View source for Upton Sinclair

{{Short description|American writer (1878–1968)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Upton Sinclair
| image              = Upton Sinclair LCCN2014686178 Crop.jpg
| caption            = Sinclair {{circa}} 1900
| birth_name         = Upton Beall Sinclair Jr.
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1878|9|20|mf=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Baltimore, Maryland]], U.S.
| spouse             = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|Meta Fuller|October 18, 1900|1911|end=div}} | {{marriage|[[Mary Craig Sinclair|Mary Craig Kimbrough]]|1913|1961|end=died}} | {{marriage|Mary Elizabeth Willis|1961|1967|end=died}}}}
| relatives          = [[Arthur Sinclair]] {{nowrap| (great-grandfather)}}<br>[[Wallis Simpson]] (cousin)<br> [[Mustin family|Corinne Mustin]] (cousin) 
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1968|11|25|1878|9|20}}
| death_place        = [[Bound Brook, New Jersey]], U.S.
| restingplace       = [[Rock Creek Cemetery]]
| occupation         = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* Writer
* Journalist
* Political Activist
* Politician
}}
| notable_works      = ''[[The Jungle]]'', [[Oil!]]
| education          = [[City College of New York]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Columbia University]]
| signature          = Upton Sinclair signature.svg
| party              = {{ublist|[[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]] (1902–1934)|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (1934–1968)}}
}}
'''Upton Beall Sinclair Jr.''' (September 20, 1878&nbsp;– November 25, 1968) was an American author, [[muckraker]] journalist, and political activist, and the [[1934 California gubernatorial election|1934]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] nominee for [[governor of California]]. He wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. Sinclair's work was well known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the [[1943 Pulitzer Prize#Letters, Drama and Music Awards|1943]] [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]].

In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his muckraking fictional novel, ''[[The Jungle]]'', which exposed the labor and sanitary conditions in the U.S. [[meatpacking industry]], causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 [[Pure Food and Drug Act]] and the [[Meat Inspection Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hsus.org/farm/news/ournews/the_jungle_roar.html |title=The Jungle: Upton Sinclair's Roar Is Even Louder to Animal Advocates Today |date= March 10, 2006 |access-date=June 10, 2010 |url-status=dead| work=hsus.org| publisher= [[The Humane Society of the United States]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100106223608/http://www.hsus.org/farm/news/ournews/the_jungle_roar.html |archive-date=January 6, 2010 }}</ref> In 1919, he published ''[[The Brass Check]]'', a muckraking [[Exposé (journalism)|exposé]] of American journalism that publicized the issue of [[yellow journalism]] and the limitations of the "free press" in the United States. Four years after publication of ''The Brass Check'', the first [[code of ethics]] for journalists was created.<ref>{{cite web| title= Upton Sinclair | via= PBworks.com | url = http://pressinamerica.pbworks.com/w/page/18360241/Upton%20Sinclair | work= Press in America}}.</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] called him "a man with every gift except humor and silence" based on his wife [[Mary Craig Sinclair]]'s book "''Southern Belle: A Personal Story of a Crusader's Wife''".<ref name="timebelle">{{cite magazine |date=November 18, 1957 |orig-date=November 18, 1957 |title=Books: Uppie's Goddess |url=https://time.com/archive/6805669/books-uppies-goddess/ |magazine=Time}}.</ref> He is also well remembered for the quote: "It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding it."<ref name=licked>{{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |date=1994 |orig-date=1935 |title=I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqqpXJy-fRwC |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08197-0 }}</ref>{{rp|p=109}} He used this line in speeches and the book about his campaign for governor as a way to explain why the editors and publishers of the major newspapers in California would not treat seriously his proposals for old age pensions and other progressive reforms.<ref name=licked /> Writing during the [[Progressive Era]], Sinclair describes the world of the industrialized United States from both the working man's and the industrialist's points of view. Novels such as ''[[King Coal]]'' (1917), ''[[The Coal War]]'' (published posthumously), ''[[Oil!]]'' (1927), and ''[[The Flivver King]]'' (1937) describe the working conditions of the coal, oil, and auto industries at the time.

''The Flivver King'' describes the rise of [[Henry Ford]], his "wage reform" and his company's Sociological Department, to his decline into antisemitism as publisher of ''[[The Dearborn Independent]]''. ''[[King Coal]]'' confronts [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]], and his role in the 1914 [[Ludlow Massacre]] in the coal fields of Colorado.

Sinclair was an outspoken socialist and ran unsuccessfully for Congress as a nominee from the [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]]. He was also the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] candidate for [[governor of California]] during the [[Great Depression]], running under the banner of the [[End Poverty in California]] campaign, but was defeated in the [[1934 California gubernatorial election|1934 election]].

==Early life and education==
Sinclair was born in [[Baltimore]], Maryland, to Upton Beall Sinclair Sr. and Priscilla Harden Sinclair. His father was a liquor salesman whose [[alcoholism]] shadowed his son's childhood. Priscilla Harden Sinclair was a strict [[Episcopalian]] who disliked alcohol, tea, and coffee. Both of Upton Sinclair's parents were of [[British Americans|British ancestry]]. His paternal grandparents were [[Scotland|Scottish]], and all of his ancestors emigrated to America from [[Great Britain]] during the late 1600s and early 1700s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kunitz|first=Stanley|url=https://archive.org/details/livingauthorsboo0000kuni/page/374/mode/2up|title=Living Authors: A Book of Biographies|publisher=H.W. Wilson Co.|year=1931|isbn=|location=New York|pages=375–376|oclc=599950758|author-link=Stanley Kunitz|url-access=registration}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2021}} As a child, Sinclair slept either on sofas or cross-ways on his parents' bed. When his father was out for the night, he would sleep in the bed with his mother.<ref name="Harris, Leon 1975">{{cite book| last= Harris| first= Leon| year= 1975| title= Upton Sinclair: American Rebel| publisher= Thomas Y. Crowell Company| place= New York}}</ref> His mother's family was very affluent: her parents were very prosperous in Baltimore, and her sister married a millionaire. Sinclair had wealthy maternal grandparents with whom he often stayed. This gave him insight into how both the rich and the poor lived during the late 19th century. Living in two social settings affected him and greatly influenced his books. Upton Beall Sinclair Sr. was from a highly respected family in the South, but the family was financially ruined by the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the end of slavery causing disruptions of the labor system during the [[Reconstruction era]], and an extended agricultural depression.

As he was growing up, Upton's family moved frequently, as his father was not successful in his career. He developed a love for reading when he was five years old. He read every book his mother owned for a deeper understanding of the world. He did not start school until he was 10 years old. He was deficient in math and worked hard to catch up quickly because of his embarrassment.<ref name="Harris, Leon 1975"/> In 1888, the Sinclair family moved to [[Queens]], New York City, where his father sold shoes. Upton entered the [[City College of New York]] five days before his 14th birthday,<ref name= Joslyn>{{cite book| last = Sinclair | first = Upton | publisher = Dover Thrift | editor-first = Paul | editor-last = Negri | title = The Jungle | chapter = Joslyn T Pine Note | pages = vii–viii}}</ref> on September 15, 1892.<ref name="Harris, Leon 1975" /> He wrote jokes, [[dime novel]]s, and magazine articles in boys' weekly and [[pulp magazine]]s to pay for his tuition.<ref name = "The Cosmopolitan">{{cite book | last = Sinclair|first= Upton|title= The Cosmopolitan|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vHJBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA591-IA3|access-date= 6 October 2011|year= 1906 | publisher = Schlicht & Field|pages =591ff |chapter= What Life Means to Me}}</ref> With that income, he was able to move his parents to an apartment when he was seventeen years old.<ref name="Harris, Leon 1975" />

He graduated from City College in June 1897. He subsequently studied law at [[Columbia University]],<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Upton Sinclair |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Upton-Sinclair |access-date=November 20, 2022}}</ref> but he was more interested in writing. He learned several languages, including Spanish, German, and French. He paid the one-time enrollment fee to be able to learn a variety of subjects. He would sign up for a class and then later drop it.<ref name= Yoder>{{cite book| last= Yoder| first= Jon A. |year= 1975| title= Upton Sinclair| publisher= Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.| place= New York}}</ref> He again supported himself through college by writing boys' adventure stories and jokes. He also sold ideas to cartoonists.<ref name="Harris, Leon 1975" /> Using [[stenographers]], he wrote up to 8,000 words of pulp fiction per day. His only complaint about his educational experience was that it failed to educate him about socialism.<ref name= Yoder /> After leaving Columbia without a degree, he wrote four books in the next four years; they were commercially unsuccessful though critically well-received: ''King Midas'' (1901), ''Prince Hagen'' (1902), ''[[The Journal of Arthur Stirling]]'' (1903), and a Civil War novel, ''Manassas'' (1904).<ref name=":0" />

