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{{Short description|German ethnic and nationalist movement}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Völkisch'' movement}}
{{Redirect|Folkist movement|other uses|Folkism (disambiguation){{!}}Folkism}}
{{Expand French|Mouvement völkisch|date=July 2022|topic=hist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
[[File:Die Zeitschrift der Völkischen Bewegung, 1919.jpg|thumb|Magazine advocating for Völkisch politics (1919)|291x291px]]
The '''''Völkisch'' movement''' ({{langx|de|Völkische Bewegung}} {{IPA|de|ˌfœlkɪʃə bəˈveːɡʊŋ|}}, {{langx|en|Folkist movement}}, also called '''Völkism''') was a [[Pan-Germanism|Pan-German]] [[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalist]] movement active from the late 19th century through the dissolution of the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] in 1945, with remnants in the [[Federal Republic of Germany]] afterwards. Erected on the idea of "[[blood and soil]]", inspired by the one-body-metaphor (''[[Volkskörper]]'', "ethnic body"; literally "body of the people"), and by the idea of naturally grown communities in unity, it was characterized by [[organicism]], [[racialism]], [[populism]], [[agrarianism]], [[romantic nationalism]] and – as a consequence of a growing exclusive and ethnic connotation – by [[antisemitism]] from the 1900s onward.{{sfn|Camus|Lebourg|2017|pp=16–18}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ry-qW0lw2ZAC&pg=PT43|title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews|last=Longerich|first=Peter|date=2010-04-15|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191613470|language=en}}</ref> ''Völkisch'' nationalists generally considered the Jews to be an "alien people" who belonged to a different ''Volk'' ("race" or "folk") from the Germans.<ref>{{cite book|author=Joseph W. Bendersky|title=A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945|year=2000|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8304-1567-0|page=34}}</ref> After [[World War II]], the ''Völkisch'' movement became viewed as a [[Proto-fascism|proto-fascist]] or proto-[[Nazism|Nazi]] phenomenon in the context of German society.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/21eb5ed5-ca8d-449c-9b6d-acb5e7cfc3dd/650073.pdf|pages=5–6|title=Völkisch Writers and National Socialism: A Study of Right Wing Political Culture in Germany, 1890–1960|author1=Guy Tourlamain|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|year=2014}}</ref>

The ''Völkisch'' movement was not a homogeneous set of beliefs, but rather a "variegated sub-culture" that rose in opposition to the socio-cultural changes of [[modernity]].{{sfn|Dohe|2016|p=36}} The "only denominator common" to all ''Völkisch'' theorists was the idea of a national rebirth, inspired by the traditions of the [[Germanic peoples|Ancient Germans]] which had been "reconstructed" on a romantic basis by the adherents of the movement.  This proposed rebirth entailed either "Germanizing" [[Christianity]] or the comprehensive rejection of Christian heritage in favor of a reconstituted pre-Christian [[Germanic paganism]].{{Sfn|Koehne|2014|p=760|ps=: "As Roger Griffin has argued, a "striking feature of the sub-culture ... was just how prolific and variegated it was ... [T]he only denominator common to all was the myth of national rebirth. A number of historians have suggested that the leaders of the NSDAP adhered either to paganism or to an 'Aryanized' Christian faith. Uwe Puschner has noted that two major "religious concepts and camps" existed in the völkisch movement beginning around 1900. One camp advocated an 'Aryanized' German-Christianity, the other a 'revival of the pre-Christian religion of the ancient Germans.' Yet Puschner argues, at the same time, that 'völkisch schemes of religion' formed a spectrum: from attempts 'to germanize Christianity, to a decisive rejection of Christianity and the creation of new Germanic religions.'"}} In a narrow definition, the term is used to designate only groups that consider human beings essentially preformed by blood, or by inherited characteristics.<ref name="LH19">Hans Jürgen Lutzhöft (1971). ''Der Nordische Gedanke in Deutschland 1920–1940'' (Stuttgart. Ernst Klett Verlag), p. 19.</ref>

