View source for Vegetarian cuisine

{{Short description|Food not including meat}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}
[[File:Vegetarian diet.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A variety of vegetarian food ingredients that are also [[vegan]].]]
'''Vegetarian cuisine,''' also known as '''plant-based cuisine,''' is a style of cooking defined by the inclusion of grains, legumes, nuts, vegetables, fruits, dairy, and sometimes eggs, and by the exclusion of [[meat]] and animal tissue products (such as [[gelatin]] or animal-derived [[rennet]]). Vegetarian cuisine meets [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian standards]]. Vegetarian cuisine differs from [[Veganism#Vegan cuisine and foods|vegan cuisine]], which excludes all animal products including dairy and eggs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-01 |title=Column {{!}} Plant-based cooking is its own cuisine. We all can learn from it. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2024/09/01/vegan-plant-based-cooking-joe-yonan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901153257/https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2024/09/01/vegan-plant-based-cooking-joe-yonan/ |archive-date=2024-09-01 |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=Washington Post |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Common vegetarian foods==
[[File:Tomato soup and grilled cheese.JPG|thumb|[[Vegetable soup]] and cheese sandwich, a meal which is suitable for vegetarians but not vegans]]
Vegetarian cuisine includes consumption of foods containing vegetable [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], [[vitamin B12]], and other nutrients.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vegetarian diet: How to get the best nutrition – Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/vegetarian-diet/art-20046446?p=1 |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=mayoclinic.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohrer |first=Benjamin M. |date=2017-07-01 |title=Review: Nutrient density and nutritional value of meat products and non-meat foods high in protein |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224417300067 |journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology |volume=65 |pages=103–112 |doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2017.04.016 |issn=0924-2244|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Food regarded as suitable for all vegetarians (including vegans) typically includes:
* [[Cereal]]s/[[grain]]s: [[barley]], [[buckwheat]], [[Sweet corn|corn]], [[fonio]], [[hempseed]], [[maize]], [[millet]], [[oat]]s, [[quinoa]], [[rice]], [[rye]], [[sorghum]], [[triticale]], [[wheat]]; derived products such as [[flour]] ([[dough]], [[bread]], [[Baking|baked goods]], [[cornflakes]], [[dumpling]]s, [[granola]], [[Muesli]], [[pasta]] etc.).
* [[Vegetable]]s (fresh, canned, frozen, pureed, dried or [[Pickling|pickled]]); derived products such as vegetable sauces like [[chili sauce]] and [[vegetable oil]]s.
* Edible [[fungi]] (fresh, canned, dried or pickled). Edible fungi include [[Edible mushroom|some mushrooms]] and cultured microfungi which can be involved in [[fermentation]] of food ([[yeasts]] and moulds) such as ''[[Aspergillus oryzae]]'' and ''[[Fusarium venenatum]]'', although fungi is rarely considered non-vegetarian due to it not being a plant.
* [[Fruit]] (fresh, canned, frozen, [[Purée|pureed]], [[Candied fruit|candied]] or [[Dried fruit|dried]]); derived products such as [[jam]] and [[marmalade]].
* [[Legume]]s: [[bean]]s (including [[soybean]]s and soy products such as [[miso]], [[edamame]], [[soy milk]], [[soy yogurt]], [[tempeh]], [[tofu]] and [[Textured vegetable protein|TVP]]), [[chickpea]]s, [[lentil]]s, [[pea]]s, [[peanut]]s; derived products such as [[peanut butter]].
* [[Nut (fruit)|Tree nuts]] and [[List of edible seeds|seeds]]; derived products such as [[nut butter]].
* [[Herb]]s, [[spice]]s and wild greens such as [[dandelion]], [[sorrel]] or [[nettle]].
* [[Meat analogue]]s, which mimic the taste, texture, and appearance of meat and are often used in [[recipe]]s that traditionally contained meat.
* Other foods such as [[Edible seaweed|seaweed]]-derived products such as [[agar]], which has the same function as animal-bone-derived [[gelatin]].
* Beverages such as [[beer]],  [[coffee]], [[hot chocolate]], [[lemonade]], [[tea]] or [[wine]]—although some beers and wines may have elements of animal products as fining agents including fish bladders, egg whites, gelatin and skim milk.
Foods not suitable for vegans, but acceptable for some other types of vegetarians:
* [[Dairy product]]s ([[butter]], [[cheese]] (except for cheese containing [[rennet]] of animal origin), [[milk]], [[yogurt]] (excluding yogurt made with [[gelatin]]) etc.) –eaten by [[Lacto-ovo vegetarianism|lacto-ovo vegetarians]] and [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto vegetarians.]]
* [[Egg (food)|Eggs]] – eaten by [[Lacto-ovo vegetarianism|lacto-ovo vegetarians]] and [[Ovo vegetarianism|ovo-vegetarians]]
* [[Honey]]

