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{{Short description|City in Abruzzo, Italy}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                  = Vasto
| official_name         = Città del Vasto
| native_name           = 
| image_skyline         = Il Faro di Punta Penna-2007.jpg
| imagesize             = 
| image_alt             = 
|image_flag=Flag of Vasto.svg
| image_caption           = [[Punta Penna Lighthouse|Lighthouse of Punta Penna]], the second tallest in Italy and seventh tallest in the world
| image_shield          = Vasto-Stemma-3.svg
| shield_alt            = 
| image_map             = 
| map_alt               = 
| map_caption           = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt       = 
| coordinates           = {{coord|42|07|00|N|14|42|25|E|region:IT-65_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| region                = [[Abruzzo]]
| province              = [[province of Chieti|Chieti]] (CH)
| frazioni              = 
| mayor_party           = Partito Democratico
| mayor                 = Francesco Menna
| area_footnotes        = 
| area_total_km2        = 70.65
| population_footnotes  = <ref>{{cite web |last1=citypopulation.de |title=Abruzzo Region |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/italy/cities/abruzzo/}}</ref>
| population_total      = 40692
| population_as_of      = January 1, 2023
| pop_density_footnotes = 
| population_demonym    = Vastesi
| elevation_footnotes   = 
| elevation_m           = 138
|istat=| saint          = [[Saint Michael]]
| day                   = September 29
| postal_code           = 66054
| area_code             = 0873
| website               = {{official website|http://www.comune.vasto.ch.it}}
| footnotes             = 
}}

'''Vasto''' ([[Neapolitan language|Abruzzese]]: ''{{lang|nap|lù Uàštë}}''; {{langx|grc|Ἱστόνιον|Histonion|}}, {{langx|la|Histonium}}) is a ''[[comune]]'' on the [[Adriatic]] coast of the [[Province of Chieti]], in southern [[Abruzzo]], Italy. During the [[Middle Ages]] it was called ''Guastaymonis'', '' Vasto d'Aimone'' or ''Waste d'Aimone''.<ref>Abruzzo – Bradt Guide, 2nd Edition, 2013, page 268</ref> [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] called the city Istonio, but it was renamed Vasto in 1944.

== History ==

=== Ancient period ===
According to legend, the town was founded by [[Diomedes]], the Greek hero. The earliest archaeological relics date to 1300 BC. Histonium was one of the key towns of the [[Frentani]], located on the [[Adriatic]] coast, about {{convert|9|km|mi|0}} south of the promontory called [[Punta Penna]].

Ancient geographers cited the town as located in the territory of the Frentani and apparently under [[Julius Caesar]]<ref>([[Mela]] ii. 4. §&nbsp;9; [[Pliny the Elder]] iii. 12. s. 17; [[Ptolemy]] iii. 1. §&nbsp;18; Lib. Colon. p. 260; [[August Wilhelm Zumpt]], ''De Coloniis'' p. 307.</ref> did not obtain the rank of a ''colonia'', but continued to bear the title of a ''municipium'', as we learn from some inscriptions.<ref>Orell. ''Inscr.'' 2603, 4052; Zumpt, ''l. c.''.</ref>
Under the [[Roman Empire]], the municipium of Histonium was a flourishing and opulent town, further attested by the existing ruins of an ancient Roman theatre, baths, and other public edifices, besides numerous mosaics, statues, and columns of granite or marble.<ref>Romanelli, vol. iii. p.&nbsp;32.</ref>

Among the numerous inscriptions which have been found, one of the most curious records the fact of a young boy named Lucius Valerius Pudens having at thirteen years of age won the prize for Latin poetry in the contest held at [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] in the temple of [[Jupiter Capitolinus]].<ref>Romanelli, ''l. c.'' p. 34; Orell. ''Inscr.'' 2603; Mommsen, ''I. R. N.'' 5252.)</ref> The name of Histonium is still found in the Itineraries of the fourth century<ref>[[Antonine Itinerary]] p. 314; [[Tabula Peutingeriana]].</ref> and it probably never ceased to exist on its present site, though ravaged successively by the [[Goths]], the [[Lombards]], the [[Franks]], and the [[Arabs]].
[[File:Vasto piazza Rossetti.jpg|thumb|Castello Caldoresco in Piazza Rossetti]]
Histonium had no natural port, and it is not improbable that in the days of its prosperity it depended on the port at the Punta Penna, where the current harbour that is the {{illm|Porto di Vasto|it|Porto_di_Vasto}} and the [[Punta Penna Lighthouse|lighthouse]] are located, where there is good anchorage, and where Roman remains have also been found, which have been regarded, but probably erroneously, as those of the settlement of [[Buca]].<ref>Mommsen, ''lnscr. Regn. Neap.'' p.&nbsp;274, ''App.'' p.&nbsp;30; who has collected and published all the genuine inscriptions found at Histonium.</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Cattedrale di San Giuseppe a Vasto.JPG|thumb|left|Cathedral of San Giuseppe]]
[[File:Vasto 2011-08 by-RaBoe-018.jpg|thumb|Palazzo d'Avalos]]
After the collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the region was occupied by Germanic tribes until [[Justinian]]'s [[Byzantine]] re-conquest, which included the province of [[Samnium]], of which Histonium was a key town.  However soon after Justinian's death, Histonium fell to the [[Lombards]] and incorporated into the [[Duchy of Benevento]]. Later, circa 774 AD, the town was conquered by the [[Franks]]. Subsequently, in 1053, the [[Normans]] under [[Robert Guiscard]] in turn captured it along with the Duchy of Benevento. Around 1076, Histonium was renamed Guastaymonis, or the Waste of Aimone ({{langx|it|Il Guasto d'Aimone}}), following raids, hence its current name. From the 13th century it was part of the [[Kingdom of Naples]], which later merged into the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]].