Sinclair did not get on with his mother when he became older because of her strict rules and refusal to allow him independence. Sinclair later told his son, David, that around Sinclair's 16th year, he decided not to have anything to do with his mother, staying away from her for 35 years because an argument would start if they met.<ref>{{cite book| editor-last = Bloom | editor-first = Harold | title = Upton Sinclair's The Jungle | publisher = Infobase | year = 2002 | last = Derrick | first = Scott | chapter = What a Beating Feels Like: Authorship Dissolution, and Masculinity in Sinclair's The Jungle | pages = 131–132}}</ref>

Upton became close with Reverend William Wilmerding Moir. Moir specialized in [[sexual abstinence]], and taught his beliefs to Sinclair. He was taught to "avoid the subject of sex." Sinclair was to report to Moir monthly regarding his abstinence. Despite their close relationship, Sinclair identified as agnostic.<ref name="Harris, Leon 1975" />

==Career==
[[File:Upton Sinclair, portrait bust, studio at 56 Fifth Ave., N.Y. LCCN2014680784 Trim.jpg|thumb|right|Upton Sinclair early in his career]]
Sinclair considered himself a poet and dedicated his time to writing poetry.<ref name= "Harris, Leon 1975" /> In 1904, Sinclair spent seven weeks in disguise, working undercover in Chicago's meatpacking plants to research his novel ''[[The Jungle]]'' (1906), a political exposé that addressed conditions in the plants, as well as the lives of poor immigrants. When it was published two years later, it became a bestseller. In the spring of 1905, Sinclair issued a call for the formation of a new organization, a group to be called the [[Intercollegiate Socialist Society]].<ref name=Laidler16>{{cite journal| first= Harry W. |last= Laidler| title= Ten Years of ISS Progress| journal= The Intercollegiate Socialist| volume= 4| number= 1 |date= October–November 1915| page= 16}}</ref>

With the income from ''The Jungle'', Sinclair founded the utopian—but non-Jewish white only—[[Helicon Home Colony]] in [[Englewood, New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/how-upton-sinclair-turned-the-jungle-into-a-failed-new-1015213490 |title= How Upton Sinclair Turned The Jungle Into a Failed New Jersey Utopia| website= gizmodo.com| date= 8 August 2013 |first= Matt| last= Novak |access-date= 11 May 2020 }}</ref> He ran as a Socialist candidate for Congress.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Upton Sinclair's Colony To Live At Helicon Hall. Luxury In Co-Operation And There May Be Some Compromises Just At First |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/10/07/101801402.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116100358/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/10/07/101801402.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-16 |url-status=live |work= [[The New York Times]] | date = 7 October 1906 |access-date= 22 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paulin |first=LRE |date=March 1907 |title= Simplified Housekeeping: The Present Quarters of Upton Sinclair's Colony At Englewood, New Jersey |journal=Indoors and Out: The Homebuilder's Magazine |volume= III |issue= 6 | pages = 288–292 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P0BAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA288 | access-date = 2009-08-16}}</ref> The colony burned down under suspicious circumstances within a year.<ref>{{Cite news | title= Fire Wipes Out Helicon Hall, And Upton Sinclair Hints That the Steel Trust's Hand May Be In It| url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/03/17/104704238.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430150251/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/03/17/104704238.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-30 |url-status=live | work = [[The New York Times]] |date=17 March 1907 |access-date=22 August 2009 }}</ref>

[[File:Upton Sinclair LCCN2014696036.jpg|thumb|left|Upton Sinclair wearing a white suit and black armband, picketing the [[Standard Oil Building (New York City)|Rockefeller Building]] in New York City]]

In 1913–1914, Sinclair made three trips to the coal fields of Colorado, which led him to write ''[[King Coal]]'' and caused him to begin work on the larger, more historical ''[[The Coal War]].'' In 1914, Sinclair helped organize demonstrations in New York City against Rockefeller at the Standard Oil offices. The demonstrations touched off more actions by the [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW) and the ''Mother Earth'' group, a loose association of anarchists and IWW members, in Rockefeller's hometown of Tarrytown.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Coal War |last= Graham |first= John|publisher=Colorado Associated University Press|year=1976|isbn=0-87081-067-7|location=Boulder |pages=lvi–lxxv| url=https://archive.org/details/coalwar00upto}}</ref>

The Sinclairs <!--Which wife was this? Needs name-->moved to [[Pasadena, California]] in 1916 and lived there for nearly four decades. During his years with his second wife, Mary Craig, Sinclair wrote or produced several films. Recruited by [[Charlie Chaplin]], Sinclair and Mary Craig produced [[Sergei M. Eisenstein|Eisenstein's]] ''[[¡Que viva México! (unfinished film)|¡Qué viva México!]]'' in 1930–32.<ref>{{Citation | title = Cinescene | url = http://www.cinescene.com/dash/eisenstein2.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020112075404/http://www.cinescene.com/dash/eisenstein2.htm | url-status = usurped | archive-date = January 12, 2002 | first = Chris | last = Dashiell | contribution = Eisenstein's Mexican Dream | year = 1998 | access-date = June 16, 2010}}.</ref>

==Other interests==
Aside from his political and social writings, Sinclair took an interest in [[occult]] phenomena and experimented with [[telepathy]]. His book ''[[Mental Radio]]'' (1930) included accounts of his wife Mary's telepathic experiences and ability.<ref>{{Citation | first = Martin | last   =Gardner | author-link = Martin Gardner | title = Fads & Fallacies in the Name of Science | publisher = Courier Dover | year = 1957 | pages = 309–310 | title-link = Fads & Fallacies in the Name of Science }}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TwP3SGAUsnkC  Google Books].</ref><ref>{{Citation | format = Books | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4sbmCMiXmo8C | title = Mental Radio | access-date = July 25, 2010|isbn = 978-1606802540|last1 = Sinclair|first1 = Upton|year = 1930| publisher=Upton Sinclair }}.</ref> [[William McDougall (psychologist)|William McDougall]] read the book and wrote an introduction to it, which led him to establish the [[parapsychology]] department at [[Duke University]].<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5XT_DAAAQBAJ&q=Mental+Radio++parapsychology+department+at+Duke+University&pg=PT83|title=Atlantis Rising 107 – September/October 2014|last=Kenyon|first=J. Douglas|year=2014 |publisher= Atlantis Rising LLC |isbn= 978-1634439206|language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Sinclair's first campaign for public office came in [[1906 United States House of Representatives elections|1906]] when he ran for [[United States House of Representatives|Congress]] in [[New Jersey's 4th congressional district]], polling 3% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinclair, Upton |url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=15901 |website=ourcampaigns.com |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref> He broke with the [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]] in 1917 and supported the war effort during [[World War I]]. By the 1920s, however, he had returned to the party.

[[File:Sinclair Shapiro 1930.jpg|thumb|left|[[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]] campaign poster featuring Sinclair and Chaim Shapiro as candidates for [[Governor of California|Governor]] and [[Lieutenant Governor of California]], respectively, 1930]]

In the 1920s, the Sinclairs moved to [[Monrovia, California]], (near [[Los Angeles]]), where Sinclair founded the state's chapter of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]]. Wanting to pursue politics, he twice ran unsuccessfully for Congress on the Socialist Party ticket: in [[1920 United States House of Representatives elections in California#District 10|1920]] for the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and in [[1922 United States Senate election in California|1922]] for the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. He was the party candidate for governor of California in [[1926 California gubernatorial election|1926]], winning nearly 46,000 votes, and in [[1930 California gubernatorial election|1930]], winning nearly 50,000 votes.

