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{{Short description|Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1490}}
{{Infobox Artwork
<!-- Before making changes to this infobox please consider the discussion on the talk page, Talk:Vitruvian_Man. It is intentionally concise. -->
| image_file         = Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg
| title              = Vitruvian Man
| other_language_1   = [[Italian language|Italian]]
| other_title_1      = {{lang|it|L'uomo vitruviano}}
| artist             = [[Leonardo da Vinci]]
| year               = {{circa|1490}}
| type               = Pen, brown ink and watercolor over [[metalpoint]] on paper
| height_metric      = 34.4
| width_metric       = 24.5
| museum             = [[Gallerie dell'Accademia]]
| city               = [[Venice]], Italy
}}

'''''Vitruvian Man''''' ({{langx|it|L'uomo vitruviano}}) is a [[drawing]] by the [[Italian Renaissance]] artist and scientist [[Leonardo da Vinci]], dated to {{circa|1490}}. Inspired by the Roman architect [[Vitruvius]], it depicts a nude man in two overlapping standing positions, inscribed within a circle and a square. Art historian [[Carmen C. Bambach]] described it as "justly ranked among the all-time iconic images of [[Western culture|Western civilization]]".{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}} While not the only drawing inspired by Vitruvius, Leonardo's work uniquely combines artistic vision with scientific inquiry and is often considered an archetypal representation of the [[High Renaissance]]. 

The drawing illustrates Leonardo's study of ideal [[body proportions|human proportions]], derived from Vitruvius but refined through his own observations, contemporary works, and the treatise ''[[De pictura]]'' by [[Leon Battista Alberti]]. Created in Milan, the ''Vitruvian Man'' likely passed to his student [[Francesco Melzi]], and later to Venanzio de Pagave, who encouraged engraver Carlo Giuseppe Gerli to publish an [[engraving]] of it, spreading the image widely. It was then owned by [[Giuseppe Bossi]], before being acquired in 1822 by the [[Gallerie dell'Accademia]] in Venice, where it remains. Because of its fragility, the drawing is rarely displayed. It was loaned to the [[Louvre]] in 2019 for the 500th anniversary of Leonardo's death.

==Name==
The drawing is described by Leonardo's notes as {{lang|it|Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio}},{{sfnp|Palmer|2018|p=153}} variously translated as ''The Proportions of the Human Figure after Vitruvius'',{{sfnp|Zöllner|2015|p=37}} or ''Proportional Study of a Man in the Manner of Vitruvius''.{{sfnp|Kemp|1981|p=116}} It is much better known as the ''Vitruvian Man''.{{sfnp|Palmer|2018|p=153}} The art historian [[Carlo Pedretti]] lists it as ''Homo Vitruvius, study of proportions with the human figure inscribed in a circle and a square'', and later as simply ''Homo Vitruvius''.{{sfnp|Pedretti|2006|pp=80–82}}

==Description==
===Composition===
The [[drawing]] was executed primarily with pen and light-brown ink, while there are traces of brown wash (watercolor).{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=221}}{{refn|Older sources such as {{harvtxt|Kemp|1981|p=116}} and {{harvtxt|Arasse|1998|p=105}} do not mention any watercolor, though this is clearly stated in newer studies such as {{harvtxt|Bambach|2019a|p=221}} and {{harvtxt|Zöllner|2019|p=399}}.|group=n}} The paper measures {{convert|34.4|x|25.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}, larger than most of Leonardo's ''folio'' manuscript sheets,{{refn|Most of Leonardo's ''folio'' manuscript sheets range anywhere from {{convert|29|x|22|cm|in|abbr=on}} to {{convert|31.5|x|22|cm|in|abbr=on}}.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019b|p=237}} Bambach notes that many of these smaller ''folio'' sheets were probably once larger, and later reduced in size for bindings.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}}|group=n}} while the paper itself was originally made somewhat unevenly, given its irregular edges.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}} Close examination of the drawing reveals that it was meticulously prepared, and is devoid of "sketchy and tentative" lines.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|p=155}} Leonardo used [[metalpoint]] with a [[calipers]] and [[Compass (drawing tool)|compass]] to make precise lines, and small tick marks were used for measurements.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=221}}{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|p=155}} These compass marks demonstrate an inner structure of "measured intervals" which is displayed in tandem with the general structure created by the geometric figures.{{sfnp|Kemp|2019|p=85}}

