View source for Vologda

{{Short description|City in Vologda Oblast, Russia}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Vologda
|ru_name=Вологда
|image_skyline=Sophia panorama 2.jpg
|image_caption=Kremlin Square in Vologda
|coordinates = {{Coord|59|13|N|39|54|E|type:city(302,000)_region:RU-VLG|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=top
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Vologda (Vologda oblast) (1780).svg
|coa_caption=[[Coat of arms of Vologda|Coat of arms]]
|image_flag=Flag of Vologda.svg
|flag_caption=[[Flag of Vologda|Flag]]
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=Last Sunday of June
|holiday_ref=<ref name="CharterI">Charter of Vologda, Chapter&nbsp;I</ref>
|federal_subject=[[Vologda Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref368" />
|adm_city_jur=[[city of federal subject significance|city of oblast significance]] of Vologda
|adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref368" />
|adm_ctr_of1=[[Vologda Oblast]]
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="Ref368" />
|adm_ctr_of2=[[Vologodsky District]]
|adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="OKATO" />
|inhabloc_cat=City
|inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="Ref1013" />
|inhabloc_type=
|inhabloc_type_ref=
|urban_okrug_jur=Vologda Urban Okrug
|urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="VologdaOVologda_mun" />
|mun_admctr_of1=Vologodsky Municipal District
|mun_admctr_of1_ref=<ref name="VologdaOVologodskyD_mun">Law #1112-OZ</ref>
|mun_admctr_of2=Vologda Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of2_ref=<ref name="VologdaOVologda_mun" />
|leader_title=Head
|leader_title_ref=<ref name="CharterV">Charter of Vologda, Chapter&nbsp;V</ref>
|leader_name=[[Yury Sapozhnikov]]
|leader_name_ref=<ref name="Head">Official website of the Administration of the City of Vologda. [http://vologda-portal.ru/oficialnaya_vologda/index.php?SECTION_ID=199 Yevgeny Borisovich Shulepov, City Head] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029063333/http://vologda-portal.ru/oficialnaya_vologda/index.php?SECTION_ID=199 |date=October 29, 2012 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
|representative_body=[[Vologda City Duma|City Duma]]
|representative_body_ref=<ref name="CharterV" />
<!----STATISTICS---->
|area_of_what=
|area_as_of=
|area_km2=116
|area_km2_ref=<ref name="mojgorod">Mojgorod.ru. [http://www.mojgorod.ru/vologod_obl/vologda/ Entry on Vologda] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
|pop_2010census=301755
|pop_2010census_rank=63rd
|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
|pop_density=
|pop_density_as_of=
|pop_density_ref=
|pop_latest=
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=
<!----HISTORY---->
|established_date=1147
|established_title=First mentioned
|established_date_ref=
|current_cat_date=
|current_cat_date_ref=
|prev_name1=
|prev_name1_date=
|prev_name1_ref=
<!----MISCELLANEA---->
|postal_codes=[[List of postal codes in Russia#1 zone|160000-160530]]
|postal_codes_ref=<ref name="PostCode">{{cite web|url=http://info.russianpost.ru/database/ops.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212001823/http://info.russianpost.ru/database/ops.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 12, 2006|title=List of postal codes|publisher=[[Russian Post]]|language=ru|access-date=December 17, 2011}}</ref>
|dialing_codes=8172
|dialing_codes_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url= http://kody.su/telcodes/russia/vologda|script-title= ru:Телефонный код города Вологда|publisher= kody.su|language= ru|access-date= December 17, 2011}}</ref>
|website=http://vologda-portal.ru/en/
|pushpin_map=Russia Vologda Oblast#Russia#European Russia#Europe}}

'''Vologda''' ({{langx|ru|Во́логда}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈvoləɡdə|IPA}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Vologda Oblast]], Russia, located on the river [[Vologda (river)|Vologda]] within the watershed of the [[Northern Dvina]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2021=313,944|p2010=301,755|p2002=293,046|p1989=282,802}}