During this period, Sinclair was also active in radical politics in Los Angeles. For instance, in 1923, to support the challenged [[free speech]] rights of [[Industrial Workers of the World]], Sinclair spoke at a rally during the [[1923 San Pedro Maritime Strike|San Pedro Maritime Strike]], in a neighborhood now known as Liberty Hill. He began to read from the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] and was promptly arrested, along with hundreds of others, by the [[LAPD]]. The arresting officer proclaimed: "We'll have none of that Constitution stuff".<ref>{{cite book | title=The Next Los Angeles: The Struggle for a Livable City| url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520240001| url-access=registration| first1= Robert | last1= Gottlieb| first2= Mark | last2= Vallianatos| first3= Regina M. | last3= Freer| first4= Peter | last4= Dreier | publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, California| year=2005| edition = second | isbn=978-0-520-25009-3}}</ref> In the same year, Sinclair founded the Southern California chapter of the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-18 |title=History {{!}} ACLU of Southern California |url=https://www.aclusocal.org/en/about/history |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.aclusocal.org |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:TIME Magazine October 22 1934.jpg|thumb|right|Sinclair on the cover of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]], October 22, 1934]]

In 1934, Sinclair ran in the [[1934 California gubernatorial election|California gubernatorial election]] as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]. Sinclair's platform, known as the [[End Poverty in California movement]] (EPIC), galvanized the support of the Democratic Party, and Sinclair gained its nomination.<ref>[[Katrina Vanden Heuvel]], ''[[The Nation]] 1865–1990'', p. 80, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1990 {{ISBN|1-56025-001-1}}</ref> Gaining 879,000 votes made this his most successful run for office, but incumbent Governor [[Frank Merriam]] defeated him by a sizable margin,<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/sinclair.html |last= Sinclair| first= Upton| title= End Poverty in California The EPIC Movement| work= The Literary Digest| date= 13 October 1934| via= sfmuseum.org}}</ref> gaining 1,138,000 votes.<ref>{{cite book| url= http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/pesotta/chap31.htm |title= Bread Upon The Waters| chapter= Chapter 31| via= pitzer.edu| first= Rose |last= Pesotta| year= 1945}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first= Rob |last= Leicester Wagner| title= Hollywood Bohemia: The Roots of Progressive Politics in Rob Wagner's Script |publisher= Janaway Publishing| year= 2016 |isbn= 978-1-59641-369-6}}</ref> Hollywood studio bosses unanimously opposed Sinclair. They pressured their employees to assist and vote for Merriam's campaign, and made false [[Propaganda film|propaganda films]] attacking Sinclair, giving him no opportunity to respond.<ref name="Cohen2015">{{cite journal |last1= Cohen| first1= Harvey G. |title=The Struggle to Fashion the NRA Code: The Triumph of Studio Power in 1933 Hollywood|journal=Journal of American Studies| volume= 50| issue= 4|year=2015|pages=1039–1066|issn=0021-8758|doi=10.1017/S002187581500122X| s2cid= 147499614 }}</ref> The [[negative campaigning|negative campaign tactics]] used against Sinclair are briefly depicted in the 2020 American [[biographical drama]] film ''[[Mank]]''.<ref>Mitchell, Greg
[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/movies/mank-upton-sinclair.html {{"'}}Mank' and Politics: What Really Happened in 1934 California"]. ''The New York Times'', Dec. 7, 2020.</ref> Upton Sinclair later stated that there was a "campaign of lying" against him during the campaign which was "ordered by the biggest businessmen in California and paid for with millions of dollars" that was carried out by newspapers, politicians, advertisers, and the film industry.<ref name=licked />{{rp|p=99}}

Sinclair's plan to end poverty quickly became a controversial issue under the pressure of numerous migrants to California fleeing the [[Dust Bowl]]. Conservatives considered his proposal an attempted [[communist]] takeover of their state and quickly opposed him, using propaganda to portray Sinclair as a staunch communist. Sinclair had been a member of the Socialist Party from 1902 to 1934, when he became a Democrat, though always considering himself a socialist in spirit.<ref name="Whitman">{{cite news| url= https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0920.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20001017193542/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0920.html| archive-date= 17 October 2000| date= November 26, 1968| author-link= Alden Whitman| first= Alden |last= Whitman| title= Rebel With a Cause| work= [[The New York Times]]| access-date= May 11, 2020}}</ref> The [[Socialist Party of California|Socialist Party in California]] and nationwide refused to allow its members to be active in any other party including the Democratic Party and expelled him, along with socialists who supported his California campaign. The expulsions destroyed the Socialist Party in California.<ref>{{cite journal| first= James N.| last= Gregory| title= Upton Sinclair's 1934 EPIC Campaign: Anatomy of a Political Movement| journal= [[Labor (journal)|Labor]] |volume= 12| number= 4 |year= 2015| pages= 51–81| doi= 10.1215/15476715-3155152}}</ref>

At the same time, American and [[Soviet]] communists disassociated themselves from him, considering him a capitalist.<ref>{{cite book| author-link= Greg Mitchell| first= Greg| last= Mitchell| title= The Campaign of the Century: Upton Sinclair and the EPIC Campaign in California| publisher= [[Atlantic Monthly Press]]| year= 1991}}</ref> In later writings, such as his anti-alcohol book ''The Cup of Fury'', Sinclair scathingly censured communism. Science-fiction author [[Robert A. Heinlein]] was deeply involved in Sinclair's campaign, although he attempted to move away from the stance later in his life.<ref>Patterson, William H. ''Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with His Century: Volume 1 (1907–1948): Learning Curve''. New York: Tor Books, 2010; pp. 187–205, 527–530, and ''passim''</ref> In the 21st century, Sinclair is considered an early American [[democratic socialist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/lawrence-wittner/democratic-socialism-has-_b_8448136.html|title=Democratic Socialism Has Deep Roots in American Life|date=November 3, 2015 |first= Lawrence| last= Wittner|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=September 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://prospect.org/article/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-and-resurgence-democratic-socialism-america|title=Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and the Resurgence of Democratic Socialism in America|date=July 3, 2018|first=Peter|last=Dreier|journal=[[The American Prospect]] |access-date= September 7, 2018}}</ref>

After his loss to Merriam, Sinclair abandoned EPIC and politics to return to writing. In 1935, he published ''I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked'',<ref name=licked /> in which he described the techniques employed by Merriam's supporters, including the then popular [[Aimee Semple McPherson]], who vehemently opposed socialism and what she perceived as Sinclair's [[modernism]]. Sinclair's line from this book "It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding it" has become well known and was for example quoted by [[Al Gore]] in ''[[An Inconvenient Truth]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Turkey and the Eagle: The Struggle for America's Global Role|first=Caleb S.|last=Rossiter|page=207}}</ref>

Of his gubernatorial bid, Sinclair remarked in 1951:

<blockquote>The American People will take Socialism, but they won't take the label. I certainly proved it in the case of EPIC. Running on the Socialist ticket I got 60,000 votes, and running on the slogan to 'End Poverty in California' I got 879,000. I think we simply have to recognize the fact that our enemies have succeeded in spreading the Big Lie. There is no use attacking it by a front attack, it is much better to out-flank them.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsocialismP.htm |title= Socialist Party of America: Letter to Norman Thomas| first= Upton |last= Sinclair| work= Spartacus Educational |date= 25 September 1951| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061231173012/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsocialismP.htm |archive-date= 2006-12-31 |access-date= June 10, 2010}}</ref></blockquote>

==Personal life==
[[File:Mrs. Upton Sinclair LCCN2014686229.jpg|thumb|Meta Fuller Sinclair]]
[[File:Upton Sinclair grave.jpg|thumb|Sinclair's grave in [[Rock Creek Cemetery]], Washington, D.C.]]

In April 1900, Sinclair went to [[Lake Massawippi]] in [[Quebec]] to work on a novel, renting a small cabin for three months and then moving to a farmhouse where he was reintroduced to his future first wife, Meta Fuller (1880–1964). A childhood friend descended from one of the [[First Families of Virginia]],<ref name="Harris, Leon 1975" /> she was three years younger than he and aspired to be more than a housewife, so Sinclair instructed her in what to read and learn.<ref name="Harris, Leon 1975" /> Though each had warned the other against it, on October 18, 1900, they married. The couple having used abstinence as their main form of [[contraception]], Meta became pregnant the following year. Despite Meta's several attempts to terminate the pregnancy,<ref name="Harris, Leon 1975" /> the child, David, was born on December 1, 1901.{{efn|David Sinclair (1901–1987) became a physicist.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/26/obituaries/david-sinclair-is-dead-researcher-in-physics.html|title=David Sinclair Is Dead; Researcher in Physics|date=26 October 1987|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>}}<ref name="nyt_obit" /> Meta and her family tried to convince Sinclair to give up writing and get "a job that would support his family."<ref name= "Harris, Leon 1975" />

Sinclair was opposed to sex outside of marriage and viewed it as necessary only for reproduction.{{Sfn|Arthur|2006|pp=96–97}} He told his first wife Meta that only the birth of a child gave marriage "dignity and meaning".{{Sfn|Arthur|2006|pp=46–47}} Despite his beliefs, Sinclair had a love affair with Anna Noyes during his marriage to Meta. He wrote a novel about the affair called ''Love's Progress'', a sequel to ''Love's Pilgrimage''. It was never published.{{Sfn|Arthur|2006|p=109}} His wife later had a love affair with John Armistead Collier, a theology student from Memphis; they had a son together named Ben.{{Sfn |Arthur|2006|pp=111–12}}

