View source for Vermont

{{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect2|State of Vermont|Vermonter|the former independent state in New England known as the "State of Vermont"|Vermont Republic|the Amtrak train service|Vermonter (train){{!}}''Vermonter'' (train)|the Central Vermont train service| Vermonter (Central Vermont train){{!}}''Vermonter'' (Central Vermont train)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Vermont
| image_flag = Flag of Vermont.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Vermont
| image_seal = Vermont state seal.svg
| image_map = Vermont in United States (zoom).svg
| nickname = The Green Mountain State
| motto = [[Freedom and Unity]] and ''[[Stella quarta decima fulgeat]]'' (May the fourteenth star shine bright)
| anthem = [[These Green Mountains]]
| Former = Vermont Republic
| seat = [[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]]
| LargestCity = [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]]
| LargestCounty = [[Chittenden County, Vermont|Chittenden]]
| LargestMetro = [[Burlington metropolitan area, Vermont|Burlington]]
| OfficialLang = None
| population_demonym = Vermonter
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Phil Scott]] ([[Vermont Republican Party|R]])}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[John S. Rodgers]] (R)}}
| Legislature = [[Vermont General Assembly|General Assembly]]
| Upperhouse = [[Vermont Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Vermont House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Vermont Supreme Court]]
| Senators = {{nowrap|[[Bernie Sanders]] ([[independent politician|I]])<br>{{nowrap|[[Peter Welch]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}}}}
| Representative = {{nowrap|[[Becca Balint]] (D)}}
| area_rank = 45th
| area_total_sq_mi = {{convert|24923|km2|sqmi|disp=number}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/VT/PST045224|accessdate=January 9, 2025|title= United States Census Quick Facts Vermont}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 24923
| area_land_sq_mi = {{convert|23871|km2|sqmi|disp=number}}
| area_land_km2 = 23,871
| area_water_km2 = 1,035
| area_water_percent = 4.2
| population_rank = 49th
| population_as_of = 2024
| 2010Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 648,493<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/VT/PST045224|accessdate=January 9, 2025|title= United States Census Quick Facts Vermont}}</ref>
| population_density_rank = 31st
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|81211|-2}} (2<span>0</span>23)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf|title=Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023|accessdate=January 12, 2025}}</ref>
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|17th]]
| AdmittanceOrder = 14th
| AdmittanceDate = {{Start date and age|1791|03|04}}
| timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset1 = −05:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = −04:00
| Longitude = 71°28′ W to 73°26′ W
| Latitude = 42°44′ N to 45°1′ N
| width_mi = 80
| width_km = 130
| length_mi = 160
| length_km = 260
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Mansfield]]<ref>{{cite ngs|id=AE3691|designation=Mt Mansfield Highest Point|access-date=July 20, 2015}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web|title=Highest and Lowest Elevations| url=https://www.usgs.gov/educational-resources/highest-and-lowest-elevations |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]]}}
| elevation_max_ft = 4,395
| elevation_max_m = 1340
| elevation_ft = 1,000
| elevation_m = 300
| elevation_min_point = [[Lake Champlain]]<ref name=USGS/>{{efn|name=NAVD88}}
| elevation_min_ft = 95
| elevation_min_m = 29
| iso_code = US-VT
| website = https://vermont.gov
| postal_code = VT
| TradAbbreviation = Vt.
| Capital = [[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]]
| Languages = * [[English language|English]]: 94.4%
* [[French language|French]]: 2%
* Other: 3.6%<ref name="Language">{{cite web|title=Language Spoken at Home|url= https://data.census.gov/table?text=Language&t=Language+Spoken+at+Home&g=040XX00US50&y=2020&tid=ACSST5Y2020.S1601|access-date=April 29, 2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>
| 2010DensityUS = 70
| 2010Density = 27
| flag_alt = The flag shows a gold-colored heart-shaped frame around a scenic illustration. In the center there is a tall spruce-like tree, surrounded by grassy fields with a wandering cow and hay bales. In the background, tall mountains are visible. Above this frame and illustration is a deer head and surrounding it is a wreath of leaves. Below it, text reads "Freedom, Vermont, and Unity" in white.
| Representatives = 
}}
{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
|image_arms = [[File:Coat of arms of Vermont.svg]]
|state = Vermont
|amphibian = [[Northern leopard frog]]<br />''Rana pipiens''
|bird = [[Hermit thrush]]<br />''Catharus guttatus''
|fish = [[Brook trout]]<br />''Salvelinus fontinalis''<br /> [[Walleye]]<br />''Sander vitreous vitreous''
|flower = [[Red clover]]<br />''Trifolium pratense''
|insect = [[Western honey bee]]<br />''Apis mellifera''
|mammal = [[Morgan horse]]
|reptile = [[Painted turtle]]
|tree = [[Sugar maple]]<br />''Acer saccharum''
|beverage = Milk
|fossil = [[Woolly mammoth]],<br />[[beluga whale]]<ref>State terrestrial fossil is the [[woolly mammoth]] of [[Mount Holly, Vermont|Mount Holly]], state marine fossil is the [[beluga whale]] of [[Charlotte, Vermont|Charlotte]]:
* [https://www.fossilera.com/pages/vermont-state-fossil-mount-holly-mammoth-charlotte-whale Vermont State Fossil – Mount Holly Mammoth & Charlotte Whale]. FossilEra.
* [https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol/vermont/state-dinosaur-or-fossil/beluga-whale-skeleton Beluga Whale Skeleton – Vermont State Marine Fossil]. State Symbols USA.
* [http://www.uvm.edu/perkins/ Perkins Geology Museum], [[University of Vermont]].
* Paul Heller: [https://eu.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2018/10/01/history-space-woolly-mammoth-mount-holly/37989121/ History Space: Woolly mammoth of Mount Holly] (Careful: [[mammoth]] mixed up with [[mastodon]])</ref>
| food = Apple pie
| gemstone = [[Garnet|Grossular garnet]]
| mineral = [[Talc]]
| rock = [[Granite]], [[marble]], [[slate]]
| soil = Tunbridge
| image_route = Vermont 100.svg
| image_quarter = 2001 VT Proof.png
| quarter_release_date = 2001
|mushroom=[[Bear's head tooth mushroom]]<br />''Hericium americanum''}}

'''Vermont''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Vermont.ogg|v|ər|ˈ|m|ɒ|n|t}})<ref>{{OED|Vermont}}</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[New England]] region of the [[Northeastern United States]]. It borders [[Massachusetts]] to the south, [[New Hampshire]] to the east, [[New York (state)|New York]] to the west, and the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[Quebec]] to the north. According to the most recent [[U.S. census]] estimates, the state has an estimated population of 648,493,<ref name="auto"/> making it the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|second-least populated]] of all U.S. states. It is the nation's [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|sixth-smallest state by total area]]. The state's capital of [[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]] is the least populous [[List of capitals in the United States|U.S. state capital]]. No other U.S. state has a [[List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population|most populous city]] with fewer residents than [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]].

[[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] have inhabited the area for about 12,000 years. The competitive tribes of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]-speaking [[Abenaki]] and [[Iroquoian]]-speaking [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] were active in the area at the time of European encounter. During the 17th century, French colonists claimed the territory as part of [[New France]]. Conflict arose when the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] began to settle colonies to the south along the Atlantic coast; France was defeated in 1763 in the [[Seven Years' War]], ceding its territory east of the [[Mississippi River]] to Britain. Thereafter, the nearby British [[Thirteen Colonies]] disputed the extent of the area called the [[New Hampshire Grants]] to the west of the [[Connecticut River]], encompassing present-day Vermont. The provincial government of New York sold land grants to settlers in the region, which conflicted with earlier grants from the government of New Hampshire. The [[Green Mountain Boys]] militia protected the interests of the established New Hampshire land grant settlers. Ultimately, a group of settlers with New Hampshire land grant titles established the [[Vermont Republic]] in 1777 as an independent state during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The Vermont Republic [[History of slavery in Vermont|abolished slavery]] before any other U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vermont Constitution of 1777|url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx|publisher=State of Vermont|access-date=April 12, 2019|location=Chapter I, Section I|quote=Therefore, no male person, born in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law, to serve any person, as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty-one years; nor female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent, after they arrive to such age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228110403/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/archives-records/state-archives/government-history/vermont-constitutions/1777-constitution.aspx|archive-date=December 28, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| first=Lee Ann| last=Cox| title=Patchwork Freedom| url=https://www.uvm.edu/uvmnews/news/patchwork-freedom| publisher=University of Vermont| date=January 29, 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702152853/https://www.uvm.edu/uvmnews/news/patchwork-freedom| archive-date=July 2, 2019| url-status=dead}}</ref> It was [[Admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]] in 1791 as the 14th state.

The geography of the state is marked by the [[Green Mountains]], which run north–south up the middle of the state, separating [[Lake Champlain]] and other valley terrain on the west from the [[Connecticut River Valley]] that defines much of its eastern border. A majority of its terrain is forested with hardwoods and [[conifer]]s. The state has warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters.

Vermont's economic activity of {{Nowrap|$40.6 billion}} in {{As of|2022|bare=yes}} is ranked last on the [[list of U.S. states and territories by GDP]], but 21st in GDP per capita. Known for its [[progressivism]], the state was one of the first in the U.S. to recognize same-sex [[civil union]]s and [[Same-sex marriage|marriage]], has the highest proportion of [[Renewable energy|renewable]] electricity generation at 99.9%, and is one of the [[List of U.S. states and territories by religiosity|least religious]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity|least racially/ethnically diverse]] states. Dairy, forestry, [[maple syrup]], and wine are important sectors in Vermont's agricultural economy. Vermont produces approximately 50% of the nation's maple syrup.

==Toponymy==
The 17th-century French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] is sometimes credited with coining the name ''Vermont'', but it did not in fact appear until 1777, when, at the suggestion of [[Thomas Young (American revolutionary)|Thomas Young]], it was adopted as the name of the [[Vermont Republic]] (replacing ''New Connecticut'', the name the republic had borne for the first six months of its existence).<ref name="reg">{{cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form |url=https://historicsites.vermont.gov/sites/histsites/files/documents/Hubbardton%20NR_FINAL_1-12-18.pdf |access-date=March 18, 2023 |publisher=Government of Vermont}}</ref> It represents a French translation of ''Green Mountain(s)'', the name of the mountain range that bisects the state. The latter name first appeared in 1772 in the context of the [[Green Mountain Boys]].<ref name="senecal">{{cite journal |last1=Sénécal |first1=Joseph-André |date=2009 |title=Samuel de Champlain and the Naming of Vermont |url=https://vermonthistory.org/journal/77/VHS770203_119-128.pdf |journal=Vermont Historical Society |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=119–125 |access-date=March 17, 2023}}</ref>

==History==

{{Main|History of Vermont}}

===Pre-colonial===
[[File:Abenakis.jpg|thumb|left|[[Watercolor painting|Watercolor]] of [[Abenaki]] couple, 1700s]]
The first humans to inhabit what is now Vermont arrived about 11,000 years ago, as the [[glacier]]s of the [[Last Glacial Period|last ice age]] receded.<ref name="geographic">{{cite web |title=Landscape Lenses |url=https://www.uvm.edu/place/burlingtongeographic/lenses/prehistory.php |publisher=Burlington Geographic |access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref> Small groups of [[hunter-gatherer]]s followed herds of [[caribou]], [[elk]], and [[mastodon]] through the grasslands of the [[Champlain Valley]]. At that time much of the region was mixed [[tundra]]. The oldest human artifacts are 11,000 year old [[projectile point]]s found along the eastern shore of the saltwater [[Champlain Sea]].<ref name="arch_review">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Peter |url=https://outside.vermont.gov/agency/ACCD/ACCD_Web_Docs/HP/Resources_Rules/Digging_Into_Archaeology/Archaeological_Review_of_Vermont's_Past.pdf |title=An Archaeological View of Vermont's Past |last2=Kelley |first2=Lauren |publisher=State of Vermont |location=Montpelier |access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref> This time is known as the [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indian]] period.

By about 8,000 years ago, the Champlain Sea had become the freshwater [[Lake Champlain]] and the climate was more [[Temperate climate|temperate]], bringing increased diversity of flora and fauna.<ref name="arch_review" /> This was the beginning of the [[Archaic period (North America)|Archaic period]]. By about 4,300 years ago, the forests were as they are today.<ref name="geographic" /> Large mammals underwent extinction or migrated north, and the human population became reliant on smaller game and plants.<ref name="geographic" /> People developed fishing equipment and stone cookware, and practiced woodworking and food storage.<ref name="arch_review" /> They had time for travel, leisure, and performed elaborate ceremonies.<ref name="arch_review" /> Most of the state's territory was occupied by the [[Abenaki]], south-western parts were inhabited by the [[Mohicans]] and south-eastern borderlands by the [[Pocomtuc|Pocumtuc]] and the [[Pennacook]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vermont Indian Tribes and Languages |url=https://www.native-languages.org/vermont.htm |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.native-languages.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Swanton |first=John Reed |title=The Indian Tribes of North America |pages=18–19}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2024}}

Over 3,000 years ago, the [[Woodland period]] began.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vermont |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vermont |access-date=March 15, 2023 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Food was increasingly sourced from domesticated plants, including [[maize]], [[bean]]s, and [[Cucurbita|squash]]. Agriculture meant a change from dispersed hunter-gatherering towards the establishment of larger settlements.<ref name="geographic" /> Pottery was made from local [[clay]], and tools were made from [[chert]] found along the [[Winooski River]]. Canoes were used for fishing and travel.<ref name="arch_review" />

The arrival of European explorers in the 1600s marked the end of the Woodland period and the beginning of the [[Abenaki]]. At that time, there were about 10,000 Indigenous people in what is now Vermont, of whom an estimated 75–90% were killed by European diseases like [[smallpox]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Abenaki & The Europeans |url=https://vermonthistoryexplorer.org/the-abenaki-and-the-europeans |access-date=May 21, 2023 |website=Vermont History Explorer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bushnell |first=Mark |date=October 27, 2018 |title=Devastating epidemics European diseases reached Vermont before settlers did |url=https://www.timesargus.com/devastating-epidemics-european-diseases-reached-vermont-before-settlers-did/article_1747be12-38c6-567b-b980-1340f0a33c8d.html |work=Barre Montpelier Times Argus|access-date=May 21, 2023}}</ref> Survivors moved north to [[New France]] or assimilated with European settlers.<ref name="arch_review" /> Today, there are no [[Indian reservation]]s in Vermont. In {{As of|2021|bare=yes}}, 0.2% of live births in Vermont were to American Indian people.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Vital Statistics Reports: Births: Final Data for 2021 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |publisher=NVSS |access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref>

Nearly all information about the [[Pre-Columbian era]] of Vermont is from found artifacts. About 750 [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] sites are known in Vermont,<ref>{{cite web |title=Vermont Archaeology Heritage Center |url=https://accd.vermont.gov/historic-preservation/archaeology-center |publisher=State of Vermont |access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref> but few have been [[Archaeological excavation|excavated by archaeologists]], and those on private property benefit from no legal protection.<ref name="faq">{{cite web |title=Vermont Archaeology Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://outside.vermont.gov/agency/ACCD/ACCD_Web_Docs/HP/Resources_Rules/Digging_Into_Archaeology/Vermont_Archaeology_FAQ.pdf |access-date=March 15, 2023 |publisher=State of Vermont}}</ref>

About 20 native [[Toponymy|toponyms]] survive in the state, including [[Lake Bomoseen]], [[Lake Memphremagog]], [[Missisquoi River]], [[Monadnock Mountain (Vermont)|Monadnock Mountain]], and [[Winooski, Vermont|Winooski]].

===Colonial===
[[File:ConstitutionHouse WindsorVermont.JPG|thumb|The [[Old Constitution House]] at [[Windsor, Vermont|Windsor]], where the [[Constitution of the Vermont Republic|Constitution of Vermont]] was adopted on July 8, 1777]]
[[File:The Green Mountain Boys Flag.jpg|right|thumb|A c.1775 flag used by the [[Green Mountain Boys]]]]
In 1609, [[Samuel de Champlain]] led the first European expedition to [[Lake Champlain]]. He named the lake after himself and made the first known map of the area. The land that is now Vermont remained part of New France until 1763.

The French had a military presence around Lake Champlain, since it was an important waterway,<ref name="nps">{{cite web |title=Fort St. Frederic |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/explorers/sitec45.htm |access-date=March 16, 2023 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> but they did very little colonization. In 1666, they built [[Fort Sainte Anne (Vermont)|Fort Sainte Anne]] on [[Isle La Motte]] to defend Canada from the [[Iroquois]]. It was abandoned by 1670.<ref name="desany">{{cite journal |last1=Desany |first1=Jessica |date=2006 |title=Enshrining the Past: The Early Archaeology of Fort St. Anne, Isle La Motte, Vermont |url=https://www.vtarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/v7_ch3_reduced.pdf |journal=The Journal of Vermont Archaeology |volume=7 |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref> A short-lived settlement existed at Pointe à l'Algonquin, now Windmill Point, [[Alburgh (town), Vermont|Alburgh]]. A village with a church, saw mill and fifty huts existed at the present site of [[Swanton (town), Vermont|Swanton]]. Much of the eastern shore of Lake Champlain was mapped out with [[Seignory|seigniories]], but settlers were unwilling to populate the area, possibly because of continual warfare and raiding there.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crockett |first=Walter |title=A History of Lake Champlain |publisher=Hobart J Shanley & Co. |year=1909 |location=Burlington, Vermont |pages=58–63}}</ref>

The English also made unsuccessful attempts to colonize the area in the 1600s. In 1724, they built [[Fort Dummer]] near what is now [[Brattleboro, Vermont|Brattleboro]], but it remained a small and isolated outpost, often under attack by the Abenaki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fort Dummer |url=https://vtstateparks.com/fortdummer.html |publisher=Vermont State Parks |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref>

With the 1763 [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], France ceded its claims east of the [[Mississippi River]] to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], making the area more attractive to settlement.<ref name="Colin Gordon Calloway-2006">{{cite book |author=Colin Gordon Calloway |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtxG369-VHQC&pg=PA99 |title=The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780198041191 |page=99}}</ref> At the same time, New England was overcrowded; new land was needed for settlement.<ref name="vhe">{{cite web |title=The New Hampshire Grants |url=https://vermonthistoryexplorer.org/the-new-hampshire-grants |website=Vermont History Explorer |access-date=March 16, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The territory west of the [[Connecticut River]] was the last unsettled part of New England, and both the [[Province of New Hampshire]] and the [[Province of New York]] laid claim to it.<ref name="Rife-1929" />

In 1749, New Hampshire governor [[Benning Wentworth]] began to auction land in an uncolonized area between Lake Champlain and the [[Connecticut River]].<ref name="landrigan">{{Cite web |last=Landrigan |first=Leslie |date=January 3, 2014 |title=Benning Wentworth Grabs the King's Masts, Along With Vermont |url=https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/gov-benning-wentworth-grabs-kings-masts-vermont/ |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=New England Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref> This area became known as the [[New Hampshire Grants]]. This westward expansion was started to increase New Hampshire's tax base and claim the timber there, [[Pinus strobus|White Pine]] in particular.<ref name="landrigan" />

There were eventually 135 [[New Hampshire Grants]]. The first of Benning Wentworth's grants included a town named after himself: [[Bennington, Vermont|Bennington]]. A typical town, it was {{Convert|6|sqmi|km2|abbr=}}, contained 48 lots, with land set aside for a school, a church, and a town center.<ref name="start-town" /> Five hundred acres of the best land was kept by Wentworth for later resale.<ref name="freeman">{{cite web |last1=Freeman |first1=Castle |title=Benning Wentworth |date=November 2004 |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2004/11/benning-wentworth.html |publisher=Harvard Magazine |access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref>

Settlers came from across New England, and were obliged to "Plant and Cultivate Five Acres of Land" within five years.<ref name="start-town">{{cite web |url=https://vermonthistoryexplorer.org/starting-a-town |publisher=Vermont History Explorer |title=Starting a Town|access-date=March 21, 2023}}</ref> Some settlers kept to the agreement and started farms. Others, like [[Ethan Allen]], did not. They wanted to sell the land for profit.<ref name="Colin Gordon Calloway-2006" /> Those who purchased New Hampshire Grants ran into disagreements with New York, which began selling off the same land as [[land patent]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The New York Patents |url=https://vermonthistoryexplorer.org/the-new-york-patents |access-date=March 21, 2023 |publisher=Vermont History Explorer |language=en}}</ref>

In 1764, [[King George III]] proclaimed the territory to be under the jurisdiction of New York, which meant that the New Hampshire Grant landowners did not have legal title.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society |title=The Green Mountain Insurgency|date=Fall 1996 |volume=64 |issue=4 |page=217 |url=https://vermonthistory.org/journal/misc/GreenMountainInsurgency2.pdf |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref> Meanwhile, New York continued selling large tracts of land, many of which overlapped with those already inhabited.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Hampshire Grants |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Hampshire-Grants |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=March 21, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The dispute led to [[Ethan Allen]] forming the [[Green Mountain Boys]], an illicit militia that attacked New York settlers and speculators through arson and mob violence.<ref name="Rife-1929">{{Cite journal |last=Rife |first=Clarence W. |date=1929 |title=Ethan Allen, an Interpretation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/359168 |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=561–584 |doi=10.2307/359168 |jstor=359168 |issn=0028-4866|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom & Unity: The Green Mountain Boys |url=https://vermonthistory.org/freedom-unity-green-mountain-boys/ |publisher=Vermont Historical Society |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Mountain Boys {{!}} United States history {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Green-Mountain-Boys |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> They eventually repelled the New Yorkers, and went on, with [[Benedict Arnold]], to fight in the [[American Revolutionary War]], where they captured [[Fort Ticonderoga]] from the British.

===Sovereignty===

{{Main|Vermont Republic|Constitution of Vermont (1777)}}
[[File:Vermont State House Montpelier October 2021 HDR.jpg|thumb|right|The [[gold leaf]] [[dome]] of the [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] [[Vermont State House]] (Capitol) in [[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]]]]

On January 15, 1777, representatives of the New Hampshire Grants declared the independence of [[Vermont Republic|Vermont]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Second Vermont Republic |website=Vermont's Declaration of Independence (1777) |url=http://www.vermontrepublic.org/vermonts_declaration_of_independence_1777 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927024239/http://www.vermontrepublic.org/vermonts_declaration_of_independence_1777 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=January 17, 2007 }}</ref> For the first six months of its existence, it was called the Republic of New Connecticut.<ref name="Esther Munroe Swift">Esther Munroe Swift, ''Vermont Place-Names: Footprints in History'' Picton Press, 1977</ref>

On June 2, 1777, a second convention of 72 delegates met and adopted the name "Vermont". This was on the advice of [[Thomas Young (American revolutionary)|Thomas Young]], a mentor of Ethan Allen. He advised them on how to achieve admission into the newly independent United States of America as the 14th state.<ref name="Esther Munroe Swift" /> On July 4, they completed the drafting of the first [[Constitution of the Vermont Republic|Constitution of Vermont]] (in effect from 1777 to 1786) at the [[Old Constitution House|Windsor Tavern]], and adopted it on July 8. This was the first written constitution in North America to ban adult [[slavery]],<ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-connecticut-vermont-declares-independence
 | title = New Connecticut (Vermont) declares independence
 | date = March 5, 2019
| website = History Channel
 | publisher = A+E Networks
 | quote = Vermont's constitution was not only the first written national constitution drafted in North America, but also the first to prohibit slavery and to give all adult males, not just property owners, the right to vote.}}</ref> stating that [[History of slavery in Vermont|male slaves become free at the age of 21 and females at 18]]. It provided for universal adult male suffrage and established a public school system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Constitution House {{!}} State Historic Sites |url=https://historicsites.vermont.gov/constitution-house |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=historicsites.vermont.gov}}</ref>

===Revolutionary War===

{{Main|American Revolutionary War|Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War|Treaty of Paris (1783)}}

The [[Battle of Bennington]] was fought on August 16, 1777. A combined American force under General [[John Stark]], attacked the [[Hessian (soldier)|Hessian]] column at [[Hoosick, New York]], just across the border from Bennington. It killed or captured virtually the entire Hessian detachment. General [[John Burgoyne]] never recovered from this loss and eventually surrendered the remainder of the 6,000-man force at [[Saratoga, New York]], on October 17 of that year.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Gabriel, Michael P. |title=The Battle of Bennington : soldiers & civilians |date=2012 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-1-60949-515-2 |pages=54 |oclc=765882204}}</ref>

The battles of Bennington and [[Battles of Saratoga|Saratoga]] together are recognized as the turning point in the Revolutionary War because they were the first major defeat of a British army. The anniversary of the battle is celebrated in Vermont as a legal holiday.

