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{{short description|Noble title granted to honor a commander who achieved a major military victory}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2021}}
{{RomanMilitary}}
A '''victory title''' is an [[honorific]] title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation. The practice is first known in [[Ancient Rome]] and is still most commonly associated with the Romans, but it was also adopted as a practice by many later empires, especially the French, British and Russian Empires.

==Roman victory titles==
{{see also|List of Roman imperial victory titles}}
Victory titles were suffixed to the commander's name and were usually the name of the enemy defeated by the commander. Some victory titles became hereditary ''[[cognomen|cognomina]]'', while others were personal ''[[agnomen|agnomina]]'' and not carried on by later family members. Names like ''Africanus'' ("the African"), ''Numidicus'' ("the Numidian"), ''Isauricus'' ("the Isaurian"), ''Creticus'' ("the Cretan"), ''Gothicus'' ("the Goth"), ''Germanicus'' ("the German") and ''Parthicus'' ("the Parthian") expressed the triumphal subjugation of these peoples or their territories, or commemorated the locations of general's successful campaigns, equivalent to modern titles like [[Lawrence of Arabia]], and were not indicators of origin.

The practice of awarding victory titles was established in the [[Roman Republic]]. The most famous grantee of a Republican victory title was [[Scipio Africanus Major|Publius Cornelius Scipio]], who for his great victories in the [[Second Punic War]], specifically the [[Battle of Zama]] was awarded by the [[Roman Senate]] the title "Africanus" and is thus known to history as "Scipio Africanus" (his adopted grandson [[Scipio Aemilianus Africanus]] was awarded the same title after the [[Third Punic War]] and is known as "Scipio Africanus the Younger"). Other notable holders of such victory titles include [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus]], who was replaced by [[Gaius Marius]] as command-in-chief of the [[Jugurthine War]]; Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, who commanded Roman anti-pirate operations in the eastern Mediterranean (and was father of [[Julius Caesar]]'s colleague in his second [[consul]]ate); [[Publius Servilius Isauricus|Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus]] (in 48 BC); while [[Marcus Antonius Creticus]], another anti-piracy commander (and father of Caesar's ''[[magister equitum]]'', [[Mark Antony]]) actually lost in Crete and was called ''Creticus'' mockingly, as it also meant "made of chalk". Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis received his title posthumously from those glorifying his suicide, rather than defeat, at Utica.

The practice continued in the [[Roman Empire]], although it was subsequently amended by some [[Roman Emperor]]s who desired to emphasise the totality of their victories by adding ''Maximus'' ("the Greatest") to the victory title (''e.g.'', ''Parthicus Maximus'', "the Greatest Parthian"). This taste grew to be rather vulgar by modern standards, with increasingly grandiose accumulations of partially fictitious victory titles.

In a broader sense, the term victory title is sometimes used to describe the ''repeatable'' awarding of the invariable style of [[Imperator]] (Greek equivalent [[Autokrator]]; see those articles), which is the highest military qualification (as modern states have awarded a non-operational highest rank, sometimes instituted for a particular general), but even when it marks the recipient out for one or more memorable victories (and the other use, as a permanent military command for the ruler, became in fact the more significant one), it does not actually specify one.

==Medieval victory titles==
After the fall of [[Western Roman Empire|Western Rome]], the practice continued in modified form.
* [[Charlemagne]], the first Carolingian emperor of the Franks, styled himself ''Dominator Saxonorum'' ("Dominator of the Saxons") after subduing the largest pagan people of the Empire, transforming the duchy into a vassal of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
* Byzantine Emperor [[Basil II]] (r. 960–1025) — "the Bulgar-slayer"
* King [[Richard I of England]] (r. 1189–1199) — "the Lionheart"
* King [[Edward I of England]] (r. 1272–1307) — "Hammer of the Scots"
* Ruler of Epirus [[Thomas Preljubović]] (r. 1367–1384) — "the Albanian-slayer"
* Prince Alexander Yaroslavich of Novgorod was called [[Alexander Nevsky]] for his victory in the [[Battle of Neva]].
* Prince Dmitry of Moscow was styled [[Dmitry Donskoy]] for his victory over Mamai Khan at [[Battle of Kulikovo|Kulikovo]] on the [[Don River (Russia)|Don]].