The ''Völkischen'' are often encompassed in a wider [[Conservative Revolution]] by scholars, a German [[National conservatism|national conservative]] movement that rose in prominence during the [[Weimar Republic]] (1918–1933).<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeIkAQAAMAAJ|title=La Révolution conservatrice allemande sous la République de Weimar|last=Dupeux|first=Louis|date=1992|publisher=Kimé|isbn=9782908212181|language=fr}}</ref>{{sfn|François|2009}} During the period of the [[Third Reich]], [[Adolf Hitler]] and the Nazis believed in and enforced a definition of the German ''Volk'' which excluded Jews, the [[Romani people]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Homosexuals in Nazi Germany|homosexuals]], and other "foreign elements" living in Germany.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Hutton|title=Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk|year=2005|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-3177-6|pages=93, 105, 150}}</ref>  Their policies led to these "undesirables" being rounded up and murdered in large numbers, in what became known as [[the Holocaust]].

== Translation ==
The adjective ''Völkisch'' ({{IPA|de|ˈfœlkɪʃ|pron}}) is derived from the German word ''[[Volk]]'' ([[cognate]] with the English "folk"), which has overtones of "[[nation]]", "[[Race (human classification)|race]]" or "[[tribe]]".<ref>James Webb. 1976. ''The Occult Establishment''. [[La Salle, Illinois]]: Open Court. {{ISBN|0-87548-434-4}}. pp. 276–277</ref> While ''Völkisch'' has no direct English equivalent, it could be loosely translated as "[[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalist]]", "ethnic-chauvinist", "ethnic-popular",<ref>{{cite book |last=Ullrich|first=Volker | author-link = Volker Ullrich| title = Hitler: Ascent, 1889–1939|year=2016| publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group| translator = Jefferson Chase | isbn= 9780385354394 }} ''passim''</ref>{{pn|date=September 2025}} or, closer to its original meaning, as "bio-mystical [[racism|racialist]]".{{sfn|Camus|Lebourg|2017|pp=16–18}}

If ''Völkisch'' writers used terms like ''Nordische Rasse'' ("[[Nordic race]]") and ''Germanentum'' ("[[Germanic peoples]]"), their concept of ''Volk'' could, however, also be more flexible, and understood as a ''Gemeinsame Sprache'' ("common language"),<ref>Georg Schmidt-Rohr: ''Die Sprache als Bildnerin.'' 1932.</ref> or as an ''Ausdruck einer Landschaftsseele'' ("expression of a landscape's soul"), in the words of geographer [[Ewald Banse]].<ref>[[Ewald Banse]]. ''Landschaft und Seele.'' München 1928, p. 469.</ref>

The defining idea which the ''Völkisch'' movement revolved around was that of a ''[[Volkstum]]'', literally the "folkdom" or the "culture of the ''Volk''".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Brüggemeier|first1=Franz-Josef|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=erLXrJhsk5gC&pg=PA259|title=How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich|last2=Cioc|first2=Mark|last3=Zeller|first3=Thomas|date=2005|publisher=[[Ohio University Press]]|isbn=9780821416471|pages=259|language=en}}</ref> Other associated German words include ''Volksboden'' (the "Volk's essential substrate"), ''[[Volksgeist]]'' (the "spirit of the ''Volk''"),{{sfn|Dohe|2016|p=36}} ''[[Volksgemeinschaft]]'' (the "community of the ''Volk''"),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Poewe|first1=Karla|last2=Hexham|first2=Irving|date=2009|title=The Völkisch Modernist Beginnings of National Socialism: Its Intrusion into the Church and Its Antisemitic Consequence|journal=Religion Compass|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=676–696|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00156.x|issn=1749-8171}}</ref> as well as ''Volkstümlich'' ("folksy" or "traditional")<ref>{{Cite web|title=volkstümlich {{!}} translate German to English: Cambridge Dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/volkstumlich|access-date=2019-11-01|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en}}</ref> and ''Volkstümlichkeit'' (the "popular celebration of the ''Volkstum''").<ref name=":2" />