The [[Battle of Hubbardton]] (July 7, 1777) was the only Revolutionary [[Military history of Vermont|battle within the present boundaries of Vermont]]. Although the Continental forces suffered defeat, the British forces were damaged to the point that they did not pursue the Americans (retreating from Fort Ticonderoga) any further.

===Admission to the Union===

{{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}
[[File:VTadmissionAct.JPG|thumb|right|1791 [[Act of Congress]] admitting Vermont into the Union]]

Vermont continued to govern itself as a sovereign entity based in the eastern town of [[Windsor, Vermont|Windsor]] for 14 years. The independent state of Vermont issued its own coinage from 1785 to 1788 and operated a national postal service.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bucholt |first=Margaret |title=An Insider's Guide to Southern Vermont |url=http://www.manchestervermont.net/about.php |year=1991 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206163302/http://www.manchestervermont.net/about.php |url-status=dead |contribution=Manchester and the Mountains Chamber of Commerce |publisher=Penguin |archive-date=December 6, 2013}}</ref> [[Thomas Chittenden]] was the Governor in 1778–1789 and in 1790–1791.

Because the state of New York continued to assert that Vermont was a part of New York, Vermont could not be [[admission to the Union|admitted to the Union]] under Article IV, Section{{nbsp}}3 of the Constitution until the legislature of New York consented. On March 6, 1790, the legislature made its consent contingent upon a negotiated agreement on the precise boundary between the two states. When commissioners from New York and Vermont met to decide on the boundary, Vermont's negotiators insisted on also settling the property ownership disputes with New Yorkers, rather than leaving that decision to a federal court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mello |first=Robert A. |title=Moses Robinson and the founding of Vermont |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-934720-65-6 |pages=260 |publisher=Vermont Historical Society |oclc=875404347}}</ref> The negotiations were successfully concluded in October 1790 with an agreement that Vermont would pay $30,000 to New York to be distributed among New Yorkers who claimed land in Vermont under New York land patents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mello |first=Robert A. |title=Moses Robinson and the founding of Vermont |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-934720-65-6 |pages=264 |publisher=Vermont Historical Society |oclc=875404347}}</ref> In January 1791, a convention in Vermont voted 105–4<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mello |first=Robert A. |title=Moses Robinson and the founding of Vermont |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-934720-65-6 |pages=270–271 |publisher=Vermont Historical Society |oclc=875404347}}</ref> to petition Congress to become a state in the federal union. Congress acted on February 18, 1791, to admit Vermont to the Union as the 14th state as of March 4, 1791; two weeks earlier on February 4, 1791, Congress had decided to admit Kentucky as the 15th state as of June 1, 1792.<ref>{{cite web|last=First Congress|first=Third Session|title=An Act for the admission of the State of Vermont into this Union|website=The Avalon Project|publisher=Yale Law School|date=February 18, 1791|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/vt03.asp| access-date = November 24, 2014}}</ref> Vermont became the first state to enter the Union after the original 13 states. The revised constitution of 1786, which established a greater separation of powers, continued in effect until 1793, two years after Vermont's admission to the Union.

Under the Act "To Secure Freedom to All Persons Within This State,"<ref>{{cite web|title=An Act To Secure Freedom to All Persons Within This State|url=https://archive.org/details/dutyofdisobedien00chil|website=Internet Archive|date=1860 |access-date=July 31, 2024}}</ref> slavery was officially outlawed by state law on November 25, 1858, less than three years before the [[American Civil War]].<ref>[http://www.bartonchronicle.com/index.php/reviews/books/110-asurpriseoneverypage Barton Chronicle book review]. Retrieved August 21, 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510020229/http://www.bartonchronicle.com/index.php/reviews/books/110-asurpriseoneverypage |date=May 10, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Child|first=Lydia Maria|title=The Duty of Civil Disobedience to the Fugitive Slave Act: An Appeal to the Legislators of Massachusetts|year=1860|publisher=American Anti-Slavery Society|location=Boston|pages=Anti–Slavery Tracts No. 9, 36}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bunch|first=Lonnie|title=Vermont 1777: Early Steps Against Slavery|url=http://go.si.edu/site/MessageViewer?em_id=15241.0&dlv_id=17582|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture|access-date=February 12, 2014}}</ref> Vermonters provided refuge at several sites for escaped slaves fleeing to Canada, as part of the [[Underground Railroad]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/25/travel/travel-advisory-underground-railroad-vermont-sites-to-open.html|title=Underground Railroad: Vermont Sites to Open|date=June 25, 1995|website=The New York Times}}</ref>

===Civil War===

{{Main|Vermont in the American Civil War}}
[[File:1827 Finley Map of Vermont - Geographicus - Vermont-finely-1827.jpg|thumb|right|Vermont in 1827. The county boundaries have since changed.]]

From the mid-1850s on, some Vermonters became [[Abolitionism|abolitionists]], which they had previously worked to contain in the South. Abolitionist [[Thaddeus Stevens]] was born in Vermont and later represented a district in Pennsylvania in Congress. He developed as a national leader and later promoted [[Radical Republicans|Radical Republican]] goals after the [[American Civil War]]. As the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] declined and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] grew, Vermont supported Republican candidates. In 1860, it voted for [[Abraham Lincoln]], giving him the largest margin of victory of any state.<ref>{{cite book| last = Trefousse| first = Hans| author-link = Hans Trefousse| year = 1997| title = Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian| publisher = University of North Carolina Press| location = Chapel Hill, NC| isbn = 978-0-8078-5666-6 }}</ref>

During the [[American Civil War]], Vermont sent 33,288 troops into United States service, of which 5,224 (more than 15 percent) died.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.civil-war.net/pages/troops_furnished_losses.html
 |title=Union—Troops Furnished and Deaths
 |website=The Civil War Home Page
 |access-date=April 28, 2016
|url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040611092722/http://www.civil-war.net/pages/troops_furnished_losses.html
 |archive-date=June 11, 2004
}}</ref>

The northernmost land action of the war was the [[St. Albans Raid]]—the robbery of three St. Albans banks, perpetrated in October 1864 by Confederate agents. A posse pursued the Confederate raiders into Canada and captured several, before having to turn them over to Canadian officials. Canada reimbursed the banks, released, and later re-arrested some of the perpetrators.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516711/Saint-Albans-Raid|title= Saint Albans Raid| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date= May 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
 | last = Wilson
 | first = Dennis K.
 | title = Justice under Pressure: The Saint Albans Raid and Its Aftermath
 | publisher = University Press of America
 | date = 1992
 | page = 203
 | isbn = 978-0819185099 }}</ref>

===Post–Civil War to the present===
====Demographic changes====
Beginning in the mid-19th century, Vermont industries attracted numerous [[Irish Americans|Irish]], [[Scottish Americans|Scottish]], and [[Italian Americans|Italian]] immigrants, adding to its residents of mostly [[English Americans|English]] and some [[Quebec diaspora#United States|French Canadian]] ancestry. Many of the [[immigrants]] migrated to [[Barre, Vermont (city)|Barre]], where many worked as stonecutters of [[granite]], for which there was a national market. Vermont granite was used in major public buildings throughout the United States.

In this period, many Italian and Scottish women operated boarding houses to support their families. Such facilities helped absorb new residents and taught them the new culture; European immigrants peaked in number between 1890 and 1900. Typically immigrants boarded with people of their own language and ethnicity, but sometimes they boarded with others.<ref name="barre">{{cite web|url=http://vermonthistory.org/journal/74/05_Richards.pdf |author=Susan Richards| title=Making Home Pay: Italian and Scottish Boardinghouse Keepers in Barre, 1880–1910| work=Vermont History Journal |date=2005 |access-date=October 23, 2013}}</ref>

Gradually, the new immigrants assimilated into the state. Times of tension aroused divisions. In the early 20th century, some Vermonters were alarmed about the decline of rural areas; people left farming to move to cities and others seemed unable to fit within society. In addition, there was a wave of immigration by French Canadians, and Protestant Anglo-Americans feared being overtaken by the new immigrants, who added to the Catholic population of Irish and Italians. Based on the colonial past, some Yankee residents considered the French Canadians to have intermarried too frequently with Native Americans.<ref name="VT.ster">{{cite web |author=Lutz Kaelber |date=2009 |title=Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States: Vermont |url=http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/VT/VT.html |access-date=May 14, 2019 |publisher=University of Vermont}}</ref>

In 1970, the population of Vermont stood at 444,732. By 1980, it had increased by over 65,000 to 511,456. That change, an increase of 15 percent, was the largest increase in Vermont's population since the days of the Revolutionary War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1970s VT: Fears of a hippie invasion |url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/local/2015/04/03/vt-fears-hippie-invasion/70846514/ |access-date=August 17, 2023 |website=Burlington Free Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2002, the State of Vermont incorrectly reported that the Abenaki people had migrated north to [[Quebec]] by the end of the 17th century;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dillon |first1=John |date=March 20, 2002 |title=State Says Abenaki Do Not Have "Continuous Presence" |url=https://archive.vpr.org/vpr-news/state-says-abenaki-do-not-have-continuous-presence/ |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=Vermont Public Radio |archive-date=January 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131015556/https://archive.vpr.org/vpr-news/state-says-abenaki-do-not-have-continuous-presence/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> however, in 2011, the State of Vermont designated the [[Elnu Abenaki Tribe]] and the [[Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation]] as [[state-recognized tribes]]; in 2012 it recognized the [[Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi]] and the [[Koasek Traditional Band of the Koos Abenaki Nation]]. In 2016, the state governor proclaimed Columbus Day as Indigenous Peoples Day.<ref name="recognition">{{cite web |author=Angela Evancie |date=November 4, 2016 |title=What Is The Status Of The Abenaki Native Americans In Vermont Today? |url=https://www.vpr.org/post/what-status-abenaki-native-americans-vermont-today#stream/0 |access-date=May 14, 2019 |publisher=VPR (Vermont Public Radio)}}</ref> Vermont has no [[federally recognized tribes]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal and State Recognized Tribes |url=https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025051136/https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |website=National Conference of State Legislatures}}</ref>

====Political changes====

Vermont approved women's suffrage decades before it became part of the national constitution. Women were first allowed to vote in the elections of December 18, 1880, when they were granted limited [[suffrage]]. They were first allowed to vote in town elections, and later in state legislative races.

In 1931, Vermont was the 29th state to pass a [[eugenics]] law. Vermont, like other states, sterilized some patients in institutions and persons it had identified through surveys as degenerate or unfit. It nominally had permission from the patients or their guardians, but abuses were documented. Two-thirds of the sterilizations were done on women, and poor, unwed mothers were targeted, among others. There is disagreement about how many sterilizations were performed; most were completed between 1931 and 1941, but such procedures were recorded as late as 1970.<ref name="VT.ster" />

In 1964, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] decision in ''[[Reynolds v. Sims]]'' required "[[one man, one vote]]" redistricting in all states. It had found that many state legislatures had not redistricted and were dominated by rural interests, years after the development of densely populated and industrial urban areas. In addition, it found that many states had an upper house based on geographical jurisdictions, such as counties. This gave disproportionate power to rural and lightly populated counties.<ref name="Udall">{{cite web |url=http://www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/udall/congrept/88th/641014.html |website=Congressman's Report |first=Morris K. |last=Udall |title=Reapportionment—I "One Man, One Vote" ... That's All She Wrote! |publisher=[[University of Arizona]] |date=October 14, 1964 |access-date=January 3, 2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010203724/http://www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/udall/congrept/88th/641014.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The court ruled there was no basis for such a structure. Major changes in political apportionment took place in Vermont and other affected states.<ref name="Udall" />

In the 21st century, Vermont increasingly became defined by its progressivism. It was the first state to introduce [[civil union]]s in 2000 and the first state to legalize [[same-sex marriage]] in 2009, unforced by court challenge or ruling.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goodnough |first=Abby |date=April 7, 2009 |title=Vermont Legislature Makes Same-Sex Marriage Legal |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/08/us/08vermont.html |access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> On January 22, 2018, Vermont became the first state to legalize [[cannabis]] for recreational use by legislative action, and the ninth state in the United States to legalize marijuana for medical purposes. This law was signed by Republican Governor [[Phil Scott]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ring |first=Wilson |title=Vermont governor signs marijuana bill with 'mixed emotions' |url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/politics/2018/01/22/vermont-governor-scott-signs-pot-bill-mixed-emotions/1055063001/ |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=Burlington Free Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==

{{See also|List of counties in Vermont|List of towns in Vermont|List of mountains of Vermont}}
[[File:National-atlas-vermont.png|thumb|Map of Vermont showing cities, roads, and rivers]]
[[File:Vermont population density 2020.png|thumb|Population density of Vermont]]
[[File:2017-09-11 10 27 43 View east along the Maple Ridge Trail at the junction with the Frost Trail on the western slopes of Mount Mansfield within Mount Mansfield State Forest in Underhill, Chittenden County, Vermont.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Mansfield]]]]
[[File:CamelsHumpMT 20150426.jpg|thumb|Western face of [[Camel's Hump|Camel's Hump Mountain]] (elevation {{convert|4079|ft|m|disp=semicolon}})<ref name="NGS_data">{{cite web|url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=PG1684|title=The NGS Data Sheet|access-date=February 11, 2020|publisher=NOAA—National Geodetic Survey (NGS)|location=Silver Spring, Maryland|date=January 15, 2020}}</ref>]]
[[File:LakeWilloughbyPisgah.jpg|thumb|[[Fall foliage]] at [[Lake Willoughby]]]]
Vermont is located in the [[New England]] region of the [[northeastern United States]] and comprises {{convert|9614|sqmi|km2}}, making it the 45th-largest state. It is the only state that [[List of tallest buildings in Vermont|does not have any buildings taller than {{convert|124|ft|m}}]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120731020924/http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20100907/NEWS02/100906009/Burlington-high-rise-gets-facelift "Burlington high rise gets facelift"], ''Burlington Free Press''.</ref> Land comprises {{convert|9250|sqmi|km2}} and water comprises {{convert|365|sqmi|km2}}, making it the 43rd-largest in land area and the 47th in water area. In total area, it is larger than [[El Salvador]] and smaller than [[Haiti]]. It is the only landlocked state in New England,<ref>{{cite news |last=Krupp |first=Lexi |date=September 30, 2024 |title=Vermont's landlocked. You can still find plenty of seabirds here |url=https://www.vermontpublic.org/local-news/2024-09-30/vermonts-landlocked-you-can-still-find-seabirds-here |work=Vermont Public Radio |location=Colchester, Vermont}}</ref> and it is the easternmost and smallest in area of all US landlocked states.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dempsey |first=Caitlin |date=September 18, 2024 |title=Which U.S. States are Landlocked? |url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/which-u-s-states-are-landlocked/ |website=Geography Realm |location=Santa Clara California}}</ref>

The [[Green Mountains]] in Vermont form a north–south spine running most of the length of the state, slightly west of its center. In the southwest portion of the state are located the [[Taconic Mountains]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Day Collins|title=A History of Vermont: With Geological and Geographical Notes, Bibliography, Chronology, Maps, and Illustrations|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryvermont01collgoog|year=1903|publisher=Ginn|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryvermont01collgoog/page/n87 1]}}</ref> In the northwest, near [[Lake Champlain]], is the fertile [[Champlain Valley]]. In the south of the valley is [[Bomoseen Lake|Lake Bomoseen]].

The west bank of the [[Connecticut River]] marks the state's eastern border with New Hampshire, though much of the river flows within New Hampshire.<ref>''[[Vermont v. New Hampshire]]'' {{Ussc|289|593|1933}}</ref> 41% of Vermont's land area is part of the Connecticut River's watershed.<ref>[http://crjc.org/facts.htm "Fast Facts about the Connecticut River"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808090409/http://www.crjc.org/facts.htm |date=August 8, 2016}}. Crjc.org (October 9, 2008). Retrieved April 12, 2014.</ref>

[[Lake Champlain]], the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States, separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state.

From north to south, Vermont is {{convert|159|mi|km}} long. Its greatest width, from east to west, is {{convert|89|mi|km}} at the Canada–U.S. border; the narrowest width is {{convert|37|mi|km}} near the Massachusetts border. The width averages {{convert|60.5|mi}}. The state's [[Centroid|geographic center]] is approximately {{convert|3|mi|km|spell=in}} east of [[Roxbury, Vermont|Roxbury]], in [[Washington County, Vermont|Washington County]]. There are [[List of Canada–United States border crossings|fifteen U.S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada]].

Several mountains have timberlines with delicate year-round alpine ecosystems, including [[Mount Mansfield]], the highest mountain in the state; [[Killington Peak]], the second-highest; [[Camel's Hump (Vermont)|Camel's Hump]], the state's third-highest; and [[Mount Abraham (Vermont)|Mount Abraham]], the fifth-highest peak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenmountainclub.org/page.php?id=217 |author=Green Mountain Club |title=Alpine Tundra |date=April 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119162614/http://www.greenmountainclub.org/page.php?id=217 |archive-date=November 19, 2015 }}</ref> Areas in Vermont administered by the [[National Park Service]] include the [[Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park]] (in [[Woodstock, Vermont|Woodstock]]) and the [[Appalachian Trail by state#Vermont|Appalachian National Scenic Trail]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vermont |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=July 15, 2008 |url=https://www.nps.gov/state/vt/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616102625/http://www.nps.gov/state/vt/ |archive-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref>

The topography and climate make sections of Vermont subject to large-scale [[flooding]]. Incidents include the [[Great Vermont Flood of 1927]], which killed 84 and damaged much of the state's infrastructure,<ref>{{cite web |author=btv webmaster |date=August 1, 2007 |title=National Weather Service—Burlington, VT—The Flood of 1927 |url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/btv/events/27flood.shtml |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Erh.noaa.gov}}</ref> the flood of 1973, which covered many of the state's roads in the southeast,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saxon |first=Wolfgang |date=July 1, 1973 |title=9 Die as Storms Touch Off Floods in Northeast States |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/01/archives/9-die-as-storms-touch-off-floods-in-northeast-states-9-die-as.html |access-date=April 9, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and [[Hurricane Irene|Tropical Storm Irene]] in 2011, which caused substantial damage throughout the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Remsen |first=Nancy |date=September 2, 2011 |title=Obama declares disaster in Vermont, federal aid on way |pages=1A |newspaper=Burlington Free Press |location=Burlington, Vermont |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20110901/NEWS02/110901027/Shumlin-asks-Obama-declare-Vermont-major-disaster-area?odyssey=nav%7Chead |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130215162848/http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20110901/NEWS02/110901027/Shumlin-asks-Obama-declare-Vermont-major-disaster-area?odyssey=nav%7Chead |archive-date=February 15, 2013}}</ref> In response to the 1927 flood, the federal government funded construction of six flood control dams in the state, run by the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klyza |first1=Christopher McGrory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIfXBQAAQBAJ&dq=VErmont+flood+control+dams&pg=PA126 |title=The Story of Vermont: A Natural and Cultural History, Second Edition |last2=Trombulak |first2=Stephen C. |date=January 6, 2015 |publisher=University Press of New England |isbn=978-1-61168-402-5 |pages=126–7 |language=en}}</ref> These extreme rain and flooding events are expected to [[Climate change in Vermont|intensify with climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vermont Today {{!}} Climate Change in Vermont |url=https://climatechange.vermont.gov/vermont-today |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=climatechange.vermont.gov}}</ref>

===Cities===

Vermont has ten incorporated cities. The most populous city in Vermont is [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]]. Its [[Burlington metropolitan area Vermont|metropolitan area]] is also the most populous in the state, with an estimate of 225,562 as of 2020.
{{Bar graph
| title = [[List of cities in Vermont|City]] populations ([[2020 United States census|2020 census]])
| data_max = 45,000
| bar_width = 30
| label_type = City
| data_type = Population
| label1 = [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]]
| data1 = 44,743
| label2 = [[South Burlington, Vermont|South Burlington]]
| data2 = 20,292
| label3 = [[Rutland (city), Vermont|Rutland]]
| data3 = 15,807
| label4 = [[Essex Junction, Vermont|Essex Junction]]
| data4 = 10,761
| label5 = [[Barre (city), Vermont|Barre]]
| data5 = 8,491
| label6 = [[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]]
| data6 = 8,074
| label7 = [[Winooski, Vermont|Winooski]]
| data7 = 7,997
| label8 = [[St. Albans (city), Vermont|St. Albans]]
| data8 = 6,877
| label9 = [[Newport (city), Vermont|Newport]]
| data9 = 4,455
| label10 = [[Vergennes, Vermont|Vergennes]]
| data10 = 2,553
}}

===Largest towns===

Although these [[New England town|towns]] are large enough to be considered cities, they are not incorporated as such.
{{Bar graph
| title = Large town populations ([[2020 United States census|2020 census]])
| data_max = 45,000
| bar_width = 30
| label_type = Town
| data_type = Population
| label1 = [[Essex, Vermont|Essex]]
| data1 = 22,094
| label2 = [[Colchester, Vermont|Colchester]]
| data2 = 17,524
| label3 = [[Bennington, Vermont|Bennington]]
| data3 = 15,333
| label4 = [[Brattleboro, Vermont|Brattleboro]]
| data4 = 12,184
| label5 = [[Milton, Vermont|Milton]]
| data5 = 10,723
| label6 = [[Hartford, Vermont|Hartford]]
| data6 = 10,686
| label7 = [[Williston, Vermont|Williston]]
| data7 = 10,103
| label8 = [[Middlebury, Vermont|Middlebury]]
| data8 = 9,152
| label9 = [[Springfield, Vermont|Springfield]]
| data9 = 9,062
| label10 = [[Barre (town), Vermont|Barre]]
| data10 = 7,923
| label11 = [[Shelburne, Vermont|Shelburne]]
| data11 = 7,717
| label12 = [[St. Johnsbury, Vermont|St. Johnsbury]]
| data12 = 7,364
| Label13 = [[Swanton, Vermont|Swanton]]
| Data 13 = 6,701
}}

===Climate===

{{See also|Climate of New England}}
[[File:Köppen Climate Types Vermont.png|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Vermont, using 1991–2020 [[Climatological normal|climate normals]]]]
The annual mean temperature for the state is {{convert|43|F|C}}.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Vermont| volume=27 | page=2016}}</ref> Vermont has a [[humid continental climate]], with [[mud season|muddy]] springs, in general a mild early summer, hot Augusts; it has [[autumn in New England|colorful autumns]]: Vermont's hills reveal red, orange, and (on [[sugar maple]]s) gold foliage as cold weather approaches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Study in Vermont. Universities & Colleges in Vermont|url=https://university.graduateshotline.com/vt.html|website=graduateshotline}}</ref> Winters are colder at higher elevations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://academics.smcvt.edu/vtgeographic/textbook/weather/weather_and_climate_of_vermont.htm |title=accessed September 15, 2007 |publisher=Academics.smcvt.edu |date=July 4, 1911 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=August 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813094937/http://academics.smcvt.edu/vtgeographic/textbook/weather/weather_and_climate_of_vermont.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a [[Köppen climate classification]] of Dfb, a temperate continental climate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/north-america/united-states-of-america/vermont-1063/ |title=Climate: Vermont |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=May 29, 2019 }}</ref>

The rural northeastern section known as the "[[Northeast Kingdom]]" often averages {{convert|10|F-change}} colder than the southern areas of the state during winter. The annual snowfall averages between {{convert|60|and|100|in}} depending on elevation. Vermont is the seventh coldest state in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/US/average-annual-state-temperatures.php|title=Average Annual Temperatures by State |publisher= Current Results |access-date=January 25, 2012}}</ref>

The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|105|F|C}}, at [[Vernon, Vermont|Vernon]], on July 4, 1911. The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-50|F|C}}, at [[Bloomfield, Vermont|Bloomfield]], on December 30, 1933; this is the lowest temperature recorded in New England alongside [[Big Black River (Saint John River tributary)|Big Black River]], which recorded a verified {{convert|-50|F|C}} in 2009.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Adams, Glenn|title = Maine ties Vt. for record low temperature|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = February 11, 2009}}</ref> The agricultural growing season ranges from 120 to 180 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.garden.org/regional/report/description/full/14 |title=National Gardening Association |publisher=Garden.org |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=June 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627174702/http://www.garden.org/regional/report/description/full/14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[United States Department of Agriculture]] plant [[hardiness zone]]s for the state range between zone 3b, no colder than {{convert|-35|F|C}}, in the [[Northeast Kingdom]] and northern part of the state and zone 5b, no colder than {{convert|-15|F|C}}, in the southern part of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantmaps.com/interactive-vermont-usda-plant-zone-hardiness-map.php|title=Vermont USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map |access-date=March 21, 2011}}</ref> The state receives between 2,200 and 2,400 hours of sunshine annually. New England as a whole receives a range of less than 2,000 hours of sunshine in part of New Hampshire to as much as 2,600 hours of sunshine per year in Connecticut and Rhode Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eldoradoweather.com/climate/US%20Climate%20Maps/Lower%2048%20States/Sky%20Cover%20-%20Visibility/Mean%20Total%20Sunshine%20Hours/Gallery/mean-total-sunshine-hours.html |title=Mean Total Sunshine Hours |publisher=El Dorado Weather|access-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref>

==== Climate change ====
{{Main|Climate change in Vermont}}
[[Climate change in Vermont]] encompasses the [[effects of climate change]], attributed to anthropogenic increases in atmospheric [[carbon dioxide]].

