View source for Vaghela dynasty

{{Short description|Dynasty of medieval India (1244–1304)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Vaghela Dynasty
| native_name            = ''Vāghēlā rājavanśa''
| status                 = Dynasty
| event_start            = Usurping of the [[Chaulukya]] throne by Visaladeva
| year_start             = 1244
| event_end              = [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat]]
| year_end               = 1304
| image_map              = {{South Asia in 1250|center||{{Annotation|73|114|[[File:Orange dot (semi-transparent).png|25px]]}}||none}}
| image_map_caption      = The Vaghelas and neighbouring South Asian polities, circa 1250 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605005217/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| p1                     = Chaulukya dynasty
| s2                     = 
| s1                     = Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate
| capital = [[Dholka|Dhavalakka]] (modern [[Dholka]])
| common_languages = [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsa]], [[Prakrit]], [[Old Gujarati]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]] (official)
| government_type        = Monarchy
| leader1                = Visala-deva ''(first)''
| year_leader1           = 1244–1262
| leader2                = [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna-deva (Karna II)]] ''(last)''
| year_leader2           = 1296–1304
| today                  = [[India]]
}}
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{{History of Gujarat}}
The '''Vaghela dynasty''' ruled the Kingdom of Gujarat in India in the 13th century CE, with their capital at [[Dholka]]. They were the last [[Hinduism|Hindu]] dynasty to rule Gujarat before the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|Muslim conquest of the region]].

Early members of the Vaghela family served the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] in the 12th century CE, and claimed to be a branch of that dynasty. In the 13th century, during the reign of the weak Chaulukya king [[Bhima II]], the Vaghela general Lavanaprasada and his son Viradhavala gained a large amount of power in the kingdom, although they continued to nominally acknowledge Chaulukya suzerainty. In the mid-1240s, Viradhavala's son Visaladeva [[usurped]] the throne, and his successors ruled Gujarat until [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna Vaghela]] was defeated by [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]]<ref>{{Cite book |title= Portuguese and the Sultanate of Gujarat, 1500-1573|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRmvGS5MYcC |author= Kuzhippalli Skaria Mathew |date= 1986 |page= 98 }}</ref> of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1304 CE, and lost Gujarat.

== Origin ==

The Vaghelas [[usurped]] power from the [[Chaulukya dynasty]]. According to the 14th century chronicler [[Merutunga]], the earliest known member of the Vaghela family – "Dhavala" – married the maternal aunt of the Chaulukya monarch [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]. The Vaghela court poet [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]] described the Vaghela family as a branch of the Chaulukya family.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=169}}

The Vaghelas called themselves Chaulukyas, and claimed same mythological descent as the Chaulukyas. The [[Khambhat]] inscription of the first Vaghela monarch Visaladeva gives the following account of the myth: Once [[Brahma]] was thinking who will destroy the sons of [[Diti]] (that is, the [[Daitya]]s or demons). Suddenly, a warrior sprang from Brahma's ''chuluka''. This hero, named Chaulukya, gave rise to the Chaulukya lineage, in which Arnoraja Vaghela was born.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=169}}

The dynasty's name "Vyaghrapalliya" and its shortened form "Vaghela" come from the name of a village called [[Vaghel|Vyaghrapalli]] (literally "tiger's lair").{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=169}}

== Early members ==

=== Arnoraja ===

Arnoraja, who was a son of Dhavala and [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]'s maternal aunt, was the first member of the Vaghela family to gain importance. He seems to have participated in a military campaign in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] while serving Kumarapala. The Muralidhar temple inscription, discovered in the Desan village of [[Bhiloda]] taluka, credits him with conquering Saurashtra. According to the 13th century writer [[Udayaprabha Suri]], Kumarapala granted the Bhimapalli village to Arnoraja for his services. It is possible that Arnoraja received the village for his role in the Saurashtra campaign of Kumarapala. He probably served as a sub-commander in this campaign, although the Vahgela records later magnified his role. According to historian A. K. Majumdar, the Bhimapalli village might have been same as the Vyaghrapalli village from which the dynasty's name is derived.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=169}}

Arnoraja became prominent during the reign of Kumarapala's descendant [[Bhima II]]. Taking advantage of Bhima's young age, the provincial governors revolted against him.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=169}} Arnoraja remained loyal to the king, and appears to have defeated the rebels, including the vassal rulers of [[Mewar|Medapata]] and [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Chandravati]]. Bhima had other loyal officers such as Pratapamalla and Jagaddeva, but the Vaghela records give the entire credit for suppressing the revolt to Arnoraja.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=170}}