==Modern victory titles==
The term "victory-title" occurs in English from as early as 1938.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1                 = Nibley
| first1                = Hugh
| author-link1          = Hugh Nibley
| title                 = The Roman Games as the Survival of an Archaic Year-cult
| year = 1938
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=y2NIAQAAMAAJ
| publisher             = University of California, Berkeley
| publication-date      = 1938
| page                  = 164
| access-date            = 2016-06-06
| quote                 = The Imperator was necessarily the victorious leader, his title was awarded with his triumph, and, as Prof. Nesselhauf has recently shown, his rule was simply in the last analysis a protracted triumph: it was not the proconsular title which he chose to express his military power, but the victory-title of Imperator.
}}
</ref>

Modern monarchs awarded titles in commemoration of major military victories, but in the guise of a feudal aristocratic title, often hereditary, but only in appearance: an actual fief was not required, indeed they often were granted in chief of a battlefield where the awarding monarch simply had no constitutional authority to grant anything validly under local law.

This new form was even more specific than the Roman practice. Instead of naming the enemy — which could well need to be repeated — it linked the name of a battle, which was almost always unique. A further level of protection was available by naming a nearby place, such as 'Austerlitz' which Napoleon declared ''sounded'' better than the alternative.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

===Russian Empire===
In the [[Russian Empire]], many victory titles originated in the period between the accession of [[Catherine the Great]] (1762) and the death of [[Nicholas I of Russia]] (1855). But as early as 1707, after [[Alexander Danilovich Menshikov|Alexander Menshikov]] occupied Swedish [[Ingria]] (Izhora) during the [[Great Northern War]], [[Peter I of Russia]] officially designated him Duke of Ingria ({{langx|ru|герцог Ижорский|gertsog Izhorsky}}). Other Russian victory titles (sometimes referencing whole campaigns rather than specific battles) include:

* 1775 — ''Chesmensky'' ("Chesmean") for Count [[Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov|Aleksey Orlov]] for his victory in the naval [[Battle of Chesma]]
* 1775 — ''Zadunaisky'' ("Transdanubian") for Count [[Pyotr Rumyantsev]] for his crossing the [[Danube]] during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]]
* 1775 — ''Krymsky'' ("Crimean") for Prince [[Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky|Vasily Mikhailovich Dolgorukov]] for his victories in the Crimea during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]]
* 1783 — His Serene Highness Prince ''Tavrichesky'' for [[Grigori Potemkin]] for his annexation of the [[Crimea]] and [[New Russia]] (the ancient Greeks called this area ''[[Taurida]]''; see also [[Tauride Palace]])
* 1789 — ''Rymniksky'' for [[Alexander Suvorov]] for his victory in the [[Battle of Rymnik]] ([[Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792]])
* 1799 — Prince ''Italiysky'' ("Italian") for Suvorov, for the [[Suvorov's Italian and Swiss expedition|Italian Campaign of 1799]] after the [[Battle of Trebbia (1799)|Battle of Trebbia]]
* 1813 — His Serene Highness Prince ''Smolensky'' for [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] for his 1812 defeat of Napoleon [[Battle of Krasnoi|at Krasnoi]] near [[Smolensk]] during [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia]]
* 1827 — Count ''Erivansky'' for [[Ivan Paskevich]] for his [[capture of Erivan]] ([[Yerevan]]) in Armenia during the [[Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828]]
* 1829 — ''Zabalkansky'' ("Transbalkan") for Count [[Ivan Dibich]] for having crossed the [[Balkan Mountains]] during the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829]]
* 1831 — His Serene Highness Prince ''Varshavsky'' ("Varsovian") for Paskevich for [[Battle of Warsaw (1831)|having taken]] [[Warsaw]] during the Polish [[November Uprising]] of 1830–1831
* 1855 — ''Karssky'' for Count [[Nikolay Muravyov-Karsky|Nicholas Muravyov]] for his capture of [[Kars]] after the [[Siege of Kars]]

Furthermore, similar titles were awarded for comparable non-military services to the empire, e.g. in 1858 — ''Amursky'' for another [[Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky|Nicholas Muravyov]], who had negotiated a new border between Russian and China along the [[Amur River]] under the [[Treaty of Aigun]].

General [[Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel|Wrangel]] awarded the last victory-title in Russia (''Krymsky'' &ndash; "Crimean") unofficially after the abolition of the monarchy: to the [[White movement|White]] Lieutenant-General [[Yakov Slashchov|Yakov Aleksandrovich Slashchov]] in August 1920 for his defence of the Crimea in 1919&ndash;1920.