The city serves as a major [[transport hub]] of the [[Northwestern Federal District|Northwest]] of Russia. The [[Ministry of Culture (Russia)|Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation]] has classified Vologda as a historic city, one of 41 in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rg.ru/2010/09/29/istor-posel-dok.html|title= Приказ Министерства культуры Российской Федерации, Министерства регионального развития Российской Федерации от 29 июля 2010 г. N 418/339 г. Москва "Об утверждении перечня исторических поселений"|date= September 29, 2010|publisher= Российская газета|language= ru|access-date= October 24, 2011}}</ref> The Russian Cultinfo website wrote that there were 224&nbsp;monuments of historical, artistic and cultural importance in Vologda.<ref name="culture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cultinfo.ru/voices/english/city.htm |title=Culture in the Vologda region: Vologda city |access-date=August 28, 2010 |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517125053/http://cultinfo.ru/voices/english/city.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
===Foundation===
The official founding year of Vologda is 1147,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Soviet Geography |title=The impact of the water routes of Novgorod and northeastern Rus' on the physical environment of the Transvolga in the 12th-14th centuries |volume=30 |page=551 |date=1989 |doi=10.1080/00385417.1989.10640789 |last1=Afanas'Yev |first1=A. P. |issue=7 }}</ref><ref name="briefhistory">[http://vologda-oblast.ru/main.asp?V=440&LNG=ENG Official website of Vologda Oblast Government: A brief history of Vologda] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722202517/http://vologda-oblast.ru/main.asp?V=440&LNG=ENG |date=July 22, 2011 }}</ref> based on the 17th century "Tale of Miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda" and Ivan Slobodsky's 1716 "Chronicler", which tells the story of the arrival of the monk Gerasimus who founded the Trinity Monastery near the [[Vologda (river)|Vologda]] river.<ref name="bashenkin">[http://www.rusarch.ru/bashenkin2.htm Башенькин А. Н., Кукушкин И. П. Древняя Вологда // Вологда. Краеведческий альманах. Вып. 1. — Вологда, 1994. — С. 29–45 {{in lang|ru}}]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/vol/ogd/atwo/25.htm#41|title=Повесть о чудесах Герасима Вологодского (Публикация Ю. С. Васильева, Е. А. Малышевой)}}</ref> This date, which would make Vologda about the same age as [[Moscow]], was introduced by the historian Aleksey Zasetsky in 1780.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/vol/ogd/atwo/24.htm#40|title=Васильев Ю. С. Герасим Вологодский и начало города Вологды}}</ref>

However, historians and archaeologists have expressed doubts on the official founding year,<ref name="bashenkin" /> due to the age and secondary nature of the sources and also due to archaeological excavations dating no earlier than the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1vo/log/da/3.htm|title=Древняя Вологда|last=Bashenkin|first=A.N.}}</ref> Instead, they believe that the city was founded in the 13th century with Vologda being mentioned in a 1264 agreement between the [[Novgorod Republic]] and the [[Grand Prince of Vladimir]] as an outlying possession of the Novgorod Republic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vzdornov |first1=Gerolʹd Ivanovich |title=Vologda |date=1972 |page=7}}</ref>

The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center, but rather the area known now as "Lazy ground" ({{lang|ru|Ленивая площадка}}), close to the Resurrection church. This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565. Until that year, no stone constructions existed in Vologda; all of the city fortifications, bridges, houses, churches, and industrial enterprises were made of wood.<ref name="briefhistory" />

===Early history===
The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow, Novgorod, and the [[White Sea]] (via the [[Northern Dvina]]) made it attractive for the [[Novgorod Republic]], as well as for the princes of [[Grand Duchy of Tver|Tver]] and [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Moscow]], who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries.

In 1371, [[Dmitry Prilutsky]], a monk from the [[Nikolsky Monastery, Pereslavl-Zalessky|Nikolsky Monastery]] in [[Pereslavl-Zalessky]], founded Nikolsky Monastery, now known as [[Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery]], close to the city. [[Dmitry Donskoy]], the Grand Prince of Moscow, was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod.

In 1397, during the reign of [[Vasily I of Moscow|Vasily I]], Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Subsequently, the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces. During the [[Muscovite Civil War]], Vologda played a key role. After [[Vasily II of Moscow|Vasily&nbsp;II the Blind]], the Grand Prince of Moscow, was defeated by [[Dmitry Shemyaka]] in 1447, he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka, was exiled to Vologda, and got the city as a personal possession. From there Vasily traveled to the [[Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery]] where the hegumen released him from the oath. The civil war continued, and in 1450, Vologda was besieged by the troops of [[Dmitry Shemyaka]]; however, they did not manage to occupy the town.