In 1910, the Sinclairs moved to the [[Georgism|single-tax]] village of [[Arden, Delaware]], where they built a house.<ref name="Deseret News 2012">{{cite web |title=Walking tour celebrates history of Arden community |website=Deseret News |date=2012-10-15 |url=https://www.deseret.com/2012/10/15/20441842/walking-tour-celebrates-history-of-arden-community |access-date=2020-12-02}}</ref> In 1911, Sinclair was arrested for playing tennis on the Sabbath and spent eighteen hours in the [[New Castle County]] prison in lieu of paying a fine.<ref name="The New York Times 1911">{{cite web |title=Upton Sinclair in Jail; With Ten Others for Violating Delaware's Sunday Law. |website=The New York Times |date=1911-08-02 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/08/02/archives/upton-sinclair-in-jail-with-ten-others-for-violating-delawares.html |access-date=2020-12-02}}</ref><ref name="Arden Claims Upton Sinclair 1934">{{cite news |title=Arden Claims Upton Sinclair |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20851342/arden-claims-upton-sinclair-1934g/ |newspaper=The News Journal |location=Wilmington, DE |date=1934-09-01 |page=6 |oclc=760300114 |access-date=2020-12-02}}</ref> Earlier in 1911, Sinclair invited [[Harry Kemp]], the "Vagabond Poet", to camp on the couple's land in Arden.<ref name="Leech">{{Cite journal |last=Leech |first=Steven |title=Comedy and Romance in Arden, Delaware |journal=The Broadkill Review |volume=10 |issue=2 |issn=1935-0538 |oclc=76893150 |pages=1, 19–20 |url=https://www.academia.edu/24556947}}</ref><ref name="Brevda 1986">{{cite book |last=Brevda |first=William |chapter=Love's Coming-of-Age |title=Harry Kemp, the last Bohemian |publisher=Bucknell University Press Associated University Presses |publication-place=London |year=1986 |isbn=978-0838750865 |oclc=610117506 |pages=55–65 |url=https://archive.org/details/harrykemplastboh0000brev |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/harrykemplastboh0000brev/page/54/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}</ref> Meta soon became enamored of Kemp, and in late August she left Sinclair for the poet.<ref name="nyt_obit" /><ref name="Brevda 1986"/> Sinclair, unable to obtain a divorce in New York, traveled to the Netherlands for a [[migratory divorce]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Riley | first=Glenda | title=Divorce: An American Tradition | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1991 | isbn=0195061233| page=131 }}</ref>
An Amsterdam court declared their marriage annulled May 24, 1912 on the basis of adultery by Meta. Sinclair declared before the court that they were both living in Hilversum, The Netherlands, Meta being temporarily in New York.

In 1913, Sinclair married [[Mary Craig Sinclair|Mary Craig Kimbrough]] (1882–1961), a woman from an elite [[Greenwood, Mississippi]], family who had written articles on [[Winnie Davis]], the daughter of Confederate States of America President [[Jefferson Davis]]. They met when she attended one of his lectures about ''The Jungle''.{{Sfn|Arthur|2006|pp=118–19}} In 1914 he moved to [[Croton-on-Hudson, New York]], joining the local community of prominent socialists.<ref>
{{cite web
| url          = https://tantor.com/author/upton-sinclair.html#:~:text=In%201914%2C%20Sinclair%20moved,of%20social%20protest%2C%20The%20Cry%20for%20Justice.
| title        = Tantor Media – Upton Sinclair
| date         = 2020
| website      = Tantor Media
| access-date  = 2023-02-18
| quote        = "In 1914, Sinclair moved to Croton-on-Hudson, a small town close to New York City where there was a substantial community of radicals. He pleased his socialist friends with his anthology of social protest, The Cry of Justice"
}}</ref>
In the 1920s, the couple moved to [[Long Beach, California]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-13 |title=Long Beach archivist donates Upton Sinclair collection to Cal State Dominguez Hills |url=https://www.presstelegram.com/2013/12/13/long-beach-archivist-donates-upton-sinclair-collection-to-cal-state-dominguez-hills/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Press Telegram |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=The New York |date=2008-02-22 |title='Oil!' and the History of Southern California |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/22/timestopics/topics_uptonsinclair_oil.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> They remained married until her death in 1961.

Later that same year, Sinclair married his third wife, Mary Elizabeth Willis (1882–1967).<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5288919/mrs_upton_sinclair_authors_wife_dies/|title=Mrs. Upton Sinclair, Author's Wife, Dies| work= The Bridgeport Post |location=Bridgeport, Connecticut|date=20 Dec 1967|page=72|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> They moved to [[Buckeye, Arizona]], before returning east to [[Bound Brook, New Jersey]], where Sinclair died in a nursing home on November 25, 1968, a year after Mary.<ref name="nyt_obit">{{Citation |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0920.html |title=Upton Sinclair, Author, Dead |date=November 26, 1968 |access-date=June 2, 2018}}.</ref> He is buried next to Willis in [[Rock Creek Cemetery]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]

Sinclair's cousin was [[Wallis Simpson]], a [[socialite]] whose romance with [[King Edward VIII]] led to [[Abdication of Edward VIII|his abdication]] in 1936.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taunton |first1=Paul |title=Five untold details of Wallis Simpson, the woman who changed the monarchy |url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/books/five-untold-details-of-wallis-simpson-the-woman-who-changed-the-monarchy |website=nationalpost.com |publisher=[[National Post]] |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> Sinclair wrote in support of their marriage, and described Edward's decision to abdicate as "a democratic gesture whether [he] realizes it or not."<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinclair, Biddle-Street Born, Sees "Uncle Pow's" Wit In Mrs. Simpson |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-sun-14-dec-1036-upton-sincl/39688026/ |access-date=26 August 2025 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=14 December 1936 |location=Baltimore}}</ref>

==Writing==
Sinclair devoted his writing career to documenting and criticizing the social and economic conditions of the early 20th century in both fiction and nonfiction. He exposed his view of the injustices of capitalism and the overwhelming effects of poverty among the working class. He also edited collections of fiction and nonfiction.

===''The Jungle''===
{{further|The Jungle}}
His fictional novel based on the [[meatpacking industry in Chicago]], ''The Jungle,'' was first published in serial form in the socialist newspaper ''[[Appeal to Reason (newspaper)|Appeal to Reason]],'' from February 25, 1905, to November 4, 1905. It was published as a book by [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] in 1906.<ref>[http://hnn.us/articles/27227.html "''The Jungle''"], History News Network</ref>
[[File:Upton Sinclair Oil.jpg|thumb|Upton Sinclair selling the "[[Fig Leaf Edition]]" of his book ''[[Oil!]]'' (1927) in Boston. The book had drawn the ire of that town's infamous censors who objected to a brief sex scene that takes place in the novel.]]
Sinclair had spent about six months investigating the Chicago meatpacking industry for ''Appeal to Reason'', the work which inspired his novel. He intended to "set forth the breaking of human hearts by a system which exploits the labor of men and women for profit".<ref name= Joslyn /> The novel featured Jurgis Rudkus, a [[Lithuanian Americans|Lithuanian]] [[immigrant]] who works in a meat factory in Chicago, his teenage wife Ona Lukoszaite, and their extended family. Sinclair portrays their mistreatment by Rudkus' employers and the wealthier elements of society. His descriptions of the unsanitary and inhumane conditions that workers suffered served to shock and galvanize readers. [[Jack London]] called Sinclair's book "the ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' of [[wage slavery]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.socalhistory.org/bios/upton_sinclair.html |title=Socalhistory.org |access-date=2012-06-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120527075221/http://www.socalhistory.org/bios/upton_sinclair.html |archive-date=2012-05-27 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Domestic and foreign purchases of American meat fell by half.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june06/jungle_5-10.html| title= Sinclair's 'The Jungle' Turns 100| work= [[PBS Newshour]]| via= PBS.org| date= 10 May 2006| access-date= 10 June 2010| archive-date= January 8, 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140108185245/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june06/jungle_5-10.html| url-status= dead}}</ref>

Sinclair wrote in ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' in October 1906 about ''The Jungle'': "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach."<ref name=timebelle /> The novel brought public lobbying for Congressional legislation and government regulation of the industry, including passage of the [[Meat Inspection Act]] and the [[Pure Food and Drug Act]].<ref>{{cite book| editor-first= Bloom| editor-last= Harold| first= Upton |last= Sinclair| title= The Jungle| publisher= [[Infobase Publishing]]| edition= 2002| page= 11}}</ref> At the time, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] characterized Sinclair as a "crackpot",<ref>{{cite book| author-link= Fulton Oursler| first= Fulton |last= Oursler| title= Behold This Dreamer!| place= Boston| publisher= Little, Brown| year= 1964| page= 417}}</ref> writing to [[William Allen White]], "I have an utter contempt for him. He is hysterical, unbalanced, and untruthful. Three-fourths of the things he said were absolute falsehoods. For some of the remainder there was only a basis of truth."<ref>{{Citation | contribution = July 31, 1906 | title = The Letters | first = Theodore | last = Roosevelt | editor-first = Elting E. | editor-last = Morison | place = Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | year = 1951–54 | volume = 5 | page = 340}}.</ref> After reading ''The Jungle,'' Roosevelt agreed with some of Sinclair's conclusions. He said, "Radical action must be taken to do away with the efforts of arrogant and selfish greed on the part of the capitalist." But in the end he said he was opposed to legislation that he and others considered "[[socialist]]."<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jupton.htm | contribution = Upton Sinclair, ''The Jungle'' | title = Spartacus | publisher = School net | place = UK | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060923121536/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jupton.htm | archive-date = 2006-09-23 }}.</ref>

[[Bertolt Brecht]]'s play, ''[[Saint Joan of the Stockyards]]'', transporting [[Joan of Arc]] to the environment of the Chicago stockyards, is clearly inspired by "The Jungle".