=== Lavanaprasada ===

Lavanaprasada (alias Lavanyaprasada) was the son of Arnoraja and Salakhanadevi.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=171}} According to a legend mentioned by Merutunga, Lavanaprasada was born when Arnoraja was a ''[[samanta]]'' (feudal lord) in Kumarapala's service. When Kumarapala heard about the news of the child's birth in his court, he declared that Arnoraja's son will have a brilliant future.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=170}} As a feudatory of Bhima, Lavanaprasada held the ranks of ''Maha-mandaleshvara'' and ''Ranaka''. His fief was Dhavalakakka (or Dholka).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=170}} The later [[Dabhoi]] inscription describes him as the king of [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara country]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ramkrishna T. Vyas|author2=Umakant Premanand Shah|title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects in Honour of Dr. U. P. Shah: Consciousness Manifest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC&pg=PA147|access-date=24 July 2013|date=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-316-8|pages=147–}}</ref>

=== Viradhavala ===

Viradhavala was the son of Lavanaprasada and Madanarajni.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=171}} According to Merutunga's account, Madanarajni left Lavanprasada and started living with Devaraja, who was the husband of her dead sister. Madanarajni took Viradhavala with him, but the boy returned to his father Lavanaprasada when he grew up and became ashamed of the situation.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=170}}

During the reign of Bhima II, Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala repelled enemy invasions and saved the Chaulukya kingdom. Viradhavala probably died during the reign of Bhima, as his son Visaladeva had become the ''Mahamandaleshvara Ranaka'' by 1239 CE.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=170}}

=== Virama ===
[[File:General View of Vadodara Gate.jpg|thumb|Detailed view of Vadodara Gate of Dabhoi fort]]
Visaladeva's succession was contested by a man named Virama. According to the colophon of a 1239 CE (1296 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) manuscript, Virama held the title ''Mahamandeshvara Ranaka'' as a subordinate of Bhima II. The capital of his principality was located at Vidyutapura.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=170–172}}

According to the medieval chronicler Rajashekhara Suri, Virama was the younger brother of Visaladeva. Rajashekhara's account of Virama goes like this: Once, a ''[[bania (caste)|bania]]'' (merchant) made a costlier gift to a Vaishnava shrine than Virama did. This annoyed Virama, who tortured the ''bania''. As a punishment, Viradhavala banished Virama to a place named Viramagrama. After Viradhavala's death, the minister [[Vastupala]] helped Visaladeva succeed his father. Virama tried to contest this succession, but was unsuccessful. He retired to [[Javalipura]] (modern Jalore), where he sought shelter from his father-in-law [[Udayasimha]]. However, Vastupala pressured Udayasimha to have Virama murdered.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=170–171}}

Rajashekhara's account of the dynasty contains many inaccuracies in general. Historical evidence indicates that Virama was actually a brother (or half-brother) of Viradhavala, and thus an uncle of Visaladeva. According to the Vaghela records, Visaladeva's brother was Pratapamalla.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=170–172}} Historian A. K. Majumdar dismisses Rajashekhara's account of Virama's death. According to Majumdar's theory, Udayasimha challenged the Chaulukya suzerainty, and Virama fought with him as a loyal subordinate of Bhima II. Virama was probably killed in a battle with Udayasimha, and not on the orders of Vastupala, as claimed by Rajashekhara.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=172–173}}