After the death of Vasily in 1462, Vologda passed to the possession of his son [[Andrey Menshoy]] and became the center of the [[Principality of Vologda]]. In 1481, after the death of Andrey who had no successors, Vologda passed to [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan&nbsp;III]], the Grand Duke of Moscow, and was included to the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]].

===Under Ivan the Terrible===
During the reign of [[Tsar]] [[Ivan the Terrible]], Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russia's trade. The foreign trade was conducted mostly with  England, Holland, and other western countries via the [[White Sea]]. [[Arkhangelsk]] was the major foreign trade haven, and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk. The trade with Siberia was conducted via the [[Sukhona]] and the [[Vychegda]], and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center. The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda. In 1553, Vologda was visited by the English seafarer [[Richard Chancellor]] who officially established diplomatic relations between the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and England. In 1554, trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]], and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda. Following the reports of John Gass, in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city, and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became [[Osip Nepeya]], a native of Vologda.

In 1565, Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of [[Oprichnina]] and included Vologda in the structure of Oprichnina lands. That year, he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country. The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress. It was decided to build it not in the former town center, but rather in another part of the town, limited on the one side by the river, and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya, Oktyabrskaya, and Mira Streets. The fortress was surrounded by a [[moat]]. Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April&nbsp;28, 1566, which was the day to celebrate the memory of [[Jason of Tarsus|Saint Jason]] (Nason in the Russian tradition) and [[Sosipater of Iconium|Saint Sosipater]]. Therefore, the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the "Nason-gorod" (Nason-town). The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin (currently, the name is sometimes referred only as the Bishop's courtyard).

[[File:Saint Sophia Cathedral 7.JPG|thumb|[[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Vologda|St.&nbsp;Sophia Cathedral]]]]

Between 1568 and 1570, a new cathedral was built in the new fortress. The [[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Vologda|Saint Sophia Cathedral]] became the first stone building in Vologda. The design of the cathedral copied the [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin]]. This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow. He personally supervised the construction, headed by the architect [[Razmysl Petrov]]. In 1571, Vologda became the center of the [[Diocese of Vologda and Perm]] that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of [[Ust-Vym]] in Perm lands. Thereby, Vologda was strengthened not only in trading, military and political influence, but also in ecclesiastical affairs.

However, in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good. Presumably, this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina, and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer. According to the legend, when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral, a little stone fell from the roof on his head. The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as a sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city. In any case, it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral, and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime. The consecration took place only during the reign his son [[Feodor I of Russia|Feodor&nbsp;I]] in 1587. Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building.

===Time of Troubles===
The [[Time of Troubles]] for Vologda began with a [[plague (disease)|plague]] epidemic in 1605. In 1608, when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar [[Vasily Shuysky]] and areas controlled by the pretender [[False Dmitry II]] supported by Polish troops, the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry. By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses, but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia. However, abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population. As a result, Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky. Moreover, in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II.

In 1612, people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by [[Kuzma Minin]] and [[Dmitry Pozharsky]], which eventually defeated Polish troops. However, after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard, it remained without sufficient protection, and on September&nbsp;22, 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance, later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants.

===Under the Romanovs===
[[File:Vologda butter 6.jpg|thumb|[[Vologda butter]]]]
[[File:Prilutsky.jpg|thumb|The Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery in the early 19th century]]

After 1613, Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade. During the reign of [[Peter the Great]], Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia. Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there. Vessels which delivered food supplies to [[Arkhangelsk]] were constructed in Vologda. Peter intended to hold them on [[Lake Kubenskoye]], {{convert|30|km|sp=us}} north of Vologda. However, after personally inspecting the lake in 1692, he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose.

Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions, on six of which (in 1692, 1693, 1694, 1702, 1722, and 1724) he stayed in the city for extended time. He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman, which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities, and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda.