The ''Vitruvian Man'' depicts a nude man facing forward, surrounded by a square and a circle.{{sfnp|Palmer|2018|p=153}} The man is portrayed in different stances simultaneously: an "X" pose and a [[T-pose|"T" pose]]. For the former, his arms are stretched diagonally above his shoulders and his legs widely parted so that his feet and hands touch the edge of the circle centred on his navel. For the latter, his arms are  outstretched horizonally and his legs are together, so that his hands, head and feet all touch the perimeter of the square.{{sfnp|Palmer|2018|p=153}} The scholar [[Carlo Vecce]] notes that this approach displays multiple phases of movement at once, akin to a photograph.{{sfnp|Vecce|2003|p=70}} The man's fingers and toes are arranged carefully as to not breach the surrounding shapes.{{sfnp|Kemp|2019|p=85}} Commentators often note that Leonardo went out of his way to create an artistic depiction of the man, rather than a simple portrayal.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|p=156}}{{sfnp|Pedretti|2006|p=82}} According to the biographer [[Walter Isaacson]], the use of delicate lines, an intimate stare, and intricate hair curls, "weaves together the human and the divine".{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|p=156}} Pedretti notes close similarities between the man and the angel of Leonardo's earlier ''[[Annunciation (Leonardo)|Annunciation]]'' painting.{{sfnp|Pedretti|2006|p=82}}

===Text===
The text above the image, written in [[Mirror_writing#Notable_examples|mirror writing]], reads: 

{{Verse translation|lang=Italian|
Vetruvio, architecto, mecte nella sua op(er)a d'architectura, chelle misure dell'omo sono dalla natura disstribuite inquessto modo cioè che 4 diti fa 1 palmo, et 4 palmi fa 1 pie, 6 palmi fa un chubito, 4 cubiti fa 1 homo, he 4 chubiti fa 1 passo, he 24 palmi fa 1 homo ecqueste misure son ne' sua edifiti. Settu ap(r)i ta(n)to le ga(m)be chettu chali da chapo 1/14 di tua altez(z)a e ap(r)i e alza tanto le b(r)acia che cholle lunge dita tu tochi la linia della somita del chapo, sappi che 'l cie(n)tro delle stremita delle ap(er)te me(m)bra fia il bellicho. Ello spatio chessi truova infralle ga(m)be fia tria(n)golo equilatero{{sfnp|Magazù|Coletta|Migliardo|2019|p=759}}
|Vitruvius, the architect, says in his architectural work that the measurements of man are in nature distributed in this manner, that is 4 fingers make a palm, 4 palms make a foot, 6 palms make a cubit, 4 cubits make a man, 4 cubits make a footstep, 24 palms make a man and these measures are in his buildings. If you open your legs enough that your head is lowered by 1/14 of your height and raise your arms enough that your extended fingers touch the line of the top of your head, let you know that the center of the ends of the open limbs will be the navel, and the space between the legs will be an equilateral triangle{{sfnp|Magazù|Coletta|Migliardo|2019|p=759}}
}}

