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{{About|the French commune Vincennes|other uses|Vincennes (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name               = Vincennes
|commune status     = [[Communes of France|Commune]]
|image              = Vincennes - Hotel de ville (1).JPG
|caption            = The south front of the [[Hôtel de Ville, Vincennes|Hôtel de Ville]]
|map                = Vincennes_map.svg
|map caption        = Location (in red) within Paris [[petite couronne|inner suburbs]]
|coordinates        = {{coord|48.8478|2.4392|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image coat of arms = COA fr Vincennes.svg
|image flag         = Drapeau de Vincennes, France.svg
|arrondissement     = Nogent-sur-Marne
|canton             = [[Canton of Vincennes|Vincennes]] and [[Canton of Fontenay-sous-Bois|Fontenay-sous-Bois]]
|INSEE              = 94080
|postal code        = 94300
|mayor              = Charlotte Libert-Albanel<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=13 September 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
|term               = 2020&ndash;2026
|party              = [[Union of Democrats and Independents|UDI]]
|intercommunality   = [[Grand Paris]]
|elevation m        =
|elevation min m    =
|elevation max m    =
|area km2           = 1.91
|population         = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
|population date    = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
|population footnotes   = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
}}

'''Vincennes''' ({{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|n|ˈ|s|ɛ|n|z|,_|v|æ̃|ˈ|s|ɛ|n}}; {{IPA|fr|vɛ̃sɛn|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Arthur Crbz-Vincennes.wav}}) is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Val-de-Marne]] [[Departments of France|department]] in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located {{convert|6.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[Kilometre Zero|centre of Paris]]. Vincennes is famous for its castle: the [[Château de Vincennes]]. It is next to but does not include the [[Bois de Vincennes]], from which it took its name, which is attached to the city of Paris.

==History==
[[File:StatueSaintLouisVincennes.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of king [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]] at [[Château de Vincennes]]]]

The [[Marquis de Sade]] was imprisoned in Vincennes fortress in 1777, where he remained until February 1784 although he escaped for a little over a month in 1778. Thereafter Vincennes fortress was closed and de Sade transferred to the [[Bastille]].

In 1821, the noted French poet, Alfred de Vigny, wrote his poem, "La Prison," which details the last days of the [[Man in the Iron Mask]] at Vincennes.

The ministers of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] were imprisoned at the fortress of Vincennes after the [[July Revolution]].<ref>The July Monarchy: A Political History of France 1830-1848</ref>

A test was conducted in 1849  on [[Claude-Étienne Minié]]'s invention the [[Minié ball]] which would prove successful and years later be adopted by the French army. The [[Hôtel de Ville, Vincennes|Hôtel de Ville]] was completed in 1891.<ref>{{Base Mérimée|PA94000011}}</ref>

On the morning of 15 October 1917, famous [[femme fatale]] [[Mata Hari]] was executed for espionage by a French firing squad at Château de Vincennes.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/10/16/france.spy/index.html?_s=PM:WORLD WW1 spy Mata Hari framed - lawyer]. CNN.com (2001-10-16). Retrieved on 2017-10-14.</ref>

In 1929, the commune of Vincennes lost about half of its territory when the city of Paris annexed the [[Bois de Vincennes]], a large part of which belonged to the commune of Vincennes.

[[File:HotelDeVilleRueDeFontenayVincennes.jpg|thumb|The north front of the Hôtel de Ville, Rue de Fontenay in Vincennes]]

Vincennes was also the site of some famous European colonial expositions in the 20th century in which fairs were held to showcase artifacts from former European colonies.

==Population==
{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
| source = EHESS<ref name=ehess>{{Cassini-Ehess|40749|Vincennes}}</ref> and INSEE (1968-2017)<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-94080#ancre-POP_T1 Population en historique depuis 1968], INSEE</ref>
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |2014
|1800 |2163
|1806 |1853
|1821 |2035
|1831 |2854
|1836 |3032
|1841 |3522
|1846 |4700
|1851 |4765
|1856 |5834
|1861 |13414
|1866 |14573
|1872 |17064
|1876 |18243
|1881 |20530
|1886 |22237
|1891 |24626
|1896 |27450
|1901 |31405
|1906 |34185
|1911 |38568
|1921 |41527
|1926 |45236
|1931 |46859
|1936 |48967
|1946 |49226
|1954 |50434
|1962 |50436
|1968 |49143
|1975 |44261
|1982 |42870
|1990 |42267
|1999 |43595
|2007 |47372
|2012 |49831
|2017 |49891
}}

==Sights==
The city is famous for its castle, the [[Château de Vincennes]], and its park, the [[Bois de Vincennes]] hosting the only larger zoo in Paris, [[Paris Zoological Park]] (though these two are now within the limits of the City of Paris). It also features a large military [[fort]], now housing various [[Military of France|army]] services. This fort and an adjoining plain known as the "Polygon" has historically been an important proving ground for French armaments.