However, after [[Saint Petersburg|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]] was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the [[Baltic Sea]], the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed. In 1722, Peter issued the decree restricting trade through [[Arkhangelsk]], which damaged Vologda even further. In the course of the [[administrative divisions of Russia in 1708–1710|administrative reform]] carried out in 1708, Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of [[Archangelgorod Governorate]].

The revival began only during the reign of [[Catherine the Great]] who in 1780 made Vologda the center of [[Vologda Viceroyalty]], a successor of [[Archangelgorod Governorate]]. In 1796, the viceroyalty, administered by a governor-general, was transformed into [[Vologda Governorate]], the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east. The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781. The street network is still in use now.

A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the [[Sukhona]] and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with [[Yaroslavl]] and Moscow (1872), with [[Arkhangelsk]] (1898), with [[Saint Petersburg|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]] and [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Vyatka]] (1905).

In 1871, the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye, {{convert|13|km|sp=us}} from Vologda. It was the first butter factory both in [[Vologda Governorate]] and in Russia. Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry, and the [[Vologda butter]], a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman, became a world trademark. In 1911, the manor of Fominskoye together with the Buman's creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute. Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wines|first=Michael|date=May 27, 2000|title=Vologda Journal; Russia's Favorite Spread Smeared by Counterfeiters|journal=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/27/world/vologda-journal-russia-s-favorite-spread-smeared-by-counterfeiters.html?src=pm}}</ref>

Since the 15th century, Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as "Siberia close to the capital". In the 19th–20th centuries, such persons as [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] (later the Minister of Foreign Affairs), [[Nikolai Berdyaev]] (the famous Russian philosopher), [[Boris Savinkov]] (later known as a successful terrorist), [[Mariya Ulyanova]], and [[Alexander Bogdanov]]  were sent to Vologda. [[Anatoly Lunacharsky]] chose to go there to join Bogdanov, and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya, Bogdanov's sister.

===Soviet period===
[[File:Дом Засецких (Иваницкого) . Фасад по Ленинградской.JPG|thumb|left|Traditional wooden architecture]]

Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917, and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the ''[[zemstvo]]'' and municipal administration. In February 1918, Vologda became the "diplomatic capital of Russia" for several months. Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army, so Western powers, led by American Ambassador [[David R. Francis]], relocated them to Vologda. However, pressured by the Bolsheviks, on July&nbsp;24, 1918, the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via [[Arkhangelsk]].

During the [[Russian Civil War]], Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the [[6th Army (RSFSR)|6th Red Army]]. The army opposed the [[White movement|White Army]] under command of [[Evgeny Miller]] and the military forces of [[Triple Entente|Entente]] in northern Russia.

In 1924 the government ordered to close the [[Vsegradsky cathedral (Vologda)|Vsegradsky cathedral]], that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city.{{sfn|Vinogradova|Fedyshin|Fedyshin|2013|pp=189–191}}<ref name=rbth>{{cite web
 |author      =Egorov, B.
 |url         = https://www.rbth.com/history/331664-some-russian-churches
 |title       = Why were some Russian churches built in a day?
 |publisher      = Russia Beyond The Headlines
 |date        = 2020-02-07
 |access-date  = 2020-01-29
}}</ref> In 1929, the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation, [[Northern Krai]], which also included former [[Arkhangelsk Governorate|Arkhangelsk]] and [[Northern Dvina Governorate]]s, as well as the [[Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast]]. The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk. In December 1936, Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and [[Northern Oblast (1936-1937)|Northern Oblast]], with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk. On September&nbsp;23, 1937, Northern Oblast was divided into [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] and [[Vologda Oblast]] by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. According to the same decision, districts of former [[Cherepovets Okrug]] of [[Leningrad Oblast]] were attached to [[Vologda Oblast]]. These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast. Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined.

In the 1930s, a flax factory, a coach-repair factory, and a sawmill, "Northern Communard," were constructed.

During [[World War II]], martial law was declared in Vologda, and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production. In the fall of 1941, Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast, and Vologda thus became a front city. The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches. In the city, bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction, systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed. As a result, though attempts of bombardments were numerous, no bombs fell on the city. To commemorate these events, a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda. The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun. In addition, Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment. It also served as a large hospital center. Residents of Vologda donated blood, money, and jewellery. The tank detachment "Vologda Collective Farmer" was funded by these donations. To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street.