And below:
{{Verse translation|lang=Italian|
Tanto ap(r)e l'omo nele b(r)accia, qua(n)to ella sua alteza. Dal nasscimento de chapegli al fine di sotto del mento è il decimo dell'altez(z)a del(l)'uomo. Dal di socto del mento alla som(m)ità del chapo he l'octavo dell'altez(z)a dell'omo. Dal di sop(r)a del pecto alla som(m)ità del chapo fia il sexto dell'omo. Dal di sop(r)a del pecto al nasscime(n)to de chapegli fia la sectima parte di tucto l'omo. Dalle tette al di sop(r)a del chapo fia la quarta parte dell'omo. La mag(g)iore larg(h)ez(z)a delle spalli chontiene insè [la oct] la quarta parte dell'omo. Dal gomito alla punta della mano fia la quarta parte dell'omo, da esso gomito al termine della isspalla fia la octava parte d'esso omo; tucta la mano fia la decima parte dell'omo. Il menb(r)o birile nasscie nel mez(z)o dell'omo. Il piè fia la sectima parte dell'omo. Dal di socto del piè al di socto del ginochio fia la quarta parte dell'omo. Dal di socto del ginochio al nasscime(n)to del memb(r)o fia la quarta parte dell'omo. Le parti chessi truovano infra il me(n)to e 'l naso e 'l nasscime(n)to de chapegli e quel de cigli ciasscuno spatio p(er)se essimile alloreche è 'l terzo del volto{{sfnp|Magazù|Coletta|Migliardo|2019|p=760}}
|The length of the outspread arms is equal to the height of the man. From the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of the height of the man. From below the chin to the top of the head is one-eighth of the height of the man. From above the chest to the top of the head is one-sixth of the height of the man. From above the chest to the hairline is one-seventh of the height of a man. From the chest to the head is a quarter of the height of the man. The maximum width of the shoulders contains a quarter of the man. From the elbow to the tip of the hand is a quarter of the height of a man; the distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eighth of the height of the man; the length of the hand is one-tenth of the man. The virile member is at the half height of the man. The foot is one-seventh of the man. From below the foot to below the knee is a quarter of the man. From below the knee to the root of the member is a quarter of the man. The distances from the chin to the nose and the hairline and the eyebrows are equal to the ears and one-third of the face{{sfnp|Magazù|Coletta|Migliardo|2019|p=760}}
}}

==Background==
===Historical context===
The moderately successful architect and engineer [[Vitruvius]] lived from {{circa|80|20}} BCE, primarily in the [[Roman Republic]].{{sfnp|Zöllner|2019|p=112}} He is best known for authoring {{lang|la|[[De architectura]]}} (''On Architecture''), later called the ''Ten Books on Architecture'', which is the only substantial architecture treatise that survives from antiquity.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|p=149}} The work's third volume includes a discussion concerning [[body proportions]],{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}} where the figures of a man in a circle and a square are respectively referred to as {{lang|la|homo ad circulum}}, {{lang|la|homo ad quadratum}}.{{sfnp|Zöllner|2019|p=112}} Vitruvius explained that:

{{quote|In a temple there ought to be harmony in the symmetrical relations of the different parts to the whole. In the human body, the central point is the navel. If a man is placed flat on his back, with his hands and feet extended, and a compass centered at his navel, his fingers and toes will touch the circumference of a circle thereby described. And just as the human body yields a circular outline, so too a square may be found from it. For if we measure the distance from the soles of the feet to the top of the head, and then apply that measure to the outstretched arms, the breadth will be found to be the same as the height, as in the case of a perfect square.|source=Vitruvius in ''De architectura'', [[:s:Page:Vitruvius the Ten Books on Architecture.djvu/103|book three, chapter one]]{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|p=150}}}}

19th-century historians often postulated that Leonardo had no substantial inspiration from the ancient world, propagating his stance as a "modern genius" who rejected all of classicism.{{sfnp|Marani|2003|p=210}} This has been heavily disproven by many documented accounts from Leonardo's colleagues or records of him either owning, reading, and being influenced by writings from antiquity.{{sfnp|Marani|2003|p=210}} The treatise of Vitruvius was long kept obscurely in monk's manuscript copies, but "rediscovered" in the 15th century by [[Poggio Bracciolini]] among works such as ''[[De rerum natura|De Rerum natura]]''.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|p=149}} Many artists then attempted to design figures which would satisfy Vitruvius' description, with the earliest being three such images by [[Francesco di Giorgio Martini]] around the 1470s.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|p=151}}{{sfnp|Palmer|2018|p=153}} Leonardo may have been influenced by the architect [[Giacomo Andrea]], with whom he records as having dined, in 1490.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|pp=152–153}} Andrea created his own Vitruvian Man drawing that year, which was unknown to scholars until the 1980s.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|pp=152–153}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="260px" perrow="3">
De Architectura030.jpg|A ''Vitruvian Man'' depiction in the edition of {{lang|la|[[De Architectura]]}} by [[Vitruvius]]; illustrated edition by [[Cesare Cesariano]], 1521
File:FGMartini1.jpg|One of [[Francesco di Giorgio Martini]]'s three attempts at creating the ideal "Vitruvian Man"
File:Vitruvian Man by Giacomo Andrea.jpg|A "Vitruvian Man" prototype by [[Giacomo Andrea]], 1490
</gallery>