The state is already seeing effects of climate change that affect its ecosystems, economy and public health. According to the state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatechange.vermont.gov/|title=Climate Change in Vermont {{!}} Climate Change in Vermont|website=climatechange.vermont.gov|access-date=November 23, 2019}}</ref> These changes have affected the winter tourism industry,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatechange.vermont.gov/our-changing-climate/what-it-means/tourism|title=Tourism and Recreation {{!}} Climate Change in Vermont|website=climatechange.vermont.gov|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506014315/https://climatechange.vermont.gov/our-changing-climate/what-it-means/tourism|url-status=dead}}</ref> and caused a decline in critical agricultural and woodland industries like [[maple sugaring]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatechange.vermont.gov/our-changing-climate/what-it-means/farms-forests|title=Farms and Forests {{!}} Climate Change in Vermont|website=climatechange.vermont.gov|access-date=November 23, 2019|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004649/https://climatechange.vermont.gov/our-changing-climate/what-it-means/farms-forests|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The state openly acknowledges and is developing programs that respond to [[global warming]].<ref name="ccVermont">{{Cite web|url=https://climatechange.vermont.gov/|title=Climate Change in Vermont|website=Vermont Official State Website}}</ref> Vermont was one of the first states in the United States to adopt [[greenhouse gas emissions]] goals, in 2006.

===Geology===
[[File:WaitsRiverXSection.png|thumb|upright|[[Silurian]] and [[Devonian]] stratigraphy of Vermont]]
{{further|Geology of New England}}

There are five distinct [[physiographic]] regions of Vermont.<ref>{{cite web |title=Physiographic Regions |url=http://academics.smcvt.edu/vtgeographic/textbook/physiographic/wordphysiomap.doc |access-date=June 3, 2018 |archive-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113013439/http://academics.smcvt.edu/vtgeographic/textbook/physiographic/wordphysiomap.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref> Categorized by geological and physical attributes, they are the Northeastern Highlands, the Green Mountains, the [[Taconic Mountains]], the Champlain Lowlands, and the Vermont Piedmont.<ref>{{cite web|title=Academics Content Server at Saint Michael's|website=The Physiographic Regions of Vermont|url=http://academics.smcvt.edu/vtgeographic/textbook/physiographic/physiographic_regions_of_vermont.htm|access-date=January 3, 2007|archive-date=May 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514235917/http://academics.smcvt.edu/vtgeographic/textbook/physiographic/physiographic_regions_of_vermont.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

About 500 million years ago, Vermont was part of [[Laurentia]] and located in the tropics.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Joel Banner |last=Baird |title=Tremors of discovery |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20110724/GREEN01/107240301/Tremors-Discovery-Lone-Rock-Point-bears-scars-ancient-earthly-disruptions |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723202151/http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20110724/GREEN01/107240301/Tremors-Discovery-Lone-Rock-Point-bears-scars-ancient-earthly-disruptions |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 23, 2012 |newspaper=[[Burlington Free Press]] |location=Burlington, Vermont |pages=1–3D |date=July 24, 2011 }}</ref> The central and southern Green Mountain range include the oldest rocks in Vermont, formed about one billion years ago during the first mountain building period (or orogeny). Subsequently, about {{Nowrap|400 million}} years ago, the second mountain building period created Green Mountain peaks that were {{convert|15000|-|20000|ft}} tall, three to four times their current height and comparable to the [[Himalayas]]. The geological pressures that created those peaks remain evident as the [[Champlain Thrust]], running north–south to the west of the mountains (now the eastern shore of Lake Champlain). It is an example of geological fault thrusting where bedrock is pushed over the newer rock formation.

As a result of tectonic formation, Vermont east of the Green Mountains tends to be formed from rocks produced in the [[Silurian]] and [[Devonian]] periods, and western Vermont mainly from the older [[Pre-Cambrian]] and [[Cambrian]] material.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/images/gengeo52.pdf |title=Generalized geologic map of Vermont |access-date=February 23, 2012 |archive-date=April 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405135709/http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/images/gengeo52.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several large deposits within the state contain granite.<ref>{{cite web |title=Granite {{!}} Department of Environmental Conservation |url=https://dec.vermont.gov/geological-survey/resources-energy/minres/granite |website=dec.vermont.gov |publisher=Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref> The remains of the [[Chazy Formation]] can be observed in [[Isle La Motte, Vermont|Isle La Motte]] which was one of the first tropical reefs. It is the site of the limestone Fisk Quarry, which contains a collection of ancient marine fossils, such as [[Stromatoporoidea|stromatoporoids]], that date to {{Nowrap|200 million}} years ago. At one point, Vermont is believed to have been connected to Africa ([[Pangaea]]); the fossils found and the rock formations found on the coasts in both Africa and America are evidence affirming the Pangaea theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/monkton/monktonmain.htm |title=Geology and Mineral Resources—Vermont Geological Survey |publisher=Anr.state.vt.us |access-date=January 25, 2012 |archive-date=December 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230180108/http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/monkton/monktonmain.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Slayton |first=Thomas |url=http://northernwoodlands.org/outside_story/article/vermonts-farmers-have-geology-to-thank |title=The Outside Story &#124; Vermont's Farmers Have Geology to Thank |publisher=Northern Woodlands |date=December 1, 2009 |access-date=January 25, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uvm.edu/landscape/learn/Downloads/BRIEFGeologicHistory.pdf |title=Report |website=uvm.edu}}</ref>

In the past four centuries, Vermont has experienced a few earthquakes, rarely centered under the state. The highest ranked, in 1952, had a [[Richter magnitude scale]] 6.0 and was based in Canada.<ref name="bfp100624">{{cite news|title=Canada quake shakes Vt.|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 1A,4A|date=June 24, 2010}}</ref>

===Fauna===
[[File:Hermit Thrush (13635301894).jpg|thumb|The [[hermit thrush]], the state bird of Vermont]]
The state contains 41 species of [[reptile]]s and [[amphibian]]s (including the [[spring peeper]]), 89 species of [[fish]], of which 12 are nonnative;<ref name="c101124">{{Cite news | first=Joseph | last=Gresser | title=How all those fish got to Vermont | publisher=the chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | page= 17 | date=November 24, 2010 }}</ref> 193 species of breeding birds, 58 species of mammals (including [[American black bear|black bears]], [[eastern chipmunk]]s, [[coyote]]s, [[Fisher (animal)|fishers]], [[Red fox|red]] and [[gray fox]]es, [[porcupine]]s, and [[Groundhog|woodchucks]]), more than 15,000 insect species (including [[luna moth]]s), and 2,000 higher plant species, plus fungi, algae, and 75 different types of natural communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vtfishandwildlife.com/about_history.cfm |title=Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department |publisher=Vtfishandwildlife.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522031818/http://www.vtfishandwildlife.com/about_history.cfm |archive-date=May 22, 2010 }}</ref> Vermont contains one species of venomous snake, the [[timber rattlesnake]], which is confined to a few acres in western [[Rutland County, Vermont|Rutland County]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Candace|last=Page|title=Sightings of milk snakes, rattlesnake mimics, shake residents|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 1B|date=July 9, 2009}}</ref>

Wildlife has suffered because of human development in the state. By the mid-19th century, [[wild turkey]]s were eradicated in the state through [[hunting]] and [[habitat destruction]]. Sixteen were reintroduced in 1969, and had grown to a flock estimated to number 45,000 in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hunting Wild Turkeys|publisher=Newport Daily Express|location=Newport, Vermont|pages= THREE, HUNTING GUIDE|date=September 2009}}</ref> In 2013, hunters killed 6,968 of these.<ref>{{Cite news | last= Fish and Wildlife| title=Turkey hunters had record year | newspaper=The Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | pages= 31A | date=January 15, 2014 }}</ref> Since 1970, reduction of farmland has resulted in reduced environment for, and resulted in a decline in, numbers of various [[shrubland]] birds, including the [[American woodcock]], [[brown thrasher]], [[eastern towhee]], [[willow flycatcher]], [[golden-winged warbler]], [[blue-winged warbler]], [[field sparrow]], and [[Baltimore oriole]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Candace|last=Page|title=Saving shrubland|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 1B|date=July 6, 2010}}</ref> [[Osprey]]s, whose eggs were previously damaged by [[DDT]], began to reappear in 1998 and by 2010, were no longer endangered in the state.<ref>{{cite news|first=Natalie |last=Diblasio |title=Lake Arrowhead failure is first in 12 years |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20100730/NEWS02/100729036/Ospreys-fail-to-reproduce-at-Lake-Arrowhead |newspaper=Burlington Free Press |location=Burlington, Vermont |pages=1B |date=July 30, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=Beta7 |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Several species have declined or disappeared from the state, including bats, many of which have been killed by [[white-nose syndrome]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Candace |last=Page |title=Bats struggle to survive |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20100727/NEWS02/7270303/Bats-struggle-to-survive |newspaper=Burlington Free Press |location=Burlington, Vermont |pages=1B,4B |date=July 27, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=Beta7 |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the [[New England cottontail]], outcompeted by the [[eastern cottontail rabbit]],<ref>{{Cite news | first=Elizabeth | last=Macalaster | title=New England cottontail: Rabbit, come back! | newspaper=the Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | page= 15 | date=April 11, 2012 }}</ref> and the [[Bombus terricola|yellow-banded bumblebee]], gone as one of 19 species of bee in decline.<ref name="BoBt">{{cite web| title = Bumble bees: yellowbanded bumble bee (Bombus terricola)
 | publisher = Xerces Society
 | url = http://www.xerces.org/yellow-banded-bumble-bee/
 | access-date = April 5, 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140424192028/http://www.xerces.org/yellow-banded-bumble-bee/
 | archive-date = April 24, 2014
| url-status = dead
 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | first=Bethany | last=Dunbar | title=Keep an eye out for rare bumblebees | newspaper=the Chronicle | location=[[Barton, Vermont]] | pages= 2C | date=April 24, 2013 }}</ref>

Invasive species and organisms include the Asian [[Drosophila suzukii|spotted wing drosophila]], a destroyer of crops,<ref>{{Cite news | first=Joseph | last=Gresser | title=Tiny pest cuts through New England fruit | newspaper=The Chronicle | location=[[Barton, Vermont]] | pages= 1B | date=April 24, 2013 }}</ref> and [[Eastern equine encephalitis|eastern equine encephalitis virus]] whose [[antibodies]] were found in moose or deer in each of Vermont's counties.<ref name="VTHealth">{{cite web
 | last = Secretary
 | title = Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Deer and Moose Serosurvey Project
 | publisher = Vermont Department of Public Health
 | year = 2014
 | url = http://healthvermont.gov/prevent/arbovirus/eee/surv/serosurvey.aspx
 | access-date = April 9, 2014
| archive-date = April 13, 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155445/http://healthvermont.gov/prevent/arbovirus/eee/surv/serosurvey.aspx
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref>

===Flora===

Vermont is in the [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]] [[biome]]. Much of the state, in particular the Green Mountains, is covered by the [[conifer]]s and [[northern hardwood forest|northern hardwoods]] of the [[New England-Acadian forests]]. The western border with New York and the area around Lake Champlain lies within the [[Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests]]. The southwest corner of the state and parts of the Connecticut River are covered by [[northeastern coastal forests]] of mixed [[Quercus|oak]].<ref name="ecoregions">{{cite journal|author1=Olson, D. M |author2=E. Dinerstein |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth |journal=[[BioScience]] |year=2001 |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=933–938 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free | issn=0006-3568 }}</ref>

Invasive [[Lonicera japonica|wild honeysuckle]] has been deemed a threat to the state's forests, native species of plants, and wildlife.<ref>{{cite news|first=Larson|last=Dimarlo|title=Using undiluted herbicides to fight invasive species|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages=2D |date=June 13, 2010}}</ref> Many of Vermont's rivers, including the [[Winooski River]], have been subjected to artificial barriers to prevent flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhamnus cathartica, R. davurica |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhaspp/all.html |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=www.fs.usda.gov}}</ref>

{{US Census population
| 1790 = 85425
| 1800 = 154465
| 1810 = 217895
| 1820 = 235981
| 1830 = 280652
| 1840 = 291948
| 1850 = 314120
| 1860 = 315098
| 1870 = 330551
| 1880 = 332286
| 1890 = 332422
| 1900 = 343641
| 1910 = 355956
| 1920 = 352428
| 1930 = 359611
| 1940 = 359231
| 1950 = 377747
| 1960 = 389881
| 1970 = 444330
| 1980 = 511456
| 1990 = 562758
| 2000 = 608827
| 2010 = 625741
| 2020 = 643085
| estimate = 648493
| estyear = 2024
| align-fn = center
| footnote = Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

[[Climate change]] appears to be affecting the maple sugar industry. [[Acer saccharum|Sugar maples]] have been subject to stress by [[acid rain]], [[asian long-horned beetle]]s, and [[Thripidae|pear thrips]]. In 2011, the deer herd had grown too large for the habitat, and many resorted to eating bark to survive the winter, destroying trees in the process. In addition, the sugar maples need a certain period of cold to produce sap for maple syrup. The time to tap these trees has shrunk to one week in recent years. The tree may be replaced by the more aggressive [[Acer platanoides|Norway maples]], in effect forcing the sugar maples to "migrate" north to Canada.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Keith | last=Winston | title=Wildlife habitats shift as winters grow warmer | url=http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20111129/COLUMNISTS01/311290015/Keith-Winsten-Wildlife-habitats-shift-winters-grow-warmer | newspaper=[[Florida Today]] | location=Melbourne, Florida | pages=7B | date=November 29, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130061627/http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20111129/COLUMNISTS01/311290015/Keith-Winsten-Wildlife-habitats-shift-winters-grow-warmer | archive-date=November 30, 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], the state of Vermont had a population of 643,085 in the [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S. census]].<ref name="Census Bureau-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=QuickFacts: Vermont, United States |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/VT,US/PST040222#PST040222 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=Census Bureau}}</ref> Vermont was one of two states with fewer people than the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]]; [[Wyoming]] was the other.<ref name="Census Bureau-2022" /> The [[center of population]] of Vermont is located in [[Washington County, Vermont|Washington County]], in the town of [[Warren, Vermont|Warren]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Centers of Population |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/cenpop2020/CenPop2020_Mean_ST.txt |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=Census Bureau}}</ref>

The influx of [[Domestic migration|domestic migrants]] in the 1960s to 1980s brought outlooks different than those of the native-born population. As one example, since 1988, Vermont has consistently voted for Democrats in national elections, despite having been the most Republican state in the nation for more than 100 years after the party's founding in the 1850s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom & Unity: Flatlanders vs. Woodchucks — Vermont Historical Society |url=https://vermonthistory.org/freedom-and-unity-flatlanders-vs.-woodchucks |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=vermonthistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vermont Presidential Election Voting History - 270toWin |url=https://www.270towin.com/states/Vermont |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=270toWin.com}}</ref>

Inward migration to Vermont began to wane during the 2000s, and became [[emigration]] during the 2010s. This trend reversed in the 2020s, with about 4,500 new residents domestically migrating to the state between 2020 and 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petenko |first=Erin |date=August 12, 2022 |title=Census shows explosion of migration into Vermont in pandemic's 1st year |url=https://vtdigger.org/2022/08/12/wildly-unusual-census-shows-explosion-of-migration-into-vermont-in-pandemics-first-year/ |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=VTDigger |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Chittenden County, Vermont|Chittenden County]] has seen the most rapid population growth, experiencing a 7.5% increase between 2010 and 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Census Data {{!}} Vermont Center for Geographic Information |url=https://vcgi.vermont.gov/data-release/2020-census-data |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=vcgi.vermont.gov}}</ref> In 2018, the top countries of origin for immigrants in Vermont were [[Canada]], [[Nepal]], [[Jamaica]], the [[Philippines]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_vermont.pdf|title=Immigrants in Vermont|access-date=September 3, 2023|archive-date=September 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903030002/https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_vermont.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Race and ethnicity ====
As of 2022, 94% of Vermont's residents identify as racially White, and 92.2% of all residents are White people without Hispanic origin,<ref name="USAFacts-2023">{{Cite web |date=August 17, 2023 |title=Vermont population by year, county, race, & more |url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/state/vermont/ |access-date=August 17, 2023 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}</ref> making it one of the least diverse states in the U.S., except for Maine. When including [[French Canadians]], the [[French people|French]] made up the largest ancestral and ethnic group, with 20% of Vermont's population identify as such, with [[Irish people|Irish]] and [[English people|English]] also making up large portions of the populace.
{{Pie chart|value1=92.2|value2=2.2|value3=2.0|value4=1.9|value5=1.3|value6=0.3|label1=White (non-Hispanic)|label2=Hispanic or Latino|label3=Asian (non-Hispanic)|label4=Mixed race|label5=Black (non-Hispanic)|label6=American Indian (non-Hispanic)|caption=Race and ethnicity in Vermont (2021)}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+The population of Vermont by race: 2000–2021<ref name="USAFacts-2023" />
!Race
!2000
!2005
!2010
!2015
!2021
|-
|White (non-Hispanic)
|587,155 (96.3%)
|591,941 (95.3%)
|590,817 (94.4%)
|584,157 (93.3%)
|595,151 (92.2%)
|-
|Hispanic or Latino
|5,556 (0.9%)
|7,754 (1.2%)
|9,291 (1.5%)
|11,214 (1.8%)
|14,384 (2.2%)
|-
|Asian (non-Hispanic)
|5,521 (0.9%)
|6,885 (1.1%)
|8,004 (1.3%)
|10,477 (1.7%)
|12,765 (2.0%)
|-
|Mixed race
|5,972 (1%)
|7,686 (1.2%)
|9,543 (1.5%)
|10,567 (1.7%)
|12,316 (1.9%)
|-
|Black (non-Hispanic)
|3,040 (0.5%)
|4,590 (0.7%)
|6,056 (1%)
|7,230 (1.2%)
|8,685 (1.3%)
|-
|American Indian (non-Hispanic)
|2,374 (0.4%)
|2,215 (0.4%)
|2,030 (0.3%)
|1,993 (0.3%)
|2,082 (0.3%)
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''609,618'''
|'''621,215'''
|'''625,886'''
|'''625,810'''
|'''645,570'''
|}

==== Vital statistics ====
A total of 5,384 babies were born in 2021, a 4.89% increase from 2020. Of those births, 90.3% were non-Hispanic white. The fertility rate was 1.371, a slight increase from 2020.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ Live births by race/ethnicity of mother, and birth rate: 2016-2021{{Efn|Births in table do not total 100% because Hispanics are counted by both ethnicity and race, giving a higher overall number.}}
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]{{Efn|Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.}}
! 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov }}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=Births: Final Data for 2017 |journal=National Vital Statistics Report |volume=67 |number=8 |date=2018 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref>
! 2018<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=December 21, 2019}}</ref>
! 2019<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=April 9, 2021}}</ref>
! 2020<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref>
! 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2023 |title=Births: Final Data for 2021 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=CDC}}</ref>
! 2022<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>
! 2023<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr74/nvsr74-1.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic Whites|White]]
| 5,208 (90.5%)
| 5,134 (90.8%)
| 4,934 (90.8%)
| 4,856 (90.6%)
| 4,646 (90.5%)
| 4,863 (90.3%)
| 4,754 (89.4%)
| 4,526 (89.3%)
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 154 (2.7%)
| 159 (2.8%)
| 152 (2.8%)
| 122 (2.3%)
| 137 (2.7%)
| 122 (2.3%)
| 145 (2.7%)
| 143 (2.8%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 70 (1.2%)
| 115 (2.0%)
| 118 (2.2%)
| 133 (2.5%)
| 108 (2.1%)
| 137 (2.5%)
| 116 (2.2%)
| 123 (2.4%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]
| 11 (0.2%)
| 16 (0.3%)
| 12 (0.2%)
| 11 (0.2%)
| 15 (0.3%)
| 13 (0.2%)
| 13 (0.2%)
| 12 (0.2%)
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (any race)
| ''136'' (2.3%)
| ''123'' (2.2%)
| ''121'' (2.2%)
| ''124'' (2.3%)
| ''132'' (2.6%)
| ''147'' (2.7%)
| ''163'' (3.1%)
| ''152'' (3.0%)
|-
| '''Total births'''
| '''5,756''' (100%)
| '''5,655''' (100%)
| '''5,432''' (100%)
| '''5,361''' (100%)
| '''5,133''' (100%)
| '''5,384''' (100%)
| '''5,316''' (100%)
| '''5,065''' (100%)
|-
|Total Fertility rate
|1.542
|1.519
|1.443
|1.432
|1.359
|1.371
|1.352
|-
|Birth rate
|9.2
|9.1
|8.7
|8.6
|8.2
|8.3
|8.2
|}

===Dialect===

{{Main|Western New England English|Eastern New England English}}

Linguists have identified speech patterns found among Vermonters as belonging to [[Western New England English]], a dialect of [[New England English]], which features [[Rhoticity in English|full pronunciation of all ''r'' sounds]], [[horse–hoarse merger|pronouncing ''horse'' and ''hoarse'' the same]], and [[father–bother merger|pronouncing vowels in ''father'' and ''bother'' the same]], none of which are features traditionally shared in neighboring [[Eastern New England English]].<ref>{{citation
|last1=Labov
|first1=William
|author-link=William Labov
|last2=Ash
|first2=Sharon
|last3=Boberg
|first3=Charles
|year=2006
|title=The Atlas of North American English
|location=Berlin
|publisher=Mouton-de Gruyter
|isbn=978-3-11-016746-7
}}</ref> Some rural speakers realize the ''t'' as a [[glottal stop]] (''mitten'' sounds like "mi'in" and ''Vermont'' like "Vermon' "{{efn|name=Rural|Often pronounced {{IPA|[vəɹˈmɑ̃ʔ]}} in rural areas of the state}}).<ref name="Schneider2008">{{Citation
 | first1 = Naomi
 | last1 = Nagy
 | first2 = Julie
 | last2 = Roberts
 | editor-last = Schneider
 | editor-first = Edgar W.
 | contribution = New England: phonology
 |title=The Americas and the Caribbean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGjixKTt9JcC&pg=PA60|date=December 10, 2008|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-020840-5|page=60}}</ref> A dwindling segment of the Vermont population, generally both rural and male, pronounces certain vowels in a distinctive manner (e.g. ''cows'' with a [[raised vowel]] as {{IPA|[kʰɛʊz]}} and ''ride'' with a backed, somewhat [[rounded vowel]] as {{IPA|[ɹɒɪd]}}).<ref>Stanford, James N. (2019). ''New England English: Large-Scale Acoustic Sociophonetics and Dialectology''. Oxford University Press, USA.</ref>

Eastern New England English—also found in New Hampshire, Maine and eastern Massachusetts—was common in eastern Vermont in the mid-twentieth century and before, but has become rare.<ref name =Stanfordetal >Stanford, James N.; Leddy-Cecere, Thomas A.; Baclawski Jr., Kenneth P. "Farewell To The Founders: Major Dialect Changes Along The East–West New England Border." ''American Speech'' 87.2 (2012): pp.&nbsp;126–169. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. November 2, 2015.</ref> This accent [[rhoticity in English|drops the ''r'' sound]] in words ending in ''r'' (''farmer'' sounds like "farm-uh") and [[Linking and intrusive R#Intrusive R|adds an ''r'' sound]] to some words ending in a vowel (''idea'' sounds like "idee-er") was common.<ref name="Walsh">{{cite web|last=Walsh|first=Molly|title=Vermont Accent: Endangered Species?|url=http://www.virtualvermont.com/happiness/talkin1.html|website=Burlington Free Press|access-date=November 20, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725233529/http://www.virtualvermont.com/happiness/talkin1.html|archive-date=July 25, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name =Stanfordetal/> Those characteristics in eastern Vermont appear to have been inherited from [[West Country]]<ref name="Albion">{{cite book|last=Fischer|first=David Hackett |author-link=David Hackett Fischer|title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-506905-1|title-link=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America }}</ref> and [[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]] ancestors.<ref name="VermontAccent">{{cite news|last=MacQuarrie|first=Brian|title=Taking bah-k Vermont|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=February 12, 2004|url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/vermont/articles/2004/02/12/talking_bah_k_in_vermont/?page=full}}</ref>

Vermont is one of three states (along with [[Maine]] and New Hampshire) where [[French language|French]] is the second-most spoken language at home, which is largely due to the state's proximity to the province of [[Quebec]]. [[New England French]], a unique dialect spoken in many of Vermont's Francophone homes, is derived from Quebec French, in contrast to the [[Brayon French]] which predominates in the Francophone regions of northern Maine which were settled primarily by [[Acadians]].