===France===

==== First Empire ====
{{See also|Nobility of the First French Empire}}

[[Napoleon I]], the founder of the Bonaparte dynasty and only head of the [[First French Empire]], owed his success — both his personal rise and the growth of his empire — above all to his military excellence, and he bestowed elaborate honours on his generals, especially those raised to the supreme army rank of [[Marshal of the Empire]].

The bestowing of a victory title ({{langx|fr|titre de victoire|link=yes}}), commemorating a specific victory, was an ideal form of honour, and many incumbents were victorious marshals (or posthumously, in chief of the widow).

The highest of these titles referenced four nominal [[principality|principalities]], in most cases awarded as a "promotion" to holders of ducal victory titles:
* [[Marshal of the Empire|Marshal]] [[Davout]], ''Prince d'[[battle of Eckmühl|Eckmühl]]'' – 1809 (extinct 1853) – also ''duc d'Auerstaedt'' (see below)
* [[Marshal Masséna]], ''[[Prince of Essling|Prince d'Essling]]'' – 1810 – also ''duc de Rivoli''
* [[Marshal Ney]], ''Prince de [[Bataille de la Moskowa|la Moskowa]]'' – 1813 (extinct 1969) – also '' duc d'Elchingen'' – ''Bataille de la Moskowa'' is the French name for the [[Battle of Borodino]] of 1812
* [[Marshal Berthier]], ''[[Prince de Wagram]]'' – 1809 (extinct 1918) – also ''duc de Valengin'', and ''Prince de [[Neuchâtel]]'' (a [[Nobility of the First French Empire#Princes|sovereign title]] granted in 1806), neither of which were victory titles.

Next in rank came ten dukedoms:
* [[Marshal Ney]], ''duc d'[[Battle of Elchingen|Elchingen]]'' – 1808 (extinct 1969) – also ''Prince de la Moskowa''
* [[Marshal Lefebvre]], ''duc de [[Siege of Danzig (1807)|Dantzig]]'' – 28 May 1807 (extinct 1820) – Danzig was then still a city republic, which became part of Prussia after Napoleon's defeat, and subsequently Gdańsk in Poland
* [[General Junot]], ''duc d'[[Duke of Abrantès|Abrantès]]'' – 1808 (extinct 1859 but extended in female line in 1869, again extinct 1985)
* [[Marshal Davout]], ''duc d'[[Battle of Auerstädt|Auerstaedt]]'' – 1808 (extinct 1853, extended to collaterals) – also ''prince d'Eckmühl''
* [[Marshal Augereau]], ''duc de [[Battle of Castiglione|Castiglione]]'' – 1808 (extinct 1915)
* [[Marshal Lannes]], ''duc de [[Battle of Montebello (1800)|Montebello]]'' – 1808
* [[Marshal Marmont]], ''duc de [[Dubrovnik|Raguse]]'' – 1808 (extinct 1852) – present-day Dubrovnik, on the Croatian coast; conquered as part of Napoleon's own Italian kingdom, soon to become part of France's imperial exclave the [[Illyrian provinces]] (1809&ndash;1816)
* [[Marshal Masséna]], ''duc de [[Battle of Rivoli|Rivoli]]'' – 1808 – also ''Prince d'Essling''
* [[Marshal Kellermann]], ''duc de [[Battle of Valmy|Valmy]]'' – 1808 (extinct 1868)
* [[Marshal Suchet]], ''duc d'[[Albufera]]'' – 1813

Counts:
* [[Georges Mouton]], ''comte de [[Battle of Aspern-Essling|Lobau]]'' &ndash; 1810

====July Monarchy====
* [[Thomas Robert Bugeaud]], ''duc d'[[Battle of Isly|Isly]]'' &ndash; 1844 (from the [[First Franco-Moroccan War]])

====Second Empire====
In the interest of insinuating a continuation of his [[First French Empire|uncle's empire]], to prove legitimacy during his early reign, [[Napoleon III]] reestablished many titles that Napoleon I had issued during his own reign. During his long rule, Napoleon III also created new titles rewarding his generals for victory. Examples include:
* [[maréchal Pélissier|Marshal Pélissier]], ''duc de [[Battle of Malakoff|Malakoff]]'' – 1856 (from the [[Crimean War]], extinct 1864)
* [[Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta|Marshal MacMahon]], ''duc de [[Battle of Magenta|Magenta]]'' – 1859 (from the Campaign of Italy; a newly invented [[magenta (color)|dye]] took its name for the same battle)
* [[Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao|Charles Cousin-Montauban]], ''comte de [[Battle of Palikao|Palikao]]'' &ndash; 1862 (from the [[Second Opium War]])