===Creation===
[[File:Leonardo da Vinci - RCIN 919131, Recto The proportions of the arm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''The proportions of the arm'', a drawing by Leonardo which was probably in preparation for the ''Vitruvian Man'']]
Leonardo's version of the ''Vitruvian Man'' corrected inaccuracies in Vitruvius's account, particularly related to the head, due to use of book two of the ''[[De pictura]]'' by [[Leon Battista Alberti]].{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}} Earlier drawings of the same subject "assumed that the circle and square should be centered around the navel", akin to Vitruvius's account, while Leonardo made the scheme work by using the man's genitals as the center of the square, and the navel as the center of the circle.{{sfnp|Kemp|2019|p=85}} It is likely that Leonardo's drawings dated to 1487–1490, and entitled ''The proportions of the arm'', were related to the ''Vitruvian Man'', possibly serving as preparatory sketches.{{sfnp|Syson|Keith|Galansino|Mazzotta|2011|p=150}}

Some commentators have speculated that Leonardo incorporated the [[golden ratio]] in the drawing, possibly due to his illustrations of [[Luca Pacioli]]'s ''[[Divina proportione]]'', partially plagiarized from [[Piero della Francesca]],{{sfnp|Mackinnon|1993|p=165}}{{refn|The third section of Pacioli's ''[[Divina proportione]]'' is essentially an uncredited Italian translation of della Francesca's ''[[De quinque corporibus regularibus]]''{{sfnp|Mackinnon|1993|p=165}}|group=n}} concerning the ratio.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=225}}{{sfnp|Bambach|2019b|p=238}} However, the ''Vitruvian Man'' is likely to have been drawn before Leonardo met Pacioli, and there has been doubt over the accuracy of such an observation.{{sfnp|Murtinho|2015}}  As architectural scholar Vitor Murtinho explains, a circle tangent to the base of a square, with the radius and square sides related by the golden ratio, would pass exactly through the top two corners of the square, unlike Leonardo's drawing. He suggests instead constructions based on a [[regular octagon]] or on the [[vesica piscis]].{{sfnp|Murtinho|2015}}

Leonardo's drawing is almost always dated to around 1490 during his [[Leonardo da Vinci#First Milanese period (c. 1482–1499)|first Milanese period]].{{sfnp|Zöllner|2019|p=112}}{{sfnp|Arasse|1998|p=105}} The exact dating is not completely agreed upon and earlier generations of art historians, including [[Arthur E. Popham]], frequently dated the work anywhere from 1485 to 1490.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}} Two leading art historians differ in this respect; [[Martin Kemp (art historian)|Martin Kemp]] gives {{circa|1487}},{{sfnp|Kemp|1981|p=116}}{{refn|The unexplained dating of the drawing to 1497 in {{harvtxt|Kemp|2019|p=85}} is almost certainly a typo, which was meant to be the 1487 that {{harvtxt|Kemp|1981|p=116}} gives.|group=n}} while [[Carmen C. Bambach]] contends that the earliest possible date—which "one may not entirely discount"—is 1488.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}} Bambach, in addition to Pedretti, Giovanna Nepi Scirè and Annalisa Perissa Torrini give a slightly broader range of {{circa|1490–1491}}.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019b|p=237}} Bambach explains that this range fits "best with the manner of exact, engraving-like parallel hatching contained within robust pen-and-ink outlines, over traces of lead paint, stylus-ruling, and compass composition".{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}}