===''The Brass Check''===
In ''[[The Brass Check]]'' (1919), Sinclair made a systematic and incriminating critique of the severe limitations of the "[[free press]]" in the United States. Among the topics covered is the use of [[yellow journalism]] techniques created by [[William Randolph Hearst]]. Sinclair called ''The Brass Check'' "the most important and most dangerous book I have ever written."<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/2000s/2006/no-1227-november-2006/upton-sinclair-and-jungle | title = Upton Sinclair & The Jungle | publisher = World Socialism | newspaper = Socialist Standard |date=November 2006 | number = 1227 }}.</ref>

According to ''The Brass Check'', "American Journalism is a class institution, serving the rich and spurning the poor." This bias, Sinclair felt, had profound implications for American democracy:

<blockquote>The social body to which we belong is at this moment passing through one of the greatest crises of its history .... What if the nerves upon which we depend for knowledge of this social body should give us false reports of its condition?</blockquote>

===''Sylvia'' novels===
* ''Sylvia'' (1913) was a novel about a [[American South|Southern]] girl. In her autobiography, [[Mary Craig Sinclair]] said she had written the book based on her own experiences as a girl, and Upton collaborated with her. According to Craig, at her insistence, Sinclair published ''Sylvia'' (1913) under his name. In her 1957 memoir, she described how her husband and she had collaborated on the work: "Upton and I struggled through several chapters of ''Sylvia'' together, disagreeing about something on every page. But now and then each of us admitted that the other had improved something."<ref>{{cite book| first = Mary Craig | last = Sinclair | title = Southern Belle | pages = 106–108, 111–112, 129–132, 142; quote: pp. 111–112}}</ref><ref name=lives>{{cite encyclopedia| first = Peggy W. | last = Prenshaw | title= Sinclair, Mary Craig Kimbrough | editor-first = James B. | editor-last = Lloyd | encyclopedia= Lives of Mississippi Authors, 1817–1967 | pages = 409–410 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RfXGJBB1HvoC&pg=PA409 | via= Google Books | access-date = November 9, 2010| isbn = 978-1617034183 | year= 1981 }}.</ref> When it appeared in 1913, ''The New York Times'' called it "the best novel Mr. Sinclair has yet written–so much the best that it stands in a class by itself."<ref>{{Citation | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B10F93B5F13738DDDAC0A94DD405B838DF1D3 | title = 'Sylvia': Mr. Upton Sinclair's Novel upon a Much-Discussed Theme | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 25 May 1913 | access-date = November 6, 2010}}</ref>
* ''Sylvia's Marriage'' (1914), Craig and Sinclair collaborated on a sequel, also published by John C. Winston Company under Upton Sinclair's name.<ref>{{Citation | title = Southern Belle | page = 146}}.</ref> In his 1962 autobiography, Upton Sinclair wrote: "[Mary] Craig had written some tales of her Southern girlhood; and I had stolen them from her for a novel to be called ''Sylvia''."<ref>{{cite book| first= Upton |last= Sinclair| title= The Autobiography of Upton Sinclair| place= New York| publisher= Harcourt, Brace & World| year= 1962| pages= 180, 195}}</ref>

===EPIC book series and 1934 California gubernatorial campaign===
Sinclair's books ''{{harvnb|The EPIC Plan for California}}'' (EPIC being an epigram for [[End Poverty in California]]), ''{{harvnb|Immediate Epic: The Final Statement of the Plan}}'' and ''{{harvnb|Epic Answers: How to End Poverty in California}}'' were published in 1934.

''{{harvnb|I, Governor of California, and How I Ended Poverty: A True Story of the Future }}'' was a pamphlet<ref>{{cite web |title=Upton Sinclair's End Poverty in California Campaign |url=https://depts.washington.edu/epic34/ |website=Mapping American Social Movements Through the 20th Century |publisher=Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium / University of Washington |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> he published in 1934 as a preface to running for office in the state of California. In the book he outlined his plans to run as a Democrat instead of a Socialist, and imagines his climb to the Democratic nomination, and then subsequent victory by a margin of 100,000 votes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=Adam |title=Mankind, Unite! How Upton Sinclair's 1934 run for governor of California inspired a cult. |url=https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/mankind-unite |work= [[Lapham's Quarterly]] |date=May 13, 2019 |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| last= Lepore| first= Jill| url= https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/09/24/the-lie-factory |title= The Lie Factory| magazine= The New Yorker| date= 2012-09-24 }}</ref>

===Lanny Budd series===
Between 1940 and 1953, Sinclair wrote a series of 11 novels featuring a central character named Lanny Budd. The son of an American arms manufacturer, Budd is portrayed as holding in the confidence of world leaders, and not simply witnessing events, but often propelling them. As a sophisticated socialite who mingles easily with people from all cultures and [[socioeconomic]] classes, Budd has been characterized as the antithesis of the stereotyped "[[Ugly American (epithet)|Ugly American]]".<ref>{{Cite news| title = Upton Sinclair: Revisit to Old Hero Finds He's Still Lively | first = Julie | last = Salamon | author-link = Julie Salamon | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/22/books/22sala.html | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 22 July 2005 | at = Books | access-date = 21 January 2010 | ref = Salamon }}</ref>

Sinclair placed Budd within the important political events in the United States and Europe in the first half of the 20th century. An actual company named the [[Budd Company]] manufactured arms during World War II, founded by [[Edward G. Budd]] in 1912.

The novels were bestsellers upon publication and were published in translation, appearing in 21 countries. The third book in the series, ''[[Dragon's Teeth (novel)|Dragon's Teeth]]'' (1942), won the [[Pulitzer Prize for the Novel]] in 1943.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Brennan |first1=Elizabeth A. |last2=Clarage |first2=Elizabeth C. |title=Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners |year=1999 |publisher=Oryx Press |location= Phoenix |isbn=978-1-57356-111-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofpulitze00bren/page/493 493] |url= https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofpulitze00bren |url-access=registration |access-date=29 November 2011 }}</ref> Out of print and nearly forgotten for years, ebook editions of the Lanny Budd series were published in 2016.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.openroadmedia.com/series/the-lanny-budd-novels/| website= openroadmedia.com| title= The Lanny Budd Novels Volume One by Upton Sinclair| format= Review| access-date= February 5, 2016| archive-date= February 5, 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160205141026/http://www.openroadmedia.com/series/the-lanny-budd-novels/| url-status= dead}}</ref>

The Lanny Budd series includes:

{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[World's End (Sinclair novel)|World's End]]'', 1940
* ''[[Between Two Worlds (novel)|Between Two Worlds]]'', 1941
* ''[[Dragon's Teeth (novel)|Dragon's Teeth]]'', 1942
* ''[[Wide is the Gate]]'', 1943
* ''[[Presidential Agent]]'', 1944
* ''[[Dragon Harvest]]'', 1945
* ''[[A World to Win (Sinclair novel)|A World to Win]]'', 1946
* ''[[Presidential Mission]]'', 1947
* ''[[One Clear Call]]'', 1948
* ''[[O Shepherd, Speak!]]'', 1949
* ''[[The Return of Lanny Budd]]'', 1953
{{colend}}