===British Empire===
Many victory titles have been created in the [[peerage]]s of [[Peerage of England|England]], [[Peerage of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and the [[Peerage of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. Examples include:
* [[Godert de Ginkell, 1st Earl of Athlone|Godert de Ginkell]], victor at the [[Battle of Aughrim]], was created ''[[Baron of Aughrim]]'' as a subsidiary title of the [[Earl of Athlone|Earldom of Athlone]] in 1692.
* Admiral [[Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford]], victor of the [[Battle of Barfleur]], was created ''[[Viscount Barfleur]]'' as a subsidiary title of the [[Earl of Orford|Earldom of Orford]] in 1697.
* [[James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope|James Stanhope]], who captured [[Port Mahon]] during the War of the Spanish Succession, was created ''[[Viscount Stanhope of Mahon]]'' in 1717.
* Sir [[George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield|George Augustus Eliott]], victor of the [[Great Siege of Gibraltar]], was created ''[[Baron Heathfield]] of Gibraltar'' in 1787.
* Admiral [[Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan of Camperdown|Adam Duncan]], victor of the [[Battle of Camperdown]], was created ''Viscount Duncan of Camperdown'' in 1797. (His son was later created [[Earl of Camperdown]].)
* Admiral Sir [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent|John Jervis]], victor of the [[Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)|Battle of Cape St Vincent]], was created ''Earl of St Vincent'' in 1797, and was further created ''[[Viscount St Vincent]]'' in 1801.
* Lieutenant-General Sir [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] (later the 1st Duke of Wellington), victor of the [[Second Battle of Porto|Battle of Douro]], was in 1809 created ''Baron Douro'' as the subsidiary title granted to him with the Viscountcy of Wellington (see below). He was later, in 1814, created ''Marquess Douro'' as the subsidiary title granted to him with the [[Dukedom of Wellington]].
* General Sir [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Robert Napier]], who commanded the [[British expedition to Abyssinia|Abyssinian]] Expedition of 1868 and captured the fortress of Magdàla, was created ''[[Baron Napier of Magdala]]'' in 1868.
* [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Earl of Dufferin]], [[Governor-General of India]] during the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] that resulted in the annexation of [[Upper Burma]] including its former capital [[Ava, Burma|Ava]], was created ''[[Marquess of Dufferin and Ava]], in the County of Down and the Province of Burma, and [[Earl of Ava]], in the Province of Burma'' in 1888.
* [[Field Marshal]] Sir [[Julian Hedworth George Byng|Julian Byng]], who played an important role in the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] (1917), was created ''Baron Byng of Vimy'' in 1919 and was later promoted to a viscountcy.
* Field Marshal Sir [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|John French]], the first commander of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] in the [[First World War]], was created ''[[Earl of Ypres]]'' in 1922.
* Field Marshal Sir [[Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]], in honour of his 1942 [[Second Battle of El Alamein|victory]] in the Egyptian town of [[El Alamein]] against Rommel's [[Afrikakorps]], was created ''[[Viscount Montgomery of Alamein]]'' in 1946.
* Admiral Sir [[Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape|Bruce Fraser]], victor of the [[Battle of North Cape]] in 1943, was created ''Baron Fraser of North Cape'' in 1946.
* Admiral Lord [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]], who oversaw the recapture of Burma from the Japanese, was created ''Viscount Mountbatten of Burma'' in 1946 and ''[[Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]'' in 1947.