== Definition ==
The ''Völkisch'' movement was not unified, instead, according to Petteri Pietikäinen, it was "a cauldron of beliefs, fears and hopes that found expression in various movements and were often articulated in an emotional tone".<ref name=":0">Petteri Pietikäinen, "The Volk and Its Unconscious: Jung, Hauer and the 'German Revolution{{'"}}. ''Journal of Contemporary History'' '''35'''.4 (October 2000: 523–539), p. 524</ref> According to historian [[Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke]], ''Völkisch'' denoted the "national collectivity inspired by a common creative energy, feelings and sense of individuality. These metaphysical qualities were supposed to define the unique cultural essence of the German people."{{Sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=3}} Journalist Peter Ross Range writes that "''Völkisch'' is very hard to define and almost untranslatable into English. The word has been rendered as popular, populist, people's, racial, racist, ethnic-chauvinist, nationalistic, communitarian (for Germans only), conservative, traditional, Nordic, romantic – and it means, in fact, all of those. The ''völkisch'' political ideology ranged from a sense of German superiority to a spiritual resistance to 'the evils of industrialization and the atomization of modern man,' wrote military historian David Jablonsky. But its central component, said Harold J. Gordon, was always racism.<ref>Peter Ross Range (2016), ''1924: The Year That Made Hitler'', New York: [[Little, Brown and Company]]. p. 27.</ref>

''Völkisch'' thinkers tended to idealize the myth of an "original nation", that still could be found at that time in the rural regions of Germany, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites."{{sfn|François|2009}} The notion of "people" (''[[Volk]]'') subsequently turned into the idea of a "racial essence",{{sfn|Dohe|2016|p=36}} and ''Völkisch'' thinkers referred to the term as a birth-giving and quasi-eternal entity—in the same way as they would write on "the Nature"—rather than a sociological category.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dupeux|first=Louis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeIkAQAAMAAJ|title=La Révolution conservatrice allemande sous la République de Weimar|date=1992|publisher=Kimé|isbn=978-2908212181|pages=115–125|language=fr|author-link=Louis Dupeux}}</ref>

The movement combined sentimental patriotic interest in [[German folklore]], [[local history]] and a "back-to-the-land" [[Anti-urbanism|anti-urban]] populism. "In part this ideology was a revolt against modernity", Nicholls remarked.<ref>A. J. Nicholls, reviewing George L. Mosse, ''The Crisis in German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich'', in ''[[The English Historical Review]]'' '''82''' No. 325 (October 1967), p. 860. Mosse was characterised as "the foremost historian of ''völkisch'' ideology" by Petteri Pietikäinen 2000:524 note 6.</ref> As they sought to overcome what they felt was the malaise of a [[Scientism|scientistic]] and [[Rationalism|rationalistic]] modernity, ''Völkisch'' authors imagined a spiritual solution in a ''Volk''{{'}}s essence perceived as authentic, intuitive, even "primitive", in the sense of an alignment with a primordial and cosmic order.{{sfn|Dohe|2016|p=36}}

== History ==
=== Origins in the 19th century ===
{{Conservatism in Germany}}The ''Völkisch'' movement emerged in the late 19th century, drawing inspiration from [[German Romanticism]] and the history of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and what many saw as its harmonious hierarchical order.{{sfn|Camus|Lebourg|2017|pp=16–18}} The delayed [[Unification of Germany|unification]] of the German-speaking peoples under a single [[German Reich]] in the 19th century is cited as conducive to the emergence of the ''Völkisch'' movement.{{Sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=3}} The Volk were convinced that they were renouncing the ideals of the Enlightenment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Birken |first=Lawrence |date=1994 |title=Volkish Nationalism in Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/494715 |journal=The History Teacher |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=133–143 |doi=10.2307/494715 |jstor=494715 |issn=0018-2745|url-access=subscription }}</ref>  