The city is also home to the Service Historique de la Défense (SHD), which holds the archival records of the [[French Armed Forces]].<ref>[http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/?lang=en Service Historique de la Défense]. Accessed November 24, 2013.</ref>

==Art==
In 1933 [[Georges Saupique]] was commissioned to work on one of three "dessus-de-porte" to be placed above the doors of the new Vincennes' city hall "salle des fêtes".  His composition involved allegorical figures representing commerce and industry supporting the Vincennes' coat of arms.

==Porcelain==
{{Main|Vincennes porcelain}}

In the old royal château, a [[porcelain]] manufactory was established in 1740, specializing in imitations of [[Meissen]] porcelain and naturalistic flowers, which were incorporated into bouquets under the direction of Parisian ''marchands-merciers''. The Vincennes porcelain factory continued until 1756, when the production was transferred to new buildings at [[Sèvres]], initiating the career of world-famous [[Sèvres porcelain]].

==Transport==
Vincennes is served by two stations on [[Paris Métro Line 1]]: [[Bérault (Paris Métro)|Bérault]] and [[Château de Vincennes (Paris Métro)|Château de Vincennes]].

Vincennes is also served by [[Vincennes (Paris RER)|Vincennes]] station on Paris [[RER A|RER line A]].

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}
Vincennes is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumelages|url=https://www.vincennes.fr/rayonnement-culturel-et-patrimonial/decouvrir-vincennes/jumelages|website=vincennes.fr|publisher=Vincennes|language=fr|access-date=2021-04-10|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031171751/https://www.vincennes.fr/rayonnement-culturel-et-patrimonial/decouvrir-vincennes/jumelages|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagdeco|IRL}} [[Blackrock, Dublin|Blackrock]], Ireland
*{{flagdeco|GER}} [[Castrop-Rauxel]], Germany
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]], United Kingdom
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Montigny-le-Tilleul]], Belgium
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Tomar]], Portugal
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]], United States
{{div col end}}

==Education==
The commune has eight public preschools, six public elementary schools, and three private schools contracted by the state.<ref>"[https://www.vincennes.fr/Famille/Enfance/L-ecole/L-ecole-primaire L'école primaire]." Vincennes. Retrieved on September 3, 2016.</ref>
* Public elementary schools: Est-Passeleu, Est-Libération, Roland-Vernaudon, Sud, Ouest, [[Jean Monnet|Jean-Monnet]]
* Private elementary schools: Externat Saint-Joseph, Notre-Dame de la Providence, Ohel-Barouch

There are three public junior high schools, Collège Hector-Berlioz, Collège Saint-Exupéry, and Collège Françoise-Giroud; as well as a contracted private junior high school, Notre-Dame de la Providence.<ref name=Secschool>"[https://www.vincennes.fr/Famille/Jeunesse/College-et-lycee Collège et lycée]." Vincennes. Retrieved on September 3, 2016.</ref>

Public senior high schools/sixth-form colleges:<ref name=Secschool/>
* [[Lycée général et technologique Hector-Berlioz]]
* [[Lycée professionnel Jean-Moulin]]

Private senior high schools/sixth-form colleges:<ref name=Secschool/>
*[[Notre-Dame de la Providence]]
*[[Lycée Grégor-Mendel]]
*[[Lycée Claude-Nicolas Ledoux]]

===Vincennes University===
In 1970 the "[[University of Paris VIII]]" was established in Vincennes as France's first major experiment in open admissions education, as a result of the academic reforms which followed the student risings of 1968. Intended to lessen the French university system's traditional emphasis on formal and elitist schooling, the school (generally known simply as ''Vincennes'') admitted students without the usual entrance requirement of the ''baccalaureat'' degree and introduced courses such as the History of Cinema, Sexology, and Third World Economics. Enrollments peaked at 32,000 with more than 40% of students holding full-time jobs off the campus. However problems associated with political unrest and alleged widespread drug usage among the student body led to the resignation of the Vincennes University President and the relocation of the campus to Saint-Denis by the French Government in 1980.<ref>Time Magazine March 31, 1980</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2016}}

==Notable people==
Thierry Mugler [fashion designer]
*[[Marcel Deprez]] (1843–1918), electrical engineer, died in Vincennes
*[[Alphonse Halimi]], boxer
*[[Nicolas Pousset]], ice hockey player
*[[Lætitia Sadier]], musician
*[[Jules Toutain]], archaeologist

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
Pano vincennes.JPG|Panoramic view of the church and the Hôtel de Ville
Donjon du Château de Vincennes.jpg|Main tower of the Vincennes medieval castle
Bois de Vincennes - Paris.jpg|The Vincennes Park in autumn
Parc zoologique de Vincennes 20060816 18.jpg|The famous rock of Vincennes zoo
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Château de Vincennes]]
*[[Vélodrome de Vincennes]]
*[[Communes of the Val-de-Marne department]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vincennes}}
*[http://www.vincennes.fr/ Official website]
{{Vincennes}}
{{Paris Metropolitan Area}}
{{Val-de-Marne communes}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communes of Val-de-Marne]]