petroleum Museum, pictured in 2009]]
The Union Oil Company of California was founded on October 17, 1890, in [[Santa Paula, California]], by [[Lyman Stewart]], [[Thomas Bard]], and [[Wallace Hardison]]. It was a merger of three Southern California oil companies: the Sespe Oil Company and the Torrey Canyon Oil Company (both owned by Bard) and the Hardison and Stewart Oil Company.<ref>[[Marius Vassiliou]], ''Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry'' (Scarecrow Press, 2009). {{ISBN|0-8108-5993-9}}.</ref> All three were notable as being completely unaffiliated with [[Standard Oil]]. Union Oil moved its headquarters to [[Los Angeles]] in 1901. The [[Union Oil Company Building|original headquarters]] in Santa Paula is a [[California Historical Landmark]] and museum.

About 1910, Union Oil made a strategic alliance with the Independent Producers Agency, a group of small oil producers, to build pipelines from the [[Kern County, California|Kern County]] oil fields to Union Oil facilities on the Pacific coast. This gave the independent producers an alternative to what they perceived as the low prices paid by [[Standard Oil]] and the high freight rates charged by the railroads to move crude oil.<ref>Ralph Arnold and V. R. Garfias, "Geology and technology of the California oil fields," ''Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers'', n.87, March 1914, p.390-392.</ref> It gave Union access to a large volume of crude oil. The situation was later fictionalized in the 2007 film ''[[There Will Be Blood]]''.

In 1919, the Union Oil Company of Delaware was incorporated as a [[holding company]] for the Union Oil Company of California.<ref name=poor>[https://books.google.com/books?id=5aJLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1578 ''Poor's and Moodys manual consolidated''], Part 2, [[Moody Manual Co.]], 1921, pp. 1578-82 (retrieved 2 August 2010 from [[Google Books]])</ref> In 1920, Union Oil purchased the [[Central Petroleum Company]] from the [[Texas Company]].<ref name=poor/> In 1922, the Union Oil Associates, Inc., was incorporated in California as a holding company to prevent control of the Union Oil Company of California passing to foreign interests after the merger of the Union Oil Company of Delaware with [[Royal Dutch Company]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FFJNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1175 ''Moody's manual of railroads and corporation securities''], Part 2, Moody Manual Co., 1922, p. 1175 (retrieved 2 August 2010 from Google Books)</ref>

[[File:Union Oil cracking plant, Orange County, June 1961.jpg|thumb|left|Cracking plant in [[Orange County, California]], 1961]]
In 1961, Union entered the Indonesian oil market. [[Henry L. Brandon]], Union's vice president of international development wrote a "contract of work" arrangement, which was a first for Indonesia. In a speech on Indonesian Independence Day in August 1961, then president Sukarno talked at some length about "production sharing", which included language written into the contract by Union executives.

[[File:Union Oil Research, Brea, circa 1965.jpg|thumb|Research facility in [[Brea, California]], circa 1965]]
The company expanded to national status in 1965, when Union Oil merged with the [[Pure Oil]] Company, headquartered in what was then [[Palatine, Illinois]], and now [[Schaumburg, Illinois]]. Over the next two decades, Union became the major oil producer in southern [[Alaska]] and a major [[natural gas]] producer in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The company was reorganized in 1983, and Union Oil Company of California became an operating subsidiary of a new Delaware-based holding company, Unocal Corporation. In 1985, Mesa Petroleum, controlled by billionaire [[T. Boone Pickens]], attempted a takeover of Unocal Corp.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-15-fi-14102-story.html | newspaper=[[LA Times]] | title=Unocal Board Rejects Mesa Takeover Bid | date=April 15, 1985 }}</ref> that resulted in the [[Delaware Supreme Court]] landmark decision [[Unocal v. Mesa Petroleum]], which upheld Unocal's takeover defense. Virtually all operations are conducted by Union Oil Company of California (Union Oil).