Despite the previous lower-class connotation associated to the word ''Volk'', the ''Völkisch'' movement saw the term with a noble overtone suggesting a German ascendancy over other peoples.{{sfn|Dohe|2016|p=36}} Thinkers led by [[Arthur de Gobineau]] (1816–1882), [[Georges Vacher de Lapouge]] (1854–1936), [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] (1855–1927), [[Ludwig Woltmann]] (1871–1907) and [[Alexis Carrel]] (1873–1944) were inspired by [[Charles Darwin]]'s [[Evolution|theory of evolution]] in advocating a "race struggle" and a hygienist vision of the world. They had conceptualized a racialist and hierarchical definition of the peoples of the world where [[Aryan race|Aryan]]s (or Germans) had to be at the summit of the [[White people|white race]]. The purity of the bio-mystical and primordial nation theorized by the ''Völkisch'' thinkers then began to be seen as having been corrupted by foreign elements, Jewish in particular.{{sfn|Camus|Lebourg|2017|pp=16–18}}

=== Before World War I ===
[[File:Flag of the Order of New Templars.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Order of the New Templars]] designed 1907 with a [[swastika]] used as völkisch (German ethno-nationalist) symbol]]
The same word ''Volk'' was used as a flag for new forms of ethnic nationalism, as well as by international socialist parties as a synonym for the [[proletariat]] in the German lands. From the left, elements of the folk-culture spread to the parties of the middle classes.<ref>George L. Mosse, ''The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich'' (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1966) sees this in the context of a broader revolt against modernity, contrasting healthy rural life with the debased materialism of city culture.</ref>

Although the primary interest of the [[Ariosophy|Germanic mystical movement]] was the revival of native pagan traditions and customs (often set in the context of a quasi-[[Theosophy (disambiguation)|theosophical]] esotericism), a marked preoccupation with purity of race came to motivate its more politically oriented offshoots, such as the ''[[Germanenorden]]'' (the Germanic or Teutonic Order), a secret society founded at Berlin in 1912 which required its candidates to prove that they had no "non-[[Aryan race|Aryan]]" bloodlines and required from each a promise to maintain purity of his stock in marriage. Local groups of the sect met to celebrate the [[summer solstice]], an important [[neopaganism|neopagan]] festivity in ''völkisch'' circles (and later in Nazi Germany), and more regularly to read the [[Edda]]s as well as some of the [[German mystic]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intelinet.org/swastika/swasti01.htm#anchor36373 |website=Intelinet.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423053400/http://www.intelinet.org/swastika/swasti01.htm |archive-date=23 April 2010 |title=The Swastika and the Nazis}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2020}}

Not all folkloric societies with connections to [[Romantic nationalism]] were located in Germany. The ''Völkisch'' movement was a force as well in Austria.<ref>Austrian manifestations were surveyed by Rudolf G. Ardelt, ''Zwischen Demoktratie und Faschismus: Deutschnationales Gedankengut in Österreich, 1919–1930'' (Vienna and Salzburg) 1972, not translated into English.</ref> Meanwhile, the community of [[Monte Verità]] ('Mount Truth') which emerged in 1900 at [[Ascona]], Switzerland is described by the Swiss art critic Harald Szeemann as "the southernmost outpost of a far-reaching Nordic lifestyle-reform, that is, alternative movement".<ref>Heidi Paris and Peter Gente (1982). ''Monte Verita: A Mountain for Minorities''. Translated by Hedwig Pachter, ''Semiotext, the German Issue'' '''IV'''(2):1.</ref>