Often the victory is commemorated in the [[territorial designation]] rather than the peerage itself. Examples include:
* [[Robert Clive]], victor of the [[Battle of Plassey]], was created ''[[Baron Clive]], of Plassey in the County of Clare'' in 1767.
* [[Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Jeffery Amherst]], who [[Montreal campaign|captured Montreal]] during the [[French and Indian War]], was created ''[[Earl Amherst|Baron Amherst]], of Montreal in the County of Kent'' in 1788. Though the designation refers to [[Montreal Park]] in Kent, the estate had been named after the victory.
* Rear Admiral Sir [[Horatio Nelson]], victor of the [[Battle of the Nile]], was created ''Baron Nelson, of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk'', in 1798, and (by this time a Vice-Admiral) was further created ''Viscount Nelson, of the Nile and of Burnham Thorpe in the County of Norfolk''. He was created ''Baron Nelson, of the Nile and of Hilborough in the County of Norfolk'' in August 1801. After his victory and death at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], his brother was created ''[[Earl Nelson]], of Trafalgar and of Merton in the County of Surrey'', and ''Viscount Merton, of Trafalgar and of Merton in the County of Surrey'', in 1805, in his honour.
* [[Mary Abercromby, 1st Baroness Abercromby|Mary, Lady Abercromby]], widow of Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]], victor of the [[Battle of Abukir (1801)]], who had died of wounds received in that battle, was created ''[[Baron Abercromby|Baroness Abercromby]], of Aboukir and of Tullibody in the County of Clackmannan'', in 1801, in honour of her late husband.
* [[John Hely-Hutchinson, 2nd Earl of Donoughmore|John Hely-Hutchinson]], victor of the [[Siege of Alexandria (1801)|Siege of Alexandria]], was created ''[[Baron Hutchinson]], of Alexandria and Knocklofty in the County of Tipperary'', in 1801.
* [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Gerard Lake]], victor of the [[Battle of Delhi, 1803]] and the [[Battle of Laswari]] (1803), was created ''[[Gerard Lake|Baron Lake]], of Delhi and Laswary and of Aston Clinton in the County of Buckingham'' in 1804 and ''Viscount Lake'' with the same designation in 1807.
* Lieutenant-General Sir [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] (later the 1st [[Duke of Wellington (title)|Duke of Wellington]]), victor of the [[Battle of Talavera]], was created ''Viscount Wellington, of Talavera and of Wellington in the County of Somerset'', in 1809.
* [[William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford|William Carr Beresford]], victor of the [[Battle of Albuera]] (1811), was created ''[[Baron Beresford]], of Albuera and Dungarvan in the County of Waterford'' in 1814.
* [[Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill|Rowland Hill]], victor of the [[Battle of Almaraz]] (1812), was created ''[[Viscount Hill|Baron Hill]], of Almaraz and of Hawkestone in the County of Shropshire'' in 1814 and ''Baron Hill, of Almaraz and of Hardwicke in the County of Shropshire'' in 1816.
* [[George Harris, 1st Baron Harris|George Harris]], victor of the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]] against the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], was created ''[[Baron Harris]], of Seringapatam and Mysore in the East Indies and of Belmont in the County of Kent'' in 1815.
* [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|William Amherst, 2nd Baron Amherst]], Governor-General of India during the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] (1824-1826) that resulted in the annexation of [[Arakan State|Arakan]], was created ''[[Earl Amherst]], of Arracan in the East Indies'' in 1826.
* [[Stapleton Stapleton-Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|Stapleton Cotton, 1st Baron Combermere]], who captured the fort at [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]] in 1826 while serving as [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], was created ''[[Viscount Combermere]], of Bhurtpore in the East Indies and Combermere in the County Palatine of Chester'' in 1827.
* Sir [[John Keane, 1st Baron Keane|John Keane]], commander at the [[Battle of Ghazni]] (1839), was created ''[[Baron Keane]], of Ghuznee in Affghanistan and of Cappoquin in the County of Waterford'' in 1839.
* Sir [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Hugh Gough]], victor at the [[Battle of Chinkiang]] (1842), in the [[Gwalior campaign]] (1843) and in the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845-1846), was created ''Baron Gough, of ChingKangFoo in China and of Maharajpore and the Sutlej in the East Indies'' in 1846, and following the [[Battle of Gujrat]] (1849) was further created ''[[Viscount Gough]], of Goojerat in the Punjab and of the City of Limerick'' in 1849.