===Provenance===
After Leonardo's death, the drawing most likely passed to his student [[Francesco Melzi]] (1491–1570),{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}} who was [[Bequest |bequeathed]] most of Leonardo's possessions.{{sfnp|Kemp|2003|loc=§1 "Life and works"}} From then on, the drawing's provenance history is almost certain: it found its way to [[Cesare Monti]] (1594–1650), was passed to his heir Anna Luisa Monti, then to the De Page family, first {{ill|Venanzio de Pagave|qid=Q47015938}} (in 1777) and then his son Gaudenzio de Page.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}}{{sfnp|Perissa Torrini|2009|p=17}} While owned by the elder De Page, he convinced the engraver Carlo Giuseppe Gerli to publish a book of Leonardo's drawings, which would be the first widespread dissemination of the ''Vitruvian Man'' and many other Leonardo drawings.{{sfnp|Turner|1993|pp=84–85}} The younger de Page sold the drawing to [[Giuseppe Bossi]], who described, discussed, and illustrated it in the fourth chapter of his 1810 monograph on Leonardo's ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|The Last Supper]]'', {{lang|it|Del Cenacolo di Leonardo da Vinci}} (''On The Last Supper of Leonardo da Vinci'').{{sfnp|Mara|2019|p=280}} This chapter was published as a stand-alone study the next year {{lang|it|Delle opinion di Leonardo da Vinci intorno alla simmetria de' corpi umani}} (''On the opinions of Leonardo da Vinci regarding the symmetry of human bodies'').{{sfnp|Mara|2019|p=280}} After Bossi's death in 1815, the drawing was sold to the abbot Luigi Celotti in 1818, and entered into the Venetian [[Gallerie dell'Accademia]]'s collection in 1822, where it has since remained.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}} Because of its high artistic quality and its well-recorded history of provenance, Leonardo's authorship of the ''Vitruvian Man'' has never been doubted.{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}}

The ''Vitruvian Man'' is rarely displayed as extended exposure to light would cause fading; it is kept on the fourth floor of the Gallerie dell'Accademia, in a locked room.{{sfnp|Isaacson|2017|p=153}} In 2019, the [[Louvre]] requested to borrow the drawing for their monumental ''Léonard de Vinci'' exhibition, which celebrated the 500th anniversary of the artist's death.{{sfnp|Giuffrida|2019|loc=§ paras. 1–3}} They faced substantial resistance from the heritage group [[Italia Nostra]], who contended that the drawing was too fragile to be transported, and filed a lawsuit.{{sfnp|Giuffrida|2019|loc=§ para. 2}} At a hearing on 16 October 2019, a judge ruled that the group had not proven their claim, but set a maximum amount of light for the drawing to be exposed to as well as a subsequent rest period to offset its overall exposure to light.{{sfnp|Prisco|2019|loc=§ paras. 5–6}} The Louvre promised to lend paintings by [[Raphael]] to Italy for his own 500th death anniversary; Italy's Minister for Cultural Affairs [[Dario Franceschini]] stated that "Now a great cultural operation can start between Italy and France on the two exhibitions about Leonardo in France and Raphael in Rome."{{sfnp|Prisco|2019|loc=§ para. 7}}