===Religion===
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Religion, per [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2022 ''American Values Survey''{{efn|Note: there is a glitch surrounding the display of Vermont's religious tradition data on ''Public Religion Research Institute''. Click the "list" option if results show "N/A". Do not remove pie chart.}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=February 24, 2023 |title=2022 American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]]}}</ref>
|label1=[[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]]
|value1=48
|color1=White
|label2=[[Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]]
|value2=21|color2=Purple
|label3=[[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
|value3=19
|color3=Blue
|label4=[[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's Witness]]
|value4=4
|color4=Teal
|label5=[[Unitarianism|Unitarian]]/[[Unitarian Universalism|Universalist]]
|value5=2
|color5=Green
|label6=[[Mormonism]]
|value6=1
|color6=Yellow
|label7=[[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]]
|value7=4
|color7=DarkOrange
|label8=[[American Jews|Jewish]]
|value8=1
|color8=Pink}}

According to the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2014, 37% reported no religion, the highest rate of irreligion of all U.S. states.<ref name="Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life-2015">{{cite web|date=May 12, 2015|title=America's Changing Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/|access-date=February 17, 2019|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life}}</ref> The Pew Research Center also determined the largest religion was [[Christianity]];<ref name="Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project">{{Cite web|title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/|access-date=April 27, 2021|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] made up 22% of the population and [[Protestantism|Protestants]] were 30%. In contrast with [[Southern United States|Southern U.S.]] trends, the majority of Protestants are [[mainline Protestant]], dominated by [[Methodism]]. The [[United Methodist Church]] was the largest mainline Protestant denomination in Vermont, followed by the [[American Baptist Churches USA]] and [[United Church of Christ]]. Evangelical Protestants were dominated by [[Independent Baptist|independent Baptist churches]]. Major non-Christian religions were [[Judaism]], [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], and other faiths. The largest non-Christian religious group outside of irreligion were [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]]. An estimated 3.1% of the irreligious were [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref name="Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project" />

With the publication of a study by the [[Public Religion Research Institute]] in 2020, Christianity spread among Protestantism, Catholicism, and non-mainstream Christians including [[Mormonism]] and the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] were approximately 64% of the adult population.<ref name="ava.prri.org">{{Cite web |title=PRRI – American Values Atlas |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-VT |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=ava.prri.org}}</ref> The religiously unaffiliated were determined to be an estimated 30% of the total adult population according to the Public Religion Research Institute. As of 2022 per the Public Religion Research Institute, Vermont became plurality [[Irreligion in the United States|irreligious]], and consistently ranks as one of the most secular states in the United States.<ref name="ava.prri.org" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nicks |first=Denver |date=February 3, 2014 |title=These Are The Most Godless States in America |url=https://time.com/4294/these-are-the-most-godless-states-in-america/ |access-date=April 12, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> The 2022 study estimated 48% of the population were religiously unaffiliated, while 45% were Christian altogether (Catholic, Protestant, Mormon, and Jehovah's Witness).

The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] reported that in 2020, the religiously affiliated population were primarily Christian. The single largest Christian denominations were the following: the Catholic Church (124,208); United Church of Christ (11,882); and the United Methodist Church (9,652). Non-denominational Protestants numbered 29,830.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 {{!}} U.S. Religion Census {{!}} Religious Statistics & Demographics |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=www.usreligioncensus.org}}</ref> Among the largest Christian denominations at this study, Catholics had an adherence rate of 208.70 per 1,000 people; the United Church of Christ 18.48 per 1,000 people; and United Methodists 15.01 per 1,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congregational Membership |url=https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/census/congregational-membership?y=2020&y2=0&t=1&c=50 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |website=Association of Religion Data Archives}}</ref> ARDA's 2020 membership tabulations reflected the Pew Research Center's 2014 study where 21% of the population attended religious services weekly, 32% once or twice a month, and 47% seldom/never.<ref name="Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life-2015" /> In a 2018 research article by the [[National Christian Foundation]], non-churchgoing Christians nationwide did not attend religious services often through practicing the faith in other ways, not finding a house of worship they liked, disliking sermons and feeling unwelcomed, and logistics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Christians don't go to church anymore (and why they must) |url=https://www.ncfgiving.com/stories/why-christians-dont-go-to-church-and-why-they-must/ |access-date=April 15, 2023 |website=National Christian Foundation |date=October 18, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2024, Real GDP (inflation-adjusted, chained dollars) for Vermont was US$36 billion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What is the gross domestic product (GDP) in Vermont? |url=https://usafacts.org/answers/what-is-the-gross-domestic-product-gdp/state/vermont/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=USAFacts |language=en-US}}</ref> GDP per capita (real, chained dollars) in 2024 was $55,577.<ref name=":0" /> According to BEA, Vermont's nominal GDP for 2024 was $45.7 billion, the lowest among all U.S. states.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP by State {{!}} U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.bea.gov}}</ref>

In {{As of|2021|bare=yes}}, Vermont had a total employment of 239,758, and the total employer establishments were 20,696.<ref name="United States Census Bureau">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Vermont |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/VT |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> {{As of|2019|bare=}}, Canada was Vermont's largest foreign trade partner, followed by [[Taiwan]]. Quebec received 75% of the state's exports to Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2020 |title=International Trade: Vermont's Promotion, Partnerships and Exchanges |url=https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2020/WorkGroups/Senate%20Appropriations/Reports/W~Agency%20of%20Commerce%20and%20Community%20Development~International%20Trade%20Report~2-5-2020.pdf |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=Vermont Agency of Commerce and Community Development}}</ref> In {{As of|2022|bare=yes}}, 7,457 new businesses were registered in Vermont.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Formation Statistics by State |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/bfs-by-state.html |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Retail sales reached {{Nowrap|$10.8 billion}} in {{As of|2017|bare=yes}}, according to U.S. Census Bureau data.<ref name="Bureau of Economic Analysis-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Gross Domestic Product by State and Personal Income by State, 4th Quarter 2022 and Year 2022 |url=https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/stgdppi4q22-a2022.pdf |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref>

===Personal income===

{{See also|Vermont locations by per capita income}}

In {{As of|2021|bare=yes}}, the state had a median household income of $67,674, with approximately 10.3% of the population at or below the poverty line.<ref name="United States Census Bureau" /> The median wage in the state was $22.75 hourly or $47,320 annually in {{As of|2022|bare=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rank List: States in Profile |url=https://www.statsamerica.org/sip/rank_list.aspx?rank_label=ow_c&item_in=00-0000&ct=S09 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=www.statsamerica.org}}</ref> In 2007, about 80% of the 68,000 Vermonters who qualify for food stamps received them.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Ober, Lauren |title = Food stamp program set for expansion|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = November 9, 2008}}</ref> 40% of seniors 75 years or older live on annual incomes of $21,660 or less.<ref name="bfp090628">{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Coutts|title=My Turn:Vermont's energy support program is long overdue|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 7B|date=June 28, 2009}}</ref> In 2011, 15.2% of Vermonters received [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program|food stamps]]. This compares to 14.8% nationally.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Emily | last=Guerin | title=Use of food stamps rises in Orleans County | newspaper=The Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | pages= 13A | date=May 28, 2014 }}</ref>

In 2011, 91,000 seniors received an annual average of $14,000 from [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]. This was 59% of the average senior's income. This contributed $1.7 billion to the state's economy.<ref name="AARP Vermont-2012">{{Cite news | author=AARP Vermont | title=How fiscal cliff debate affects seniors | newspaper=the Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | page= 6 | date=December 12, 2012 }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
[[File:Vermont fall foliage hogback mountain.JPG|thumb|right|Fall foliage seen from Hogback Mountain, [[Wilmington, Vermont|Wilmington]]]]

{{As of|2022|bare=}}, agriculture, along with forestry and other animal industry, contributed 0.45% of the state's gross domestic product.<ref>{{cite book|author1=John J. Duffy|author2=Samuel B. Hand|author3=Ralph H. Orth|title=The Vermont Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTBCXqOou0YC&pg=PA104|year=2003|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-1-58465-086-7|page=104}}</ref> {{As of|2022|May|bare=}}, about 0.16% of the state's working population was engaged in agriculture jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vermont - May 2022 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates |url=https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_vt.htm#35-0000 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=www.bls.gov |language=en-us}}</ref>

====Dairy farming====
{{Main|Vermont dairy industry}}
[[Dairy farming]] remains a primary source of agricultural income. In the second half of the 20th century, developers had plans to build [[Condominium (housing)|condos]] and houses on what was relatively inexpensive, open land. Vermont's government responded with a series of laws [[Growth management|controlling development]] to prevent the decline of Vermont's dairy industry. This proved ineffective, as the number of Vermont dairy farms has declined nearly 95% from the 11,206 dairy farms operating in 1947. {{As of|2021|December}}, the state had 568 dairy farms, a decline from 658 in 2019, 1,138 in 2006, and fewer than 1,500 in 2003.<ref name="Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food & Markets-2022">{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2022 |title=Vermont Dairy Data |url=https://agriculture.vermont.gov/sites/agriculture/files/Vermont%20Dairy%20Data%20summary%20-%20February%202022.pdf |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food & Markets}}</ref><ref name="c20200129">{{Cite news |last=Starr |first=Tena |date=January 29, 2020 |title=Report says agriculture faces challenges in new climate |pages=1A, 18A-19A |newspaper=The Chronicle |location=Barton, Vermont}}</ref> The number of dairy farms has been diminishing by roughly 10% annually.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Dunbar, Bethany M. |title = Vermont Milk Commission considers price premium|publisher = the Chronicle|date = September 10, 2008}}</ref> Dairy farms control 80% of open land.<ref name="c20200129" />

In {{As of|2021|bare=yes}}, 28.5% (162) of the state's dairy farms were [[Certified Organic|certified organic]].<ref name="Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food & Markets-2022" /> The number of [[cattle]] in Vermont had declined by 40%; however, milk production has doubled in the same period due to tripling the production per cow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vermontdairy.com/dairy_industry/farms/numbers |title=Dairy Farm Numbers—Vermont Dairy |publisher=Vermontdairy.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180402/http://www.vermontdairy.com/dairy_industry/farms/numbers |archive-date=October 2, 2010 }}</ref> While milk production rose, Vermont's [[market share]] declined. Within a group of states supplying the [[Greater Boston|Boston]] and [[New York metropolitan area|New York City]] markets (called "Federal order Class I"),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capitalpress.com/ag_sectors/dairy/lee-mielke-us-butter-prices-climbing/article_3b0c9fe4-7bf0-11e9-adaf-538640db39ed.html|title=US butter prices climbing|last=Mielke|first=Lee|date=May 28, 2019|website=capitalpress.com|language=en|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> Vermont was third in market share, with 10.6%; New York has 44.9% and Pennsylvania has 32.9%.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Dunbar, Bethany |title = Vermont Milk Commission takes a look at hauling costs|publisher = the Chronicle|date = November 14, 2007}}</ref> In 2007, dairy farmers received a record $23.60 for {{convert|100|lb}} (11.63 gallons at $2.03/gallon) of milk. This dropped in 2008 to $17 ($1.46/gallon).<ref>{{Cite book|author = Dunbar, Bethany M. quoting from book by James Maroney Jr.|title = Former farmer has a plan for profits in Vermont dairying|publisher = the Chronicle|date = December 4, 2008}}</ref> The average dairy farm produced {{Nowrap|1.3 million}} pounds of milk annually in 2008.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Lefebvre, Paul |title = Average Vermont dairy farmer expected to lose $92,000|publisher = the Chronicle|date = February 11, 2009}}</ref>

The dairy barn remains characteristic of Vermont, but the 95% decrease in dairy farms between 1947 and 2021 means that preservation of dairy barns has increasingly become a matter of [[Historic preservation|preserving historic legacy]] rather than meeting a basic need of an agricultural economy. The Vermont Barn Census, organized in 2009 by educational and nonprofit state and local historic preservation programs, has worked to record the number, condition, and features of barns throughout Vermont.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barn Census {{!}} Agency of Commerce and Community Development |url=https://accd.vermont.gov/historic-preservation/identifying-resources/barn-census |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=accd.vermont.gov |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429061028/https://accd.vermont.gov/historic-preservation/identifying-resources/barn-census |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A significant amount of milk is shipped into the Boston market. Therefore, the Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] certifies that Vermont farms meet Massachusetts sanitary standards. Without this certification, a farmer may not sell milk for distribution into the bulk market.<ref>[http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/627/627.F2d.606.79-7759.79-7113.1070.1098.html LeClair vs Saunders] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524030510/https://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/627/627.F2d.606.79-7759.79-7113.1070.1098.html |date=May 24, 2013 }}. Retrieved April 21, 1980.</ref> In 2019, two-thirds of all milk in New England was produced by Vermont dairies.<ref name=c20200129/>

====Forestry====

Forestry has always been a staple to the economy, comprising 1% of the total gross state output and 9% of total manufacturing as of 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=The economic importance of Vermont's forest-based economy |url=http://fpr.vermont.gov/sites/fpr/files/Forest_and_Forestry/Vermont_Forests/Library/NEFA13_Econ_Importance_VT_final_web_Jan29.pdf}}</ref> In 2007, [[Windham County, Vermont|Windham County]] contained the largest concentration of kilns for drying lumber east of the [[Mississippi River]]. The decline of farms has resulted in a regrowth of Vermont's forests due to [[ecological succession]]. Today, most of Vermont's forests are [[Secondary forest|secondary]]. The state and [[non-profit organization]]s are actively encouraging regrowth and careful forest management. Over 78% of the land area of the state is forested compared to only 37% in the 1880s, when sheep farming was at its peak and large amounts of acreage were cleared for grazing.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=54bXBQAAQBAJ |title=The Story of Vermont: A Natural and Cultural History, Second Edition|last1=Klyza|first1=Christopher McGrory|last2=Trombulak|first2=Stephen C.|date=January 6, 2015|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-1-61168-686-9}}</ref> Over 85% of that area is non-industrial, private forestland owned by individuals or families. In 2013, {{convert|73054|e6cuft|abbr=off|sp=us}} of wood was harvested in Vermont.<ref name="Morin-2014">{{cite report|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/ru/ru_fs30.pdf|title=Forests of Vermont, 2013|date=2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station|last1=Morin|first1= Randall S.|last2= Pugh|first2= Scott A.|id =Resource Update FS-30|location = Newtown Square, PA}}</ref> A large amount of Vermont forest products are exports with {{convert|21504|e6ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} being shipped overseas plus an additional {{convert|16384|e6cuft|abbr=off|sp=us}} to Canada.<ref name="Morin-2014" /> Most of it was processed within the state. In this century the manufacture of wood products has fallen by almost half. The annual net growth has been estimated at {{convert|172810|e6cuft|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name="Morin-2014" /> The [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] estimates that {{convert|8584|e9cuft|abbr=off|sp=us}} remain in the state.<ref name="Morin-2014" /> Forest products also add to carbon sequestration since lumber and timber used in houses and furniture hold carbon for long periods of time while the trees that were removed are replaced overtime with new growing stock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forest2market.com/blog/the-role-of-wood-products-in-forest-carbon-accounting|title=The Role of Wood Products in Forest Carbon Accounting {{!}} Forest2Market, the Wood and Fiber Supply Chain Experts|last=Hearn|first=Suzanne|website=www.forest2market.com|access-date=May 20, 2016|archive-date=June 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623202444/http://www.forest2market.com/blog/the-role-of-wood-products-in-forest-carbon-accounting|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017, the price of wood products had either plummeted or remained the same when compared to previous decades, which meant there was cause for concern with jobs in the industry. For example, in 1994, the price of a thousand board feet was $300, the same as it was in 2017. The price of wood chips has halved in the same time frame. In 1980, the price for a cord of wood was $50; in 2017, $25. For lack of demand, Vermont's forests are growing twice as fast as they are being cut.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Tena | last=Starr | title=Blek outlook for forestry industry | url=https://bartonchronicle.com/bleak-outlook-forestry-industry/| newspaper=The Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | pages= 1A, 20A, 21A | date=August 2, 2017 | access-date=August 9, 2017}}</ref>

====Other====

{{As of|2022|bare=}}, Vermont was the leading producer of [[maple syrup]] in the United States at {{convert|2550000|USgal|L}}, representing 50.7% of the nation's total production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Record high maple syrup production in Vermont |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/New_England_includes/Publications/Current_News_Release/2022/Vermont_2022_Maple_Production.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128105150/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/New_England_includes/Publications/Current_News_Release/2022/Vermont_2022_Maple_Production.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=USDA}}</ref> In {{As of|2021|bare=yes}}, its production value totaled $56.0 million at $32.00/gallon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Northeastern Region: Maple Syrup Report |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/New_England_includes/Publications/Current_News_Release/2022/Northeast-2022-Maple-Syrup-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705073724/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/New_England_includes/Publications/Current_News_Release/2022/Northeast-2022-Maple-Syrup-Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service}}</ref> There were about 2,000 maple products producers in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Bethany|last=Dunbar|title=Maple season starts early with record sap run|publisher=the Chronicle|location=Barton, Vermont|page= 23|date=March 17, 2010}}</ref> The [[Vermont wine|wine industry in Vermont]] started in 1985. As of 2007, there were 14 wineries.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Curran, John|title = Winemakers hope new state council will help them grow|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = July 29, 2007}}</ref>

{{As of|2020}}, [[apple]] growing is the third largest contributor to the state's agricultural economy, after dairy and maple syrup. Vermont orchards primarily grow [[McIntosh (apple)|McIntosh apples]], and the industry has seen a steady decline as consumer preferences have shifted to newer apple varieties. The number of acres devoted to apple growing decreased from approximately 3,700 in 1997 to just 1,700 in 2017, and many of the orchards now focus on growing apples for [[cider]] production and providing [[Pick-Your-Own]] orchards to appeal to the state's [[agritourism]] market.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vermont Agriculture & Food System Strategic Plan 2021–2030 |url=https://www.vtfarmtoplate.com/sites/default/files/2022-03/vermont_agriculture_and_food_system_strategic_plan_2021-2030.pdf |website=Farm to Plate |publisher=Vermont Sustainable Jobs Fund |access-date=March 5, 2023 |date=February 8, 2021|page=43}}</ref> In 1999, apples and [[apple pie]] were named the official state fruit and state pie, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ACTS OF THE 1999-2000 VERMONT LEGISLATURE|url=http://www.leg.state.vt.us/docs/2000/acts/act015.htm|access-date=July 24, 2020|website=www.leg.state.vt.us}}</ref> Around 23% of Vermont's vegetable farms are organic.

===Manufacturing===

As of 2015, [[GlobalFoundries]] was the largest private employer in the state and provided jobs to 3,000 employees at its plant in the village of [[Essex Junction, Vermont|Essex Junction]] within Chittenden County.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://vtdigger.org/2015/07/01/ibms-essex-plant-now-belongs-to-globalfoundries/|website = VTDigger.org|title =GlobalFoundries takes over IBM's workforce and 16,000 patents|first = Erin|last = Mansfield|date = July 1, 2015}}</ref>

A growing part of Vermont's economy is the manufacture and sale of artisan foods, fancy foods, and novelty items trading in part upon the Vermont "brand", which the state manages and defends. Examples of these specialty exports include [[Ben & Jerry's|Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream]], [[Burton Snowboards]], [[Cabot Cheese]], [[Fine Paints of Europe]], [[King Arthur Flour]], the [[Vermont Teddy Bear Company]], [[Vermont Creamery]], several [[Brewing in Vermont|microbreweries]], and ginseng growers.