== History ==

=== As sovereigns ===

[[File:Hira Gate -Dabhoi- Gujarat - 007.jpg|thumb|Balcony of Hira gate of [[Dabhoi]] fort]]
During the reign of [[Bhima II]], the Vaghelas became the de facto rulers of the Chaulukya kingdom. Inscriptions at [[Girnar]] suggest that by 1231 CE (1288 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]]), Lavanaprasada had assumed the title ‘’[[Maharajadhiraja]]’’ (“king of great kings”), and his son Viradhavala had assumed the title ‘’[[Maharaja]]’’ (“great king”). However, the Vaghelas continued to nominally acknowledge Bhima and his successor [[Tribhuvanapala]] as their overlords.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=163–164}}
Viradhavala’s son Visaladeva ascended the throne of Gujarat sometime around 1244 CE. How he usurped the power is uncertain: it is possible the last Chaulukya king Tribhuvanapala died heirless or was defeated by Visaladeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=173}} Visaladeva invaded [[Malwa]], which had been weakened because of invasions from the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. He met with little resistance in Malwa, and defeated the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Jaitugideva]]. Visaladeva also defeated a ruler of [[Mewar]], possibly the [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] king [[Tejasimha]]. He repulsed some invasions from south, by the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]]. However, later, he suffered setbacks against successive Yadava kings. Possibly as a move against the Yadavas, he forged a matrimonial alliance with the [[Hoysala]]s, who were the southern neighbours of the Yadavas.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=174}}
Visaladeva’s successor Arjunadeva ascended the throne around 1262 CE. Not much is known about the incidents of his reign, except that he suffered a defeat against the Yadavas.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=180}} His elder son Rama succeeded him, and ruled for a few months. Subsequently, his younger son Sarangadeva ascended the throne.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=181}}
Sarangadeva defeated the Paramaras and the Yadavas.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=181–182}} According to Vaghela records, sometime in or before 1285 CE, he repulsed an invasion by the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s (Turkic people). Modern historians variously identify these Turushkas as [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol raiders]] or [[Balban]]’s forces.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=183}} Sarangadeva also sent an expedition against the [[Jethva]] chief Bhanu.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=184}}

=== Decline ===

Around 1296 CE, Sarangadeva was succeeded by Rama’s son [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna]]. In 1299, the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]] [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent an army to ransack Gujarat. According to multiple medieval chronicles, Karna had abducted the wife of his minister Madhava and killed Madhava’s brother. In revenge, Madhava instigated Alauddin to invade Gujarat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=192-193}}{{sfn|Aditya Behl|2012|p=190}}
In 1304, Karna lost his throne permanently after a second invasion from Delhi. According to [[Amir Khusrau]]’s poem ‘’Ashiqa’’, the invasion resulted from a request by Karna’s former wife Kamala Devi, who had been captured by Alauddin’s forces during the first invasion. Eight years after being inducted into Alauddin’s [[harem]], Kamala Devi requested Alauddin to get her daughter [[Devala Devi]] from Gujarat. Although Karna agreed to the demand, Alauddin ordered his army to invade Gujarat for a second time. ‘’Ashiqa’’ is not historically reliable, but some of the later medieval writers present its narrative as history. Other medieval chroniclers give different accounts of this incident, some of them mention no such request by Kamala Devi.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=190–194}}

=== Descendants ===

No concrete information is available about any descendant of Karna II. A 1498 CE inscription shows that a family of the Vaghela clan was ruling at a place called Dandahi, as subordinates of the Muslim ruler [[Mahmud Begada]]. The rulers of the [[Rewa State]] also claimed descent from the Vaghelas through one Bhimadeva.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=197}}

== Genealogy ==

A list of the known members of the Vaghela family is given below: all individuals are the sons of their predecessors, unless otherwise stated. The pre-sovereign members of the family include:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=207}}
* Dhavala, married a sister of [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]'s mother
* Arnoraja, married Salakhanadevi
* Lavanaprasada, married Madanarajni
** Viradhavala
*** Pratapamalla
*** Visaladeva
** Virama

=== List of rulers ===

The sovereign Vaghela rulers include:{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=207}}
* Visala-deva ({{reign|{{circa|1244}}|{{circa|1262}}}})
* Arjuna-deva ({{reign|{{circa|1262}}|{{circa|1275}}}}), son of Pratapamalla
* Rama ({{reign|single={{circa|1275}}}}), son of Arjunadeva
* Saranga-deva ({{reign|{{circa|1275}}|{{circa|1296}}}}), son of Arjunadeva
* [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karna-deva]] ({{reign|{{circa|1296}}|{{circa|1304}}}}), son of Rama; also called Karna II to distinguish him from [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna Chaulukya]]

== Family Tree ==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|Vaghela dynasty}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | A01 | | |A01={{nbsp}}<br>'''Lavanaprasada'''<br>{{nbsp}}<br> |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{Tree chart| A01 | | A02 |A01='''Visaladeva''' <br>(1) <br>r. 1244–1262 |A02='''Pratapamalla''' <br> <br>r. 1262–1275 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700 |boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |!| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | A01 |A01='''Arjunadeva''' <br>(2) <br>r. 1275|boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart| | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| | | A01 | | | A02 |A01='''Rama''' <br>(3) <br>r. 1275 |A02='''Sarangadeva''' <br>(4) <br>r. 1275-1296 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700|boxstyle_ A02=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| |}}
{{Tree chart| | | A01 |A01='''[[Karna II]]''' <br>(5) <br>r.1296–1304 |boxstyle_ A01=border-color:#FFD700}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