=== Weimar Republic ===
The political agitation and uncertainty that followed [[World War I]] nourished a fertile background for the renewed success of various ''Völkisch'' sects that were abundant in Berlin at the time,{{sfn|François|2009}} but if the ''Völkisch'' movement became significant by the number of groups during the [[Weimar Republic]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeQAAAAAMAAJ|title=Der Nordische Gedanke in Deutschland 1920–1940|last=Lutzhöft|first=Hans-Jürgen|date=1971|publisher=Klett|isbn=9783129054703|pages=19|language=de}}</ref> they were not so by the number of adherents.{{sfn|François|2009}} A few ''Völkische'' authors tried to revive what they believed to be a true German faith ([[Neopaganism in German-speaking Europe|''Deutschglaube'']]), by resurrecting the cult of the [[Germanic mythology|ancient Germanic gods]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=659YAAAACAAJ|title=Politique et tradition: Julius Evola dans le siècle, 1898–1974|last=Boutin|first=Christophe|date=1992|publisher=Editions Kimé|isbn=9782908212150|pages=264–265|language=fr}}</ref> Various occult movements such as [[ariosophy]] were connected to ''Völkisch'' theories,{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=15}} and artistic circles were largely present among the ''Völkischen'', like the painters [[Ludwig Fahrenkrog]] (1867–1952) and [[Fidus]] (1868–1948).{{sfn|François|2009}} By May 1924, essayist [[Wilhelm Stapel]] perceived the movement as capable of embracing and reconciling the whole nation: in his view, ''Völkisch'' had an idea to spread instead of a party programme and were led by heroes — not by "calculating politicians".<ref name=":10">[[Wilhelm Stapel]], "Das Elementare in der völkischen Bewegung", ''Deutsches Volkstum,'' 5 May 1924, pp. 213–15.</ref> Scholar Petteri Pietikäinen also observed ''Völkisch'' influences on [[Carl Jung|Carl Gustav Jung]].<ref name=":0" />

A major political vehicle for the ''Völkisch'' movement during this era was the German Völkisch Freedom Party ([[German Völkisch Freedom Party|Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei]], DVFP), founded in December 1922 when key antisemitic figures split from the conservative [[German National People's Party]]. The DVFP openly called for a "völkisch dictatorship" and briefly formed a major electoral alliance with the banned [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers' Party]] (NSDAP) in 1924. Campaigning together as the [[National Socialist Freedom Movement]], the alliance won 32 seats in the Reichstag, demonstrating that ''Völkisch'' ideology had a significant electoral presence independent of the early NSDAP.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosse |first=George L. |title=The crisis of German ideology: intellectual origins of the Third Reich |date=1981 |publisher=Schocken Books |isbn=978-0-8052-0669-2 |edition=Repr. of the ed. by Grosset & Dunlap, 1964 |location=New York}}</ref>

== Influence on Nazism ==
{{Nazism sidebar|expanded=Related}}
The ''völkisch'' ideologies were influential in the development of [[Nazism]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Dietrich Orlow|title=The Nazi Party 1919–1945: A Complete History|date=23 June 2010|publisher=Enigma Books|isbn=978-0-9824911-9-5|page=135}}</ref> Indeed, [[Joseph Goebbels]] publicly asserted in the 1927 [[Nuremberg rally]] that if the populist (''völkisch'') movement had understood power and how to bring thousands out in the streets, it would have gained political power on 9 November 1918 (the outbreak of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]-led [[German Revolution of 1918–1919]], end of the German monarchy).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/rpt27c1.htm |title=Calvin.edu |access-date=1 March 2005 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812170100/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/rpt27c1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nazi racial understanding was couched in ''völkisch'' terms, as when [[Eugen Fischer]] delivered his inaugural address as Nazi rector, ''The Conception of the Völkisch state in the view of biology'' (29 July 1933).<ref>Franz Weidenreich in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', New Series, '''104''', No. 2704 (October 1946:399).</ref> Karl Harrer, the [[Thule Society]] member most directly involved in the creation of the DAP in 1919, was sidelined at the end of the year when Hitler drafted regulations against conspiratorial circles, and the Thule Society was dissolved a few years later.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp= 150, 221}} The ''völkisch'' circles handed down one significant legacy to the Nazis: In 1919, Thule Society member Friedrich Krohn designed the original version of the Nazi [[swastika]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hitler|first=Adolf|title=[[Mein Kampf]]|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Company]]|year=1943|pages=496}}</ref>