Between 1961 and 1985, [[Anatoly Drygin]] was the first secretary of the [[CPSU]] Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast. During this period, notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred. In particular, a [[bearing (mechanical)|bearing]] plant, a mechanical plant, and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda. A polytechnical university was opened. A large-scale poultry farm was established. A major construction initiative was carried out, and, in particular, the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed. The city expanded, with new residential areas built; in particular, Byvalovo, GPZ, the fifth and the sixth [[Microdistrict]]s. In 1976, the [[Vologda trolleybus]] system opened.

===Post-Soviet period===
[[File:Вологда. Церковь Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы на Козлене.JPG|220px|thumb|Church of Intercession in Kozlyona]]

In November 1991, the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began. In October 1993, the Soviets of People's Deputies of all levels were abolished. After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet, the [[City Duma]] was established. The first Duma elections took place on March&nbsp;20, 1994. This first Duma only had six seats, but in 1995, after the next elections, it was expanded to thirty deputies.

On July&nbsp;25, 1996, the City Duma adopted the main city document: the [[Charter of Vologda]]. On October 6, 1996, the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place. [[Alexey Yakunichev]] was elected and became the head of the city. His term ended in 2008.

In 2003, the construction of a ring road started. Before that, the [[M8 highway (Russia)|М8]] highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center, causing congestion. Since the completion, the ring road connects the highways А114 (Vologda – [[Novaya Ladoga]]), Р5 (Vologda – [[Medvezhyegorsk]]), and М8 (Moscow – [[Arkhangelsk]]). On August 25, 2005, the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda. Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996, the changes were relatively minor. On October 12, 2008, [[Yevgeny Shulepov]] was elected to be the City Head.

== Geography ==
{{Expand section|small=no|date=January 2025}}

=== Climate ===
Vologda's climate is a warm-summer [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'')<ref>[http://www.meteocorne.it/plugins/climateClassification/koppen.php Meteocorne (Köppen Climate Classification)]</ref> under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]] and temperate continental with mildly warm summer and cold winter (''Dclo'')<ref>[http://www.meteocorne.it/plugins/climateClassification/trewartha.php Meteocorne (Trewartha Climate Classification)]</ref> under the [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha classification]]. Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months. Spring and autumn are cool, summer is mild, the coldest months are January and February, the warmest month is July. Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn.
* Mean annual temperature: {{convert|+3.1|C}}
* Mean annual speed of wind: 3.0&nbsp;m/s
* Mean annual humidity of air: 80%