* Sir [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Henry Hardinge]], who concluded the [[Treaty of Lahore]] (1846) that ended the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], was created ''[[Viscount Hardinge]], of Lahore and of King's Newton in the County of Derby'' in 1846.
* [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay, 10th Earl of Dalhousie]], who was Governor-General of India during the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848-1849) that resulted in the British annexation of the [[Sikh Empire|Punjab]], was created ''[[Marquess of Dalhousie]], of Dalhousie Castle in the County of Edinburgh, and of the Punjab'' in 1849.
* [[Hugh Henry Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Hugh Henry Rose]], who captured [[Jhansi]] (1858) during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]], was created ''[[Baron Strathnairn]], of Strathnairn in the County of Nairn and of Jhansi in the East Indies'' in 1866.
* Sir [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]], who served as Chief Commissioner of the Punjab during the Indian Mutiny of 1857-1859, was created ''[[Baron Lawrence]], of the Punjab and of Grateley in the County of Southampton'' in 1869.
* Sir [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Wolseley]], who captured Cairo after the [[Battle of Tel el-Kebir]] (1882), was created ''[[Baron Wolseley]], of Cairo and of Wolseley in the County of Stafford'', in 1882.
* Sir [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Frederick Roberts]], victor of the [[Battle of Kandahar (1880)]], was created ''Baron Roberts, of Kandahar in Afghanistan and of the City of Waterford'' in 1892. Following the [[Battle of Diamond Hill]] near [[Pretoria]] in 1900, he was further created ''[[Earl Roberts]], of Kandahar in Afghanistan and of Pretoria in the Transvaal Colony and of the City of Waterford'' in 1901.
* Major-General Sir [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Herbert Kitchener]], in recognition of his victory in the [[Battle of Omdurman]] (1898), was created ''Baron Kitchener, of Khartoum and of Aspall in the County of Suffolk'' ([[Khartoum]] being the less obscure but relatively nearby capital of the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]]), in 1898. In 1902 (by this time a full General) he was further created ''Viscount Kitchener of Khartoum, of Khartoum and of the Vaal in the Colony of Transvaal and of Aspall in the County of Suffolk'' (having been Administrator of [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]] and of the [[Orange River Colony]] in 1901). In June 1914 (having achieved the rank of Field Marshal in 1909) he was further created ''[[Earl Kitchener]] of Khartoum and of Broome, of Khartoum and of Broome in the County of Kent''.
* Field Marshal Sir [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|John French]], the first commander (1914-1915) of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] in the [[First World War]], was created ''[[Earl of Ypres|Viscount French]], of Ypres and of High Lake in the County of Roscommon'', in 1916.
* Admiral of the Fleet Sir [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]], the [[First Sea Lord]] (1919-1927) and formerly Commander-in-Chief of the [[Grand Fleet]] (1916-1919) during the last years of the First World War, was, as one of the subsidiary titles granted to him with the [[Earl Beatty|Earldom of Beatty]], created ''Baron Beatty, of the North Sea and of Brooksby in the County of Leicester'', in 1919.
* Field Marshal Sir [[Edmund Allenby]], victor of the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)]], was created ''[[Viscount Allenby]], of Megiddo and of Felixstowe in the County of Suffolk'', in 1919.
* Field Marshal Sir [[Herbert Plumer]], commander in the [[Battle of Messines (1917)]], was created ''Baron Plumer, of Messines and of Bilton in the County of York'', in 1919 and ''[[Viscount Plumer]], of Messines and of Bilton in the County of York'', in 1929.
* Field Marshal Sir [[William Birdwood]], best known as the commander (1914-1918) of [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZAC]] troops in the [[World War I|First World War]], was created ''[[Baron Birdwood]], of Anzac and of Totnes in the County of Devon'', in 1938.
* Field Marshal Sir [[Edmund Ironside]], who commanded the British forces around [[Arkhangelsk]] in the [[North Russia Campaign]] of 1918-1920, was created ''[[Baron Ironside]], of Archangel and Ironside in the County of Aberdeen'', in 1941.
* Field Marshal Sir [[Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson|Henry Wilson]], a senior British general in the [[World War II|Second World War]], was created ''[[Baron Wilson]], of Libya and of Stowlangtoft in the County of Suffolk'', in 1946.