== Coinage ==
During Vaghela rule, the ''Gadhaiya'' coins increasingly lost its intrinsic value which was stayed unchanged for two centuries under Chaulukyas. The 4.4 g billon coin of Chaulukya had stable silver content of 2.02 g of which reduced to 1.83 g during Visala-deva's coins and its successive issues has less content, as low as 0.73 g. During stable net content of silver, the ''Gadhaiya'' coins were used in international trade from Afghanistan to Deccan. As its intrinsic value decreased, its circulation shrank to the area of modern [[Kheda district]] and its surroundings. These coins followed the ''tanka'' coins of Delhi. The coins of Visala-deva are mentioned as ''{{transliteration|sa|Visalamalla priya dra}}'' (''dra'' stands for dramma) or ''{{transliteration|sa|Visala priya dra}}'' or ''{{transliteration|sa|Visalapri dra}}'' in various literary sources and epigraphs. The coins of Saranga-deva and Karna-deva had an elephant facing left on obverses and legends on the reverses. The legends reads ''{{transliteration|sa|shri saranga-de}}..'' and ''{{transliteration|sa|Shri karna/devasya}} or {{transliteration|sa|Shri karna/devasa}}''. Another coins of Karna-deva has [[Kumbha]] (vase) on its obverse enclosed in border made of dots and lines while reverse has the same legend. Another type of his coins of copper depicted lion facing left on obverse and the same legend on reverse.{{sfn|Amol N. Bankar|2012|pp=23–29}}

== Cultural contributions ==

[[File:Ceiling of Dilwara Jain Temple Abu Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|Ceiling of one of Dilwara Jain Temples]]