In 1977, Unocal acquired The Molybdenum Corporation of America (now [[Molycorp]]).<ref name="inlandsocal.com">David Danelski, [http://www.inlandsocal.com/business/content/manufacturing/stories/PE_News_Local_S_molycorp09.44b8a72.html Expansion in works for S.B. County mine with troubled environmental past] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713034911/http://www.inlandsocal.com/business/content/manufacturing/stories/PE_News_Local_S_molycorp09.44b8a72.html |date=2011-07-13 }}, The Biz Press, February 9, 2009.</ref> Among the assets acquired was [[Mountain Pass rare earth mine]], then the world's largest producer of [[rare earth elements]].

In 1989, Unocal placed its midwest refining and marketing assets, including Union's {{convert|150000|oilbbl/d|m3/d|adj=on}} [[Lemont Refinery]] in [[Lemont, Illinois]], into a 50/50 joint venture with [[Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A.]] (P.D.V.S.A.). The joint venture, known as the Uno-Ven Company, was headquartered in [[Arlington Heights, Illinois]], and primarily comprising employees from Union Oil's then [[Schaumburg, Illinois]], division headquarters and [[Lemont, Illinois]], refinery. The joint venture was dissolved in 1997, with P.D.V.S.A. receiving full ownership. During the life of the joint venture, the familiar [[Union 76]] brand name continued in full force. At the termination of the joint venture, most stations were converted to [[Citgo]], which is controlled by P.D.V.S.A.

In 1997, Unocal sold its [[western United States]] refining and marketing operations to [[Tosco Corporation]], including the rights to the Union 76 brand for refining and marketing (except in states where Uno-Ven operated). Tosco was later acquired by [[Phillips Petroleum]], which later merged with Conoco to form [[ConocoPhillips]]. As of January 2025, Chevron still maintains a common law trademark of Unocal.com, which redirects to the Chevron webpage.

===Acquisition===
In April 2005, the United States oil company [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] made an offer to acquire Unocal for US$16.6 billion, which was followed, after the companies had agreed to the transaction, by a competing unsolicited bid from the Chinese firm [[CNOOC Limited]] of US$18.5 billion on June 22.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 June 2005|title=Unocal bidding war escalates|volume=149|page=A11|work=[[Quad-City Times]]|publisher=Lee Enterprises|agency=Associated Press|issue=349|location=Davenport, Iowa|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50054406/quad-city-times/}}</ref> The final Chevron offer of {{US$|17.9|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}billion (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|17.9|2005|r=1}}&nbsp;billion in {{Inflation/year|US}}) was approved by Unocal shareholders on August 10.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Unocal shareholders okay takeover by Chevron|url=https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-103/issue-32/general-interest/unocal-shareholders-okay-takeover-by-chevron.html |magazine=[[Oil & Gas Journal]] |location=Tulsa, OK, United States |date=August 22, 2005 |access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> The final CNOOC bid was nearly 5% greater than that of Chevron, but faced significant political opposition from the [[United States Congress]] and was finally withdrawn by CNOOC August 2 citing the associated political uncertainty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2005-08-03/why-chinas-unocal-bid-ran-out-of-gas|title=Why China's Unocal Bid Ran out of Gas|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=August 3, 2005|access-date=April 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/30/AR2005063002081.html | newspaper=[[Washington Post]]| title=Many Oil Experts Unconcerned Over China Unocal Bid | first=Paul | last=Blustein | date=July 1, 2005}}</ref> Following a vote in the [[United States House of Representatives]], the CNOOC bid was referred to President [[George W. Bush]], on the grounds that its implications for national security needed to be reviewed.<ref>China Shakes the World - James Kynge, 2006, Phoenix Books, {{ISBN|978-0-7538-2155-8}}</ref> Unocal then ceased operations as an independent company, with its entire [[Upstream (petroleum industry)|upstream]] petroleum business moved to Chevron, but continues to conduct many operations as Union Oil Company of California, a Chevron company, a wholly owned [[subsidiary]] of Chevron.<ref>[https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Chevron-completes-Unocal-deal-Purchase-spells-2648878.php Chevron completes Unocal deal / Purchase spells end of 115-year-old oil company] by David Baker at SFGate, 11 Aug 2005</ref>

==Operations==

===Central Asia===
Unocal was one of the key players in the [[CentGas]] consortium, an attempt to build the [[Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline]] to run from the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] area, through [[Afghanistan]] and probably [[Pakistan]], to the [[Indian Ocean]]. One of the consultants to Unocal at that time was [[Zalmay Khalilzad]], former US ambassador to [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], and the [[United Nations]].