[[Vegetarianism|Vegetarians]] by definition cannot consume meat or animal tissue products, with no other universally adopted change in their diet. However, in practice, compared to non-vegetarians, vegetarians on average have an increased consumption of:

* [[Fruit]]s
* [[Vegetable]]s
* [[Avocado]]s
* Non-fried [[potato]]es
* [[Whole grain]]s
* [[Legume]]s
* [[List of soy-based foods|Soy foods]]
* Nuts
* Seeds

In comparison to non-vegetarians, practicing vegetarians on average have a decreased consumption of:

* [[Dairy product]]s
* [[Eggs as food|Eggs]]
* [[Refined grains]]
* Added fats
* [[Candy|Sweets]]
* [[Snack]]s
* Non-water (often sweetened) beverages

This difference is observed, but is not required to be vegetarian. Nevertheless, it is relevant when considering research into the health effects of adopting a vegetarian diet. A diet consisting only of sugar candies, for example, while technically also vegetarian, would be expected to have a much different outcome for health compared to what is called "a vegetarian diet" culturally and what is most commonly adopted by vegetarians.<ref name="Orlich 1644–1653">{{Cite journal|last1=Orlich|first1=Michael J.|last2=Jaceldo-Siegl|first2=Karen|last3=Sabaté|first3=Joan|last4=Fan|first4=Jing|last5=Singh|first5=Pramil N.|last6=Fraser|first6=Gary E.|date=November 2014|title=Patterns of food consumption among vegetarians and non-vegetarians|journal=British Journal of Nutrition|language=en|volume=112|issue=10|pages=1644–1653|doi=10.1017/S000711451400261X|pmid=25247790 |pmc=4232985 |issn=0007-1145|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is also important to note that overeating occurs because of a misconception of [[hunger]]. By changing your perspective on [[calorie]]s verses [[nutrient]]s, it becomes much easier to adapt to the healthier lifestyle of [[vegetarianism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fuhrman |first1=Joel |last2=Sarter |first2=Barbara |last3=Glaser |first3=Dale |last4=Acocella |first4=Steve |date=2010-11-07 |title=Changing perceptions of hunger on a high nutrient density diet |journal=Nutrition Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=51 |doi=10.1186/1475-2891-9-51 |doi-access=free |issn=1475-2891 |pmc=2988700 |pmid=21054899}}</ref>

== Traditional vegetarian cuisine ==
{{cookbook}}
These are some of the most common dishes that vegetarians eat without substitution of ingredients. Such dishes include, from breakfasts to dinnertime desserts:

[[File:Various grains.jpg|thumb|Vegetarian food products made from cereal grains.]]
* Traditionally, [[Brahmin]] cuisines in most parts of India, except [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]], are strictly vegetarian. Onion and garlic is not eaten in a strict [[Sattvic diet|sattvic]] and [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto vegetarian]] diet.
* [[Gujarati cuisine]] and [[Rajasthani cuisine]] from the states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] are predominantly vegetarian.
* Many [[bean]], [[pasta]], [[potato]], [[rice]], and [[bulgur]]/[[couscous]] dishes, [[stew]]s, [[soup]]s and [[Stir frying|stir-fries]].
* [[Cereal]]s and [[oatmeal]], [[granola bar]]s, etc.
* Fresh [[fruit]] and most [[salad]]s
* [[Potato salad]], [[baba ganoush]], [[pita]]-[[Wrap (food)|wraps]] or [[Burrito#Veggie burrito|burrito]] -wraps, [[vegetable]] [[pilaf]]s, baked [[potato]]es or [[frying|fried]] [[potato]]-[[Peel (fruit)|skins]] with various toppings, [[corn on the cob]], [[smoothie]]s
* Many [[sandwich]]es, such as [[cheese on toast]], and cold sandwiches including roasted [[eggplant]], mushrooms, [[bell pepper]]s, cheeses, [[avocado]] and other sandwich ingredients
* Numerous side dishes, such as [[mashed potato]]es, scalloped potatoes, some bread stuffing, seasoned rice, and macaroni and cheese.
* Classical [[Buddhist cuisine]] in [[Asia]] served at [[temple]]s and [[restaurant]]s with a green sign indicating vegetarian food only near temples. Onion and garlic is not eaten in a strict Buddhist diet.

===National cuisines===
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[[File:Boeddha's Delight.jpg|thumb|[[Buddha's delight]], a famous Chinese vegetarian dish.]]
* [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] (and other [[East Asian]]) dishes based on the main ingredients being mushroom, [[noodle]]s, eggplant, [[string bean]]s, [[broccoli]], [[rice]], tofu, most [[tong sui]] or mixed vegetables.
{{
multiple image
| align     = left
| direction = vertical
| header    = Indian vegetarian [[thali]]
| width     = 200
|image1     = Vegetarian Curry.jpeg
|caption1   = [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian style]] vegetarian thali.
|image2     = Vegetarian thali at an Indian restaurant in Dubai.jpg
|caption2   = [[South Indian cuisine|South Indian style]] vegetarian thali.
}}