===Legal dispute===
In 2022, the Gallerie dell'Accademia, which owns the drawing, sued German jigsaw puzzle manufacturer [[Ravensburger]] for reproducing the artwork in one of the company's jigsaw puzzles. Ravensburger started selling the 1,000-piece jigsaw puzzle in Italy in 2009 and in 2019 the museum sent the company a [[cease-and-desist letter]] and demanded 10% of the revenue. Ravensburger refused to comply and subsequently was sued by the museum under Italy's 2004 {{ill|Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code|it|Codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio}} which governs reproductions of works deemed to be under Italy's cultural heritage. In its objections, the German company claimed that it had the right to reproduce the artwork because it was already in the [[public domain]] for centuries, and that the reproduction had occurred outside Italy and thus was not subject to Italy's Cultural Heritage Code. An Italian court rejected Ravensburger's arguments and decided in favor of the museum.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Barry |first=Colleen |date=2024-03-28 |title=A fight to protect the dignity of Michelangelo's David raises questions about freedom of expression |url=https://apnews.com/article/michelangelo-david-statue-italy-protection-heritage-3fa1b7185fea36003e064fa6e2c309fd |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> In a ruling dated 17 November 2022, the court ordered the puzzle company to cease producing the product for commercial purposes and levied a fine of 1,500 euros for every day that the company failed to comply.{{sfnp|Dafoe|2023}}{{sfnp|Gallo|2023}}{{sfnp|Borgogni|2023}} In March 2024, a German court ruled in favor of the company, stating that the Cultural Heritage Code is not applicable outside Italy, and therefore a violation of the sovereignty of the individual states. In response, an Italian government official argues they will challenge this "abnormal" German ruling even before the European and international courts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/10/world/europe/vitruvian-man-puzzle-leonardo-da-vinci-ravensburger.html |title=Da Vinci's Been Dead for 500 Years. Who Gets to Profit from His Work? |last=Taylor |first=Derrick Bryson |date=10 April 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Licensing fees for famous artworks are an important source of income for Italian museums, and Italian law says that museums owning famous public domain works hold the copyright on those works forever and can control who is allowed to make copies and derivative works of them.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
{{multiple image
| total_width       = 400
| image1            = Skylab2-Patch.png
| alt1              = 
| image2            = Space suit patch.jpg
| alt2              = 
| footer            = (left) Patch of the [[Skylab 3]] mission (erroneously written as 2), showing the ''Vitruvian Man'' in the center; (right) [[NASA]]'s [[Extravehicular Mobility Unit]] ''Vitruvian Spaceman'' patch ([[Space Shuttle]] version, with three stars representing NASA's [[human spaceflight programs]])
}}

The ''Vitruvian Man'' is often considered an archetypal representative of the [[High Renaissance]], just as Leonardo himself came to represent the archetypal [[Renaissance man]].{{sfnp|Holberton|2003|loc=§ para. 13}} It holds a unique distinction in aligning art, mathematics, science, classicism, and naturalism.{{sfnp|Marani|2003|p=219}} The art historian [[Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich]], writing for ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', states, "Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body he had produced through his anatomical drawings and ''Vitruvian Man'' as a {{lang|it|cosmografia del minor mondo}} ('[[cosmography]] of the [[Macrocosm and microcosm|microcosm]]'). He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy, in microcosm, for the workings of the universe."{{sfnp|Heydenreich|2022|loc=§ "Anatomical studies and drawings of Leonardo da Vinci"}}

Kemp calls the drawing "the world's most famous drawing",{{sfnp|Kemp|2019|p=85}} while Bambach describes it as "justly ranked among the all-time iconic images of [[Western culture|Western civilization]]".{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}} Reflecting on its fame, Bambach further stated in 2019 that "the endless recent fetishizing of the image by modern commerce through ubiquitous reproductions (in popular books, advertising, and the [[Italian euro coins|Euro coin]]) has kidnapped it from the realm of Renaissance drawing, making it difficult for the viewer to appreciate it as a work of nuanced, creative expression."{{sfnp|Bambach|2019a|p=224}}

