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{{Short description|15-pin video connector}}
{{For|the graphics standard|Video Graphics Array}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox connector
| name               = VGA connector (DE-15/HD-15)
| type               = Analog video connector
| image              = Vga-cable.jpg
| logo               = 
| caption            = A male DE-15 connector
| designer           = [[International Business Machines|IBM]] based on [[D-subminiature]]
| design_date        = 1987
| manufacturer       = 
| production_date    = 1987–present
| superseded_by      = [[Digital Visual Interface|DVI]]
| superseded_by_date = 1999
| external           = 
| hotplug            = Depends
| length             = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| audio_signal       = 
| video_signal       = RGB video signal plus option H and V sync
| data_signal        = [[I²C]] data channel for [[Display Data Channel|DDC]] information
| data_bit_width     = 
| data_bandwidth     = 
| data_devices       = 
| data_style         = 
| cable              = 
| physical_connector = DE-15
| num_pins           = 15
| pinout_image       = [[File:VGA Port.svg|300px]]
| pinout_caption     = A female DE15 socket
| pin1               = Red video
| pin1_name          = RED
| pin2               = Green video
| pin2_name          = GREEN
| pin3               = Blue video
| pin3_name          = BLUE
| pin4               = Reserved since E-DDC, formerly monitor id. bit 2
| pin4_name          = ID2/RES
| pin5               = Ground (HSync)
| pin5_name          = GND
| pin6               = Red return
| pin6_name          = RED_RTN
| pin7               = Green return
| pin7_name          = GREEN_RTN
| pin8               = Blue return
| pin8_name          = BLUE_RTN
| pin9               = +5{{nbsp}}V DC (powers EDID EEPROM chip on some monitors), formerly [[Electrical_connector#Keying|key]]
| pin9_name          = KEY/PWR
| pin10              = Ground (VSync, DDC)
| pin10_name         = GND
| pin11              = Reserved since E-DDC, formerly monitor id. bit 0
| pin11_name         = ID0/RES
| pin12              = [[I²C]] data since DDC2, formerly monitor id. bit 1
| pin12_name         = ID1/SDA
| pin13              = Horizontal sync (or Composite sync)
| pin13_name         = HSync
| pin14              = Vertical sync
| pin14_name         = VSync
| pin15              = [[I²C]] clock since DDC2, formerly monitor id. bit 3
| pin15_name         = ID3/SCL
| pinout_notes       = The image and table detail the 15-pin VESA DDC2/E-DDC connector; the diagram's pin numbering is that of a female connector functioning as the [[graphics adapter]] output. In the male connector, this pin numbering corresponds with the cable's wire-and-solder side.
}}

The '''[[Video Graphics Array]]''' ('''VGA''') '''connector''' is a standard connector used for computer video output. Originating with the 1987 [[IBM PS/2]] and its VGA graphics system, the 15-pin connector went on to become ubiquitous on PCs,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engst |first1=Adam |author-link1=Adam C. Engst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNiYBAAAQBAJ&q=vga%20connector&pg=PT168 |title=Crossing Platforms – A Macintosh/Windows Phrasebook: A Dictionary for Strangers in a Strange Land |last2=Pogue |first2=David |author-link2=David Pogue |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] |isbn=978-1-4919-1679-7 |date=23 November 1999 |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> as well as many monitors, projectors and [[high-definition television|HD television]] sets.

Other connectors have been used to carry VGA-compatible signals, such as [[mini-VGA]] or [[BNC connector|BNC]], but "''VGA connector''" typically refers to this design.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=VGA Cables - A Complete Buyers' Guide |url=https://uk.rs-online.com/web/generalDisplay.html?id=ideas-and-advice/vga-cable-guide |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=RS Components |quote=The terminology here is sometimes used rather interchangeably when it comes to labelling various types of VGA cable and can be a little vague. However, the basic or standard VGA connector type will usually be referred to as some variant of the following: DE-15, HD15, VGA plug, SVGA plug, D-Sub 15 or D-Subminiature, or the more generic RGB connector.}}</ref>

Devices continue to be manufactured with VGA connectors, although newer digital interfaces such as [[Digital Visual Interface|DVI]], [[HDMI]] and [[DisplayPort]] are increasingly displacing VGA, and many modern computers and other devices do not include it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Agam |date=31 July 2012 |title=VGA ports bowing out of home computers, lingering in the workplace |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2505263/vga-ports-bowing-out-of-home-computers--lingering-in-the-workplace.html |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=Computerworld}}</ref>

== Physical design ==
The VGA connector is a three-row, 15-pin [[D-subminiature]] connector referred to variously as DE-15,<ref name=":0" /> HD-15 or commonly DB-15(HD). DE-15 is the accurate nomenclature under the proprietary D-sub specifications: an "E" size D-sub connector, with 15 pins in three rows.