In January 1919, the Thule Society was instrumental in the foundation of the [[German Workers' Party]] (DAP), which later became the [[National Socialist German Workers’ Party|National Socialist German Workers' Party]] (NSDAP), commonly called the [[Nazi Party]]. Thule Society members or visiting guests of the Thule Society who would later join the Nazi Party included [[Rudolf Hess]], [[Alfred Rosenberg]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Gottfried Feder]], [[Dietrich Eckart]] and [[Karl Harrer]]. Notably, [[Adolf Hitler]] was never a member of the Thule Society and [[Rudolf Hess]] and [[Alfred Rosenberg]] were only visiting guests of the Thule Society in the early years before they came to prominence in the Nazi movement.{{sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|pp=149, 201}} After being appointed Chairman of the NSDAP in 1921, Hitler moved to sever the party's link with the Thule Society, expelling Harrer in the process; the Society subsequently fell into decline and was dissolved in 1925.{{Sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1985|p=221}}

== Post-war legacy ==
Material from the major ''völkisch'' writers such as [[Herman Wirth]], [[Wilhelm Teudt]] and [[Bernhard Kummer]] has continued to appear in some post-war groups in German-speaking Europe, notably occult and [[modern pagan]] far-right groups, such as [[Artgemeinschaft]], and [[Green politics|green]]-alternative groups interested in ''völkisch'' theses about Germanic [[matriarchy]] and [[ecology]]. There have been some supporters of ''völkisch'' material among the [[European New Right]]. A few ''völkisch'' motifs have appeared among British and American modern pagans.{{sfn|Schnurbein|2016|pp=273–275}} The literary scholar [[Stefanie von Schnurbein]] argues that patterns reminiscent of ''völkisch'' thinking appear in some [[fantasy]] literature.{{sfn|Schnurbein|2009|p=284f}}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ariosophy]]
* [[Aryanism]]
* [[Aryan race]]
* [[Blood and soil]]
* ''[[Der Wehrwolf]]''
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe]]
* [[German Christians (movement)]]
* [[Positive Christianity]]
* [[German nationalism]]
* [[Guido von List]]
* [[Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels]]
* [[Hungarian nationalism]]
* [[Ideology of the Committee of Union and Progress]]
* [[Kemalism]] ([[1934 Turkish Resettlement Law]])
* [[Martial races theory]]
* [[Master race]]
* [[Mathilde Ludendorff]]
* [[Nazism and occultism]]
* [[Neo-Nazism]]
* [[Neo-völkisch movements (disambiguation)|Neo-''völkisch'' movements]]
* [[Nordicism]]
* [[Nordic race]]
* [[Pan-German League]] (''Alldeutscher Verband'')
* [[Pan-Germanism]]
* [[Pan-Slavism]]
* [[Pan-Turkism]]
* [[Turanism]]
* [[Hungarian Turanism]]
* [[Racial theory]]
* [[Religion in Nazi Germany]]
* [[Religious aspects of Nazism]]
* [[Religious views of Adolf Hitler]]
* [[Slavic Native Faith|Rodnovery]]
* [[Sociology of immigration]]
* [[Thule Society]]
* ''[[Volksdeutsche]]''
* ''[[Volkshalle]]''
{{div col end}}

