View source for Voiced bilabial trill

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʙ⟩ in IPA}}
{{redirect|Bilabial trill|the voiceless consonant|Voiceless bilabial trill}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol  = ʙ
|ipa number  = 121
|decimal     = 665
|xsampa      = B\
|braille     = *
|braille2    = b
|imagefile   = IPA Unicode 0x0299.svg
|imagesize   = 150px
}}

A '''voiced bilabial trill''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some spoken [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents the sound is {{angbr IPA|ʙ}}, a [[Small caps|small capital]] letter [[b]].

==Features==
Features of a voiced bilabial trill:
{{trill}} In most instances, it is only found as the trilled release of a [[prenasalized stop]].
{{bilabial}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central-lateral}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
===Plain===
{{Listen
| filename    = Slow-mo of the bilabial trill.wav
| title       = Slowed-down recording of the bilabial trill
| description = A bilabial trill held for 3 seconds, with the recording slowed down.
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Occurrences of {{IPA|[ʙ]}} in various languages
!colspan=2| Language
! Word
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Meaning
! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Medumba language|Medumba]]
| m'''''{{IPA|ʙ}}'''''ʉ
|{{IPA|[mʙʉ́]}}{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}
| 'dog'
|
|-
| [[Ngwe language|Ngwe]]
| Lebang dialect
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[àʙɨ́ ́]}}
| 'ash'
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]]
| {{lang|myp-Latn|kaoáí'''b'''ogi}}
| {{IPA|[kàò̯áí̯ʙòˈɡì]}}
| 'evil spirit'
| rowspan="2" | [[Allophone]] of {{IPA|/b/}} before {{IPA|/o/}}
|-
|ʔíbogi
| {{Audio-IPA|ʔíʙogi.wav|[ʔíʙoi]}}
|'milk'
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Damin]]
| '''''pr'''''уuu
|{{IPA|[ʙjuː]}}
| 'branch'
|Varies between single ''pr'' [ʙ] or doubled ''pr2'' [ʙ\ʙ]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]<ref>[[Yrjö Wichmann|Wichmann, Yrjö]]; Uotila, T. E. (1942). ''[http://www.sgr.fi/lexica/lexicavii.html Syrjänischer Wortschatz nebst Hauptzügen der Formenlehre]''. Helsinki: [[Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura]].</ref>
| '''''Б'''''унгаг
|{{IPA|[ʙuŋɡaɡ]}}
| 'dung beetle'
|Generally [[paralinguistic]]. This is the only true word it is found in.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kwomtari language|Kwomtari]]<ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=197–432 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |{{Example needed|date=June 2023}}
| 
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Skou languages|Sko]]<ref name="Foley-Sepik" />
| colspan="2" |{{Example needed|date=June 2023}}
| 
|
|}

===Prenasalized===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Occurrences of {{IPA|[ᵐʙ]}} in various languages
!colspan=2| Language
! Word
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Meaning
! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kele language (New Guinea)|Kele]]<ref name="Ladefoged 2005 165">{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=165}}</ref><ref name="Bowern-titan">{{cite book | last=Bowern |first=Claire |date=2012 |title=Sivisa Titan |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ᵐʙulim]}}
| 'face'
| And other languages of the Admiralty Islands
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Titan language|Titan]]<ref name="Ladefoged 2005 165" /><ref name="Bowern-titan"/>
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ᵐʙutukei]}}
| 'wooden plate'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Unua language|Unua]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dimock|2005|p=19}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ᵐʙue]}}
| 'pig'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ahamb language|Ahamb]]<ref name="ahamb">{{citation|last=Rangelov|first=Tihomir|year=2019|title=The bilabial trills of Ahamb (Vanuatu): acoustic and articulatory properties|publisher=University of Waikato}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[nãᵐʙwas]}}
| 'pig'
| Phonemic; contrasts between {{IPA|/ᵐʙ/}} and {{IPA|/ʙ̥/}}.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Kilmeri language|Kilmeri]]<ref name="Foley-Sepik" />
| colspan="2" |{{Example needed|date=June 2023}}
|
|
|}

===Prestopped trills and stops with trill release===
{| class="wikitable"
! Language
! Word
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Meaning
! Notes
|-
| [[Sangtam language|Sangtam]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[t͡ʙàŋ]}}<ref name="Coupe">{{Citation |last=Coupe |first=Alexander |year= 2016 | chapter=Prestopped bilabial trills in Sangtam |title=Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Glasgow, 10-14 August 2015 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/12300720 }}.</ref>
| 'needle'
| Phonemic as {{IPA|/t͡ʙ/}}, contrasts with {{IPA|/t͡ʙ̥ʰ/}}.<ref name="Coupe" />
|-
|[[Lizu language|Lizu]]<ref name="chir78">{{Harvcoltxt|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=78}}</ref><ref name="Chirkova2012">Chirkova, Katia (2012). "[http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_1_07_5631.pdf The Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150203063250/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2012_1_07_5631.pdf Archive]). In ''[[Languages and Linguistics]]'' 13(1):133-170. Taipei: [[Academia Sinica]].</ref>
|''T'''U''''',
|{{IPA|[tʙ̩˥˩]}}
|'bean'
|Syllabic; allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} after initial {{IPA|/pʰ, p, b, tʰ, t, d/}}.<ref name="chir78" />
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Namuyi language|Namuyi]]<ref name="palvik">{{harvcoltxt|Pavlík|2017}}</ref>
| {{lang|myp-Latn|'''tb'''ĭh}}
|{{IPA|[t͡ʙ̩˨]}}<ref name="palvik" />
| 'to slaughter'
| rowspan="4" | Phonemic according to {{harvcoltxt|Pavlík|2017}} occurring before {{IPA|/u/}} or as a [[syllabic consonant]].<br />{{IPA|[ʙ]}} is classified as an allophone of {{IPA|/u/}} following a {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} or {{IPA|/d/}} in the phonemic analysis of {{harvcoltxt|Huáng|1992|pages=673–674}}, and {{harvcoltxt|Yǐn|2016}}.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Pavlík|2017|page=32}}</ref><br />No bilabial trills are present in the phonemic analysis of {{harvcoltxt|Nishida|2013}}.
|-
|{{lang|myp-Latn|'''db'''ù}}
|{{IPA|[d͡ʙu˥˨]}}<ref name="palvik" />
|'wild'
|-
| {{lang|myp-Latn|'''pb'''ĭh}}
|{{IPA|[p͡ʙ̩]}}<ref name="palvik" />
| 'to deliver'
|-
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[b͡ʙuda]}}<ref name="palvik"/>
| ''surname''
|-
|[[Pumi language|Pumi]]<ref name="Chirkova2012" />
|{{lang|myp-Latn|biiv}}
|{{IPA|[pʙ̩˥]}}
|'to dig'
|Syllabic; allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} after {{IPA|/pʰ, p, b, tʰ, t, d/}}.
|}