* [[Georgian cuisine]] contains some vegetarian dishes. [[Lobio]], [[lobiani]], [[ajapsandali]], [[mchadi]], [[pkhali]] and [[khinkali]] with mushroom filling are all examples of Georgian dishes that are vegetarian. Eggplant (called badrijani or badrijnis in Georgian) is used to make vegetarian dishes such as [[Badrijani|nigvzinai badrijani]] (fried eggplant stuffed with walnut paste), badrijnis borani (chopped and fried eggplant), badrijnis khizilala (chopped eggplant with pomegranate seeds) and badrijani mtsvanilit (fried eggplant with fresh herbs).
* [[Indian cuisine]] in [[Asia]] is replete with vegetarian dishes, many of which can be traced to religious traditions (such as [[Jain]] and [[Hindu]]). [[Gujarati cuisine]] of India is predominantly vegetarian among other Indian cuisines: Gujarati [[thali]] is very famous among Indians. There are many vegetarian [[Cuisine of India|Indian foods]] such as [[pakora]], [[samosa]], [[Khichdi|khichris]], [[Pilaf|Pulao]], [[raita (condiment)|raitas]], [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]], [[Baingan bharta|bengain bharta]], [[chana masala]], some [[korma]]s, [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[jalfrezi]]s, [[saag aloo]], [[Indian cuisine|subjis]] (vegetable dishes) such as bindi subji, gobi subji, Punjabi chole, [[Aloo mutter|aloo matar]] and much South Indian food such as [[Dosa (food)|dosa]]s, [[idli]]s and [[Vada (food)|vadas]]. [[Chapati]] and other wheat/maida based breads like [[naan]], [[roti]] [[paratha]]s are often stuffed with vegetarian items to make it a satisfying meal. Many Indian dishes also qualify as [[vegan]], though many others use honey or dairy.
**[[South Indian]] foods like [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]], [[Rasam (dish)|rasam]], [[koottu]], karembadu, [[upma]], palya or taalimpu, kozhambu or koora, [[aviyal]], [[Olan (dish)|olan]], Kadala curry, [[Theeyal]], pulihora or puliyogare, Chammandi, [[Chutney]], [[Chitranna]], [[Bisi Bele Bath]], and [[bread]]s like [[Appam]], [[Puttu]], [[pathiri]], [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], [[idli]] and [[vada (food)|vada]].
[[File:Sautéed Tempeh cropped.jpg|thumb|Sautéed [[tempeh]] with green beans, an Indonesian dish]]
* In [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]], vegetarianism is well served and represented, as there are plenty selection of vegetarian dishes and meat substitutes. Dishes such as [[gado-gado]], [[karedok]], [[ketoprak (food)|ketoprak]], [[pecel]], [[urap]], [[rujak]] and [[asinan]] are vegetarian. However, for dishes that use [[peanut sauce]], such as ''gado-gado, karedok'' or ''ketoprak'', might contains small amount of [[shrimp paste]] for flavor. Served solely, ''[[gudeg]]'' can be considered a vegetarian food, since it consists of unripe [[jackfruit]] and coconut milk. Fermented [[soy]] products, such as [[tempeh]], [[tofu]] and ''[[oncom]]'' are prevalent as meat substitutes, as the source of [[protein]]. Most of Indonesians do not practice strict vegetarianism and only consume vegetables or vegetarian dishes for their taste, preference, economic and health reasons. Nevertheless, there are small numbers of Indonesian Buddhists who practice vegetarianism for religious reason.
* [[Cuisine of Japan|Japanese]] foods such as [[castella]], [[dorayaki]], [[edamame]], name kojiru, [[mochi]], [[taiyaki]], [[tempura]],  vegetable [[sushi]] and [[wagashi]]. [[Miso soup]] is made from fermented white or red soy bean paste, garnished with scallions or seaweed. Although most traditional versions are made from fish stock ([[dashi]]), it can be made with vegetable stock as well.
* [[Korean cuisine]] has some dishes that are often vegetarian. One example is [[bibimbap]], which is rice with mixed vegetables.  Sometimes this dish contains [[beef]] or other non-vegetarian ingredients. Another Korean food which is sometimes vegetarian is [[jeon (food)|jeon]], in which ingredients (most commonly vegetables and/or seafood) are coated in a flour and egg batter and then pan-fried in oil.
[[File:Pasta peperoni cruschi.jpg|thumb|[[Pasta con i peperoni cruschi]], a vegetarian/vegan dish from Italy.]]
* [[Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] such as [[tumbet]] and many [[polenta]]s and [[tapas]] dishes.