In the 1980s, [[CIA]] chief [[William Casey|Bill Casey]] had revived the agency's practice of gaining intelligence from traveling businessmen. Marty Miller, one of Unocal's top executives, conducted negotiations in several Central Asian countries from 1995, and voluntarily provided information gained on these trips to the CIA's Houston station.<ref>[[Steve Coll]], ''[[Ghost Wars]]'', Penguin, 2005 edn, p.314.</ref>

In 1996, Unocal opened an office in [[Kandahar]], Afghanistan, while the [[Taliban]] were in the process of taking control of the country.

{{Blockquote|Unocal rented a house in central Kandahar directly across the street from one of [Osama] bin Laden's new compounds. They did not choose this location deliberately. Most of the decent houses in town straddled the Herat Bazaar Road. Also near was the Pakistani consulate, which housed officers from [the Pakistani military [[Inter-Services Intelligence]], the] ISI.|[[Steve Coll]], ''[[Ghost Wars]]''<ref>[[Steve Coll]], ''[[Ghost Wars]]'', Penguin, 2005 edn, p.342.</ref>}}

In 1997,

{{Blockquote|Robert Oakley [ex-US ambassador to Pakistan, now on Unocal's ad hoc advisory board] advised Miller to reach the Taliban by working through Pakistan's government [then led by [[Benazir Bhutto]]]. He also suggested that Unocal hire Thomas Gouttiere, an Afghan specialist at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, to develop a job training program in Kandahar that would teach Pashtuns the technical skills needed to build a pipeline. ... Unocal agreed to pay $900,000 via the University of Nebraska to set up a Unocal training facility on a fifty-six acre site in Kandahar, not far from bin Laden's compounds. ... Gouttiere traveled in and out of Afghanistan and met with Taliban leaders. ... In December 1997 Gouttiere worked with Miller to arrange for another Taliban delegation to visit the United States. ...|[[Steve Coll]], ''[[Ghost Wars]]''<ref>[[Steve Coll]], ''[[Ghost Wars]]'', Penguin, 2005 edn, p.364.</ref>}}

Unocal seems to have had a deeper role. Intelligence "[[whistleblower]]" Julie Sirrs claimed that anti-Taliban leader [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] told her he had "proof that Unocal had provided money that helped the Taliban take Kabul [in 1996]".<ref name="spook">Gail Sheehy, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080103211420/http://www.observer.com/node/48943 Ex-Spook Sirrs: Early Osama Call Got Her Ejected]", ''The New York Observer'', March 14, 2004.</ref> And French journalist Richard Labeviere said, referring to the later 1990s, "The CIA and Unocal's security forces ... provided military weapons and instructors to several Taleban militia[s] ..."<ref>Richard Labeviere, ''Dollars For Terror'', Algora Press, 2000, p.272.</ref> US State Department officials openly promoted the pipeline, and former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger served as a Unocal consultant.<ref name="spook"/>

The Taliban and Unocal were in negotiations in Texas to discuss arrangements for the gas pipeline from [[Turkmenistan]] to Pakistan in 1997<ref>BBC,"[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/west_asia/37021.stm Taleban in Texas for talks on gas pipeline]"</ref> although it faced competition with from the Argentine [[Bridas Corporation]].<ref>BBC, "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/west_asia/44521.stm Taleban says it's ready to sign Turkmen pipeline deal]"</ref>

While no deal was ultimately agreed with either company, the Taliban were leaning toward making a deal with Unocal as of August 1998.<ref>[http://www.afghanistannewscenter.com/news/1998/august/aug11j1998.htm Victorious Taliban reopen bid for recognition, pipeline] AFP 11 August 1998</ref> The company suspended work on the project following the [[Operation Infinite Reach|U.S. cruise missile strikes on Afghanistan]] in response to the [[1998 U.S. Embassy bombings]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afghanistannewscenter.com/news/1998/september/sep4i1998.htm|title=Unocal puts off gas pipeline project through Afghanistan|work=afghanistannewscenter.com}}</ref> and completely pulled out in December 1998 citing low oil prices and a need to cut costs in addition to regional instability.<ref>[http://afghanistannewscenter.com/news/1998/december/dec5m1998.htm Unocal Withdraws From Pipeline Project] New York Times 5 December 1998</ref>