In 2010, a [[University of Connecticut]] study reported that Vermont, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire tied as the most costly states in the U.S. for manufacturers.<ref>{{cite news|first=Stephen |last=Singer |title=UConn study says Vermont costliest for manufacturers |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20100907/NEWS01/100908037/1003/UConn-study-finds-Vt.-most-expensive-for-manufacturers |newspaper=Burlington Free Press |location=Burlington, Vermont |pages=6B |date=September 9, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=Beta7 |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Energy===
{{See also|List of power stations in Vermont}}

Vermont has no fossil fuel reserves, however its forest products industry provides fuel for electricity generation and home heating. Electricity consumption per capita ranks it among the lowest 20% of states, and total electricity consumption was the lowest in the United States. Vermont consumed three times more electricity than it generated in-state in 2019, and imported its largest share of electricity from Canada. Vermont's 99.9% share of electricity generation from renewable sources was the highest among all 50 states.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=VT#50 |title=Vermont Electricity Profile Analysis |publisher=U.S. EIA |access-date=March 4, 2021}}</ref>

===Health===
{{See also|Vermont#Public health|List of hospitals in Vermont}}
An increasingly aging population is expected to increase demand for aging-related services and healthcare. The [[University of Vermont Medical Center]], with more than 8,800 employees, is the largest employer in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts & Figures |url=https://www.uvmhealth.org/medcenter/about-uvm-medical-center/newsroom/facts-and-figures |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=The University of Vermont Health Network |language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, all of Vermont's hospitals billed patients $3.76 billion, and collected $2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Joseph |last=Gresser |title=State officials scrutinize hospital revenues| work=the Chronicle|location=Barton, Vermont|page= 11|date=September 28, 2009}}</ref> 92,000 people are enrolled in Medicare. In 2011, Medicare spent $740&nbsp;million on health care in the state.<ref name="AARP Vermont-2012"/>

===Labor===

In 2009, the state attained a high of 361,290 workers.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Sarah | last=Buxton | title=Expanding the labor force is essential | url=http://www.vermontbiz.com/news/2018/february/14/commentary-expanding-labor-force-essential | newspaper=The Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | pages=7A | date=February 21, 2018 | access-date=March 11, 2018 | archive-date=March 12, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083401/http://www.vermontbiz.com/news/2018/february/14/commentary-expanding-labor-force-essential | url-status=dead }}</ref>

As of 2006, there were 305,000 workers in Vermont. Eleven percent of these are unionized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empirecenter.org/2007/01/unions_shrink_e.php |title=Unions Shrink Even in NY, Data Show |publisher=Empirecenter.org |date=January 26, 2007 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322212944/http://www.empirecenter.org/2007/01/unions_shrink_e.php |archive-date=March 22, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bishca.state.vt.us/hcadiv/Data_Reports/healthinsurmarket/SurveyVTFamilyHealth2000/DataTables126_146/128_WorkingStatewideOfferFirm.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614075440/http://www.bishca.state.vt.us/hcadiv/Data_Reports/healthinsurmarket/SurveyVTFamilyHealth2000/DataTables126_146/128_WorkingStatewideOfferFirm.PDF |archive-date=June 14, 2007 |title=A separate study shows over 325,000 workers in 2000 |access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref> Out of a workforce of 299,200 workers, 52,000 were government jobs, federal, state, and local.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nvda.net/pdf/RegionalPlan/VolumeII.Chapter6.EconomicDevelopment.pdf |title=Regional Plan Volume&nbsp;II. Chapter 6. Economic Development |year=2003}}</ref>

A modern high unemployment rate of 9% was reached in June 1976. A modern low of 2.4% was measured in February 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?data_tool=latest_numbers&series_id=LASST50000003 |title=BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics—History |publisher=Data.bls.gov |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204120826/http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?data_tool=latest_numbers&series_id=LASST50000003 |archive-date=February 4, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of October 2019, the unemployment rate was 2.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vtlmi.info/press.pdf |title=Vermont's Unemployment Rate Increases to 2.2 Percent for September |publisher=State of Vermont, Department of Labor |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref>

Employment grew 7.5% from 2000 to 2006. From 1980 to 2000, employment grew by 3.4%; nationally it was up 4.6%. Real wages were $33,385 in 2006 constant dollars and remained there in 2010; the nation, $36,871.<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Briggs|title=25 years of numbers|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 1B, 4B|date=June 21, 2010}}</ref>

As of 2014, the Pew Research Center estimated that farms in the state employed fewer than 5,000 [[Illegal immigration|illegal immigrants]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/interactives/unauthorized-immigrants/|title=U.S. unauthorized immigration population estimates: Estimated unauthorized immigrant population, by state, 2014|last= |date=November 3, 2016|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> In 2017, Vermont Governor Phil Scott announced that the state was "exploring a legal challenge" to the executive order signed by President [[Donald Trump]] for Vermont law enforcement authorities to cooperate with [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] and "perform the functions of immigration officers in relation to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of aliens".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.vpr.net/post/gov-scott-issues-sweeping-rebuff-trumps-immigration-orders#stream/0|title=Gov. Scott Issues Sweeping Rebuff To Trump's Immigration Orders|last1=Hirschfield|first1=Peter|last2=Dillon|first2=John|date=January 30, 2017|website=vpr.net|publisher=Vermont Public Radio|access-date=December 26, 2017}}</ref>

===Insurance===

[[Captive insurance]] plays an increasingly large role in Vermont's economy. With this form of alternative insurance, large corporations or industry associations form standalone insurance companies to insure their own risks, thereby substantially reducing their insurance premiums and gaining a significant measure of control over types of risks to be covered. There are also significant tax advantages to be gained from the formation and operation of captive insurance companies. According to the Insurance Information Institute, Vermont in 2009 was the world's third-largest domicile for captive insurance companies, following [[Bermuda]] and the [[Cayman Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Insurance Information Institute|website=Captives & Other Risk-Financing Options|url=http://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/test3/?table_sort_745148=2|access-date=January 7, 2007|archive-date=October 8, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008061328/http://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/test3/?table_sort_745148=2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2009, there were 560 such companies.<ref>{{cite news|first=Matt|last=Sutkoski|title=State unconcerned about insurance report|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 9B|date=August 1, 2009}}</ref>

In 2010, the state had 900 such companies.<ref>{{cite news|first=Terri |last=Hallenbeck |title=Captive industry descends on Vt. |newspaper=Burlington Free Press |location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 1B |date=August 11, 2010}}</ref>

===Recreation===

[[File:LakeChamplain b.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Champlain]]]]

Summer camps such as Camp Abnaki, [[Camp Billings]], [[Camp Dudley]], and Camp Hochelaga contribute to Vermont's tourist economy.

In 2005, visitors made an estimated {{Nowrap|13.4 million}} trips to the state, spending {{Nowrap|$1.57 billion}}.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Dunbar, Bethany M. |title = I can remember Barton when it was a booming town|publisher = The Chronicle|date = December 1, 2008}}</ref>

In 2012, fall accounted for $460&nbsp;million of income, about one-quarter of all tourism.<ref>{{Cite news | first= Natalie | last=Hormilia | title=Foliage brightened area tourist economy | newspaper=The Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | pages= 1A | date=October 9, 2013 }}</ref>

In 2011, the state government earned $274&nbsp;million in taxes and fees from tourism. 89% of the money came from out-of-state visitors. Tourism supported over 26,000 jobs, 7.2% of total employment.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Tena | last=Starr | title=Needed soon:1,300 hospitality and tourism workers | newspaper=[[The Chronicle (Barton, Vermont)|The Chronicle]] | location=[[Barton, Vermont]] | pages= 1A, 31A | date=July 24, 2013 }}</ref>

According to the 2000 census, almost 15% of all housing units in Vermont were vacant and classified "for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Vacant housing units, Vermont, 2000 Census |access-date=August 9, 2009 }}</ref>{{Clarify||this is apparently being hyped here as an asset of some sort. Not sure that is what figure shows at all. Need to clarify sentence and maybe change paragraph|date=September 2010}} This was the second highest percentage nationwide, after [[Maine]]. In some Vermont cities, vacation homes owned by wealthy residents of [[New England]] and [[New York (state)|New York]] constitute the bulk of all housing stock. According to one estimate, as of 2009, 84% of all houses in [[Ludlow (town), Vermont|Ludlow]] were owned by out-of-state residents.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.7dvt.com/2008cottage-industry|title = Cottage industry|first = Ken|last = Picard|date = November 19, 2008|work = Seven Days|access-date = August 9, 2009|archive-date = February 9, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140209165157/http://www.7dvt.com/2008cottage-industry|url-status = dead}}</ref> Other notable vacation-home resorts include [[Manchester, Vermont|Manchester]] and [[Stowe, Vermont|Stowe]].

====Hunting====

[[File:1 vermont fall foliage panorama 2010.jpg|thumb|Autumn in Vermont]]

Hunting is controlled for [[American black bear|black bear]], [[wild turkey]]s, deer, and moose.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hunting Season Opening Dates|publisher=Newport Daily Express|location=Newport, Vermont|pages= TWO, HUNTING GUIDE|date=September 2009}}</ref> There are 5,500 bears in the state. The goal is to keep the numbers between 4,500 and 6,000.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Vermont bear hunting season opens on Sept. 1 | publisher=the Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | page= 8 | date=September 1, 2010 }}</ref>

In 2010, there were about 141,000 deer in the state, which is in range of government goals. However, these are distributed unevenly and when in excess of {{convert|10|-|15|/sqmi|round=0.5}}, reduce timber growth.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Estimates place the deer herd at 141,000 | newspaper=the chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | page= 21 | date=January 26, 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, hunting of migratory birds was limited to October 13 to December 16. [[Waterfowl hunting]] is also controlled by federal law.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Migratory bird hunting dates | newspaper=the Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | page= 15 | date=September 19, 2012 }}</ref>

====Skiing and snowmobiling====

[[File:Stowe village Stevage.jpg|thumb|[[Stowe, Vermont|Stowe]] Resort Village]]

Some of the [[List of New England ski areas by vertical drop|largest ski areas in New England]] are located in Vermont. Skiers and snowboarders visit [[Burke Mountain Ski Area]], [[Bolton Valley]], [[Smugglers' Notch]], [[Killington Ski Resort]], [[Mad River Glen]], [[Stowe Mountain Resort]], Cochrans Ski Area, [[Sugarbush Resort|Sugarbush]], [[Stratton, Vermont|Stratton]], [[Jay Peak Resort|Jay Peak]], [[Okemo Mountain|Okemo]], [[Saskadena Six]], [[Mount Snow]], [[Bromley Mountain|Bromley]], Brattleboro Ski Hill, and [[Magic Mountain Ski Area]]. Summer visitors tour resort towns like [[Stowe, Vermont|Stowe]], [[Manchester, Vermont|Manchester]], [[Quechee, Vermont|Quechee]], [[Wilmington, Vermont|Wilmington]], [[Woodstock, Vermont|Woodstock]], [[Mount Snow]], and. The [[effects of global warming]] have been predicted to shorten the length of the ski season across Vermont, which would continue the contraction and consolidation of the ski industry in Vermont and threaten individual ski businesses and communities that rely on ski tourism.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226142172|title=Climate Change Vulnerability of the Northeast US Winter Tourism Sector|format=PDF |journal=Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change |publisher=University of Ottawa Department of Geography and Institute of Science |access-date=February 3, 2019|doi= 10.1007/s11027-007-9136-z|s2cid=153991472}}</ref>

In winter, Nordic and backcountry skiers visit to travel the length of the state on the [[Catamount Trail]]. Several [[horse show]]s are annual events. Vermont's state parks, historic sites, museums, golf courses, and new boutique hotels with spas were designed to attract tourists.

In 2000–2001, there were 4,579,719 skier and snowboarder visits to the state. There were 4,125,082 visits in 2009–2010, a rise from recent years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vt. ski area visits rise 1.4%|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 6C|date=June 10, 2010}}</ref>

In 2008, there were 35,000 members of 138 snowmobiling clubs in Vermont. The combined association of clubs maintains {{convert|6000|mi}} of trail often over private lands. The industry is said to generate "hundreds of millions of dollars worth of business."<ref>{{Cite book|author = McLean, Dan|title = Hard times may slow snowmobiling|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = December 14, 2008}}</ref>

===Quarrying===

The towns of [[Rutland (town), Vermont|Rutland]] and [[Barre (town), Vermont|Barre]] are the traditional centers of marble and granite quarrying and carving in the U.S. For many years Vermont was also the headquarters of the smallest union in the U.S., the [[Journeymen Stonecutters' Association of North America]], of about 500 members. The first marble quarry in America was on [[Mount Aeolus (Vermont)|Mount Aeolus]] overlooking [[East Dorset, Vermont|East Dorset]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualvermont.com/towns/dorset.html |title=VirtualVermont.com |publisher=VirtualVermont.com |date=June 13, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129085421/http://virtualvermont.com/towns/dorset.html |archive-date=November 29, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The granite industry attracted numerous skilled stonecutters in the late 19th century from Italy, Scotland, and Ireland. Barre is the location of the [[Rock of Ages Corporation|Rock of Ages quarry]], the largest [[dimension stone]] granite quarry in the United States. Vermont is the largest producer of slate in the country. The highest quarrying revenues result from the production of dimension stone.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} The Rock of Ages quarry in [[Barre (town), Vermont|Barre]] is one of the leading exporters of granite in the country. The work of the sculptors of this corporation can be seen {{convert|3|mi}} down the road at the [[Hope Cemetery]], where there are gravestones and mausoleums.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

===Nonprofits and volunteerism===

There were 2,682 nonprofit organizations in Vermont in 2008, with {{Nowrap|$2.8 billion}} in revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wheremostneeded.org/2006/06/vermont_nonprof.html |title=Vermont Nonprofit Association Folds |publisher=Where Most Needed |date=June 8, 2006 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722034212/http://www.wheremostneeded.org/2006/06/vermont_nonprof.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The state ranked ninth in the country for volunteerism for the period 2005–08. 35.6% of the population volunteered during this period. The national average was 26.4%.<ref>{{cite news|first=Matt|last=Sutkoski|title=Vermont volunteering thrives|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 1B|date=July 29, 2009}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Update section|date=April 2022}}

{{Main|Education in Vermont}}
[[File:Lyndon Institute.jpg|thumb|[[Lyndon Institute]], a non-profit high school in [[Lyndon, Vermont|Lyndon]] with both day and boarding students.]]

Vermont was named the nation's smartest state in 2005 and 2006.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Walsh, Molly |title = Vermont doing better than most|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = June 8, 2007}}</ref> In 2006, there was a gap between state testing standards and national, which is biased in favor of the state standards by 30%, on average. This puts Vermont 11th-best in the nation. Most states have a higher bias.<ref>{{Cite book|author = King, Ledyard |title = State tests put image ahead of performance|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = June 8, 2007}}</ref> However, when allowance for race is considered, a 2007 U.S. Government list of test scores shows Vermont white fourth graders performed 25th in the nation for reading (229) and 26th for math (247).<ref>[http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/nde/statecomp/ US Department of Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825001901/http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/nde/statecomp/ |date=August 25, 2009 }}. Retrieved July 6, 2008.</ref> White eighth graders scored 18th for math (292) and 12th for reading (273). The first three scores were not considered statistically different from average. White eighth graders scored significantly above average in reading. Statistics for black students were not reliable because of their small representation in the testing.

In 2017, spending $1.6 billion on education for 76,000 public school children, represented more than $21,000 per student.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vtdigger.org/2018/01/09/lawmakers-education-tax-overhaul-aims-slow-spending|title=Lawmaker's education tax overhaul aims to slow spending—VTDigger|date=January 9, 2018|website=vtdigger.org|access-date=January 14, 2018}}</ref>

''[[Education Week]]'' ranked the state second{{efn|Behind New Jersey}} in high school graduation rates for 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vermont is No. 2 in grad rates|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 1A|date=June 19, 2010}}</ref>

In 2011, 91% of the population had graduated from high school compared with 85% nationally. Almost 34% have at least an [[undergraduate degree]] compared with 28% nationally.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Tina | last=Starr | title=Historically, rural areas have lost population | newspaper=[[The Chronicle (Barton, Vermont)|The Chronicle]] | location=[[Barton, Vermont]] | page= 11 | date=June 15, 2013 }}</ref>

In 2013, the ratio of pupils to teachers was the lowest in the country.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Paul | last=Lefebvre | title=Vermont has lowest student-to-teacher ratio in U.S. | newspaper=the chronicle | location=[[Barton, Vermont]] | page= 14 | date=March 13, 2013 }}</ref>

===Higher education===

{{Main|List of colleges and universities in Vermont}}
[[File:University of Vermont Old Mill.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Vermont]]'s Old Mill, the oldest campus building]]
Vermont's largest university is [[University of Vermont|The University of Vermont (UVM)]], a [[Public university|public]] [[Land-grant university|land-grant]] [[research university]] and one of the original eight [[Public Ivy|Public Ivies]]. In addition, [[Vermont State University]] and the [[Community College of Vermont]] reside within the [[Vermont State Colleges]] system. The state has several other private colleges, including [[Bennington College]], [[Champlain College]], [[Middlebury College]], [[Norwich University]], [[Saint Michael's College]], and [[Vermont Law and Graduate School]].

Research at the University of Vermont by [[George Perkins Marsh]] and the influence of Vermont-born philosopher and educator [[John Dewey]] brought about the concepts of [[Course (education)|electives]] and [[learning-by-doing]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==Transportation==
The [[Vermont Agency of Transportation]] (VTrans) is responsible for transportation infrastructure. The principal mode of travel in Vermont is via [[car]], with 93.4% of Vermont households owning a car in {{As of|2021|bare=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Many Vehicles Are There In The U.S.? – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/car-insurance/car-ownership-statistics/ |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=www.forbes.com|date=March 3, 2023 }}</ref> Four car ferry routes operate across [[Lake Champlain]]. Passenger rail is provided by [[Amtrak]]'s daily [[Vermonter (train)|''Vermonter'']] and ''[[Ethan Allen Express]]'' trains. Intercity bus operators include [[Vermont Translines]], [[Greyhound Lines]], and [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]]. A number of public transit agencies operate bus service at the local, county, and regional levels. [[Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport]] is the state's primary airport.
[[File:Vermont 2017 License Plate.jpg|thumb|Vermont's license plate]]

===Road===
[[File:Vermont fall covered bridge 2009.JPG|thumb|The [[West Dummerston Covered Bridge|West Dummerston Bridge]], the longest [[covered bridge]] in Vermont]]
[[File:SnakeMT 20151011 (23945838081).jpg|thumb|[[Vermont Route 17]] in [[Addison, Vermont|Addison]] with [[Snake Mountain (Vermont)|Snake Mountain]] at right]]
{{See also|List of state highways in Vermont}}
In 2012, there were 605,000 vehicles registered, nearly one for every person. This is similar to average car ownership nationwide.<ref>{{cite news|first=Art |last=Woolf |title=Vehicle registration declines with population in Vt. |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20130718/BUSINESS08/307180002/Vehicle-registration-declines-in-Vermont |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130718191122/http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20130718/BUSINESS08/307180002/Vehicle-registration-declines-in-Vermont |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 18, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |location=[[Burlington, Vermont]] |pages=2C |date=July 18, 2013 |access-date=July 18, 2013 }}</ref> In 2012, about half of [[greenhouse gas emissions]] in the state were from vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Candace | last=Page | title=Riding Green | newspaper=[[The Burlington Free Press]] | location=[[Burlington, Vermont]] | pages= 1C | date=July 28, 2013}}</ref>

In 2010, Vermont owned {{convert|2840|mi}} of highway. This was the third smallest quantity among the 50 states. 2.5% of the highways were listed as "congested", the fifth lowest in the country. The highway fatality rate was one per {{convert|100000000|mi}}, tenth lowest in the nation. The highways cost {{convert|28669|$/mi}} to maintain, the 17th highest in the states. 34.4% of its 2,691<ref>{{cite news|title = State to inspect bridges similar to Minn. span|newspaper = Burlington Free Press|date = August 4, 2007}} page 1B</ref> bridges were rated deficient or obsolete, the eighth worst in the nation.<ref>{{cite news| title=Roadwork:Vermont highways don't measure up | newspaper=Burlington Free Press | location=Burlington, Vermont | pages= 1B | date=September 7, 2010}}</ref> A 2005–06 study ranked Vermont 37th out of the states for "cost-effective road maintenance", a decline of thirteen places since 2004–05.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reason.org/ps360.pdf |title=Microsoft Word—ps360final.doc |publisher=Reason.org |date=June 1, 2007 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025064914/http://www.reason.org/ps360.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2007 }}</ref>

In 2007, Vermont was ranked the third safest state for highway fatalities.<ref>[https://archive.today/20080422081240/http://www.timesdaily.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Vermont Vermont information] Times Daily. Retrieved October 14, 2007.</ref> One third of these fatal crashes involved a drunken driver.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Sutkowski, Matt |title = Mixed drinks, mixed feelings|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = December 7, 2008}}</ref> On average, 20–25 people die each year from drunk driving incidents, and 70–80 people are in fatal car crashes in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoinsurancetips.com/vermont-dui-laws|title=Vermont DUI Laws|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114050550/http://autoinsurancetips.com/vermont-dui-laws|archive-date=January 14, 2010}}</ref> Collisions with [[moose]] constitute a traffic threat, particularly in northern Vermont, and cause several deaths per year.<ref>[http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080511/NEWS02/305110002/-1/MULTIMEDIA Burlington Free Press]{{Dead link|date=October 2009}}. Retrieved June 30, 2008.</ref> In 2009, 93% of Vermont motorists were insured, tying with Pennsylvania for the highest percentage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ircweb.org/news/ircum2011_042111.pdf |title=Date |access-date=January 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902084352/http://www.ircweb.org/News/IRCUM2011_042111.pdf |archive-date=September 2, 2011 }}</ref> In 2008, Vermont was the fifth best state for fewest uninsured motorists at 6%.<ref>{{Cite book|author = staff, wire reports |title = Vt. has few uninsured motorists|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = January 23, 2009}}</ref>

Trucks weighing less than {{convert|80000|lb}} can use Vermont's interstate highways. The limit for state roads is {{convert|99000|lb}}. This means that vehicles too heavy for the interstates can legally use only secondary roads.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Office of Senator Patrick Leahy|title=Pilot program will route heavy trucks onto interstate| work=the Chronicle|location=Barton, Vermont|page= 33|date=December 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Tena|last=Starr |title=Leahy tries again, to move trucks to the interstate| work=the Chronicle|location=Barton, Vermont|page= 10|date=September 28, 2011}}</ref>

In 1968, Vermont outlawed the use of [[billboard]]s for advertisement along its roads. It is one of only four states in the U.S. to have done this, along with [[Hawaii]], [[Maine]], and [[Alaska]], and is a source of pride among Vermonters. The consensus from the state's [[Act 250 (Vermont law)|Act 250]] commission was that billboards obstruct and distract from scenic views of countryside, critical to Vermont's pastoral image.<ref>{{cite web|title=Communities Prohibiting Billboards|url=http://www.scenic.org/billboards-a-sign-control/tools-for-action/33-communities-prohibiting-billboards|website=Scenic America|access-date=August 18, 2014|archive-date=October 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004223755/http://www.scenic.org/billboards-a-sign-control/tools-for-action/33-communities-prohibiting-billboards|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govisithawaii.com/2009/07/17/hawaii-fact-15-of-50-no-billboards-in-the-50th-state/|title=Hawaii Fact 15 of 50: No Billboards In The 50th State|date=July 17, 2009|website=Go Visit Hawaii}}</ref>

====Major north–south routes====
{{Anchor|North-South routes}}
* [[File:I-89.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 89]] runs a northwest–southeast path through Vermont, beginning in [[White River Junction, Vermont|White River Junction]] and heading northwest to serve the cities of [[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]], [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]], and [[St. Albans (city), Vermont|St. Albans]] en route to the Canada–U.S. border. I-89 intersects I-91 in White River Junction and has a short spur route, [[Interstate 189]], just outside of Burlington.
* [[File:I-91.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 91]] runs a north–south path from the Massachusetts state line to the Canada–U.S. border, connecting the towns of [[Brattleboro, Vermont|Brattleboro]], [[White River Junction, Vermont|White River Junction]], [[St. Johnsbury, Vermont|St. Johnsbury]], and the city of [[Newport (city), Vermont|Newport]]. I-91 intersects I-89 in White River Junction, and I-93 in St. Johnsbury.
* [[File:I-93.svg|20px]] [[Interstate 93]] runs a short, {{convert|11|mi|km|adj=on}} distance from the New Hampshire state line to its northern terminus in St. Johnsbury, where it intersects I-91. I-93 connects the Northeast Kingdom region of Vermont with the White Mountains region of New Hampshire, and points south.
* [[File:US 5.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 5]] runs a north–south path in eastern Vermont from the Massachusetts state line to the Canada-U.S. border. U.S. Route{{nbsp}}5 is a surface road that runs parallel to I-91 for its entire length in the state, and serves nearly all the same towns. The two routes also parallel the New Hampshire state line between Brattleboro and St. Johnsbury.
* [[File:US 7.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 7]] runs a north–south path in western Vermont from the Massachusetts state line to the Canada-U.S. border. U.S. Route{{nbsp}}7 connects the cities and towns of [[Bennington, Vermont|Bennington]], [[Rutland (city), Vermont|Rutland]], [[Middlebury, Vermont|Middlebury]], [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]], and [[St. Albans (city), Vermont|St. Albans]]. Between Bennington and Dorset, U.S. Route{{nbsp}}7 runs as a [[two-lane expressway|Super{{nbsp}}2 freeway]]. It also parallels I-89 between Burlington and the Canada–U.S. border.
* [[File:Vermont 30.svg|20px]] [[Vermont Route 30]] is a 111.870-mile-long north–south road that runs from [[Brattleboro, Vermont|Brattleboro]] to [[Middlebury, Vermont|Middlebury]]. [[Vermont Route 30]] runs through the state's historic West River Valley, where it passes through the colonial towns of Newfane, Townshend, West Townshend, East Jamaica, Jamaica, Rawsonville and Bondville.
* [[File:Vermont 100.svg|20px]] [[Vermont Route 100]] runs a north–south path directly through the center of the state, along the length of the Green Mountains. VT Route 100 generally parallels both U.S. Route{{nbsp}}5 (which runs to its east) and U.S. Route{{nbsp}}7 (which runs to its west). Many of the state's major ski areas are located either directly on, or very close to, VT Route 100. The largest town by population along VT Route 100 is [[Morristown, Vermont|Morristown]].