===Other works===
Sinclair was keenly interested in health and nutrition. He experimented with various diets, and with fasting. He wrote about this in his book, ''[[The Fasting Cure]]'' (1911), another bestseller.<ref>[http://www.soilandhealth.org/02/0201hyglibcat/020106/02010600frame.html "'The Fasting Cure', by Upton Sinclair"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810195028/http://www.soilandhealth.org/02/0201hyglibcat/020106/02010600frame.html |date=August 10, 2015 }}, ''Soil and Health''</ref> He believed that periodic fasting was important for health, saying, "I had taken several fasts of ten or twelve days' duration, with the result of a complete making over of my health".<ref>[http://www.soilandhealth.org/02/0201hyglibcat/020106/020106perfecthealth.html "Perfect Health!" (chapter)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321071917/http://www.soilandhealth.org/02/0201hyglibcat/020106/020106perfecthealth.html |date=March 21, 2012 }}, ''The Fasting Cure'', at ''Soil and Health''</ref>

Sinclair favored a raw food diet of predominantly vegetables and nuts. For long periods of time, he was a complete vegetarian, but he also experimented with eating meat. His attitude to these matters was fully explained in the chapter, "The Use of Meat", in the above-mentioned book.<ref>[http://www.soilandhealth.org/02/0201hyglibcat/020106/020106useofmeat.html "The Use of Meat" (chapter)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514060916/http://www.soilandhealth.org/02/0201hyglibcat/020106/020106useofmeat.html |date=May 14, 2015 }}. ''The Fasting Cure'', at ''Soil and Health''</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinclair|first=Upton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcoEAAAAYAAJ|title=The Fasting Cure|publisher=Mitchell Kennerly|others=Digitized by Harvard University|year=1911|isbn=978-1852286095|location=New York|pages=86–104|chapter=The Use of Meat}}</ref> In the last years of his life, Sinclair strictly ate three meals a day consisting only of brown rice, fresh fruit and celery, topped with powdered milk and salt, and pineapple juice to drink.<ref name="Whitman" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 13, 1961 |title=Upton Sinclair Okays Series on 'Lanny Budd' |volume=35 |work=[[The Desert Sun]] |agency=[[United Press International]] |issue=34}}</ref>

==Works==
<!-- fiction and non-fiction works may still need to be moved to the proper section -->
===Fiction===
* Sinclair, Upton. ''Upton Sinclair Anthology'' (1947) [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.06977 online]
* Engs, Ruth Clifford, ed. ''Unseen Upton Sinclair: Nine Unpublished Stories, Essays and Other Works.'' (McFarland & Co. 2009).

{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Tommy Junior The Second''&nbsp;–  The Argosy, July 1895<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''Courtmartialed''&nbsp;–  1898<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''Saved By the Enemy''&nbsp;– 1898<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''The Fighting Squadron''&nbsp;– 1898<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''A Prisoner of Morro''&nbsp;– 1898<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''A Soldier Monk''&nbsp;– 1898<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''A Gauntlet of Fire''&nbsp;– 1899<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''Holding the Fort'' &nbsp;– 1899<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''A Soldier's Pledge''&nbsp;– 1899<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''Wolves of the Navy''&nbsp;– 1899<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''[[Springtime and Harvest]]''&nbsp;– 1901, reissued the same year as ''King Midas''
* ''[[The Journal of Arthur Stirling]]''&nbsp;– 1903
* ''Off For West Point''&nbsp;– 1903<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''From Port to Port''&nbsp;– 1903<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''On Guard''&nbsp;– 1903<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''A Strange Cruise''&nbsp;– 1903<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''The West Point Rivals''&nbsp;– 1903<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''A West Point Treasure''&nbsp;– 1903<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''A Cadet's Honor''&nbsp;– 1903<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''Cliff, the Naval Cadet''&nbsp;– 1903<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''The Cruise of the Training Ship''&nbsp;– 1903<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''Prince Hagen''&nbsp;– 1903
* ''Manassas: A Novel of the War''&nbsp;– 1904, reissued in 1959 as ''Theirs be the Guilt''
* ''A Captain of Industry''&nbsp;– 1906
* ''[[The Jungle]]''&nbsp;– 1906
* ''The Overman''&nbsp;– 1907
* ''The Industrial Republic''&nbsp;– 1907
* ''The Metropolis''&nbsp;– 1908
* ''The Moneychangers''&nbsp;– 1908, reprinted as ''The Money Changers''
* ''Samuel The Seeker''&nbsp;– 1910
* ''Love's Pilgrimage''&nbsp;– 1911
* ''[[Damaged Goods (Sinclair novel)|Damaged Goods]]''&nbsp;– 1913
* ''Sylvia''&nbsp;– 1913
* ''Sylvia's Marriage''&nbsp;– 1914
* ''[[King Coal]]''&nbsp;– 1917
* ''Jimmie Higgins''&nbsp;– 1919
* ''Debs and the Poets''&nbsp;– 1920
* ''100% – The Story of a Patriot''&nbsp;– 1920
* ''The Spy''&nbsp;– 1920
* ''They Call Me Carpenter: A Tale of the Second Coming''&nbsp;– 1922
* ''The Millennium''&nbsp;– 1924
* ''The Spokesman's Secretary''&nbsp;– 1926
* ''[[Oil!]]''&nbsp;– 1927
* ''[[Boston (novel)|Boston]]'', 2 vols.&nbsp;– 1928
* ''Mountain City''&nbsp;– 1930
* ''[[Roman Holiday (novel)|Roman Holiday]]''&nbsp;– 1931
* ''The Wet Parade''&nbsp;– 1931
* ''American Outpost''&nbsp;– 1932
* ''The Way Out (novel)''&nbsp;– 1933
* ''Immediate Epic''&nbsp;– 1933
* ''The Lie Factory Starts''&nbsp;– 1934<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''The Book of Love''&nbsp;– 1934<!-- Not listed in appendix to US's Autobiography. -->
* ''Depression Island''&nbsp;– 1935
* ''Co-op: a Novel of Living Together''&nbsp;– 1936
* ''[[The Gnomobile]]''&nbsp;– 1936, 1962
* ''Wally for Queen''&nbsp;– 1936
* ''No Pasaran!: A Novel of the Battle of Madrid''&nbsp;– 1937
* ''[[The Flivver King|The Flivver King: A Story of Ford-America]] ''&nbsp;– 1937
* ''[[Little Steel]]''&nbsp;– 1938
* ''Our Lady''&nbsp;– 1938
* ''Expect No Peace''&nbsp;– 1939
* ''Marie Antoinette (novel)''&nbsp;– 1939
* ''Telling The World''&nbsp;– 1939
* ''Your Million Dollars''&nbsp;– 1939
* ''[[World's End (Sinclair novel)|World's End]]''&nbsp;– 1940
* ''World's End Impending''&nbsp;– 1940
* ''[[Between Two Worlds (Upton Sinclair)|Between Two Worlds]]''&nbsp;– 1941
* ''[[Dragon's Teeth (novel)|Dragon's Teeth]]''&nbsp;– 1942
* ''[[Wide Is the Gate]]''&nbsp;– 1943
* ''[[Presidential Agent]]''&nbsp;–   1944
* ''[[Dragon Harvest]]''&nbsp;– 1945
* ''[[A World to Win (Lanny Budd)|A World to Win]]''&nbsp;– 1946
* ''[[A Presidential Mission]]''&nbsp;– 1947
* ''A Giant's Strength''&nbsp;– 1948
* ''Limbo on the Loose''&nbsp;– 1948
* ''[[One Clear Call]]''&nbsp;– 1948
* ''[[O Shepherd, Speak!]]''&nbsp;– 1949
* ''Another Pamela''&nbsp;– 1950
* ''Schenk Stefan!''&nbsp;– 1951
* ''A Personal Jesus''&nbsp;– 1952
* ''[[The Return of Lanny Budd]]''&nbsp;– 1953
* ''What Didymus Did''&nbsp;– UK 1954 / ''It Happened to Didymus''&nbsp;– US 1958
* ''Theirs Be the Guilt''&nbsp;– 1959
* ''Affectionately Eve''&nbsp;– 1961
* ''[[The Coal War]]''&nbsp;– 1976
{{colend}}

===Autobiographical===

{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* ''The Autobiography of Upton Sinclair.'' With Maeve Elizabeth Flynn III. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962.
* ''My Lifetime in Letters.'' Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1960) [https://archive.org/details/trent_0116300682519 online].
* ''[[The Cup of Fury (book)|The Cup of Fury]]''&nbsp;– 1956
{{colend}}