Unocal was also the third-largest member of the [[Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline]] from the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Indonesia===
Unocal entered the Indonesian market in 1961. Under the leadership of [[Henry L. Brandon]] (VP of International Development), Union Oil was the first US oil company to sign a production sharing agreement (contract of work) with President [[Suharto]].<ref>Taylor, F. (1976). Unearthing Buried Riches. In Sign of the 76: The fabulous life and times of the Union Oil Company of California. (1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 362). Los Angeles: Union Oil Company of California.</ref>

==Sponsorships==
Union Oil was the sponsor of the Major Burnham Bowling Trophy, an annual California bowling event supported by the [[Boy Scouts of America]] and named after Major [[Frederick Russell Burnham]].<ref name="cdavis">{{cite book |last=Davis |first=Clark |title=Company Men: White-Collar Life and Corporate Cultures in Los Angeles, 1892–1941 | pages=111, 219 | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2001 |location=Baltimore, MD |isbn=0-8018-6275-2}}</ref><ref name="vehrenclou">{{cite journal |last=Ehrenclou |first=V. L. |date=May–June 1925 |title=Major Burnham - The Scout |journal=Union Oil Bulletin |pages=1–11, 19 |oclc=12064434}}</ref>

76 was the official fuel and motor oil of [[NASCAR]] from the sport's inaugural season in 1948 until the end of the 2003 season when [[Sunoco]] became the official fuel and [[Mobil 1]] became the official motor oil. 

76 was an initial sponsor of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] when the team relocated from Brooklyn in 1958. The 76 logo was the only corporate sponsorship visible in [[Dodger Stadium]] for many years after it opened in 1962. 76 logos currently adorn the batter's on-deck circles and the logo is atop the two large scoreboards in right and left field. A 76 gas station was located in the [[Dodger Stadium]] parking lot for decades. It is no longer an operating station, but the building continues to stand, serving as an event space. The 76 logo is often seen in other [[Major League Baseball]] and [[National Football League]] stadiums on the west coast.

==Controversy==

===Domestic US criticism===
In 1969, a [[blowout (well drilling)|blowout]] on the ocean bottom near Union Oil's Platform "A" on the [[Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field|Dos Cuadras field]] leaked between 80,000 and {{convert|100000|oilbbl}} of oil into the water of the [[Santa Barbara Channel]], near [[Santa Barbara, California]].<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/unocal-corporation-1?cat=biz-fin Answers.com Unocal Corporation company history].  Retrieved on June 14, 2008</ref> The event led to widespread criticism of both Union Oil and the offshore oil drilling industry, and was one of the events leading to the passage of the 1970 [[National Environmental Policy Act]] (NEPA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countyofsb.org/energy/information/history.asp|title=County of Santa Barbara|work=countyofsb.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527204659/http://www.countyofsb.org//energy//information//history.asp|archive-date=2011-05-27}}</ref>

Oil pipes under [[Avila Beach, California]], leaked from the 1950s until 1996. A real estate firm determined the soil to be contaminated in 1989 and Unocal agreed to clean up the soil they contaminated. To clean up the massive spill, the crew had to excavate enough soil to fill a football field up to {{convert|60|ft|m}} high.<ref>{{Cite news
  | last=Le
  | first=Phuong
  | title=Beach town forced to scrape away oil leak -- and a chunk of its past
  | newspaper=Seattle PI
  | date=August 10, 1999
  | url=http://www.seattlepi.com/pipelines/avil10.shtml
  | access-date=September 12, 2009
  }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Between the mid-1950s and 1994, Unocal leaked {{convert|18|e6USgal|m3}} of [[diluent]]—a petroleum derivative pumped into heavy oil fields to make the oil flow freely—under the [[Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes]] and nearby ocean water, the largest [[oil spill]] in California's history. The pipelines had leaks in at least 90 places. Locals had noticed a strange sheen on the ocean surface, and dead seals and sea lions began washing up onto the beach. Although Unocal denied having any problems, records discovered by [[California Department of Fish and Game|state fish and game officers]] disclosed that Unocal had long been aware of the leaks. Unocal has been actively cleaning up the site since the mid-90s, receiving praise from the [[Sierra Club]] for their habitat restoration work.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacbee.com/static/live/news/projects/denial/text_c1_s1.html |title=Dunes' spills still focus of cleanup |access-date=May 4, 2007 |last=Leavenworth |first=Stuart |date=April 27, 2003 |work=Sacramento Bee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513125537/http://www.sacbee.com/static/live/news/projects/denial/text_c1_s1.html |archive-date=May 13, 2007 }}</ref>