====Major east–west routes====
{{Anchor|East-West routes}}
* [[File:US 2.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 2]] runs a generally east–west path across central and northern Vermont, from [[Alburgh, Vermont|Alburgh]] (on the New York state line) to [[Guildhall, Vermont|Guildhall]] (on the New Hampshire state line). U.S. Route{{nbsp}}2 connects the Lake Champlain Islands and the [[Northeast Kingdom]] to the population centers of Burlington, Montpelier, and St. Johnsbury. U.S. Route{{nbsp}}2 runs parallel to I-89 between [[Colchester, Vermont|Colchester]] and Montpelier. Although the portion of the road from Alburgh to Burlington follows a north–south orientation, U.S. Route{{nbsp}}2 in Vermont is entirely signed as east–west.
* [[File:US 4.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 4]] runs east–west across south-central Vermont from [[Fair Haven, Vermont|Fair Haven]] (on the New York state line) to White River Junction (on the New Hampshire state line). U.S. Route{{nbsp}}4 also connects the city of Rutland and the towns of [[Killington, Vermont|Killington]] and [[Woodstock, Vermont|Woodstock]]. Between Fair Haven and Rutland, U.S. Route{{nbsp}}4 runs as a four-lane freeway that is mostly up to Interstate design standards.
* [[File:US 302.svg|20px]] [[U.S. Route 302]] runs an east–west path from its western terminus in Montpelier to the village of [[Wells River, Vermont|Wells River]], where it intersects both I-91 and U.S. Route 5, and then crosses into New Hampshire. U.S. Route 302 is one of the main roads connecting Montpelier and [[Barre (city), Vermont|Barre]] in central Vermont.
* [[File:Vermont 9.svg|20px]] [[Vermont Route 9]] runs an east–west path across the southern part of the state. VT Route{{nbsp}}9 connects the towns of Bennington, [[Wilmington, Vermont|Wilmington]], and Brattleboro.
* [[File:Vermont 105.svg|20px]] [[Vermont Route 105]] runs a generally east–west path across the northernmost parts of Vermont (sometimes within a few miles of the Canada–U.S. border) from St. Albans to [[Bloomfield, Vermont|Bloomfield]] (on the New Hampshire state line). VT Route 105 ultimately connects the cities of St. Albans and Newport.

===Ferry===
[[File:LCTC ferry Cumberland in winter 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The ''Cumberland'' [[Icebreaker|ice-breaking]] ferry headed toward [[Grand Isle, Vermont|Grand Isle]] in winter]]
There is a year-round ferry service to and from New York State across [[Lake Champlain]] from Charlotte to [[Essex, New York|Essex]] and [[Grand Isle, Vermont|Grand Isle]] to [[Plattsburgh (town), New York|Plattsburgh]]. Operated by the [[Lake Champlain Transportation Company]] (LCTC),<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferry Routes to/from New York |url=https://www.connectingcommuters.org/information-and-schedules/lake-champlain-ferries/ferries/ |website=Go! Vermont |publisher=[[Vermont Agency of Transportation]] |access-date=August 22, 2022}}</ref> the Grand Isle - Plattsburgh ferry operates 24 hours a day, while the Charlotte ferry serves a limited schedule.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grand Isle, VT – Plattsburgh, NY schedule |url=https://ferries.com/vt-ny-ferry-routes/grand-isle-vt-to-plattsburgh-ny/special-schedule-grand-isle-vt-plattsburgh-ny/ |website=Lake Champlain Ferries |date=March 25, 2020 |access-date=August 29, 2023}}</ref>

Seasonal service from [[Shoreham, Vermont|Shoreham]] to [[Ticonderoga, New York|Ticonderoga]] is provided by the [[Fort Ticonderoga Ferry]].

===Rail===
[[File:Amtrak and bike trail (cropped).jpg|thumb|The ''[[Ethan Allen Express]]'' alongside the [[Island Line Trail]] in Burlington]]
{{See also|List of Vermont railroads}}

Passenger service is provided by [[Amtrak]]'s ''[[Vermonter (train)|Vermonter]]'' and ''[[Ethan Allen Express]],'' while freight service is provided by the [[New England Central Railroad]], the [[Vermont Railway]], and the [[Green Mountain Railroad]].

The ''Ethan Allen Express'' serves [[Burlington Union Station]], {{amtk|Ferrisburgh–Vergennes}}, {{amtk|Middlebury}}, {{amtk|Rutland}}, and {{amtk|Castleton}},<ref name="Amtrak Ethan Allen Express">{{cite web|url=https://www.amtrak.com/ethan-allen-express-train|website=Amtrak|title = Ethan Allen Express}}</ref> while the ''Vermonter'' serves [[St. Albans station (Vermont)|St. Albans]], [[Essex Junction station|Essex Junction]], [[Waterbury station (Vermont)|Waterbury]], [[Montpelier station (Vermont)|Montpelier]], [[Randolph station (Vermont)|Randolph]], [[White River Junction station|White River Junction]], [[Windsor station (Vermont)|Windsor]], [[Bellows Falls station|Bellows Falls]], and [[Union Station (Brattleboro, Vermont)|Brattleboro]].<ref name="Amtrak Vermonter">{{cite web|url= https://www.amtrak.com/vermonter-train |website=Amtrak |title=Vermonter Train}}</ref>

===Intercity bus===
[[Greyhound Lines]] stops in Bennington, Bellows Falls, [[Brandon, Vermont|Brandon]], Burlington, Colchester, Ferrisburgh, Manchester, Middlebury, Montpelier, Rutland, Wallingford, and White River Junction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greyhound Destinations, Bus Tickets, and Bus Stations |url=https://www.greyhound.com/en-us/destinations |access-date=August 30, 2023 |website=www.greyhound.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Vermont Translines]], an intercity bus company founded by Premier Coach in 2013 partnering with Greyhound and starting service on June 9, 2014, serves Milton, Colchester, Burlington, Middlebury, Brandon, Rutland, Wallingford, Manchester and Bennington. Additionally, Bennington hosts the weekday-operating [[Albany, New York|Albany]]-Bennington Shuttle, an intercity bus operated by Yankee Trails World Travel.<ref>[http://charter.yankeetrails.com/Corporate/Bennington.aspx Bennington, VT Bus Service] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123222214/http://charter.yankeetrails.com/Corporate/Bennington.aspx |date=November 23, 2015 }}, Yankee Trails World Travel. Retrieved November 11, 2015.</ref>

===Local bus===
[[File:The Bus Rutland (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Marble Valley Regional Transit District|MVRTD's]] "The Bus" in [[Rutland (city), Vermont|Rutland]]]]
{{See also|List of bus operators in Vermont}}
A patchwork of transit providers operate local [[Public transport bus service|bus service]] in every Vermont county, though route frequency and coverage are often limited outside major cities. Many operators also provide [[paratransit]] and regional [[express bus service|express bus]] services. [[Green Mountain Transit]] is the largest operator in the state, with weekday ridership of {{American transit ridership|VT Burlington total daily}} as of {{American transit ridership|dailydateasof}}.{{American transit ridership|dailycitation}} Other major systems are [[Marble Valley Regional Transit District]] (The Bus), [[Southeast Vermont Transit]] (MOOver), [[Tri-Valley Transit]], [[Rural Community Transportation]], [[Advance Transit]], and [[Green Mountain Community Network]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Bus Routes |url=https://www.connectingcommuters.org/information-and-schedules/bus-info/bus-providers/ |website=Go! Vermont |publisher=Vermont Agency of Transportation |access-date=August 24, 2022}}</ref>

===Air===
[[File:E. F. Knapp State Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Edward F. Knapp State Airport]] in [[Berlin, Vermont|Berlin]]]]
{{See also|List of airports in Vermont}}

[[Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport]] is the largest in the state, with regular flights to [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]], [[Charlotte Douglas International Airport|Charlotte]], [[Chicago O'Hare|Chicago]], [[Denver International Airport|Denver]], [[Detroit Metropolitan Airport|Detroit]], [[Dulles Airport|Washington Dulles]], [[JFK Airport|JFK]], [[LaGuardia Airport|LaGuardia]], [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]], [[Orlando Sanford International Airport|Orlando]], and [[Philadelphia International Airport|Philadelphia]]. Airlines serving the airport include [[American Airlines|American]], [[Breeze Airways|Breeze]], [[Delta Air Lines|Delta]], [[Sun Country Airlines|Sun Country]], and [[United Airlines|United]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vermontbiz.com/news/2019/february/08/btv-secures-second-denver-direct-flight|title=BTV secures second Denver direct flight|last=Staff|date=February 8, 2019|website=Vermont Business Magazine|language=en|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-date=May 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523165602/https://vermontbiz.com/news/2019/february/08/btv-secures-second-denver-direct-flight|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Beta Technologies]] operates an [[eVTOL]] manufacturing and testing facility at the airport. Additionally, the airport houses the 134th fighter squadron of the 158th fighter wing. Known as the "[[Green Mountain Boys]]", the squadron is armed with the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]] and is tasked with protecting the Northeastern United States from the air.

[[Rutland–Southern Vermont Regional Airport|Rutland-Southern Vermont Regional Airport]] has three daily flights to [[Boston]] via [[Cape Air]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rutland Southern Vermont Regional Airport (RUT) – Connecting Southern Vermont to the World |url=https://flyrutlandvt.com/ |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=flyrutlandvt.com}}</ref>

==Media==
===Newspapers of record===

{{Further|List of newspapers in Vermont}}
Vermont statute requires the [[Vermont Secretary of State]] to designate newspapers that provide general coverage across the state as the ''Newspapers of Record''.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2009 |title=3 V.S.A. § 839 (d) Publication of proposed rules |url=http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/fullsection.cfm?Title=03&Chapter=025&Section=00839 |journal=Title 3: Executive |issue=Chapter 25: Administrative Procedure |access-date=February 15, 2011}}
</ref> As of 2019, these include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.state.vt.us/|title=Newspapers of Record|website=Vermont Secretary of State|language=en|access-date=April 10, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411205733/https://www.sec.state.vt.us/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Addison County Independent|Addison Independent]]''
* ''[[Bennington Banner]]''
* ''[[Brattleboro Reformer]]''
* ''[[Burlington Free Press]]''
* ''[[Caledonian Record]]''
* ''[[The Chronicle (Barton, Vermont)|The Chronicle]]''
* ''Islander''
* ''[[Newport Daily Express]]''
* ''News & Citizen''
* ''[[Rutland Herald]]''
* ''[[Seven Days (newspaper)|Seven Days]]''
* ''[[St. Albans Messenger]]''
* ''[[Barre Montpelier Times Argus|Times Argus]]''
* ''[[Valley News]]''
* ''Vermont Lawyer''
* ''The White River Valley Herald''

===Broadcast and web media===

{{Main|List of radio stations in Vermont|List of television stations in Vermont}}

Vermont hosts 93 radio broadcast stations. The top categories are talk/information (11), country (9) and classic rock (9). The top owner of radio broadcast stations is [[Vermont Public Radio]] (11 broadcast frequencies and 13 low-power, local transmitters).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vpr.net/listen/radio/ |title=Radio: Frequencies, Stations, Find a Station, Coverage Map |publisher=Vpr.net |access-date=January 25, 2012}}</ref> Other companies had five or fewer stations. The state has 15 online radio stations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radiotower.com/country-USA_-_Vermont.html |title=USA—Vermont Radio Stations Live Internet Radio Feeds—Instantly Listen to USA—Vermont Radio Online |publisher=Radiotower.com |access-date=January 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103083005/http://www.radiotower.com/country-USA_-_Vermont.html |archive-date=January 3, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Vermont hosts 10 high-power television broadcast stations, three of which are satellites of a primary station. Represented are the following networks and number of high-power transmitters, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] (1), [[CBS]] (1), [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] (1), [[NBC]] (2), [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] (4), and [[Retro Television Network|RTV]] (1). In addition, it has 17 low-power television broadcast stations, which in several cases are satellites of the high-power stations.

The [[Rumble Strip (podcast)|"Rumble Strip"]] podcast features conversations with everyday Vermonters and in 2021 won a [[Peabody award]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brouwer |first=Derek |title=Podcaster Erica Heilman Wins Peabody for 'Finn and the Bell' |url=https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/podcaster-erica-heilman-wins-peabody-for-finn-and-the-bell/Content?oid=35770111 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |website=Seven Days |date=June 10, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Electrical utilities==

{{Main|Energy in Vermont}}
[[File:Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant b.jpg|thumb|right|The former [[Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant]], in [[Vernon, Vermont|Vernon]]]]

Vermont electric power needs are served by over twenty utilities. The largest is [[Green Mountain Power]], a subsidiary of [[Énergir]] which also took over [[Central Vermont Public Service]]. Together this company represents 70% of the retail customers in Vermont. The state is a small electricity consumer compared with other states. Therefore, its electricity sector has the lowest [[carbon footprint]] in the country. As of 2010, the state had the lowest wholesale electricity costs in [[New England]].<ref name="c1012082">{{Cite news |last=Linowes |first=Lisa |date=December 8, 2010 |title=Vermont's pending price shock |pages=6 |publisher=The Barton Chronicle |location=Barton, Vermont}}</ref>

==Public health==

In 2010, Vermont was the sixth highest ranked state for Well-Being in a study by Gallup and Healthways.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vermontbusiness.com/news/vermont-ranked-6-well-being-0210 |title=Vermont Ranked #6 for Well-Being—|publisher=Vermontbusiness.com |date=February 15, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513195925/http://www.vermontbusiness.com/news/vermont-ranked-6-well-being-0210 |archive-date=May 13, 2011 }}</ref> In 2010, the state stood third in physical well-being of children.<ref>{{cite news|title=Study ranks Vermont third in well-being of children|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 1B|date=July 28, 2010}}</ref>

In 2010, Vermont was ranked the highest in the country for health outcomes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=County Health Rankings: National Comparisons |url=http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/latest-news/county-health-rankings-national-comparisons |publisher=[[Robert Wood Johnson Foundation]] and the [[University of Wisconsin]] |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220105620/http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/latest-news/county-health-rankings-national-comparisons |archive-date=February 20, 2010 }}</ref>

In 2000, the state implemented the Vermont Child Health Improvement Program to improve preventive services and management of chronic conditions. In 2011, the state ranked third in the nation in child health system performance.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/state-partnership-supports-quality-improvement-pediatric-practices-leading-more-evidence |title=State Partnership Supports Quality Improvement in Pediatric Practices, Leading to More Evidence-Based Care, Better Care Coordination, and High Satisfaction in Participating Practices |date=October 2, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref> In 2011, the March of Dimes gave Vermont an "A", ranking it number one in the country on its Prematurity Report Card.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |url=https://innovations.ahrq.gov/profiles/state-partnership-supports-quality-improvement-pediatric-practices-leading-more-evidence |title=State Partnership Supports Quality Improvement in Pediatric Practices, Leading to More Evidence-Based Care, Better Care Coordination, and High Satisfaction in Participating Practices |date=June 5, 2013 |access-date=June 6, 2013}}</ref>

The state scored well in cessation of smoking, obesity, fewer occupational fatalities, prevalence of health insurance, and low infant mortality. A problem area was a high prevalence of [[binge drinking]].<ref>{{Cite book|author = Remsen, Nancy |title = Vermont tops healthy list again|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = December 4, 2008}}</ref> While ranking sixth from best for adults in obesity in 2009, the state still had 22% obese with a rate of 27% for children 10–17. The ranking for children was ninth best in the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff|title=Fairly fit Vermont still gaining with U.S.|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 1A|date=July 2, 2009}}</ref>
In 1993, the obesity rate for adults was 12%. Vermonters spend {{Nowrap|$141 million}} annually in medical costs related to obesity.<ref>{{cite news|first=Joel Banner|last=Baird|title=Study:Vermont among least obsese states|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 1A|date=June 30, 2010}}</ref> The combined figures for overweight and obese adults rose from 40.7% in 1990 to 58.4% in 2010. This is better than most other states.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Nancy |last=Remsen |title=Vermont is getting fatter |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20110708/NEWS07/107080309/Vermonters-getting-fatter-not-fast-folks-other-states |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118163249/http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20110708/NEWS07/107080309/Vermonters-getting-fatter-not-fast-folks-other-states |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |newspaper=[[Burlington Free Press]] |location=Burlington, Vermont |pages=1A |date=July 8, 2011 }}</ref>

In 2011, Vermont led the nation in the rate of young people who had consumed alcohol in the past month; one-third of people aged 11 through 20. One-fifth of that group had binged during that time. The state was second for the use of marijuana by young people; 30% of adults 18 to 25 in the past month.<ref>{{cite news | title=Study:Alcohol, pot use high among Vt. youths | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=[[Burlington Free Press]] | location=Burlington, Vermont | pages= 1C | date=August 4, 2011 }}</ref>

In 2009, Vermont was ranked second in the nation for safety. Crime statistics on violence were used for the criteria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://money.aol.com/mortgage/safest-states-to-live-in |title=Morgan Quitno Press |publisher=Money.aol.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=January 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129081153/http://money.aol.com/mortgage/safest-states-to-live-in |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2007, Vermont was ranked among the best five states in the country for preventing "premature death" in people under 75 years of age. The rate of survival was twice that of the five lowest performing states.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://body.aol.com/news/articles/_a/south-lags-in-report-card-on-health-care/20070613144709990001 |title=South Lags In Report Card on Health Care—AOL Body |publisher=Body.aol.com |date=November 30, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=September 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917221711/http://body.aol.com/news/articles/_a/south-lags-in-report-card-on-health-care/20070613144709990001 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Parts of the state have been declared federal [[disaster area]]s on 28 occasions from 1963 to 2008.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Sutkowski, Matt |title = Disaster declarations in Vermont|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = August 16, 2008}}</ref>

In 2007, the Environmental Protection Agency cited Chittenden and Bennington as counties with 70 parts per billion of smog which is undesirable.<ref>Overberg, Paul, ''Hundreds of counties would fail smog standards'', USA Today, June 22, 2007</ref>

In 2008, about 100,000 Vermonters got their health care through the federal government, [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], [[TRICARE|Tri-Care]], and the [[Veteran's Administration]]. An additional 10,000 Vermonters work for employers who provide insurance under federal law under [[ERISA#Health benefit plans|ERISA]]. About 20% of Vermonters receive health care outside of Vermont; 20% of the care provided within the state is to non-Vermonters.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Moore, Mark |title = Letter to the editor:Question credibility of single-payer plans|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = October 31, 2008}}</ref> In 2008, the state had an estimated 7.6% with no medical insurance, down from 9.8% in 2005.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Hallenbeck, Terri |title = Vermont uninsured rate falls to 7.6%, survey shows|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = December 23, 2008}}</ref> In 2008, the Vermont Health Access Program for low-income, uninsured adults cost from $7 to $49 per month.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenmountaincare.org/about/green_mountain_care_programs.html#vhap|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514033751/http://www.greenmountaincare.org/about/green_mountain_care_programs.html#vhap|url-status=dead|title=Green Mountain Care Programs &#124; Green Mountain Care|archive-date=May 14, 2010}}</ref> A "Catamount Health" premium assistance program was available for Vermonters who do not qualify for other programs. Total monthly premiums ranged from $60 to $393 for an individual. There was a $250 deductible. Insured paid $10 toward each generic prescription. 16.9% of residents 18 to 35 were uninsured, the highest group.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Remsen, Nancy |title = HEALTH: Changes are among budget's most controversial|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = January 24, 2009}}</ref>

Health care spending increased from {{Nowrap|$2.3 billion}} in 2000 to {{Nowrap|$4.8 billion}} in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nancy|last=Remsen|title=Health reform criticized|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|location=Burlington, Vermont|pages= 6A|date=August 10, 2009}}</ref>
In 2009, adult day care services cost more in Vermont than any other state—$150 daily.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Long term care costs rise across the board from 2008 to 2009|url=http://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/mmi-pressroom/mmi-market-survey-nursing-home-pr-final.pdf|publisher=metlife.com|date=October 27, 2009|access-date=March 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113013931/http://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/mmi-pressroom/mmi-market-survey-nursing-home-pr-final.pdf|archive-date=January 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The state started air drops of [[rabies vaccine|rabies bait]] for [[raccoon]]s in 1997. Known rabies cases in raccoons peaked in 2007 at 165. The program is in cooperation with neighboring states and Canada.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Vermont Department of Health|title=Aircraft to drop rabies vaccines|publisher=the Chronicle|location=Barton, Vermont|page= 25|date=September 2, 2009}}</ref>

==Law and government==

{{Main|Government of Vermont}}
[[File:VtSupremeCourt03.JPG|right|thumb|The Vermont Supreme Court's building in [[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]]]]

Vermont is federally represented in the [[United States Congress]] by two senators and one representative.

The state is governed by a [[Vermont Constitution|constitution]] which divides governmental duties into legislative, executive, and judicial branches: the [[Vermont General Assembly]], the [[governor of Vermont]] and the [[Vermont Supreme Court]]. The governorship and the General Assembly serve two-year terms including the governor, 30 senators, and 150 representatives. There are no [[term limits in the United States|term limits]] for any office. The state capital is in [[Montpelier, Vermont|Montpelier]].