===Non-fiction===
{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Upton |last2=Williams |first2=Michael |title=Good Health and How We Won It: With an Account of New Hygiene |publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company, Publishers |publication-place=New York |year=1909 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015052210583 |oclc=1476950524 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015052210583 |ref=none}}
* ''[[The Fasting Cure]]''&nbsp;– 1911
* ''[[The Profits of Religion]]''&nbsp;– 1917
* ''[[The Brass Check]]''&nbsp;– 1919
* {{cite book |last1=McNeal |first1=T. A. |last2=Sinclair |first2=Upton |title=McNeal-Sinclair Debate on Socialism |series=Ten cent pocket series ;no. 234 |publisher=Haldeman-Julius Company |publication-place=Girard, Kansas |year=1921 |hdl=2027/coo.31924030332716 |oclc=1408761760 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924030332716 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |title=The Book of Life |publisher=Upton Sinclair; Wholesale distributors, Paine Book Co. |publication-place=Pasadena, Calif., Chicago |year=1922 |oclc=644454786 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t04x5vb8x |display-authors=0 |hdl=2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t04x5vb8x |ref=none}}
* ''[[The Goose-Step (book)|The Goose-Step]]''&nbsp;– 1923
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |title=The Goslings: A Study of the American Schools |year=1924 |oclc=314675830 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65576 |display-authors=0 |ref=none}}
* ''[[Mammonart|Mammonart. An Essay in Economic Interpretation]]''&nbsp;– 1925
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |title=Letters to Judd, an American Workingman |publisher=The author |publication-place=Pasadena, CA |year=1925 |oclc=1496349431 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924030404325 |display-authors=0 |hdl=2027/coo.31924030404325 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |title=Money Writes! |publisher=A. & C. Boni |publication-place=New York |year=1927 |oclc=614662777 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b113567 |display-authors=0 |hdl=2027/uc1.$b113567 |ref=none}}
* ''[[Mental Radio|Mental Radio: Does it work, and how?]]''&nbsp;– 1930, 1962
* ''[[Upton Sinclair Presents William Fox]]''&nbsp;– 1933
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |display-authors=0 |title=Epic Answers: How to End Poverty in California |publisher=End Poverty League |publication-place=Los Angeles, Calif. |year=1934 |oclc=1288406151 |ref={{SfnRef|Epic Answers: How to End Poverty in California}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |display-authors=0 |title=The EPIC Plan for California |publisher=Farrar & Rinehart |publication-place=New York |year=1934 |hdl=2027/uc1.b4080544 |oclc=555500859 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4080544 |ref={{SfnRef|The EPIC Plan for California}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |display-authors=0 |title=I, Governor of California, and How I Ended Poverty: A True Story of the Future |publisher=End Poverty League Incorporated |publication-place=Los Angeles, California |year=1934 |oclc=1252363055 |url=https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:482306557$1i |ref={{SfnRef|I, Governor of California, and How I Ended Poverty: A True Story of the Future}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |display-authors=0 |title=Immediate Epic: The Final Statement of the Plan |publisher=End Poverty League |publication-place=Los Angeles, Calif. |year=1934 |hdl=2027/uc1.b4080544 |oclc=609477646 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4080544 |ref={{SfnRef|Immediate Epic: The Final Statement of the Plan}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |display-authors=0 |title=We, People of America, And How We Ended Poverty: A True Story of the Future |publisher=National EPIC league |publication-place=Pasadena, Calif. |year=1935 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015059479066 |oclc=1467295145 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015059479066 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |display-authors=0 |title=I, Candidate for Governor And How I Got Licked |publisher=University of California Press |year=1935 |oclc=1527259587 |ref=none}} {{ISBN|978-0-520-91352-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |display-authors=0 |title=What God Means to Me: An Attempt at a Working Religion |publisher=Upton Sinclair |publication-place=Pasadena |year=1936 |oclc=1439056275 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |display-authors=0 |title=Upton Sinclair on the Soviet Union |publisher=Weekly Masses Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/UptonSinclairOnTheSovietUnion |publication-place=New York |year=1938 |oclc=1439053857 |ref=none |via=archive.org}}
* {{cite book |last=Sinclair |first=Upton |display-authors=0 |title=Letters to a Millionaire |publisher=T.W. Laurie |publication-place=London |year=1939 |oclc=12304661 |ref=none}}
{{colend}}

===Drama===

{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Plays of Protest: The Naturewoman, The Machine, The Second-Story Man, Prince Hagen''&nbsp;– 1912
* ''The Pot Boiler''&nbsp;– 1913 (Not published in book form until 1924 – as [[Little Blue Book]] 589, issued by [[E. Haldeman-Julius]].)
* ''Hell: A Verse Drama and Photoplay''&nbsp;– 1924
* ''Singing Jailbirds: A Drama in Four Acts''&nbsp;– 1924
* ''Bill Porter: A Drama of O. Henry in Prison''&nbsp;– 1925
* ''The Enemy Had It Too: A Play in Three Acts''&nbsp;– 1950
{{colend}}

===As editor===
* ''The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest''&nbsp;– 1915

==Representation in popular culture==
[[File:President Lyndon B. Johnson greets Upton Sinclair.jpg|thumb|President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] greets Sinclair]]
* [[Sinclair Lewis]] refers to Upton Sinclair and his EPIC plan in the novel ''[[It Can't Happen Here]]'' (1935).
* Sinclair appears in [[T. C. Boyle]]'s novel ''[[The Road to Wellville]]'' (1993), which is built around a historical fictionalization of [[John Harvey Kellogg]], the inventor of [[corn flakes]] and the founder of the [[Battle Creek Sanitarium]]. In the book, Sinclair and his first wife, Meta, appear as patients at the Sanitarium. Later, Kellogg is outraged when he discovers that another of his patients has been fasting after reading a typescript of Sinclair's ''The Fasting Cure''.
* Sinclair appears in the [[American Empire (Harry Turtledove)|American Empire]] trilogy (2001–2003), part of the wider [[Southern Victory]] series of [[alternate history]] novels by [[Harry Turtledove]]. In the series, Sinclair becomes president of the United States, serving from 1921 to 1929, as the first president from the Socialist Party.<!-- Do not wikilink to the Socialist Party he was a member of historically. The party of Turtledove's novels was founded by Abraham Lincoln et al. in 1882, and is unrelated to real parties of the same name. --> During his administration, he builds up social welfare programs at home and tries to foster peace abroad. Sinclair takes a more lenient stance towards the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] than his predecessor [[Theodore Roosevelt]] did, cancelling Great War reparations following the assassination of Confederate President Wade Hampton V in 1922.
* Sinclair is featured as one of the main characters in [[Chris Bachelder]]'s satirical novel, ''U.S.!'' (2005). Repeatedly, Sinclair is resurrected after his death and assassinated again, a "personification of the contemporary failings of the American left". He is portrayed as a [[Don Quixote|quixotic]] reformer attempting to stir an apathetic American public to implement socialism in America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=L'Official |first=Peter |title=Left Behind |journal=The Village Voice |issue=14 February 2006 |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/books/0608,lofficial,72231,10.html |access-date=17 November 2011 |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516222822/http://www.villagevoice.com/books/0608,lofficial,72231,10.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Joyce Carol Oates]] refers to Sinclair and his first wife, Meta, in her novel ''[[The Accursed (Joyce Carol Oates novel)|The Accursed]]'' (2013).
* Sinclair was portrayed by [[Bill Nye]] in [[David Fincher]]'s biopic ''[[Mank]]'' (2020).

==Films==
* ''[[The Jungle (1914 film)|The Jungle]]'' (1914) is a silent film adaptation of the 1906 novel, with George Nash playing Jurgis Rudkus and Gail Kane playing Ona Lukozsaite. The film is considered [[lost film|lost]].<ref name=silentera>{{cite web |url=http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/J/Jungle1914.html |title=The Jungle |publisher=silentera.com}}</ref> Sinclair appears at the beginning and end of the film as a form of endorsement.<ref>{{Citation | url = https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/97443/The-Jungle/overview | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080305195732/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/97443/The-Jungle/overview | url-status = dead | archive-date = March 5, 2008 | department = Movies & TV Dept. | work = [[The New York Times]] | author = Hal Erickson | title = The Jungle (1914) | author-link = Hal Erickson (author) | date = 2008 | access-date = July 1, 2010}}.</ref>
* ''[[The Wet Parade]]'' (1932) is a film adaptation of Sinclair's eponymous 1931 novel, directed by [[Victor Fleming]] and starring [[Lewis Stone]], [[Walter Huston]], [[Dorothy Jordan (American actress)|Dorothy Jordan]], [[Neil Hamilton (actor)|Neil Hamilton]], [[Robert Young (actor)|Robert Young]], and [[Jimmy Durante]]. [[Myrna Loy]] appears very briefly as an actress who runs an elegant speakeasy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/95393/the-wet-parade#credits|title=The Wet Parade (1932) – Full Credits |website= Turner Classic Movies |language=en|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>
* [[Walt Disney Productions]] adapted ''The Gnomobile'' (1937) into the 1967 musical motion picture ''[[The Gnome-Mobile]]''.<ref>{{IMDb title| 0061715 |The Gnome-Mobile}}</ref>
* ''[[Oil!]]'' (1927) was adapted as the film ''[[There Will Be Blood]]'' (2007), starring [[Daniel Day-Lewis]] and [[Paul Dano]], and directed by [[Paul Thomas Anderson]]. The film received eight [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominations and won two.<ref>{{IMDb title| id= 0469494| title= There Will Be Blood}}</ref>
* In [[David Fincher]]'s film drama ''[[Mank]]'' (2020), [[Bill Nye]] has a small role as Sinclair running for [[1934 California gubernatorial election|California governor]] in 1934 as the Democratic nominee.