* [[Mexico|Mexican]] foods such as [[salsa (sauce)|salsa]] and [[guacamole]] with [[Tortilla chip|chips]], [[rice]] and [[bean burrito]]s (without lard in the [[refried beans]] or [[chicken fat]] in the rice), [[huevos rancheros]], [[Burrito#Veggie burrito|veggie burrito]], many [[quesadilla]]s, bean tacos, some [[chilaquiles]] and bean-pies, [[Chili con carne#Variations|chili sin carne]], [[black turtle bean|black beans]] with rice, some [[chiles rellenos]], [[cheese]] [[enchilada]]s and vegetable [[fajita]]s.
* [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] foods such as most [[pasta]]s, many [[pizza]]s, [[bruschetta]], [[caponata]], [[crostini]], eggplant [[parmigiana]], [[Polenta]]  and many [[risotto]]s.
* [[Europe|Continental]] cuisine such as braised [[leek]]s with [[olive]]s and [[parsley]], [[ratatouille]], many [[quiche]]s, sauteed [[Brussels sprout]]s with mushrooms, sauteed [[Swiss chard]], [[Squash (fruit)|squash]] and vegetable-stuffed [[Edible mushroom|mushrooms]].
* In Germany, Frankfurt [[green sauce]], [[Klöße]] with vegetarian sauces (e.g., [[Chanterelle]]), cheese or vegetable stuffed [[Maultaschen]], combinations of [[Quark (cheese)|quark]], spinach, potatoes and herbs provide some traditional vegetarian summer dishes. Traditionally on Fridays, southern Germany broad variety of sweet dishes may be served as a main course, such as [[Germknödel]] and [[Dampfnudel]]. Potato soup and [[plum cake]] are traditional Friday dishes in the Palatinate. [[Brenntar]] in Swabia, it is made of roasted flour, usually spelt flour or oat flour.
* Many Greek and [[Balkan cuisine|Balkan]] dishes, such as [[briam]], [[dolma]]s (when made without minced meat), [[fasolada]], [[gemista]], vegetable based [[moussaka]] and [[spanakopita]].
[[File:Tolstoj's vegetarian breakfast.JPG|thumb|[[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]]'s vegetarian breakfast]]
* [[Russian cuisine]] developed a significant vegetarian tradition in czarist time, based on the example of [[Leo Tolstoy]].<ref name="Brang">Peter Brang. Ein unbekanntes Russland, Kulturgeschichte vegetarischer Lebensweisen von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart An ignored aspect of Russia. Vegetarian lifestyles from the very beginning till the present day. Böhlau Verlag, Köln 2002 {{ISBN|3-412-07902-2}}</ref> The [[Eastern Orthodox Church|orthodox tradition]] of separating meat and vegetables and as well between specific meals for [[fasting]] and other holidays contributed to a rich variety of vegetarian dishes<ref name="Brang"/> in Russia and Slavic countries, such as soups (vegetable [[borscht]], [[shchi]], [[okroshka]]), [[Pierogi|pirogi]], [[blini]], [[vareniki]], [[kasha]], [[buckwheat]], fermented and pickled vegetables, etc.
* Many [[Ethiopian cuisine|Ethiopian dishes]] such as [[injeera]] or Ethiopian vegetable sauces or chillies.
* [[Middle East|Mideastern]] food such as [[falafel]], [[hummus]] (mashed chick peas), [[tahini]] (ground sesame seeds), [[mentha|minted]]-[[yogurt]]s, and [[couscous]].
** [[Egyptian cuisine]] in particular is rich in vegetarian foods. For reasons ranging from economics to the religious practices of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], most Egyptian dishes rely on beans and vegetables: the [[national dish]]es, [[kushari]] and [[ful medames]], are entirely vegetarian, as are usually the assorted vegetable casseroles that characterize the typical Egyptian meal.
* Many dishes in [[Cuisine of Thailand|Thai]] cuisine can be made vegetarian if the main protein element is substituted by a vegetarian alternative such as tofu. This includes dishes such as ''phat khi mao'' and, if a vegetarian shrimp paste and fish sauce substitute is used, many [[Thai curry|Thai curries]]. Venues serving vegetarian [[Buddhist cuisine]] (''ahan che''; {{langx|th|อาหารเจ}}) can be found all over Thailand.
* [[Creole cuisine|Creole]] and Southern foods such as [[Hushpuppy|hush puppies]], okra patties, rice and [[bean]]s, or sauteed [[kale]] or [[collards]], if not cooked with the traditional [[pork]] [[fat]] or meat [[Stock (food)|stock]].
* Some [[Welsh cuisine|Welsh recipes]], including [[Glamorgan sausage]]s, [[laverbread]] and [[Welsh rarebit]].
[[File:Palatschinken.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palatschinken]] with [[ice cream]], [[fruit]]s and fruit [[compote]] from [[Austria]]]]