There are three types of incorporated municipalities in Vermont: towns, cities, and villages. Like most of New England, there is slight provision for autonomous county government. Counties and county seats are merely convenient repositories for various government services such as state courts, with several elected officers such as a state's attorney and sheriff. All county services are directly funded by the state of Vermont. The next effective governmental level below state government are municipalities. Most of these are towns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sec.state.vt.us/municipal/pubs/who'swho.html |title=town offices |publisher=Sec.state.vt.us |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125092002/http://www.sec.state.vt.us/municipal/pubs/who%27swho.html |archive-date=November 25, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Finances and taxation===

Vermont is the only state in the union not to have a balanced-budget requirement, yet it has had a balanced budget every year since 1991.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ron Snell |url=http://www.ncsl.org/programs/fiscal/balbuda.htm |title=State Balanced Budget Requirements: Provisions and Practice |publisher=Ncsl.org |date=March 4, 2004 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100728002708/http%3A//www.ncsl.org/IssuesResearch/BudgetTax/StateBalancedBudgetRequirementsProvisionsand/tabid/12651/Default.aspx |archive-date=July 28, 2010 }}</ref>

In 2007, [[Moody's Investors Service|Moody's]] gave its top [[bond credit rating]] (Aaa) to the state.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Burlington Free Press|date=February 6, 2007|page=7A|title=Moody's gives highest bond rating to Vermont|url=http://www.vermonttreasurer.gov/sites/treasurer/files/pdf/newsClippings/20070206_MoodyshighestbondratingtoVermont.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053426/http://www.vermonttreasurer.gov/sites/treasurer/files/pdf/newsClippings/20070206_MoodyshighestbondratingtoVermont.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>

The state uses enterprise funds for operations that are similar to private business enterprises. The Vermont Lottery Commission, the Liquor Control Fund, and the Unemployment Compensation Trust Fund, are the largest of the State's enterprise funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://auditor.vermont.gov/interior.php/sid/2/aid/9/nid/125 |title=State Auditor: Lottery is a highly visible government activity |access-date=March 8, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804182756/http://auditor.vermont.gov/interior.php/sid/2/aid/9/nid/125 |archive-date=August 4, 2008 }} August 3, 2007, by Tom Salmon, CPA, Vermont State Auditor. Retrieved March 8, 2009.</ref>

Also in 2007, Vermont was the 14th highest out of 50 states and the District of Columbia for state and local taxation, with a per capita load of $3,681. The national average was $3,447.<ref>DatabankUSA,''AARP Bulletin'', April 2007, compiled from figures from the U.S. Census</ref>

Vermont collects a [[State income tax|state personal income tax]] in a [[Progressive tax|progressive structure]] of five different income brackets, with [[marginal tax rate]]s ranging from 3.6% to 9.5%. In 2008, the top 1% of Vermont residents provided 30% of the income tax revenue; around 2,000 people had sufficient income to be taxed at the highest marginal rate of 9.5%.<ref>Win Smith, My Turn: Taxes put sustainability at risk, ''Burlington Free Press'' (June 16, 2009), 6A.</ref>

Vermont's general [[Sales taxes in the United States|state sales tax]] rate is 6%, which is imposed on sales of [[tangible personal property]], amusement charges, fabrication charges, some public utility charges and some service contracts. Some towns and cities impose an additional 1% Local Option Tax. There are 46 [[Tax exemption|exemptions from the sales tax]], including exemptions for food, medical items, manufacturing machinery, equipment and fuel, residential fuel and electricity, clothing, and shoes. A [[use tax]] is imposed on the buyer at the same rate as the sales tax. The buyer pays the use tax when the seller fails to collect the sales tax or the items are purchased from a source where no tax is collected. The use tax applies to items taxable under the sales tax.

Vermont does not collect [[inheritance taxes]], but does impose a [[Estate tax in the United States|state estate tax]]; a Vermont estate [[Tax return (United States)|tax return]] must be filed if the [[Estate (law)|estate]] must file a federal estate tax return (the requirement for which depends on federal law).<ref name="Major Vermont Taxes">[http://www.state.vt.us/tax/majorvttaxesestate.shtml Major Vermont Taxes], Vermont Department of Taxes.</ref> Vermont does not collect a [[gift tax]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tax Law and Guidance {{!}} Department of Taxes |url=https://tax.vermont.gov/tax-law-and-guidance |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=tax.vermont.gov}}</ref>

[[Property tax]]es are levied by municipalities for the support of education and municipal services. Vermont does not assess tax on [[personal property]].<ref name=Valuation>[http://www.state.vt.us/tax/pvr.shtml Property Valuation and Review], Vermont Department of Taxes. Retrieved March 10, 2009.</ref> Property taxes are based on appraisal of the [[fair market value]] of real property.<ref name=Valuation/> Rates vary from 0.97% on homesteaded property in Ferdinand, Essex County, to 2.72% on nonresidents' property in Barre City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vermontproperty.com/newsltr/2005effectivetaxrates.pdf |title=2005 Combined School And Municipal Effective Property Tax Rates |access-date=March 4, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231210937/http://vermontproperty.com/newsltr/2005effectivetaxrates.pdf |archive-date=December 31, 2006 }}&nbsp;{{small|(111&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> Statewide, towns average 1.77% to 1.82% tax rate.

In 2007, Vermont counties were among the highest in the country for property taxes. Chittenden ($3,809 median), Windham ($3,412), Addison ($3,352), and Windsor ($3,327) ranked in the top 100, out of 1,817 counties in the nation with populations greater than 20,000. Twelve of the state's 14 counties stood in the top 20%.<ref>{{Cite book|author = McLean, Dan |title = Property tax bills among highest|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = December 17, 2008}}</ref> Median annual property taxes as a percentage of median homeowners income, 5.4%, was rated as the third highest in the nation in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://247wallst.com/2011/04/05/the-ten-states-with-the-worst-property-taxes/3/ |title=The Ten States With The Worst Property Taxes |author=Michael B. Sauter |author2=Douglas A. McIntyre |date=April 5, 2011 |publisher=247Wallst.com |access-date=April 7, 2011 |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510092843/http://247wallst.com/2011/04/05/the-ten-states-with-the-worst-property-taxes/3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|Average property taxes as % of median income: 5.4% (3rd most in the U.S.). Average median property taxes paid on homes: $4,618 (3rd most in the U.S.). Unemployment rate: 5.6% (5th lowest in the U.S.). Average median income for home owners: $77,161 (7th highest in the U.S.).}}

To equitably support education, some towns are required by [[Act 60 (Vermont law)|Act 60]] to send some of their collected taxes to be redistributed to school districts lacking adequate support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.vermont.gov/new/html/laws/act60.html |title=Laws & Regulations: Act 60 Links & Resources |publisher=Education.vermont.gov |date=July 29, 2004 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510194000/http://education.vermont.gov/new/html/laws/act60.html |archive-date=May 10, 2013 }}</ref>

===Politics===
{{cleanup|section|reason=This section is very disorganized.|date=April 2022}}
{{Main|Politics of Vermont}}
{{See also|Political party strength in Vermont|United States Congressional Delegations from Vermont}}

Vermont is one of four states ([[Republic of Texas|Texas]], [[California Republic|California]], and [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Hawaii]]) that previously claimed status as independent nations. Vermont is the only state to have voted for presidential candidate [[William Wirt (attorney general)|William Wirt]] from the [[Anti-Masonic Party]], and Vermont was one of only two states to vote against [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in all four of his presidential campaigns (the other was [[Maine]]).

Vermont's history of independent political thought has led to movements for the establishment of the [[Second Vermont Republic]] and other plans advocating [[secession]].

Vermont is the only state in the United States that requires voters to be sworn in, having established the [[voter's oath or affirmation]] in 1777.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-11/the-vlogbrothers-launch-a-comprehensive-guide-on-how-to-vote-in-every-state-on-youtube|title=A Comprehensive Guide on 'How to Vote in Every State'|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=August 11, 2016|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> All white men were granted universal suffrage in 1777.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wayne |first=Stephen |date=2008 |title=Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process Fifth Edition |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]}}</ref>

====State politics====

[[File:Meeting house marlboro vermont 20040911.jpg|thumb|Vermont towns hold a March town meeting for voters to approve the town's budget and decide other matters. [[Marlboro, Vermont|Marlboro]] voters meet in this building.]]

[[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] dominated local Vermont politics from the party's founding in 1854 until the mid-1970s, and at the presidential level until the 1990s. Before the 1960s, rural interests dominated the legislature. As a result, cities, particularly the older sections of Burlington and Winooski, were neglected and fell into decay, and people began to move out to newer suburbs.

A series of [[one man, one vote]] decisions made by the United States Supreme Court in the 1960s required states to redraw their legislative districts to accurately reflect population. As a result, urban areas in Vermont gained political power.

The legislature was redistricted under one-person, one-vote in the 1960s. It passed the Land Use and Development Law ([[Act 250 (Vermont law)|Act 250]]) in 1970, to discourage suburban sprawl and to limit major growth to already developed areas. The law, the first of its kind in the nation, created nine District Environmental Commissions appointed by the [[governor]], who judged land development and subdivision plans that would affect the state's environment and many small communities significantly. As a result of Act 250, Vermont was the last state to get a [[Walmart]] (there are now six Walmarts in the state, as of November 2017, but only three — in Williston, St. Albans, and Derby — were newly built from the ground up). Because of the successful attempts to dilute what is perceived as the original intent of Act 250,<ref>{{cite journal
 | last = DeWeese-Boyd
 | first = Margaret
 | title = Community versus development? Land use and development policy in Vermont as a tool toward community viability
 | journal = Community Development Journal
 | volume = 41
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 334–351
 | date = July 3, 2006
| url = http://www.thecyberhood.net/documents/papers/deweese.pdf
 | doi = 10.1093/cdj/bsi060
 | access-date = December 22, 2013
| archive-date = April 26, 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160426011719/http://www.thecyberhood.net/documents/papers/deweese.pdf
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref> and other development pressures, Vermont has been designated one of America's most "endangered historic places" by the [[National Trust for Historic Preservation]].<ref>{{Cite book|author = Rimer, Sara |title = Vermont Debates Value of Saving a Rural Image|work = The New York Times|date = July 4, 1993}}</ref>

From [[1856 United States presidential election in Vermont|1856]] (the first presidential election after the Republican Party's founding) to [[1988 United States presidential election in Vermont|1988]], Vermont voted Republican in every presidential election except [[1964 United States presidential election in Vermont|1964]], when Democrat [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] became the first of his party to carry the state amidst a national landslide. Since [[1992 United States presidential election in Vermont|1992]], Vermont has voted [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] in every presidential election, marking a massive shift in the state's politics.<ref>Changing Patterns of Voting in the Northern United States: Electoral Realignment, 1952–1996, page 45: "Historian Charles Morrissey has noted that Canadian support for the democratic party{{nbsp}}..." "Table 3.5 Frenchest towns were most Democrat voting towns" Page 50, table 3.6 also shows towns with highest portion of French ancestry have highest portion of Democrat voters; highest portion of English ancestry corresponds with highest portion of Republican voters.</ref><ref>The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History. (Two volume set) edited by Michael Kazin, Rebecca Edwards, Adam Rothman, page 535</ref><ref>Franco-Americans of New England: Dreams and Realities By Yves Roby page 239</ref><ref>Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How It Works By Frank M. Bryan, page 264</ref>

In 1995, the state banned the spreading of manure from December 15 to April 1, to prevent run-off and protect the water. Therefore, farms must have environmentally approved facilities to store manure during this time frame.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Winter manure spreading ban in effect | newspaper=the chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | page= 21 | date=December 19, 2012 }}</ref>

While the state voted largely Democratic, Republican governor Douglas won all counties but [[Windham County, Vermont|Windham]] in the 2006 election.

A controversy dating from 1999 has been over the adoption of [[civil union]]s, an institution which grants same-sex couples nearly all the rights and privileges of [[marriage]] at the state, but not federal, level. In ''[[Baker v. Vermont]]'' (1999), the Vermont Supreme Court ruled that, under the [[Constitution of Vermont]], the state must either allow [[same-sex marriage]] or provide a "[[separate but equal|separate, but equal]]" status for them. The state legislature chose the second option, by creating the institution of [[civil union]]; the bill was passed by the legislature and signed into law by Governor [[Howard Dean]].

In April 2009, the state legislature overrode governor [[Jim Douglas]]'s veto to allow same-sex marriage, becoming the first state in the nation to legalize same-sex marriage through legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna30089125 |title=Vermont lawmakers legalize gay marriage—Life—NBC News |work=NBC News |date=April 7, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref> In September 2009, Vermont became the fourth state in which same-sex couples could marry. The previous three were [[Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]], [[Same-sex marriage in Connecticut|Connecticut]], and [[Same-sex marriage in Iowa|Iowa]].

In 2007, the state's House of Representatives rejected a measure which would have legalized [[Assisted suicide in the United States|assisted suicide]] for the terminally ill, by a vote of (82–63). With the governor's signature on May 20, 2013, Vermont became the fourth state to pass a "death with dignity" law — the first to be passed through legislation, rather than by ballot initiative.<ref>
{{cite web
 | last = Muller
 | first = Sarah
 | title = Assisted suicide: Vermont governor signs 'death with dignity' measure
 | website = The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell / Society / Health
 | publisher = MSNBC
 | date = May 20, 2013
| url = https://msnbc.com/the-last-word/assisted-suicide-vermont-governor-signs-dea
 | access-date = July 27, 2014}}
</ref>

Minor parties and independents flourish. Rules which eliminate smaller parties from the ballot in most states do not exist in Vermont. As a result, voters often have extensive choices for general elections. Among others, this more open policy enabled independents like [[Bernie Sanders]] to win election as mayor of [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]], as a [[U.S. Congressman|U.S. congressman]], and as a [[U.S. Senator|U.S. senator]].

A political issue has been [[Act 60 (Vermont law)|Act 60]], which balances taxation for education funding. This has resulted in the town of [[Killington, Vermont secession movement|Killington]] trying to secede from Vermont and join [[New Hampshire]], due to what the locals say is an unfair tax burden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhpr.org/node/8429 |title=Killington Secession Not Too Popular in VT New Hampshire Public Radio |publisher=Nhpr.org |date=March 16, 2005 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906000358/http://www.nhpr.org/node/8429 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/Northeast/03/02/killington.secession.ap/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407041031/http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/Northeast/03/02/killington.secession.ap/|url-status=dead|title=CNN.com—Killington residents vote to secede from Vermont—March 4, 2004|website=[[CNN]]|archive-date=April 7, 2008}}</ref>

The Vermont constitution and the courts supports the right of a person to walk (fish and hunt) on any unposted, unfenced land. That is, trespass must be proven by the owner; it is not automatically assumed.<ref>[http://www.usconstitution.net/vtconst.html#Section67 Vermont Constitution]. Retrieved May 29, 2008.</ref>

Vermont has some of the [[Gun laws in Vermont|least restrictive gun control laws]] in the country. A permit or license is not required for purchasing or carrying firearms. [[Concealed carry in the United States|Concealed carry]] and [[Open carry in the United States|open carry]] of a firearm is legal over the age of 16, with those below 16 requiring parental permission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atg.state.vt.us/issues/gun-laws.php |title=Vermont Attorney General Gun Laws |access-date=July 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704024115/http://www.atg.state.vt.us/issues/gun-laws.php |archive-date=July 4, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bradycampaign.org/stategunlaws/scorecard/VT |title=Brady Campaign Gun Laws |access-date=June 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102112805/http://www.bradycampaign.org/stategunlaws/scorecard/VT |archive-date=January 2, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nraila.org/gun-laws/state-laws/vermont.aspx |title=NRA ILA Gun Laws |access-date=July 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615075432/http://www.nraila.org/gun-laws/state-laws/vermont.aspx |archive-date=June 15, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartgunlaws.org/vermont-state-law-summary/|title=Law Center to prevent Gun Violence|access-date=July 2, 2012}}</ref>

Vermont has a pro-[[sanctuary city]] law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/09/politics/sanctuary-city-bans-states/index.html|title=Florida is about to ban sanctuary cities. At least 11 other states have, too|first=Catherine E. |last=Shoichet|website=CNN|date=May 9, 2019}}</ref>

The state is an [[alcoholic beverage control state]]. In 2007, through the Vermont Department of Liquor Control, it took in over $14&nbsp;million from the sale and distribution of liquor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://liquorcontrol.vermont.gov/annualreports/2007.pdf |title=2007 Annual Report of the Department of Liquor Control |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617103717/http://liquorcontrol.vermont.gov/annualreports/2007.pdf |archive-date=June 17, 2010 }}</ref>

In 2013, Vermont became the 17th state to decriminalize marijuana. The statute makes possession of less than an ounce of the drug punishable by a small fine, rather than arrest and possible jail time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vermont becomes 17th state to decriminalize marijuana, making possession of less than an ounce of pot punishable by fine|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/vermont-decriminalizes-possession-small-amounts-pot-article-1.1365354|newspaper=NY Daily News|access-date=June 6, 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, Vermont became the first state to call for a [[Second Constitutional Convention of the United States|constitutional convention]] to overturn the Supreme Court's decision in ''[[Citizens United v. FEC]]''.<ref>MORGAN TRUE, March 5, 2014, Brattleboro Reformer, [http://www.reformer.com/state/ci_25688506/vermont-first-state-call-constitutional-convention-get-money Vermont first state to call for constitutional convention to get money out of politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505125355/http://www.reformer.com/state/ci_25688506/vermont-first-state-call-constitutional-convention-get-money |date=May 5, 2014 }}, Accessed May 5, 2014, "...{{nbsp}}Vermont became the first state to call for a convention to amend the U.S. Constitution to reverse the U.S. Supreme Court's Citizens United decision{{nbsp}}... Monetta is the organizing director for Wolf PAC{{nbsp}}..."</ref>

In 2014, Vermont became the first state to mandate labeling of genetically modified organisms in the retail food supply.

A distinctive law of Vermont is public nudity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.findlaw.com/state/vermont-law/vermont-indecent-exposure-laws.html|title=Vermont Indecent Exposure Laws - FindLaw.com|website=Findlaw}}</ref> The state's legislation calls for nudity in public to be a constitutional right of Vermonters, so long as "lewd and lascivious" acts are not performed in public view,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sevendaysvt.com/arts-culture/wtf-why-is-public-nudity-legal-in-vermont-but-public-disrobing-isnt-2804753|title=WTF: Why Is Public Nudity Legal in Vermont But Public Disrobing Isn't?|first=Ken|last=Picard|website=Seven Days |date=August 12, 2015 }}</ref> and that the nudist does not undress in the presence of others. One reason this law was implemented is to protect skinny-dippers who frequent swimming holes, a long-time tradition in the state. There are other restrictions and bylaws on the municipal level concerning problematic nudity, but walking in the nude is legally protected in all 251 towns and cities in Vermont.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN18231851/|title=Vermont town bans public nudity after brash displays &#124; Reuters|website=[[Reuters]] |date=August 9, 2007 }}</ref>

In January 2018, Governor [[Phil Scott]] opted to sign H.511, the Vermont marijuana legalization bill, which allows adults 21 and older to possess up to one ounce of marijuana and grow up to two mature plants starting July 1, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ledbetter|first1=Stewart|title=Vermont governor will sign marijuana legalization bill privately|date=January 18, 2018|url=http://www.mynbc5.com/article/vermont-governor-will-sign-marijuana-legalization-bill-privately/15288675|access-date=January 18, 2018}}</ref>

====Federal politics====

{{See also|United States presidential elections in Vermont}}
[[File:March Visits Throughout Vermont 07.jpg|thumb|Senators [[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Patrick Leahy]] and Representative [[Peter Welch]] greet supporters in 2017.|alt=Three older men on a stage next to an American flag.]]

Historically, Vermont was considered one of the most reliably [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] states in the country in terms of national elections. From [[1856 United States presidential election in Vermont|1856]] to [[1988 United States presidential election in Vermont|1988]], Vermont voted [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] only once, in [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s [[1964 United States presidential election in Vermont|landslide victory]] of 1964 against [[Barry M. Goldwater]]. It was also one of only two states—[[As Maine goes, so goes the nation|Maine is the other]]—where [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was completely shut out in all four of his presidential bids. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Republican presidential candidates frequently won the state with over 70% of the vote.

In the 1960s and 1970s, many people moved in from out of state.<ref name="vermonthistory1940">{{cite web |title=Modern Vermont 1940-today: Flatlanders vs. Woodchucks |url=http://vermonthistory.org/freedom_and_unity/vt_transition/flat_wood.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113005219/http://vermonthistory.org/freedom_and_unity/vt_transition/flat_wood.html |archive-date=January 13, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2012 |publisher=Vermont Historical Society}}</ref><ref name="cohen">{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Micah|title='New' Vermont Is Liberal, but 'Old' Vermont Is Still There|url=http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/01/new-vermont-is-liberal-but-old-vermont-is-still-there/?_php=true&_type=blogs&partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0|access-date=February 23, 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Capen|first=David|title=A Planning Tool for Conservationists: Spatial Modeling of Past and Future Land Use in Vermont Towns|url=https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/sal/lumodel/stateof.html|publisher=University of Vermont|access-date=December 5, 2012|archive-date=November 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103062540/http://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/sal/lumodel/stateof.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Much of this immigration included the arrival of more liberal political influences of the urban areas of [[New York (state)|New York]] and the rest of [[New England]] in Vermont.<ref name="cohen"/> The brand of Republicanism in Vermont has historically been a moderate one, and combined with the newcomers from out of state, this made Vermont friendlier to Democrats as the national GOP moved to the right. As evidence of this, in 1990 [[Bernie Sanders]], a self-described [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialist]], was elected to Vermont's [[Vermont's At-large congressional district|lone seat in the House]] as an independent. Sanders became the state's junior Senator in 2007. However, for his entire career in the House and Senate, Sanders has caucused with the Democrats and is counted as a Democrat for the purposes of committee assignments and voting for party leadership.<ref>{{cite news |last=Powell |first=Michael |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/04/AR2006110401124.html |title=Exceedingly Social, But Doesn't Like Parties |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 5, 2006 |access-date=July 28, 2021 }}</ref>

After narrowly supporting [[George H. W. Bush]] in [[1988 United States presidential election in Vermont|1988]], it gave Democrat [[Bill Clinton]] a 16-point margin in [[1992 United States presidential election in Vermont|1992]]—the first time the state had gone Democratic since 1964. Vermont has voted Democratic in every presidential election since.

Since [[2004 United States presidential election in Vermont|2004]], Vermont has been one of the Democrats' most loyal states. It gave [[John Kerry]] his fourth-largest margin of victory in the presidential campaign against [[George W. Bush]]; he won the state's popular vote by 20 percentage points, taking almost 59% of the vote. (Kerry, from neighboring [[Massachusetts]], also became the first Northern Democrat ever to carry Vermont; Johnson was from [[Texas]], Clinton from [[Arkansas]] and [[Al Gore]], triumphant in Vermont in 2000, from [[Tennessee]].) [[Essex County, Vermont|Essex County]] in the state's northeastern section was the only county to vote for Bush. Vermont is the only state that did not receive a visit from George W. Bush during his tenure as [[President of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hallenbeck|first=Terri|title=President Obama tells Vermont crowd there's 'more work to do'|url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20120330/NEWS03/120330011/President-Obama-addresses-crowd-at-UVM-in-Burlington|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118133756/http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/article/20120330/NEWS03/120330011/President-Obama-addresses-crowd-at-UVM-in-Burlington|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2013|website=[[The Burlington Free Press]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|access-date=December 12, 2012|date=March 31, 2012}}</ref> Indeed, George W. Bush and [[Donald Trump]] are the only Republicans to win the [[White House]] without carrying Vermont.
In [[United States presidential election in Vermont, 2008|2008]], Vermont gave [[Barack Obama]] his third-largest margin of victory (37 percentage points) and third-largest vote share in the nation by his winning the state 68% to 31%. Only Obama's birth state of [[Hawaii]] and [[Washington, D.C.]] were stronger Democratic victories. The same held true in [[United States presidential election in Vermont, 2012|2012]], when Obama carried Vermont 67% of the vote to 31% for [[Mitt Romney]], and in [[United States presidential election in Vermont, 2016|2016]], when [[Hillary Clinton]] won with 57% of the vote to 30% for Donald Trump.

Vermont's two senators are independent [[Bernie Sanders]] and Democrat [[Peter Welch]]. The state is represented by an at-large member of the House, Democrat [[Becca Balint]], who succeeded Welch in 2023.