==See also==
* [[Upton Sinclair House]]—in Monrovia, California
* [[Will H. Kindig]], a supporter on the Los Angeles City Council
* [[List of residences of American writers]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist | 30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arthur |first=Anthony |title=Radical Innocent Upton Sinclair |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalinnocentu00arth |place=New York |publisher=Random House |year=2006 |isbn=978-1400061518}}.
* Arthur, Anthony. "Upton Sinclair" [https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_uptonsinclair.html?scp=5&sq=only%2520child&st=Search ''The New York Times'' Nov. 26, 1968] obituary
* Blinderman, Abraham, ed. ''Critics on Upton Sinclair; readings in literary criticism'' (1975) [https://archive.org/details/criticsonuptonsi0000blin online]
*  Bloodworth Jr., William A. ''Upton Sinclair''. (Twayne, 1977) [https://archive.org/details/uptonsinclair0294unse online].
*  Bloodworth Jr., William Andrew, Jr. "The early years of Upton Sinclair: A study of the development of a progressive Christian Socialist" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses,  1972. 7307508)
* Coodley, Lauren, editor, ''The Land of Orange Groves and Jails: Upton Sinclair's California.'' Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 2004.
* Coodley, Lauren. ''Upton Sinclair: California Socialist, Celebrity Intellectual.'' Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2013.
* Cook, Timothy. "Upton Sinclair's" The Jungle" and Orwell's" Animal Farm": A Relationship Explored." ''Modern Fiction Studies'' 30.4 (1984): 696–703. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26282802 online]
* Dell, Floyd. ''Upton Sinclair; a study in social protest'' (1970) [https://archive.org/details/uptonsinclairstu00dell online]
* Duvall, J. Michael. "Processes of Elimination: Progressive-Era Hygienic Ideology, Waste, and Upton Sinclair's The Jungle." ''American Studies'' 43.3 (2002): 29–56. [https://libprdojsap02.lib.ku.edu/amerstud/article/download/3043/3002 online]{{Dead link|date=December 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* Folsom, Michael Brewster. "Upton Sinclair's Escape from The Jungle: The Narrative Strategy and Suppressed Conclusion of America's First Proletarian Novel." ''Prospects'' 4 (1979): 237–266.
* Graf, Rüdiger. "Truth in the Jungle of Literature, Science, and Politics: Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and Food Control Reforms during the Progressive Era." ''Journal of American History'' 106.4 (2020): 901–922. online
* Graham, John, ''The Coal War,'' (Colorado Associated University Press, 1976).
* Gottesman, Ronald. ''Upton Sinclair: An Annotated Checklist.'' Kent State University Press, 1973.
* Harris, Leon. ''Upton Sinclair, American Rebel.'' New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co, 1975.
* Leader, Leonard. "Upton Sinclair's EPIC Switch: A Dilemma for American Socialists." ''Southern California Quarterly'' 62.4 (1980): 361–385.
* Mattson, Kevin. ''Upton Sinclair and the Other American Century.'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2006). [https://archive.org/details/uptonsinclairoth00matt online]
* Mitchell, Greg. ''The Campaign of the Century: Upton Sinclair and the EPIC Campaign in California.'' New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991.
* Mookerjee, R. N. ''Art for social justice : the major novels of Upton Sinclair'' (1988) [https://archive.org/details/artforsocialjust0000mook online]
* Pickavance, Jason. "Gastronomic realism: Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, the fight for pure food, and the magic of mastication." ''Food and Foodways'' 11.2–3 (2003): 87–112.
* Piep, Karsten H. "War as Proletarian Bildungsroman in Upton Sinclair's Jimmie Higgins." ''War, Literature, and the Arts: An International Journal of the Humanities'' 17.1–2 (2005): 199–226. [https://www.academia.edu/download/55731102/Piep_War_as_Proletarian_Bildungsroman.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Rising, George G. "An EPIC Endeavor: Upton Sinclair's 1934 California Gubernatorial Campaign." ''Southern California Quarterly'' 79.1 (1997): 101–124. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171841 online]
* Swint, Kerwin. ''Mudslingers: The Twenty-five Dirtiest Political Campaigns of All Time.'' (Praeger, 2006).
* Wade, Louise C. "The problem with classroom use of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle." ''American Studies'' 32.2 (1991): 79–101. [https://libprdojsap02.lib.ku.edu/amerstud/article/download/2885/2844 online]{{Dead link|date=December 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
* Wagner, Rob Leicester. ''Hollywood Bohemia: The Roots of Progressive Politics in Rob Wagner's Script'' (Janaway, 2016) ({{ISBN|978-1-59641-369-6}})
* Yoder, Jon A.  ''Upton Sinclair.'' New York: Frederick Ungar, 1975. [https://archive.org/details/uptonsinclaircal0000cood online]
* Zanger, Martin. "Upton Sinclair as California's Socialist Candidate for Congress, 1920," ''Southern California Quarterly,'' vol. 56, no. 4 (Winter 1974), pp.&nbsp;359–73.
{{Div col end}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=y|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|wikt=no|c=Category:Upton Sinclair|s=author:Upton Sinclair}}
*{{cite archive |item=Upton Sinclair: An Inventory of His Collection |item-url=https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadID=00538 |item-id=Manuscript Collection MS-3848 |type=finding aid |collection=Upton Sinclair Collection |collection-url= |repository=[[Harry Ransom Center]]  |institution=[[University of Texas]] |location =Austin, TX |oclc= |accession= |ref=none}}
* [https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadID=00538 Upton Sinclair Collection] at the [[Harry Ransom Center]] 
*{{Citation | url = http://hnn.us/articles/27227.html | first = Christopher | last = Phelps | title = The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle | publisher = History News network | date = 26 June 2006 |ref=none}}.
* [http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/sinclair.html Upton Sinclair, "EPIC"], [[Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco]]
* [http://sinclairsquared.blogspot.com/  "A Tribute To Two Sinclairs"], Sinclair Lewis & Upton Sinclair
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?165365-1/writings-upton-sinclair "Writings of Upton Sinclair"] from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160214232424/http://chicagoliteraryhof.org/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=139 Upton Sinclair&nbsp;– Induction into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame]
* [http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002dj0mj Image of Upton Sinclair and wife Mary Craig, Santa Barbara, California, 1935.] [[Los Angeles Times]] Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, [[Charles E. Young Research Library]], University of California, Los Angeles.
* [https://www-jstor-org.hacc.idm.oclc.org/stable/41171420?seq=1 A Portfolio of Upton Sinclair Photographs.] Los Angeles: Southern California Quarterly, vol. 56, no. 4, Historical Society of Southern California, Winter 1974.
* [https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/MVTN/id/6696 "Democrats back Upton Sinclair for Governor--outtakes."] [[Fox Movietone News]] Story 23-308, September 20, 1934.

===Electronic editions===
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/upton-sinclair}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=88 }}
* {{FadedPage|id=Sinclair, Upton|name=Upton Sinclair|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Upton Sinclair}}
* {{Librivox author |id=393}}
* [http://www.bartleby.com/71/ ''The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest''], Bartleby.com
* [https://archive.org/details/UptonSinclairLetterBeardsley  "Upton Sinclair's 1929 letter to John Beardsley"], Upton Sinclair to John Beardsley

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef | before = Milton M. Young }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for <br> [[governor of California]] | years = [[1934 California gubernatorial election|1934]] }}
{{s-aft | after = [[Culbert Olson]] }}
{{s-vac | last = Noble A. Richardson, [[1914 California gubernatorial election|1914]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]] nominee for <br> [[governor of California]] | years = [[1926 California gubernatorial election|1926]], [[1930 California gubernatorial election|1930]] }}
{{s-non | reason = Party defunct }}
{{s-end}}

{{PulitzerPrize Fiction 1926–1950}}
{{California Democratic Party}}
{{Upton Sinclair}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinclair, Upton}}
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