===''Doe v. Unocal''===
{{Main|Doe v. Unocal}}
In the ''Doe v. Unocal'' case, Burmese villagers sued Unocal for complicity in forced labor, rape, torture, and murder. [[EarthRights International]], the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]], Paul Hoffman, Hadsell & Stormer, and [[Judith Chomsky|Judith Brown Chomsky]] served as co-counsel to the plaintiffs. In 2005, a settlement agreement was reached to compensate the plaintiffs.<ref>[http://www.earthrights.org/legal/unocal/ EarthRights Doe v. Unocal].  Retrieved on June 16, 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosencranz |first=Armin |last2=Louk |first2=David |date=21 June 2005 |title=DOE V. UNOCAL: HOLDING CORPORATIONS LIABLE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES ON THEIR WATCH |url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1074&context=chapman-law-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501034435/https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1074&context=chapman-law-review |archive-date=1 May 2018 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Chapman Law Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Leadership ==

=== President ===

# [[Thomas R. Bard]], 1890–1894
# D. T. Perkins, 1894
# Lyman Stewart, 1894–1914
# William L. Stewart Sr, 1914–1930
# L. Pressley St Clair, 1930–1938
# Reese H. Taylor, 1938–1956
# Arthur C. Rubel, 1956–1960
# Dudley Tower, 1960–1962
# Arthur C. Rubel, 1962–1964
# Fred L. Hartley, 1964–1985
# Richard J. Stegemeier, 1985–1992
# Roger C. Beach, 1992–2000
# Timothy H. Ling, 2000–2004
# Joseph H. Bryant, 2004–2005

=== Chairman of the Board ===

# [[Lyman Stewart]], 1914–1923
# E. W. Clark, 1930–1931
# Reese H. Taylor, 1956–1962
# William L. Stewart Jr, 1962–1964
# Arthur C. Rubel, 1964–1965
# Fred L. Hartley, 1974–1989
# Richard J. Stegemeier, 1989–1995
# Roger C. Beach, 1995–2000
# [[John W. Creighton Jr.]], 2001
# Charles R. Williamson, 2001–2005

==See also==
{{Portal|Los Angeles|Companies}}
*''[[Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co.]]''

==References==
*Eviatar, Daphne (May 9, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060530200845/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050509/eviatar A Big Win for Human Rights]. ''The Nation''.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040112024454/http://www.pbs.org/now/politics/alientort.html Global Business vs. Global Justice] ''NOW with Bill Moyers'', January 9, 2004.
*Howard, John E. (Oct. 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20050922083325/http://www.uschamber.com/press/opeds/0210howarditigation.htm The Alien Tort Claims Act: Is Our Litigation-Run-Amok Going Global?]. Retrieved Oct. 6, 2005.
*Unocal. [http://www.unocal.com/myanmar/ The story you haven't heard about. . . The Yadana Project in Myanmar] Retrieved October 6, 2005.
*Zagaris, Bruce (October 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20051007132841/http://www.globalpolicy.org/wtc/analysis/2002/1000exxon.htm US Asks US Court to Stop Human Rights Suit by Indonesian Villagers Against ExxonMobil for Counterterrorism Purposes]. ''International Enforcement Law Reporter''.

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Welty, Earl M, and Frank J Taylor. ''The 76 bonanza: The fabulous life and times of the Union Oil Company of California'' (1966) 351pp



{{Chevron Corporation}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Union Oil Company of California| 02]]
[[Category:Defunct oil companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Petroleum in California]]
[[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Chevron Corporation]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1890]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1890]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1890 establishments in California]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in California]]
[[Category:2005 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1890]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 2005]]