A number of temples were built during their reign by wealthy merchants and ministers, [[Vastupala]] and Tejapala who also served as ministers and generals, including one of [[Dilwara Temples]] at [[Mount Abu]] and [[Girnar Jain temples]].<ref name=”Wiley2009”>{{cite book|author=Kristi L. Wiley|title=The A to Z of Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC&pg=PA13|access-date=24 July 2013|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2|pages=13–}}</ref> In fact, ‘’Kirtikaumudi’’, the biography of Vastupala, written by [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]], a royal priest, is also an important source of the history of the dynasty.<ref name=”WinternitzWinternitz1985”>{{cite book|author1=Maurice Winternitz|author2=Moritz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA103|access-date=24 July 2013|date=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0056-4|pages=103–}}</ref>{{sfn|Amol N. Bankar|2012|pp=23–29}} Visala-deva constructed or restored the fort of Dharbhavati ([[Dabhoi]]) which is well known for its elaborate carvings and gates.{{sfn|Amol N. Bankar|2012|pp=23–29}} He built [[Pol (housing)|’’pratolis’’]], temples and ‘’[[stepwell|vapis]]’’ in Darbhavati (Dabhoi) completed by about 1255 CE. Of its four gates, Hira Bhagol (with its adjacent temples) may have been built during Visaladeva’s reign while three other gates may have been built by Tejapala, as indicated in Jain ‘’[[prabandha]]’’s.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/> The Satmukhi stepwell in Dabhoi is a temple built over a tank with seven wells ascribed to him.{{sfn|Jutta Jain-Neubauer|1981|page=22}}
The [[Ra Khengar Vav|Ra Khengar stepwell]] between [[Vanthali]] and [[Junagadh]] is stated to be constructed by Tejapala.{{sfn|Jutta Jain-Neubauer|1981|page=22}} The [[Madhavav]] in [[Wadhwan]] was built in 1294 AD (Vikram Samvat 1350) by Nagar Brahmin Madhav and Keshav, the ministers in court of the last Vaghela ruler Karna. The ‘’kunda’’ at [[Kapadvanj]] was built about this period.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/> The Batris Kotha stepwell in Kapadvanj may have belonged to the 13th century due to its similarity with the Madha and Vikia stepwells.{{sfn|Jutta Jain-Neubauer|1981|page=22}}
===Temples===
The building activities of Vastupala and Tejpala are mentioned in inscriptions as well as in works of contemporary writers. These works include Someshvara’s ‘’Kirtikaumudi’’, Jayasimhasuri’s ‘’Shakunika-vihara-prashasti’’, Udayaprabhasuri’s ‘’Dharmabhyudaya-mahakavya’’ and ‘’Sukrita-kirtikallolini’’, Arisimha’s ‘’Sukritasamkirtanam’’, Narendraprabhasuri’s prashashti, Vijayasenasuri’s ‘’Revantagiri-rasu’’ and Palhanaputra’s ‘’Abu-rasa’’. Later works include [[Merutunga]]’s ‘’[[Prabandha-Chintamani]]’’ (1309 CE), Jinaprabha’s ‘’[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa|Vividh-tirtha-kalpa]]’’ (early 14th century), Rajashekharasuri’s ‘’[[Prabandha Kosha|Prabandha-kosha]]’’ (1349 CE) and Jinaharshasuri’s ‘’Vastupala-charitam’’ (1441 CE).<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/>
====Early Vaghela phase====
More than fifty temples were built by [[Vastupala]] and Tejapala apart from large number of renovations and image installations. The ‘’Idramandapa’’ and six other temples were built by Vastupala on [[Shatrunjaya]] hill. He also built Vastupla-vihara and [[Parshwanatha]] temple on [[Girnar]]. He also built Adinatha temple at [[Dholka]] and Ashtapada-prasada at [[Prabhas Patan|Prabhas]]. Tejapala built ‘’Asraja-vihara’’ at Anahilapataka and [[Junagadh]] for merit of his father. He also built [[Neminath]] Temple at Dholka and Adinath Temple at Prabhas. In memory of his mother Kumaradevi, he built temples at [[Khambhat]] and [[Dabhoi]]. He also built temples at [[Tharad]], [[Ahmedabad|Karnavati]], [[Godhra]], Shatrunjaya, Girnar, [[Pavagadh]], [[Navsari]] and several other places. His greatest temple is the Neminath Temple at Mount Abu.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”>{{cite journal|first=Madhusudan A.|last=Dhaky|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/44|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|volume=3|pages=66–69, 81–82}}</ref>
Of all these temples built by the brothers, only few survives such as Vastupala-vihara at Girnar (1231 CE), Neminath Temple at Abu and the temple at Prabhas. Other extant temples of this period is [[Kumbharia Jain temples|Sambhavanatha temple]] at [[Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district|Kumbhariya]], Jain marble temple at Sarotra and Panch-Pandava Temple on Shatrunjaya.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/>
====Late Vaghela phase====
The Vaghela princes had patronised the construction of temples and civic architecture. Lavanaprasada built Analeshwara and Salakshaneshwara temples for merit of his parents. His son Viramdeva had built Viramaeshwara temple. The temples of Rupanarayana and Balanarayana are mentioned in Kadi grant of 1261 CE.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/>
Jain merchant [[Jadagusha]], as mentioned in his biography ‘’Jagaducharita’’ by Sarvanandasuri, built and renovated large number of Jain as well as Brahminical temples and civic constructions. His some notable constructions between 1250 and 1270 CE are Rishabha temple at Dhanka, a temple with 24 ‘’devkulika’’s at [[Wadhwan]], a temple on Shatrunjaya hill and a temple with 52 ‘’devakulika’’ at Sevadi.  ‘’Pethada-rasu’’ (1304 CE), Munisundarasuri’s ‘’Gurvavali’’ (c. 1459 CE), Ratnamandira Gani’s ‘’Upadeshatarangini’’ (c. 15th century) and Ratnamandana’s ‘’Sukritasagara’’ (c. 15th century) are important sources of life and works of Minister Pethada of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandavagadh]]. He had built 84 Jain temples. His notable temples are at Shatrunjaya, Prabhasa, Dholka and Salakshanapura built around 1264 CE. Shravaka Jhalli built the temples of Parshwanatha and Jhalasara lake during this period.<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/>
The extant temples of this phase include the Kalika temple and Vaidyanatha Temple at [[Dabhoi]], the old shrine at Motab, the Jain temple and Nilkantha temple at Miyani and the Jain temple of [[Kanthkot]] in [[Kutch]].<ref name=”Dhaky1961”/

==References==
{{reflist}}

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* {{cite book |author=Jutta Jain-Neubauer |title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective |year=1981 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=9780391022843 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC }}
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{{refend}}

[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]