==See also==
* {{anli|Artistic canons of body proportions}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=n|colwidth=30em}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Arasse |first=Daniel |author-link=:fr:Daniel Arasse |year=1998 |title=Leonardo da Vinci |publisher=Konecky & Konecky |location=Old Saybrook |isbn=978-1-56852-198-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bambach |first=Carmen C. |author-link=Carmen C. Bambach |year=2019a |title=Leonardo da Vinci Rediscovered |volume=2, The Maturing of a Genius: 1485–1506 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-19195-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bambach |first=Carmen C. |author-link=Carmen C. Bambach |year=2019b |title=Leonardo da Vinci Rediscovered |volume=4, Scholarly Apparatus to Volumes One, Two, and Three |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-19195-0 }}
* {{cite web |last=Borgogni |first=Daniel |title=Extraterritorial application of the Italian Cultural Heritage Code: the Court of Venice orders Ravensburger to cease the marketing of its puzzles with the image of the Vitruvian Man |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=a9343f3b-f0a2-40d0-bb4d-93157aac96a8 |website=Italy Intellectual Property Blog by Trevisan & Cuonzo |publisher=Lexology |access-date=10 December 2023 |date=28 February 2023}}
* {{cite news |last=Dafoe |first=Taylor |title=The Italian Museum That Owns Leonardo's 'Vitruvian Man' Has Successfully Sued to Stop Production of a 1,000-Piece Puzzle Based on the Work |url=https://news.artnet.com/news/ravensburger-da-vinci-vitruvian-man-puzzle-ruling-gallerie-dell-accademia-2276738 |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=Artnet News |date=30 March 2023}}
* {{cite web |last=Gallo |first=Chiara |title=The Vitruvian Man highlights puzzling elements of Italian cultural heritage laws |url=https://ial.uk.com/the-vitruvian-man-highlights-puzzling-elements-of-italian-cultural-heritage-laws/ |publisher=The Institute of Art & Law |access-date=10 December 2023 |date=24 April 2023}}
* {{cite web |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |date=8 October 2019 |title=Leonardo da Vinci work 'too fragile' to be transported to France |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/oct/08/leonardo-da-vinci-work-too-fragile-to-be-transported-to-france |access-date=12 October 2019 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Heydenreich |first=Ludwig Heinrich |author-link=Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich |date=23 August 2022 |title=Leonardo da Vinci &#124; Biography, Art & Facts |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=Chicago |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Holberton |first=Paul |editor-last=Brigstocke |editor-first=Hugh |year=2003 |title=Renaissance |encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to Western Art |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-866203-7 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662037.001.0001/acref-9780198662037-e-2200 |url-access=subscription }} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Isaacson |year=2017 |title=Leonardo da Vinci |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-5011-3915-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000isaa |url-access=limited }}
* {{cite book |last=Kemp |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Kemp (art historian) |year=1981 |title=Leonardo Da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature and Man |publisher=[[J.M. Dent & Sons]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-19-920778-7 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Kemp |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Kemp (art historian) |year=2003 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Art Online]] |title=Leonardo da Vinci |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T050401 |isbn=9781884446054 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000050401 }} {{Grove Art subscription}}
* {{cite book |last=Kemp |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Kemp (art historian) |year=2019 |title=Leonardo da Vinci: The 100 Milestones |publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Sterling]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4549-304-26 }}
*{{cite journal | last = Mackinnon | first = Nick | date = July 1993 | doi = 10.2307/3619717 | issue = 479 | journal = The Mathematical Gazette | jstor = 3619717 | pages = 130–219 | publisher = Cambridge University Press ({CUP}) | title = The Portrait of Fra Luca Pacioli | volume = 77| s2cid = 195006163 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Magazù |first1=Salvatore |last2=Coletta |first2=Nella |last3=Migliardo |first3=Federica |date=December 2019 |title=The Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci as a Representation of an Operational Approach to Knowledge |journal=[[Foundations of Science]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=751–773 |doi=10.1007/s10699-019-09616-5 |s2cid=198438727 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mara |first=Silvio |editor-last1=Moffatt |editor-first1=Constance |editor-last2=Taglialagamba |editor-first2=Sara |year=2019 |title=Leonardo da Vinci – Nature and Architecture |chapter=Leonardo