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}

''' Bibliography '''
*{{cite book|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j5YDgAAQBAJ|title=Far-Right Politics in Europe|last2=Lebourg|first2=Nicolas|date=2017|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=9780674971530|language=en|author-link=Jean-Yves Camus|author-link2=Nicolas Lebourg}}
*{{Cite book|last=Dohe|first=Carrie B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkqTDAAAQBAJ|title=Jung's Wandering Archetype: Race and religion in analytical psychology|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-49807-0|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://tempspresents.com/2009/08/24/stephane-francoisqu%e2%80%99est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice/|title=Qu'est ce que la Révolution Conservatrice ?|last=François|first=Stéphane|author-link=Stéphane François|date=2009|website=Fragments sur les Temps Présents|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-07-23}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gardell |first1=Mattias |title=Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism |date=2003 |publisher=Duke University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv11vc85p |jstor=j.ctv11vc85p |isbn=978-0-8223-3059-2 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11vc85p}}
*{{Cite book|last=Goodrick-Clarke|first=Nicholas|title=The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology|date=1985|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8147-3060-7|edition=1992|language=en|author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke|title-link=The Occult Roots of Nazism}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Koehne|first=Samuel|date=2014|title=Were the National Socialists a Völkisch Party? Paganism, Christianity, and the Nazi Christmas|journal=Central European History|language=en|volume=47|issue=4|pages=760–790|doi=10.1017/S0008938914001897|issn=0008-9389|hdl-access=free|hdl=11343/51140|s2cid=146472475}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Kurlander|first=Eric|date=2002|title=The Rise of Völkisch-Nationalism and the Decline of German Liberalism: A Comparison of Liberal Political Cultures in Schleswig-Holstein and Silesia 1912–1924|journal=European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire|volume=9|issue=1|pages=23–36|doi=10.1080/13507480120116182|s2cid=145167949|issn=1350-7486|author-link=Eric Kurlander}}
*[[George Mosse|Mosse, George L.]] (1964). ''The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins Of The Third Reich''. New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
*{{cite book|last=Obermair|first=Hannes|title="Großdeutschland ruft!" Südtiroler NS-Optionspropaganda und völkische Sozialisation – "La Grande Germania chiamaǃ" La propaganda nazionalsocialista sulle Opzioni in Alto Adige e la socializzazione 'völkisch' |publisher= South Tyrolean Museum of History|location=[[Tyrol Castle]]|year=2020|language=de, it|isbn=978-88-95523-35-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Schnurbein |first=Stefanie von |author-link=Stefanie von Schnurbein |year=2009 |chapter=Kontinuität durch Dichtung – Moderne Fantasyromane als Mediatoren völkisch-religiöser Denkmuster |editor1-last=Puschner |editor1-first=Uwe |editor2-last=Großmann |editor2-first=G. Ulrich |title=Völkisch und national |language=de |location=Darmstadt |publisher=[[Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft]] |isbn=978-3-534-20040-5 }}
*{{cite book |last=Schnurbein |first=Stefanie von |year=2016 |title=Norse Revival: Transformations of Germanic Neopaganism |series=Studies in Critical Research on Religion |volume=5 |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/9789004309517 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-1-60846-737-2 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Stern|first=Fritz|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofcultur00ster|title=The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1961|isbn=978-0520026261|edition=1974|author-link=Fritz Stern|url-access=registration}}

== External links ==
* John Rosenthal (22 April 2005) [https://trans-int.blogspot.com/2005/04/ummah-and-das-volk-on-islamist-and.html "The Ummah and das Volk: on the Islamist and "Völkisch" Ideologies"]. ''Transatlantic Intelligencer''

{{Conservative Revolution}}
{{German Youth Movement}}
{{Fascism}}
{{Nazism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Volkisch movement}}
[[Category:Völkisch movement| ]]
[[Category:Adolf Hitler's rise to power]]
[[Category:Conservative Revolutionary movement]]
[[Category:Fascist movements]]
[[Category:Religious nationalism]]
[[Category:Social movements in Germany]]
[[Category:White supremacy in Europe]]
[[Category:Proto-Nazism]]
[[Category:Germanic neopaganism]]