=== Predecessor and early variant ===
The standard 15-pin VGA connector was derived from the earlier DE-9 connector, which used the same "E" D-shell size (hence that connector's misnomer of DB-9 transferred its "DB" part to the new DE-15 connector as well, see above). Though [[IBM]] always used DE-15 connectors for their [[Video Graphics Array]] hardware, several VGA clone hardware makers initially did not<!--possibly because they couldn't source enough of the then-new DE-15 connectors [but only uncomment that claim if you can cite it]-->. Instead, some early VGA hardware, both monitors and VGA cards, used a DE-9 connector for VGA, just like what had been in use for [[Monochrome Display Adapter|MDA]], [[Color Graphics Adapter|CGA]], [[Hercules Graphics Card|Hercules]], and [[Enhanced Graphics Adapter|EGA]]. This 9-pin variant of the then-emerging de-facto standard 15-pin connector omitted several pins, which was considered acceptable, because the autodetection features supported by those pins only evolved over time, and prior to [[Windows 95]], there was no user expectation of graphics cards and displays being fully [[plug and play]]. DE-9 VGA connectors were generally compatible with each other, and adaptors to the DE-15 standard were available.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pinouts.ru/VideoCables/9to15VGA_pinout.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219164032/http://pinouts.ru/VideoCables/9to15VGA_pinout.shtml | archive-date=19 December 2010 | title=9 to 15 pin VGA cable pinout and wiring @ old.pinouts.ru }}</ref> Ultimately all VGA hardware makers switched to standard DE-15 connectors, relegating the early variant to relative obscurity.

== Electrical design ==
All VGA connectors carry [[Analog television|analog]] [[RGBHV]] (red, green, blue, [[horizontal sync]], [[vertical sync]]) video signals. Modern connectors also include [[Video Electronics Standards Association|VESA]] [[Display Data Channel|DDC]] pins, for identifying attached display devices.

In both its modern and original variants, VGA utilizes multiple [[Vertical scan rate|scan rate]]s, so attached devices such as monitors are [[Multisync monitor|multisync]] by necessity.

The VGA interface includes no affordances for [[hot swapping]]{{cn|date=April 2025}}, the ability to connect or disconnect the output device during operation, although in practice this can be done and usually does not cause damage to the hardware or other problems. The VESA DDC specification does, however, include a standard for hot-swapping.<ref>{{Cite book |title=VESA DDC/CI Standard Version 1.1 |year=2004 |pages=31 |quote=DDC/CI supports hot plugging, provided the display can detect a disconnection of the video cable}}</ref>

=== PS/2 signaling ===
In the original IBM VGA implementation, refresh rates were limited to two vertical (60 and 70&nbsp;Hz) {{dubious-span|reason=this claim does not seem to be in the cited source (though I would not exclude the possibility OP may have misread the source, or if I'm misreading it, tell me how); claim originally added here: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VGA_connector&diff=prev&oldid=973364678|and three horizontal|date=May 2024}} frequencies, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var( --color-emphasized, #595959 ); border:1px solid #DDD;">all of</span> which were communicated to the monitor using combinations of different polarity H and V sync signals.<ref name="IBM PS/2">{{Cite book |url=http://classiccomputers.info/down/IBM_PS2/documents/PS2_Hardware_Interface_Technical_Reference_May88.pdf#page=492 |title=IBM Personal System/2 Hardware Interface Technical Reference |chapter=Video Subsystem (Type 1) |pages=13.99–13.100 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514201314/http://classiccomputers.info/down/IBM_PS2/documents/PS2_Hardware_Interface_Technical_Reference_May88.pdf#page=492 |edition=First |publisher=[[IBM]] |date=May 1988 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>

Some pins on the connector were also different: pin 9 was keyed by plugging the female connector hole, and four pins carried the monitor ID.<ref name="IBM PS/2" />

With the implementation of the VESA DDC specification, several of the monitor ID pins were reassigned for use by DDC signaling, and the key pin was replaced with a +5&nbsp;V DC output per the DDC spec. Devices that comply with the DDC host system standard provide {{nowrap|5 V ± 5%}}, from 50{{nbsp}}mA to 1{{nbsp}}A.<ref>{{Cite book |title=VESA Enhanced Display Data Channel Standard Version 1.1 |publisher=[[Video Electronics Standards Association]] |date=24 March 2004 |page=18}}</ref>

=== PS/55 signaling ===
The [[IBM Personal System/55|IBM PS/55]] Display Adapter redefined pin 9 as "+12V", which signals the monitor to turn on when the system unit is powered on.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese Display Adapters |url=https://ardent-tool.com/PS55/video/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Ardent Tool of Capitalism}}</ref>

=== EDID ===
{{Further|Display Data Channel|EDID}}
In order to advertise display capabilities [[VESA]] has introduced a scheme to redefining VGA connector pins 9, 12, and 15 as a serial bus for a [[Display Data Channel]] (DDC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding EDID - Extended Display Identification Data |url=https://www.extron.com/article/uedid |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Extron |language=en}}</ref>

==Cable quality== 
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Vga-cable.jpg|thumb|right|A VGA cable with DE-15 male connector]]

The same VGA cable can be used with a variety of supported VGA resolutions, ranging from 320×400px @70 Hz, or 320×480px @60 Hz (12.6&nbsp;MHz of [[signal bandwidth]]) to 1280×1024px ([[SXGA]]) @85&nbsp;Hz (160&nbsp;MHz) and up to 2048×1536px ([[QXGA]]) @85&nbsp;Hz (388&nbsp;MHz).