===Austrian Empire===
In the [[Austrian Empire]] titles of nobility could be amended with territorial designations, the so-called ''predicates''. These were usually named after the estates of the family in question, but sometimes the [[Habsburg]] rulers of Austria also granted victory titles. This happened particularly during World War I. Examples include:
* [[Colonel General]] [[Viktor Dankl von Krasnik|Viktor Dankl]], who in 1914 defeated Russian forces in the [[Battle of Kraśnik]]. When he was made a Graf ([[count]]) in 1918, he received the title of ''Graf Dankl von Krasnik''.
* Colonel General [[Josef Freiherr Roth von Limanowa-Lapanów|Josef Roth]], who played a decisive role in the [[Battle of Limanowa]] in 1914, when the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] repelled a Russian breakthrough, was ennobled as Freiherr ([[baron]]) in 1918 with the style of ''Freiherr Roth von Limanowa-Lapanów''.
* [[Major General]] [[Ignaz Trollmann]], whose XIX. Corps helped to conquer the [[Lovćen]] mountain near [[Kotor]] in 1916, was ennobled as Freiherr ([[baron]]) in 1917 with the style of ''Freiherr Trollmann von Lovcenberg''.

===Kingdom of Hungary===
The system used in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] by the [[Habsburg]]s resembled the one employed in Austria. Titles of nobility could be amended with territorial designations, the so-called ''predicates''. These were usually named after the estates of the family in question, but sometimes also specific victory titles were granted. Examples include:
* General [[Pál Kray|Baron Pál Kray de Krajova et Topolya]] (1705–1804), who received the predicate ''de Krajova'' or ''Krajovai'' after he conquered the Romanian town of [[Craiova]] during the [[Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)]].
* [[Colonel General]] [[Stefan Sarkotić]], the Commanding General in Bosnia and Herzegovina during World War I, was ennobled as a Hungarian [[baron]] and the style of ''Baron Sarkotić von Lovćen'' in early 1917 after Trollmann's XIX. Corps had conquered the [[Lovćen]] mountain near [[Kotor]].
* [[Sándor Szurmay]] was created baron by [[Charles IV of Hungary|King Charles IV]] with the predicate ''de Uzsok'' or ''Uzsoki''. He was the hero of the [[battle of Uzsok]] (March 1915).

During the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Regency of Hungary]] after World War I, the [[Regent]] [[Miklós Horthy]] was not authorized to grant titles of nobility, but conferred the [[Order of Vitéz]] which sometimes but necessarily also carried noble predicates. Initially membership was restricted to men who had served with special distinction in the war. Examples commemorating military action include:
* Captain [[Rihmer de Granasztó]] granted the title ''vitéz [[Girovce|Gerlefalvi]]'' for his bravery at Gerlefalva, today Girovce, Slovakia.

===Kingdom of Spain===
The Spanish crown has awarded similar titles such as [[Adelantado]] which was used as a military title held by some Spanish [[conquistadors]] of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. Subsequently, further victory titles were awarded. Examples include:
* [[Manuel de Godoy]] was created ''Principe de la Paz'' (Prince of Peace) in 1795 after negotiating the [[Peace of Basel]].
* The English Viscount Wellington (later [[Duke of Wellington (title)|Duke of Wellington]]) was created [[Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo]] (hereditary).
* [[Tomás de Zumalacárregui]] was created ''Duke of the Victoria of the Amezcoas'' by the Carlist pretender Don Carlos in [[1836]].
* [[Baldomero Espartero]] was created [[Duke of la Victoria]] by [[Isabella II]] in [[1839]] and [[Prince of Vergara (title)|Prince of Vergara]] by [[Amadeo I of Spain|Amadeo I]] in [[1872]] after the [[Convention of Vergara]].
* General [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]] was granted the title [[Duke of Tetuán]] by [[Isabella II]] after his success at the [[Battle of Tétouan]].
* [[José Malcampo, 3rd Marquess of San Rafael]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]] in 1871, during the reign of [[Amadeo I of Spain|Amadeo I]], was granted the titles of ''Count of Jolo'' and ''Viscount of Mindanao'' after the successful capture of the city of [[Jolo, Sulu|Jolo]] from the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] during his governorship-general (1874-1877) of the Philippines.

===Kingdom of Naples===
* Admiral [[Horatio Nelson]] was created [[Duke of Bronte]]. This is not a true victory title, as the duchy was granted in 1799 by [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]], with the title of Duke — which in England sounds better than the others — as he wrote in a note to his minister, to Admiral Horatio Nelson in recognition of his military actions to safeguard the Kingdom of Naples. In fact, no battle took place in Bronte; the inscription "Heroes Immortals Nile" was engraved on Nelson's castle, as the victory achieved in the 1798 Battle of the Nile confirmed the superiority of the British navy over Napoleon's.
* General Sir [[John Stuart, Count of Maida|John Stuart]], commander of a British expeditionary force at the [[Battle of Maida]] to counter Napoleon's army, was created Conte di Maida (Count of [[Maida, Italy|Maida]]) by [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]] for his victory there on July 4, 1806. The Battle of Maida was the first victory of the [[British Army]] since the beginning of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] on the European continent. In his homeland, John Stuart was known as ''Hero of Maida''.
* General Johann Maria Philipp Frimont, commander-in-chief of the Imperial Austrian Army in the Kingdom of Naples, was created Prince of Antrodoco (Royal Decree of November 30, 1821) for his victory at the Battle of Antrodoco against the Neapolitan insurgents led by General Guglielmo Pepe during the uprisings of 1820-1821.