In the 15th century the city's urban structure was transformed by the [[condottiero]] [[Giacomo Caldora]], who had become its lord. The Caldora family built new city walls still seen today, including the Torre Bassano tower in Piazza Rossetti, the Torre Diomede in Vico Storto del Passero, the Torre Diamante in Piazza Verdi and Porta Catena, and with Castello Caldoresco as its primary defensive outpost.

In 1566, Turkish Ottoman naval forces, led by [[Piyale Pasha]], destroyed much of the city by fire, including the Castello Caldoresco, the Church of Santa Margherita and the Palazzo d'Avalos (formerly a home of [[Vittoria Colonna]] – close confidante of [[Michelangelo]] – now the [[Musei di Palazzo d'Avalos]]).

=== From Spanish rule until Italy's Unification ===
Under the [[Kingdom of Naples|Spanish rule]] of [[southern Italy]], Vasto became fief of the [[Marquis d'Avalos]], and under the reign of Cesare Michelangelo (marquis from 1697 to 1729), Vasto reached its zenith. Only superficially shaken by revolutionary events in 1799 (a short-lived Republic of Vasto was immediately overthrown by the sanfedista, or loyalists), the city's history was reflected in the nation's throughout the Restoration to the [[Unification of Italy]] when a [[liberal elite]] governed.

The poet and scholar [[Gabriele Rossetti]] was born in Vasto on 28 February 1783. Rossetti's published works include literary criticism, Romantic poetry such as his long poem ''Il Veggente in Solitudine'' of 1846, and his autobiography. Gabriele went into political exile in 1821, settling in [[London]], England.

He was the father of well-known [[pre-Raphaelite]] painter [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] and poet [[Christina Rossetti]]. Gabriele died on 24 April 1854 and is buried in London's [[Highgate Cemetery]] with his wife [[Frances Polidori]].

=== Modern ===
In the early 20th century, Vasto changed its architectural and urban features. The historical centre was redrawn and the foundations were set for drastic alterations during the 1920s and 1930s, with Mussolini decreeing a name change to Istonio in 1938, the official name until the liberation of the city from the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] in 1944.

Despite a devastating landslide (1956) that dragged a significant part of the eastern ridge – now Via Adriatica – into the gorge below, the years following [[World War II]] witnessed industrial, urban, and socio-cultural development. The city also discovered its tourist vocation: besides the progressive development of its beaches in Marina di Vasto, Roman-era thermal baths, mosaics, cisterns and remains of an [[List of Roman amphitheatres|amphitheatre]] were found and restored.

During the 1970s until the recent days, the town underwent a remarkable change and a fast growth, with several housing, road and other infrastructure projects built to accommodate the emigrating population from the inner areas of Southern Abruzzo, which have made it one of the most populous of the region.

== Main sights ==
[[File:Chiesa di Santa Maria Maggiore, Vasto 2.JPG|thumb|Santa Maria Maggiore]]
The old part of the town (''centro storico'') features a number of  buildings and churches dating from the 12th-18th centuries, including:
*[[Vasto Cathedral]] (''Cattedrale di San Giuseppe'')
*[[Santa Maria Maggiore, Vasto|Santa Maria Maggiore]]: largest and oldest (mentioned in a document as early as 1195) church in the town, with a quite tall bell tower. Damaged by the Turks in 1566,<ref>Chiese di Vasto: Santa Maria Maggiore, 2014, at the URL: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120417072041/http://www.vastospa.it/html/la_citt%E0/ch_s_maria.htm]</ref> and by a fire in 1645, it received a thorough restructuring in 1735 in which it got the current shape. It hosts one of alleged Jesus' crown of thorns (''Sacra Spina'').
*[[Castello Caldoresco]]
*[[Palazzo D'Avalos]]: Imposing palace in the center of town, now houses the Civic Museums, including a museum of archeology and the town Art Gallery ([http://www.museipalazzodavalos.it/ Musei Civici])

Below the hill on which the town is located, the beach resort town of '''Marina di Vasto''' offers a large sandy beach and several hotels and other facilities.
[[File:Vasto Marina, Vasto.jpg|thumb|Marina di Vasto and the Golfo di Vasto in the Adriatic Sea, seen from Vasto]]