There are no standards defining the quality required for each resolution, but higher-quality cables typically contain coaxial wiring and insulation that make them thicker.

While shorter VGA cables are less likely to introduce significant signal degradation, good-quality cable should not suffer from signal [[crosstalk]] (whereby signals in one wire induce unwanted currents in adjacent wires) even at greater lengths.

[[Ghosting (television)|Ghosting]] occurs when impedance mismatches cause signals to be reflected.{{cn|date=May 2025}} A correctly impedance matched cable (75{{nbsp}}ohm) should prevent this, however, ghosting with long cables may be caused by equipment with incorrect signal termination or by passive cable splitters rather than the cables themselves.

==Alternative connectors==
[[File:BNC connectors.jpg|thumb|left|VGA BNC connectors]]

Some professional monitors, such as the PSI L240SDI and Sony PVM-20M4E, and video cards like the AJA Corvid 44 BNC and Bluefish444 Epoch Supernova CG used multiple [[BNC connector]]s instead of a single standard VGA connector, providing a higher quality connection with less crosstalk<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the VGA connector and how to use it|url=https://blog.tyfontech.com/vga-connector-use/|access-date=26 July 2022|website=Tyfon Tech|date=8 February 2018|language=en}}</ref> by utilising five separate 75 ohm [[coaxial cable]]s. The use of BNC RGB video cables predates VGA in other markets and industries.

Within a 15-pin connector, the red, green, and blue signals (pins 1, 2, 3) cannot be shielded from each other{{clarify|date=May 2025}}, so crosstalk is possible within the 15-pin interconnect. BNC prevents crosstalk by maintaining full coaxial shielding through the circular connectors, but the connectors are very large and bulky. The requirement to press and turn the plug shell to disconnect requires access space around each connector to allow grasping of each BNC plug shell. Supplementary signals such as DDC are typically not supported with BNC.

[[File:Mini-VGA cropped.jpg|thumb|Mini-VGA port on an Apple iBook]]

Some laptops and other portable devices in the early to mid-2000s contained a two-row mini-VGA connector that is much smaller than the three-row DE-15 connector, as well as five separate BNC connectors.

== Adapters ==
[[File:Asus VGA - Mini-VGA adapter-6605.jpg|thumb|VGA - Mini VGA adapter]]
Various adapters can be purchased to convert VGA to other connector types. One common variety is a [[Digital Visual Interface|DVI]] to VGA adapter, which is possible because many DVI interfaces also carry [[Digital Visual Interface#Analog|VGA-compatible analog signals]]. Adapting from [[HDMI]] or [[DisplayPort]] to VGA without an active converter is not possible because those connectors don't output analog signals.

For conversions to and from digital formats like HDMI or Displayport, a scan converter is required. VGA outputs to interfaces with different signaling, more complex [[Scan converter|converters]] may be used. Most of them need an external power source to operate and are inherently [[Generation loss|lossy]]. However, many modern displays are still made with multiple inputs including VGA, in which case adapters are not necessary.

VGA can also be adapted to [[SCART]] in some cases, because the signals are electrically compatible if the correct sync rates are set by the host PC. Many modern graphics adapters can modify their signal in software, including refresh rate, sync length, polarity and number of blank lines.  Particular issues include interlace support and the use of the resolution 720×576 in [[PAL countries]]. Under these restrictive conditions, a simple circuit to combine the VGA separate synchronization signals into [[SCART]] composite sync may suffice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nexusuk.org/projects/vga2scart/ |title=The Nexus: Projects - VGA to SCART Converter |website=Nexusuk.org |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-date=20 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120004815/http://www.nexusuk.org/projects/vga2scart/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epanorama.net/circuits/vga2tv/cindex.html |title=VGA to TV converter page |website=Epanorama.net |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>

==Extenders==
A '''VGA extender''' is an electronic device that increases the signal strength from a VGA port, most often from a computer. They are often used in schools, businesses, and homes when multiple monitors are being run off one VGA port, or if the cable between the monitor and the computer will be excessively long (often pictures appear blurry or have minor [[Compression artifact|artifacts]] if the cable runs too far without an extender). VGA extenders are sometimes called VGA boosters. <ref>{{Cite web |title=VGA Extenders |url=https://www.ramsdensquare.ca/electronics-it-and-telecommunications/audio-and-video/audio-and-video-extenders/vga-extenders |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=ramsdensquare.ca}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Component video]]
* [[Extended display identification data]] (EDID)
* [[List of video connectors]]
* [[Super Video Graphics Array]] (SVGA)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://old.pinouts.ru/Video/VGA9_pinout.shtml DE-9 pinout]
* [http://pinouts.ru/Video/VGAVesaDdc_pinout.shtml DE-15 VGA VESA DDC pinout]
* [http://www.repairfaq.org/REPAIR/F_vidconv.html#VIDCONV_056  DE-15 to 5 BNC]

{{AVconn}}

[[Category:Analog video connectors]]
[[Category:Computer connectors]]
[[Category:Analog display connectors]]
[[Category:IBM PC compatibles]]