and Architecture in the Critical Views of Giuseppe Bossi (1808–1810) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-39844-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Marani |first=Pietro C. |year=2003 |orig-year=2000 |title=Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings |publisher=[[Harry N. Abrams]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8109-3581-5 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Murtinho |first=Vitor |date=April 2015 |title=Leonardo's Vitruvian Man Drawing: A New Interpretation Looking at Leonardo's Geometric Constructions |journal=Nexus Network Journal |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media {LLC} |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=507–524 |doi=10.1007/s00004-015-0247-7 |s2cid=121033355 |doi-access=free |hdl=10316/43761 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Allison Lee |year=2018 |title=Leonardo da Vinci: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works (Significant Figures in World History) |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham |isbn=978-1-5381-1977-8 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=pAwKugEACAAJ}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Pedretti |first=Carlo |author-link=Carlo Pedretti |year=2006 |title=Leonardo da Vinci |publisher=Taj Books International |location=Surrey |isbn=978-1-8440-6036-8 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Perissa Torrini |editor-first=Annalisa |year=2009 |title=Leonardo: L'uomo vitruviano fra arte e scienza |trans-title=Leonardo: The Vitruvian Man Between Art and Science |publisher=Marsilio |location=Venice |isbn= }}
* {{cite news |last=Prisco |first=Jacopo |date=16 October 2019 |title=Leonardo da Vinci's 'Vitruvian Man' cleared to go to the Louvre |work=[[CNN Style]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/leonardo-vitruvian-man-louvre-court-decision/index.html |access-date=17 October 2019 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Syson |first1=Luke |author-link1=Luke Syson |last2=Keith |first2=Larry |last3=Galansino |first3=Arturo |last4=Mazzotta |first4=Antoni |last5=Nethersole |first5=Scott |last6=Rumberg |first6=Per |year=2011 |title=Leonardo da Vinci: Painter at the Court of Milan |publisher=[[National Gallery]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-85709-491-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Turner |first=A. Richard |year=1993 |title=Inventing Leonardo |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-520-08938-9 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=zlMZDSe21aAC}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Vecce |first=Carlo |author-link=Carlo Vecce |editor-last=Bambach |editor-first=Carmen C. |editor-link=Carmen C. Bambach |year=2003 |title=Leonardo da Vinci, Master Draftsman |chapter=Word and Image in Leonardo's Writings |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-300-09878-5 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=QwQxDJMKRE4C}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Zöllner |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Zöllner |year=2015 |title=Leonardo |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Taschen]] |location=Cologne |isbn=978-3-8365-0215-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zöllner |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Zöllner |year=2019 |orig-year=2003 |title=Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings |edition=Anniversary |publisher=[[Taschen]] |location=Cologne |isbn=978-3-8365-7625-3 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Pedretti |editor-first1=Carlo |editor-link1=Carlo Pedretti |editor-last2=Nepi Scirè |editor-first2=Giovanna |editor-last3=Torrini |editor-first3=Annalisa Perissa |year=2003 |title=I Disegni di Leonardo da Vinci e della sua cerchia nel Gabinetto dei Disegni e Stampe delle Gallerie dell'Accademia di Venezia |trans-title=The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci and his circle in the Cabinet of Drawings and Prints of the Galleries of the Academy of Venice |language=Italian |publisher=[[Giunti Editore]] |location=Florence |isbn=978-88-09-03472-3 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Perissa Torrini |editor-first=Annalisa |year=2019 |title=Leonardo da Vinci, l'uomo modello del mondo |trans-title=Leonardo da Vinci, The Model Man of the World |language=Italian |publisher=Silvana Editoriale |location=Cinisello Balsamo |isbn=978-88-366-4327-1 }}

==External links==
* [https://www.gallerieaccademia.it/en/node/1582 ''Vitruvian Man'', Gallerie dell'Accademia]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061015080929/http://www.universalleonardo.org/work.php?id=448 ''Vitruvian Man'', Universal Leonardo]}}

{{Leonardo da Vinci}}
{{Mathematics and art}}
{{Subject bar
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 |portal1        = Visual Arts
 |portal2        = Mathematics
}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
[[Category:1480s drawings]]
[[Category:Renaissance art]]
[[Category:Collection of the Gallerie dell'Accademia]]
[[Category:Drawings by Leonardo da Vinci]]
[[Category:Human body]]
[[Category:Diagrams]]
[[Category:Golden ratio]]
[[Category:Drawings of people]]
[[Category:Nude drawings of men]]