Further north the coast becomes rocky and features interesting pebble and stone beaches and coves, as well as the typical ''trabocchi'', typical wooden fishing machines of the Southern Abruzzo coast.
Amongst the natural areas, also featuring a number of sandy and rocky beaches, is the protected natural area of the  Riserva Naturale di Punta Aderci, whose beaches were voted in 2014 third of the top 20 beaches in Italy.<ref>Legambiente, 2014 http://www.legambiente.it/contenuti/comunicati/le-spiagge-piu-belle-dell-estate-2014-cala-degli-infreschi-camerota-e-la-piu-ap</ref>
[[File:Trabocco, localita' Canale, Vasto.jpg|thumb|right|Trabocco]]

== Notable people from Vasto ==
*[[Gabriele Rossetti]], scholar, founder of the secret society [[Carbonari]].
*[[Vittorio Coccia]], football player
*[[Andrea Iannone]], motorcycle racer
*[[Valerico Laccetti]], painter
*[[Filippo Palizzi]], painter
*[[Francesco Romani]], doctor
*[[Alessandra Smerilli]], economist
*[[Giuseppe Spataro]], politician

==Climate==

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location =  Vasto (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2000)
|Jan record high C = 23.0
|Feb record high C = 24.5
|Mar record high C = 28.0
|Apr record high C = 29.1
|May record high C = 34.8
|Jun record high C = 38.4
|Jul record high C = 40.2
|Aug record high C = 42.5
|Sep record high C = 38.5
|Oct record high C = 33.2
|Nov record high C = 27.2
|Dec record high C = 24.3
|Jan record low C = -6.4
|Feb record low C = -6.8
|Mar record low C = -5.0
|Apr record low C = 0.9
|May record low C = 2.5
|Jun record low C = 9.3
|Jul record low C = 12.0
|Aug record low C = 10.0
|Sep record low C = 8.0
|Oct record low C = 4.0
|Nov record low C = -8.0
|Dec record low C = -3.8
|Jan high C = 10.5
|Feb high C = 11.0
|Mar high C = 13.9
|Apr high C = 17.3
|May high C = 21.6
|Jun high C = 25.9
|Jul high C = 28.5
|Aug high C = 28.7
|Sep high C = 24.3
|Oct high C = 20.0
|Nov high C = 15.6
|Dec high C = 11.7
| year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 7.7
|Feb mean C = 8.0
|Mar mean C = 10.6
|Apr mean C = 13.8
|May mean C = 17.9
|Jun mean C = 22.1
|Jul mean C = 24.7
|Aug mean C = 24.9
|Sep mean C = 20.7
|Oct mean C = 16.8
|Nov mean C = 12.7
|Dec mean C = 8.9
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 4.9
|Feb low C = 5.0
|Mar low C = 7.2
|Apr low C = 10.2
|May low C = 14.2
|Jun low C = 18.4
|Jul low C = 21.0
|Aug low C = 21.1
|Sep low C = 17.1
|Oct low C = 13.6
|Nov low C = 9.7
|Dec low C = 6.2
| year low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 63.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 53.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 59.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 51.2
|May precipitation mm = 36.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 33.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 35.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 42.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 63.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 75.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 81.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 87.1
|year precipitation mm = 
| Jan precipitation days = 7.1
| Feb precipitation days = 6.2
| Mar precipitation days = 6.8
| Apr precipitation days = 5.5
| May precipitation days = 4.8
| Jun precipitation days = 3.7
| Jul precipitation days = 3.3
| Aug precipitation days = 3.7
| Sep precipitation days = 4.9
| Oct precipitation days = 6.6
| Nov precipitation days = 7.8
| Dec precipitation days = 7.7
| year precipitation days =
|source 1 = Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale<ref name = ISPRA>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230917192649/https://valori-climatici-normali.isprambiente.it/
| archive-date = 17 September 2023
| url = https://valori-climatici-normali.isprambiente.it/
| title = Valori climatici normali in Italia
| publisher=Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale
| access-date = 29 June 2024}}</ref>
| source 2 = Regione Abruzzo (precipitation and extremes 1951–2000)<ref name=Clim>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240630102234/https://www.regione.abruzzo.it/system/files/agricoltura/agrometereologia/VALORI_MEDI_CLIMATICI_NELLA_REGIONE_ABRUZZO.pdf
| archive-date = 30 June 2024
| url = https://www.regione.abruzzo.it/system/files/agricoltura/agrometereologia/VALORI_MEDI_CLIMATICI_NELLA_REGIONE_ABRUZZO.pdf
| title = VALORI MEDI CLIMATICI DAL 1951 AL 2000 NELLA REGIONE ABRUZZO
| publisher= Regione Abruzzo
| access-date = 30 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

== Twinnings ==
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Perth]], [[Australia]], since 1989

== See also ==
* [[Vastese]], a Romance language from this town
* [[Punta Penna Lighthouse]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DGRG||title=Histonium |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DH%3Aentry+group%3D6%3Aentry%3Dhistonium-geo}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Vasto}}
{{Wikinews}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* {{Official website|http://www.comune.vasto.ch.it/}} {{in lang|it}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081013171405/http://www.vasto.tv/ News and videos from Vasto Italy]

{{Province of Chieti}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Vasto| ]]
[[Category:Coastal towns in Abruzzo]]
[[Category:Adriatic Sea]]