===Desserts and sweets===
Most [[dessert]]s, including [[pie]]s, [[Cobbler (food)|cobblers]], [[cake]]s, [[chocolate brownie|brownies]], [[cookie]]s, [[Chocolate truffle|truffles]], [[Rice Krispie treat]]s (from gelatin-free [[marshmallow]]s or [[marshmallow fluff]]), [[peanut butter]] treats, [[pudding]], [[rice pudding]], [[ice cream]], [[crème brulée]], etc., are free of meat and fish and are suitable for ovo-lacto vegetarians. Eastern [[confectionery]] and desserts, such as [[halva]] and [[Turkish delight]], are mostly vegan, while others such as [[baklava]] (which often contains butter) are lacto vegetarian. Indian desserts and sweets are mostly vegetarian like [[peda]], [[barfi]], [[gulab jamun]], [[shrikhand]], [[basundi]], [[Kaju katli|kaju katri]], [[rasgulla]], cham cham, rajbhog, etc. Indian sweets are mostly made from milk products and are thus lacto vegetarian; dry fruit-based sweets are vegan.

== Meat alternatives ==
[[File:SoyaBiryani.jpg|thumb|[[Pilaf]] with soya nuggets]]{{Excerpt|Meat analogue}}

== Commercial products ==
[[File:Current FSSAI Veg and Non-veg Labels.svg|thumb|right|[[Vegetarian mark|Labeling used in India]] to distinguish vegetarian products (left) from non-vegetarian products (right).]]
Commercial products marketed towards vegetarians are available in most countries, though their quantity and variety can vary. For example, in [[Australia]], a wide range of vegetarian products are available in most supermarkets. Furthermore, a vegetarian shopping guide is provided by [https://vegsoc.org.au/ Vegetarian/Vegan Society of Queensland].<ref name=vssg>{{cite web
 |last         = Vegetarian/Vegan Society of Queensland
 |title        = Vegetarian/Vegan Supermarket Shopping Guide
 |url          = http://www.vegsoc.org.au/products.asp
 |access-date   = 7 May 2009
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090520104111/http://www.vegsoc.org.au/products.asp
 |archive-date = 20 May 2009
 |url-status     = dead
}}</ref> The largest market for vegetarian foods is [[Vegetarianism in India|India]], with official governmental laws regulating the "vegetarian" and "non vegetarian" labels.

== Health research==
Vegetarian diets are under preliminary research for their possible effects on long-term health. Dietary patterns were evaluated along with their relationship with metabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rizzo|first1=Nico S.|last2=Sabaté|first2=Joan|last3=Jaceldo-Siegl|first3=Karen|last4=Fraser|first4=Gary E.|date=2011-05-01|title=Vegetarian Dietary Patterns Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: The Adventist Health Study 2|url=https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/5/1225|journal=Diabetes Care|language=en|volume=34|issue=5|pages=1225–1227| pmc=3114510 | doi=10.2337/dc10-1221|issn=0149-5992|pmid=21411506|doi-access=free}}</ref> A cross-sectional analysis of 773 subjects including 35% vegetarians, 16% semi-vegetarians, and 49% non-vegetarians found that a vegetarian dietary pattern is associated significantly with lower means for all metabolic risk factors except [[Hdl cholesterol|HDL]], and a lower risk of metabolic syndromes when compared to non-vegetarian diets. Metabolic risk factors include HDL, [[triglyceride]]s, glucose, [[systolic blood pressure]], [[diastolic blood pressure]], waist circumference, and [[body mass index]]. Adventist Study 2 (AHS-2) compared mean consumption of each food group for vegetarian patterns compared to non-vegetarian patterns.<ref name="Orlich 1644–1653"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Food|Society}}
{{col div|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Indian vegetarian cuisine]]
* [[Chinese Buddhist cuisine]]
* [[Korean vegetarian cuisine]]
* [[Veganism]]
* [[List of meat substitutes]]
* [[List of vegetable dishes]]
* [[List of vegetarian restaurants]]
* [[List of vegetarian and vegan companies]]
* ''[[South Asian Veggie Table]]'' – Vegetarian cooking television show
* ''[[Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone]]''
* [[Vegetarian and vegan symbolism]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vegetarian cuisine}}
{{Wiktionary|vegetarian}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Vegetarianism}}
{{Cuisine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vegetarian Cuisine}}
[[Category:Vegetarian cuisine| ]]