==Phonology==
In many of the languages in which the bilabial trill occurs, it occurs only as part of a prenasalized bilabial stop with trilled release, {{IPA|[mbʙ]}}. That developed historically from a prenasalized stop before a relatively high [[back vowel]] like {{IPA|[mbu]}}. In such instances, the sounds are usually still limited to the environment of a following {{IPA|[u]}}. However, the trills in Mangbetu may precede any vowel<ref>See, e.g., among the numerous data of Robert G. McKee's "Concerning Meegye and Mangbetu’s bilabial trills," in Advances in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics: Proceedings of the 8th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, University of Hamburg, August 22–25, 2001, Doris L. Payne & Mechthild Reh (eds.), 181–189 (2007, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Cologne).</ref> and are sometimes preceded by only a nasal.

==See also==
*[[Index of phonetics articles]]
* [[Voiceless bilabial trill]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation
|last1=Capell
|first1=Arthur
|author-link1=Arthur Capell
|last2=Layard
|first2=John
|author-link2=John Layard
|title=Materials in Atchin, Malekula: Grammar, Vocabulary and Texts
|journal=Pacific Linguistics
|number=20
|year=1980
|place=Canberra, ACT
|publisher=[[The Australian National University]]
|isbn=0-85883-231-3
|doi=10.15144/PL-D20
|hdl=1885/144536
|url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-D20.pdf
}}
*{{citation
|last1=Chirkova
|first1=Katia
|last2=Chen
|first2=Yiya
|year=2013
|title=Lizu
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=43
|issue=1
|pages=75–86
|url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/published/KC2013Lizu.pdf
|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000242
|doi-access=free
}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite journal
|last1 = Dimock
|first1 = Laura
|year = 2005
|title = The Bilabial Trill in Unua
|journal = Wellington Working Papers in Linguistics
|volume = 17
|pages = 17–33
|issn = 1170-1978
|url = http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/resources/Publications/wwp/WWP2005v17.pdf
}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Crowley
|first=Terry
|editor-last=Lynch
|editor-first=John
|title=Naman: a vanishing language of Malakula (Vanuatu)
|publisher=Pacific Linguistics
|year=2006
|isbn=0-85883-565-7
|location=Canberra, ACT
}}
*{{citation
|editor-last=Huáng
|editor-first=Bùfán
|title=藏緬語族語言詞彙
|language=zh
|trans-title=Tibeto-Burman language vocabulary
|year=1992
|publisher=Minzu University Press
|location=Beijing
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|author-link=Peter Ladefoged
|year=2005
|title=Vowels and Consonants
|edition=Second
|publisher=Blackwell
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Nishida
|first=Fuminobu
|date=2013
|title=Phonetics and Phonology of Dzolo Dialect of Namuyi
|journal=Arutesu Riberaresu / Artes Liberales
|volume=92
|pages=21–54
|doi=10.15113/00013130
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{Cite thesis
|last=Pavlík
|first=Štěpán
|title=The Description of Namuzi Language
|date=2017
|degree=Ph.D.
|publisher=Charles University
|hdl=20.500.11956/95965
|hdl-access=free
}}
*{{Cite journal| last1 = Rangelov| first1 = Tihomir| last2 = Walworth| first2 = Mary| last3 = Barbour| first3 = Julie| title = A multifaceted approach to understanding unexpected sound change: The bilabial trills of Vanuatu's Malekula Island| journal = Diachronica| access-date = 2023-05-07| date = 2023 | doi = 10.1075/dia.21051.ran| issn = 0176-4225 | url = http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/dia.21051.ran}}
* {{citation
|last=Sedláček
|first=Kamil
|title=The Law of Phonetic Change in Initial Clusters in Common Sino-Tibetan
|journal=Monumenta Serica
|volume=26
|year=1967
|pages=6–34
|doi=10.1080/02549948.1967.11744953
|jstor=40725837
}}
*{{Citation
|first=Wèibīn
|last=Yǐn
|year=2016
|title=納木茲語語法標註文本
|trans-title=Grammar of Namuzi with Annotated Texts
|language=zh
|location=Beijing
|publisher=Social Science Literature Press
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ʙ}}
*[http://phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/orowin/orowin.html Oro Win recordings]

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Trill consonants]]
[[Category:Bilabial consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]