===Kingdom of Italy===
The [[Kingdom of Italy]] under the [[House of Savoy]] granted many victory titles. The practice of bestowing such titles became especially common after the [[unification of Italy]] and again after [[World War I]], when several were appointed. Examples include:
* General [[Enrico Cialdini]], created ''[[Duke of Gaeta|Duca di Gaeta]]'' for his role during the [[Siege of Gaeta (1860)]]. This was the concluding event of the war between the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] and the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]], through which Cialdini's [[Piemonte-Sardinia]]n forces secured victory over King [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies]]. The choice of this title was somewhat ironic as it had been the name of a Napoleonic ''[[duché grand-fief]]'' but only the withdrawal of the French fleet made the bombardment of Gaeta from the sea by Cialdini's forces possible.
* General [[Armando Diaz]], created 1st ''Duca della Vittoria'' ("Duke of the Victory") in 1922. He had been the [[Chief of Staff of the Italian Army]] (1917–1918) during World War I.
* Admiral [[Paolo Thaon di Revel]], created 1st ''Duca del Mare'' ("Duke of the Sea") in 1922. He had been the Chief of the [[Italian Navy|Italian Naval Staff]] (1913–1915 and 1917–1919) during World War I.
* Commodore [[Luigi Rizzo]], created 1st ''[[Count|Conte]] di [[Grado, Italy|Grado]] e di [[Premuda]]'' for his services as naval commander in World War I during which he also sank the Austrian battleship [[SMS Szent István|SMS ''Szent István'']].
* [[Costanzo Ciano]], created 1st ''Conte di [[Cortellazzo]] e di [[Buccari]]'', a naval commander in World War I and [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies]] between 1934 and 1939.
* [[Cesare Maria De Vecchi]], created 1st ''Conte di [[Primiero|Val Cismon]]'' in memory of the battles fought by his [[arditi]] on [[Monte Grappa]] in 1918. Later served as colonial administrator and Fascist politician.
* [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], created 1st ''[[Prince|Principe]] di [[Monte Nevoso|Montenevoso]]'' in 1924 for his services as poet, [[journalist]], novelist, [[dramatist]] and [[aviator]] during World War I.
* Marshal [[Pietro Badoglio]], created 1st ''[[Marchese]] del [[Sabotino]]'' and later 1st ''[[Duke of Addis Abeba|Duca di Addis Abeba]]'' after the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|invasion of Abyssinia]] in 1935.
* General [[Rodolfo Graziani]], created 1st ''[[Marquess|Marchese]] di [[Negele Borana|Neghelli]]'' for his services as leader of [[expeditionary warfare|military expeditions]] in Africa before and during World War II.
* Prince Maurizio Ferrante [[House of Gonzaga|Gonzaga]] di Vescovato, created 1st ''Marchese del [[Vodice, Croatia|Vodice]]'' in 1932. Also received the [[Gold Medal of Military Valor]]. [http://www.genmarenostrum.com/pagine-lettere/letterag/gonzaga/Gonzaga4.htm#Marchese%20Don%20Maurizio%20Ferrante (Full Titles and decorations, in Italian)]

===Other monarchies===
* The '''[[Kingdom of Portugal]]''' created the first Duke of Wellington [[Duque da Vitória]] (Duke of Victory), [[Marquês de Torres Vedras]] (from the [[Lines of Torres Vedras]] of 1809-1810) and [[Conde de Vimeiro]] (from the [[Battle of Vimeiro]] of 1808).
* The '''Dutch''' royal house of Orange, then of the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]], created the first Duke of Wellington [[Prince of Waterloo]] (in Belgium) in 1815.

==Sources and references==
François R. Velde. [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/napoleon.htm#victory Napoleonic Titles and Heraldry: Victory Titles]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Imperial, royal, and noble styles}}

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[[Category:Roman naming conventions]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman titles]]
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of ancient Rome]]
[[Category:Victory]]
[[Category:Honorary titles]]