==Culture==

[[File:Vermontasaurus-2010-07-07.jpg|thumb|[[Vermontasaurus]] sculpture in Post Mills, in 2010]]

Vermont festivals include the Vermont Maple Festival, Festival on the Green,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.festivalonthegreen.org/ |title=Middlebury Festival on the Green | access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref> The [[Vermont Dairy Festival]] in Enosburg Falls,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vermontdairyfestival.com |title=The Official Home of the Vermont Dairy Festival |date=June 6, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref> the Apple Festival (held each Columbus Day Weekend), the [[Marlboro Music School and Festival|Marlboro Music Festival]], the Guilford Country fair and the Vermont Brewers Festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vtbrewfest.com/ |title=Welcome to Vermont Brewers Festival |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202043753/http://vtbrewfest.com/ |archive-date=December 2, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Vermont Symphony Orchestra]] is supported by the state and performs throughout the area.

Since 1973 the [[Sage City Symphony]], formed by composer [[Louis Calabro]], has performed in the Bennington area. In 1988, a number of Vermont-based composers including [[Gwyneth Walker]] formed the Vermont Composers Consortium,<ref name = yr_of_comp>{{cite web|last=Bathory-Kitsz|first=Dennis|title=Article on Composers Consortium|url=http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/Making-2011-the-Year-of-the-Composer/|publisher=New Music Box|access-date=October 4, 2011|archive-date=January 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127001622/http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/Making-2011-the-Year-of-the-Composer/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = vcc_memb_0797>{{cite web| publisher = Vermont Composers Consortium |title= List of members |date=July 1997 | url= http://vermontcomposers.com/consnew.html#mem| access-date=October 4, 2011}}</ref> which was recognized by the governor proclaiming 2011 as ''The Year of the Composer''.<ref name=yr_comp_proc>{{cite web|last=Shumlin |first=Gov Peter |title=Proclamation for Year of the Composer |url=http://governor.vermont.gov/proclamations-year-of-the-composer |website=Governor's Proclamation |publisher=The government of Vermont |access-date=October 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223040331/http://governor.vermont.gov/proclamations-year-of-the-composer |archive-date=February 23, 2012 }}</ref>

Burlington, Vermont's largest city, hosts the annual Vermont International Film Festival, which presents ten days in October of independent films.<ref>
{{cite web
 | url = http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/entertainment/2016/10/20/vermont-international-film-festival-schedule-events/92051510/
 | title = 10 days, 70 events at VT International Film Festival
 | last = Hallenbeck
 | first = Brent
 | date = October 20, 2016
| website = burlingtonfreepress.com
 | publisher = Burlington Free Press
 | access-date =April 20, 2017
}}</ref> The [[Brattleboro, Vermont|Brattleboro]]-based Vermont Theatre Company presents an annual summer Shakespeare festival. Brattleboro also hosts the summertime [[Strolling of the Heifers]] parade which celebrates Vermont's dairy culture. The annual [[Green Mountain Film Festival]] is held in Montpelier.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Jen Rose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUYoCwAAQBAJ&q=Green+Mountain+Film+Festival&pg=PT557|title=Moon Vermont|date=May 24, 2016|publisher=Avalon Publishing|isbn=978-1-63121-337-3|pages=161|language=en}}</ref>

In the Northeast Kingdom, the [[Bread and Puppet Theatre]] holds weekly shows in Glover in a natural outdoor amphitheater.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Summer Schedule {{!}} Bread and Puppet Theater|url=https://breadandpuppet.org/summer-schedule|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516005926/http://breadandpuppet.org/summer-schedule|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 16, 2012|access-date=June 17, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>

One of Vermont's best known musical acts is the rock band [[Phish]], whose members met while attending school in Vermont and spent much of their early years playing at venues across the state.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Puterbaugh|first=Parke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXD8AgAAQBAJ&q=Phish|title=Phish: The Biography|date=October 26, 2010|publisher=Hachette Books|isbn=978-0-306-81920-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8WdKVT9hqQC&q=Phish|title=The Phish Companion: A Guide to the Band and Their Music|date=2000|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=978-0-87930-631-1|language=en}}</ref>

The Vermont-based [[House of LeMay]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.7dvt.com/2006/babes-beaver-pond |title=The Babes of Beaver Pond, Cathy Resmer, Seven Days, February 7, 2006 |publisher=7dvt.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010210040/https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/the-babes-of-beaver-pond/Content?oid=2127313 |url-status=dead }}</ref> performs several shows a year, hosts the annual "Winter is a Drag Ball",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.7dvt.com/drag-ball-2009 |title=Slideshow: Winter is a Drag Ball 2009, Seven Days, February 16, 2009 |publisher=7dvt.com |date=February 14, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref> and performs for fundraisers.

Examples of [[folk art]] found in Vermont include the [[Vermontasaurus]] in [[Thetford, Vermont|Post Mills, a community in Thetford]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Curran|first=John|date=July 11, 2010|title=Vt. scrap-wood dinosaur posing modern-day problem|url=https://6abc.com/archive/7549570/|agency=Associated Press|access-date=July 31, 2010|archive-date=August 16, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130816140030/http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=news/national_world&id=7549570|url-status=live}}</ref>

The rate of volunteerism in Vermont was eighth in the nation with 37% in 2007. The state stood first in New England.<ref>{{cite news|title = State-by-state volunteer rates|newspaper = Burlington Free Press|date = July 27, 2008}}</ref> In 2011, Vermont residents were ranked as the healthiest in the country.<ref>{{Cite news| url = https://huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/07/healthiest-state-ranking-americas-health_n_1132745.html#s523318&title=1_Vermont | work= The Huffington Post | title=And The Healthiest State Is | date=December 7, 2011}}</ref>

==Sports==
===Winter sports===

Winter sports are popular in New England, and Vermont's winter sports attractions are a big part of Vermont tourism. Some well known attractions include [[Burke Mountain (Vermont)|Burke Mountain]] ski area, [[Jay Peak Resort]], [[Killington Ski Resort]], [[Stowe Mountain Resort]], the Quechee Club Ski Area, and [[Smugglers' Notch Resort]].

Vermont natives in the snowboarding profession include [[Kevin Pearce (snowboarder)|Kevin Pearce]], [[Ross Powers]], [[Hannah Teter]], and [[Kelly Clark]]. Others learned snowboarding in the state, such as [[Louie Vito]] and [[Ellery Hollingsworth (snowboarder)|Ellery Hollingsworth]].

Vermont Olympic gold medalists include [[Barbara Cochran]],<ref>
{{cite journal
 | last = Pennington
 | first = Bill
 | title = Short Hillside's Long Legacy
 | journal = New York Times
 | volume = Sports
 | date = January 23, 2013
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/24/sports/skiing/at-cochrans-ski-area-a-long-legacy-of-family-success-and-fun-for-all.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
 | access-date = January 17, 2015 }}</ref>
[[Hannah Kearney]],<ref>{{cite web|title = Hannah Kearney
 |website = Freestyle Programs
 |publisher = US Ski Team
 |url = http://freestyle.usskiteam.com/athletes/hannah-kearney
 |access-date = January 17, 2015
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150118061003/http://freestyle.usskiteam.com/athletes/hannah-kearney
 |archive-date = January 18, 2015
|url-status = dead
 |df = mdy-all
}}</ref>
[[Kelly Clark]],<ref name=USsnowboarding>{{cite web| title = Kelley Clark
 | website = Snowboarding Programs
 | publisher = US Snowboarding
 | url = http://ussnowboarding.com/athletes/kelly-clark
 | access-date = January 17, 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150206122740/http://ussnowboarding.com/athletes/kelly-clark
 | archive-date = February 6, 2015
| url-status = dead
 }}</ref>
[[Ross Powers]],<ref>
{{cite web| title = Ross Powers Ski and Snowboard
 | website = Team USA
 | publisher = United States Olympic Committee
 | date = 2014
 | url = http://www.teamusa.org/us-ski-and-snowboard/athletes/Ross-Powers
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141008085324/http://www.teamusa.org/us-ski-and-snowboard/athletes/ross-powers
 | url-status = dead
 | archive-date = October 8, 2014
| access-date = January 18, 2015 }}</ref>
and [[Hannah Teter]].<ref name="NBCbio">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=2458/bio/index.html|title=Hannah Teter-Biography |last=Stroup|first=Matt|publisher=NBC Universal|access-date=January 9, 2010}}</ref>

===Baseball===

The largest professional franchise is the [[Vermont Lake Monsters]] of the [[Futures Collegiate Baseball League]], based in [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]]. They were named the Vermont Expos before 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vermontlakemonsters.com/team/where/ |title=Lake Monsters website |publisher=Vermontlakemonsters.com |access-date=January 11, 2011 |archive-date=April 6, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406160432/http://www.vermontlakemonsters.com/team/where/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Up until the 2011 season, they were the affiliate of the [[Washington Nationals]] (formerly the [[Montreal Expos]]). Up until [[2020 in baseball|2020]], they played in the [[New York-Penn League]] of [[Single-A]] and were the Single-A affiliate of the [[Oakland Athletics]]

===Basketball===

Currently the highest-ranked teams in basketball representing Vermont are the NCAA's [[Vermont Catamounts]]—male and female.<ref>[http://uvmathletics.com/index.aspx?path=wbball 2013–14 Basketball Season Tickets]. Uvmathletics.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.</ref>

The [[Vermont Frost Heaves]], the 2007 and 2008 [[American Basketball Association]] national champions, were a franchise of the [[Premier Basketball League]], and were based in [[Barre (city), Vermont|Barre]] and [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]] from the fall of 2006 through the winter of 2011.

===Football===

The [[Vermont Bucks]], an [[Indoor American football|indoor football]] team, were based in [[Burlington, Vermont|Burlington]] and began play in 2017 as the founding team in the [[Can-Am Indoor Football League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/sports/2016/08/19/vermont-bucks-land-new-indoor-football-league/89015004/ |title=Vermont Bucks land with new indoor football league |website=[[The Burlington Free Press]] |date=August 16, 2016}}</ref> For 2018, the Bucks joined the [[American Arena League]], but folded prior to playing in the new league.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/weekly-sports-league--franchise-report/n-5249922 |title=WEEKLY SPORTS LEAGUE & FRANCHISE REPORT |publisher=OurSports Central |date=April 17, 2017 |access-date=April 17, 2017}}</ref> The University of Vermont abolished its intercollegiate football team, the [[Vermont Catamounts football|Vermont Catamounts]], in 1974.

===Hockey===

Vermont is home to the University of Vermont [[Vermont Catamounts men's ice hockey|Men's]] and [[Vermont Catamounts women's ice hockey|Women's]] hockey teams. Vermont's only professional hockey team was the [[Vermont Wild]] who played in the [[Federal Hockey League]] during the 2011–12 season, but the team folded before the season ended.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vermont Wild hockey team statistics and history at hockeydb.com |url=https://www.hockeydb.com/stte/vermont-wild-10779.html |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.hockeydb.com}}</ref>

===Soccer===

The [[Vermont Voltage]] were a [[USL Premier Development League]] soccer club that played in [[St. Albans (city), Vermont|St. Albans]].

[[Vermont Green FC]] are a USL League 2 club that will play at University of Vermont's Virtue Field in Burlington.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/news_article/show/1188018|title=Vermont Green FC to Join USL League Two Ahead of the 2022 Season|date=October 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vermontgreenfc.com/|title=Vermont Green Football Club|website=Vermont Green Football Club}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[Vermont Catamounts men's soccer|University of Vermont Catamounts men's soccer team]] won the NCAA Division I National Championship, becoming the first UVM team sport to win a national championship as well as the first America East Conference team to win a national championship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=Vermont Men's Soccer Wins National Championship 2-1 in Overtime!! |url=https://americaeast.com/news/2024/12/17/vermont-national-champions.aspx |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=americaeast.com |language=en}}</ref> They defeated Marshall 2–1 in overtime, finishing a Cinderella run in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NCAA Champions |url=https://uvmathletics.com/sports/2025/1/22/2024-national-champs.aspx |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=University of Vermont Athletics |language=en}}</ref>

Annually since 2002, high school statewide all stars compete against New Hampshire in ten sports during "Twin State" playoffs.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Fantino, John A. |title = Vermont breaks through|publisher = Burlington Free Press|date = July 20, 2008}}</ref>

===Motorsport===

Vermont also has a few auto racing venues. The most popular of them is [[Thunder Road International Speedbowl]] in [[Barre (town), Vermont|Barre, Vermont]]. It is well known for its tight racing and has become well known in short track stock car racing. Other racing circuits include the [[United States Auto Club|USC]] sanctioned Bear Ridge Speedway, and the [[NASCAR]] sanctioned [[Devil's Bowl Speedway]]. Some NASCAR Cup drivers have come to Vermont circuits to compete against local weekly drivers such as [[Tony Stewart]], [[Clint Bowyer]], [[Kyle Busch]], [[Kenny Wallace]], [[Ken Schrader]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|date=July 3, 2017|title=NASCAR'S Kyle Busch to race at Thunder Road|url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2017/07/03/kyle-busch-race-thunder-road/103401346/|access-date=June 30, 2020|website=Burlington Free Press|language=en}}</ref> and [[Christopher Bell (racing driver)|Christopher Bell]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=SPEED SPORT|date=January 23, 2019|title=Christopher Bell To Race In Vermont Governor's Cup|url=https://speedsport.com/stock-cars/touring-late-models/bell-compete-vermont-governors-cup/|access-date=June 30, 2020|website=SPEED SPORT|language=en-US|archive-date=July 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701034459/https://speedsport.com/stock-cars/touring-late-models/bell-compete-vermont-governors-cup/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kevin Lepage]] from [[Shelburne, Vermont]] is one of a few professional drivers from Vermont. Racing series in Vermont include [[NASCAR Whelen All-American Series]], [[American Canadian Tour]], and Vermont's own Tiger Sportsman Series.

=== Other ===
Rugby Union is represented at the collegiate level and adult club level with 5 men's sides and 1 women's side. All compete in the NERFU conference and some have won national championships.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Residents==
{{Main|List of people from Vermont}}
The following were either born in Vermont or resided there for a substantial period during their lives and whose names are widely known.
* [[Chester A. Arthur]], 21st [[President of the United States]]
* [[Pearl S. Buck]], author
* [[Jake Burton Carpenter]], inventor of the [[snowboard]]
* [[Calvin Coolidge]], 30th President of the United States
* [[John Deere (inventor)|John Deere]], founder of [[Deere & Company]]
* [[George Dewey]], the only [[Admiral of the Navy]] in U.S. history
* [[John Dewey]], philosopher, psychologist, and educator
* [[Stephen Douglas]], 19th-century politician
* [[Carlton Fisk]], [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] catcher
* [[James Fisk (financier)|James Fisk]], financier
* [[Robert Frost]], poet
* [[Richard Morris Hunt]], architect
* [[Rudyard Kipling]], author
* [[Bill McKibben]], environmentalist
* [[Samuel Morey]], inventor of the steam-powered [[paddle wheel]] boat
* [[Justin Morrill]], U.S. Senator and author of the Morrill Land Grant Acts.
* [[Norman Rockwell]], painter, author, and illustrator
* [[Bernie Sanders]], politician and legislator
* [[Joseph Smith]], founder of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]]
* [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]], Russian author and Soviet dissident
* [[Thaddeus Stevens]], member of the U.S. House of Representatives and leader of the [[Radical Republicans]]
* [[Rudy Vallée]], singer and actor
* [[Brigham Young]], 2nd [[President of the Church (LDS Church)|President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]

===In fiction===

* Vermont was also the home of Dick Loudon, [[Bob Newhart]]'s character on the 1980s sitcom ''[[Newhart]]''. All action supposedly took place in Vermont.
* Vermont was the home of Pollyanna and her Aunt Polly in the novel ''[[Pollyanna]]'', later made into the 1960 [[Pollyanna (1960 film)|Disney film]] starring [[Hayley Mills]] and [[Jane Wyman]].<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/pdp/profile/ANV3XNKFOHPXM Book Review]. Retrieved September 12, 2008.</ref>
* In [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s ''[[The Whisperer in Darkness]]'', Vermont is the home of folklorist Henry Akeley (and the uninhabited hills of Vermont serve as one of the earth bases of the extraterrestrial [[Mi-Go]]).
* [[Donna Tartt]]'s novel ''[[The Secret History]]'' is a story set mostly in a fictitious town of Hampden, Vermont, and college of the same name, where several students conspire to murder a classmate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/04/books/books-of-the-times-students-indulging-in-course-of-destruction.html|title=Books of The Times; Students Indulging In Course of Destruction|last=Kakutani|first=Michiko|date=September 4, 1992|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 7, 2018|language=en|author-link=Michiko Kakutani}}</ref>
* [[Sinclair Lewis]]' 1935 anti-fascist novel ''[[It Can't Happen Here]]'' is largely set in Vermont, as local newspaper editor Doremus Jessup opposes a newly elected dictatorial government.
{{clear}}
* [[Annie Baker]]'s ''[[Circle Mirror Transformation]]'', ''[[Body Awareness]]'', and ''[[The Aliens (play)|The Aliens]]'' all take place in the fictional town of Shirley, Vermont.

==See also==
{{Portal|Vermont|New England|United States}}
* [[Outline of Vermont]]
* [[Index of Vermont-related articles]]
* [[French language in the United States]]

==Notes==

{{Notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

{{Refbegin}}

===Sources===

* {{Citation | last = Albers | first = Jan | title = Hands on the Land: A History of the Vermont Landscape | publisher = MIT Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-262-01175-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/handsonlandhisto00albe |ref=none }}.
* {{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Ira |author-link=Ira Allen |title=The natural and political history of the State of Vermont, one of the United States of America |orig-year=1798 |year=1969 |publisher=Charles E Tuttle Co | isbn = 978-0-8048-0419-6}}
* {{Citation | last1 = Bryan | first1 = Frank | first2 = John | last2 = McClaughry | title = The Vermont Papers: Recreating Democracy on a Human Scale | publisher = Chelsea Green | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-930031-19-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/vermontpapersrec00brya |ref=none }}.
* {{Citation | url = http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/50/5010675.html | title = Burlington (city) QuickFacts | place = US | publisher = Census Bureau | date = October 18, 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327114914/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/50/5010675.html | archive-date = March 27, 2012 | df = mdy-all |ref=none }}.
* {{Citation | last1 = Cohen | first1 = David Elliot | first2 = Rick | last2 = Smolan | title = Vermont 24/7 | publisher = DK | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7566-0086-0 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation | last = Coffin | first = Howard | title = Full Duty: Vermonters in the Civil War | publisher = The Countryman | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-88150-349-4 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation | last = Doyle | first = William T | title = The Vermont Political Tradition and Those Who Helped Make It | publisher = Doyle | year = 1987 | isbn = 978-0-9615486-1-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/vermontpolitical00will |ref=none }}.
* {{Citation | last1 = Duffy | first1 = John J | title = Vermont: An Illustrated History | publisher = American Historical Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-892724-08-3 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation
 | year=2003
 | editor-last=Duffy
 | editor-first=John J.
 | editor2-last=Hand
 | editor2-first=Samuel B.
 | editor3-last=Orth
 | editor3-first=Ralph H.
 | title=The Vermont Encyclopedia
 | location= Lebanon, New Hampshire
 | publisher= University Press of New England
 | isbn =978-1-58465-086-7
 | ref =none
 }}.
* {{Citation| work = [[Federal Writers' Project]] of the [[Works Progress Administration]] for the State of Vermont | title = Vermont: A guide to the Green Mountain State | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | year = 1937 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation | last1 = Grant | first1 = Kim | title = Vermont: An Explorer's Guide | publisher = The Countryman | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-88150-519-1 | display-authors = etal | url = https://archive.org/details/vermontexplorers00tree |ref=none }}.<!-- Not a reliable source: * {{Citation | last = Hunter | first = Preston | url = http://www.adherents.com/loc/loc_vermont.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121208204312/http://www.adherents.com/loc/loc_vermont.html | url-status = usurped | archive-date = December 8, 2012 | contribution = Religion in Vermont | title = Adherents |ref=none}}. -->
* {{Citation | last1 = Klyza | first1 = Christopher McGrory | first2 = Stephen C | last2 = Trombulak | title = The Story of Vermont: A Natural and Cultural History | publisher = University Press of New England | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-87451-936-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/storyofvermont00klyz |ref=none }}.
* {{Citation | last = Potash | first = P Jeffrey | title = Freedom and Unity: A History of Vermont | publisher = Vermont Historical Society | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-934720-49-6|display-authors=etal |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation | last = Hall | first = Benjamin Homer | title = History of eastern Vermont | year = 1858 | page = 480 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation | last = Meeks | first = Harold A | title = Vermont's Land and Resources | publisher = The New England Press | year = 1968 | isbn = 978-0-933050-40-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/vermontslandreso00meek |ref=none }}.
* {{Citation | last = Rodgers | first = Stephen 'Steve' | title = Country Towns of Vermont | publisher = McGraw-Hill | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-1-56626-195-1 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation | last = Sherman | first = Joseph 'Joe' | title = Fast Lane on a Dirt Road: A Contemporary History of Vermont | publisher = Chelsea Green | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-1-890132-74-3 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation | last = Sletcher | first = Michael | title = New England | place = Westport, [[Connecticut|CT]] | year = 2004 |ref=none}}.
* {{Citation | title = Vermont Atlas & Gazetteer | publisher = DeLorme | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-89933-322-9 |ref=none}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Van de Water |first=Frederic Franklyn |title= The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791 | year = 1974 | publisher=The Countryman Press |isbn= 978-0-914378-02-0}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==

{{Sister project links|voy=Vermont}}

===General===

===Government===

* {{official website|http://www.vermont.gov/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110205193312/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=VT Energy Data and Statistics for Vermont]
* [http://www.vermontagriculture.com/ Vermont Agriculture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030604213736/http://www.vermontagriculture.com/ |date=June 4, 2003 }}
* [http://www.vlct.org/ Vermont League of Cities and Towns]
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=50&StateName=Vermont#.U8P-xbEYevg USDA Vermont State Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810162313/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=50&StateName=Vermont#.U8P-xbEYevg |date=August 10, 2014 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828135730/http://www.reason.org/ps369/ Roads compared to other states]

===Geology===

* [https://books.google.com/books?id=CQoeMsyDNPYC&pg=PA203 Rodinia to Pangea: The Lithotectonic Record of the Appalachian Region]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=rn1PrjQqGmUC&pg=PA61 Laurentia-Gondwana connections before Pangea]
* [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo21480 Bedrock Geologic Map of Vermont] [[United States Geological Survey]]

===Maps and demographics===

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060415120240/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/vermont/history.php Earthquake History of Vermont]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205093317/https://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=VT USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Vermont]
* {{OSM relation|60759}}

===Tourism and recreation===
* [https://www.vermontvacation.com Vermont Department of Tourism and Marketing]

===Business===

* [http://www.vtchamber.com/ Vermont Chamber of Commerce]

===Culture and history===

* [https://guides.loc.gov/vermont-state-guide Vermont: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220519054855/https://vermonthistory.org/fighting-depression-ccc-1933|Civilian Conservation Corps]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090812151253/http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/index.xql Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070625173710/http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/travel/centralvermont/ Central Vermont: Explore History in the Heart of the Green Mountains, a National Park Service ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' Travel Itinerary]
* [http://www.vermontartscouncil.org/ Vermont Arts Council]
* [http://www.vermonthistory.org/ Vermont Historical Society].
* [http://vtiff.org Vermont International Film Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511152121/http://www.ndakinna.org/ Vermont Native American Museum & Cultural Center]

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{{Geographic location
 | Northwest = [[St. Lawrence River]]<br />[[Lake Champlain]]
 | North = {{flag|Quebec}}, {{flag|Canada}}
 | Northeast =
 | West = {{flag|New York}}
 | Centre = {{flag|Vermont}}: [[Outline of Vermont|Outline]] • [[Index of Vermont-related articles|Index]]
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