{{Weather box
|location = Vologda (1991–2020, extremes 1844–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 5.3
|Feb record high C = 5.6
|Mar record high C = 16.4
|Apr record high C = 26.8
|May record high C = 31.1
|Jun record high C = 34.9
|Jul record high C = 34.5
|Aug record high C = 36.4
|Sep record high C = 28.8
|Oct record high C = 22.8
|Nov record high C = 13.5
|Dec record high C = 8.5
|year record high C = 36.4
|Jan high C = -6.7
|Feb high C = -5.4
|Mar high C = 0.6
|Apr high C = 9.2
|May high C = 17.2
|Jun high C = 21.2
|Jul high C = 23.6
|Aug high C = 20.8
|Sep high C = 14.6
|Oct high C = 6.6
|Nov high C = -0.8
|Dec high C = -4.6
|year high C = 8.0
|Jan mean C = -11.2
|Feb mean C = -10.3
|Mar mean C = -3.8
|Apr mean C = 3.4
|May mean C = 10.9
|Jun mean C = 15.5
|Jul mean C = 16.5
|Aug mean C = 16.2
|Sep mean C = 10.1
|Oct mean C = 0.3
|Nov mean C = -4.9
|Dec mean C = -9.7
|year mean C = 3.5
|Jan low C = -13.3
|Feb low C = -12.9
|Mar low C = -8.2
|Apr low C = -1.0
|May low C = 5.1
|Jun low C = 9.5
|Jul low C = 12.1
|Aug low C = 10.1
|Sep low C = 6.0
|Oct low C = 1.0
|Nov low C = -5.3
|Dec low C = -10.2
|year low C = -0.6
|Jan record low C = -47.1
|Feb record low C = -43.2
|Mar record low C = -34.9
|Apr record low C = -25.6
|May record low C = -9.1
|Jun record low C = -3.1
|Jul record low C = 1.2
|Aug record low C = -1.4
|Sep record low C = -8.6
|Oct record low C = -20.0
|Nov record low C = -34.1
|Dec record low C = -45.2
|year record low C = -47.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 36
|Feb precipitation mm = 29
|Mar precipitation mm = 27
|Apr precipitation mm = 29
|May precipitation mm = 48
|Jun precipitation mm = 63
|Jul precipitation mm = 74
|Aug precipitation mm = 71
|Sep precipitation mm = 55
|Oct precipitation mm = 54
|Nov precipitation mm = 46
|Dec precipitation mm = 38
|year precipitation mm = 570
|Jan snow depth cm = 28
|Feb snow depth cm = 38
|Mar snow depth cm = 36
|Apr snow depth cm = 5
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 1
|Nov snow depth cm = 6
|Dec snow depth cm = 18
|year snow depth cm = 38
|Jan humidity = 86
|Feb humidity = 83
|Mar humidity = 78
|Apr humidity = 71
|May humidity = 65
|Jun humidity = 73
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 81
|Sep humidity = 84
|Oct humidity = 87
|Nov humidity = 88
|Dec humidity = 87
|year humidity = 80
|Jan rain days = 6
|Feb rain days = 5
|Mar rain days = 8
|Apr rain days = 14
|May rain days = 17
|Jun rain days = 18
|Jul rain days = 16
|Aug rain days = 18
|Sep rain days = 19
|Oct rain days = 18
|Nov rain days = 12
|Dec rain days = 7
|year rain days = 158
|Jan snow days = 28
|Feb snow days = 25
|Mar snow days = 19
|Apr snow days = 9
|May snow days = 3
|Jun snow days = 0.2
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0.03
|Sep snow days = 1
|Oct snow days = 10
|Nov snow days = 22
|Dec snow days = 28
|year snow days = 145
|Jan sun = 29.1
|Feb sun = 63.3
|Mar sun = 133.3
|Apr sun = 192.9
|May sun = 266.3
|Jun sun = 282.2
|Jul sun = 284.0
|Aug sun = 215.3
|Sep sun = 126.1
|Oct sun = 60.6
|Nov sun = 26.7
|Dec sun = 14.2
|year sun = 
| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27037.htm
| title = Погода и Климат – Климат Вологда
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru
| access-date = 12 November 2021}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NOAA]]<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/Vologda_27037.csv
| title = Volgoda Climate Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 13 November 2021}}</ref>
|date=August 2010

}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations|1897|27705|1926|57076|1939|95314|1959|139137|1970|177751|1979|236537|1989|282802|2002|293046|2010|301755|2021|313944|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic [[Russians]]. A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of  different levels – according to various estimates, their number reaches fifty thousand people. The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused, hence government has announced giving away free land. Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

==Politics==
The key subjects of power in the city are:

* The '''Vologda City Duma''' is a representative body. It comprises 30 deputies elected based on universal, equal, and direct suffrage in 30 single-mandate constituencies. The term of office of the City Council is five years. The Vologda City Duma is controlled and accountable to all elected officials (including the head of the city of Vologda), the city administration, and the Chamber of Control and Accounts. The activities of the city duma are managed by its chairman and presidium (consisting of the chairman, deputy chairmen, heads of factions and standing committees, and a representative of the head of the city of Vologda).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.duma-vologda.ru/info/regulations.php?ELEMENT_ID=799 |title=Регламент Вологодской городской Думы от 25 марта 2009 года |trans-title=Regulations of the Vologda City Duma dated 25 March 2009 |access-date=2011-08-15 |archive-date=2011-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213116/http://www.duma-vologda.ru/info/regulations.php?ELEMENT_ID=799 |url-status=live}}</ref> The only faction in the Vologda City Duma is the [[United Russia]] faction (26 people).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.duma-vologda.ru/factions/composition_of_fractions_of_a_political_party_quot_united_russia_quot_in_the_vologda_city_duma.php |title=Состав фракции политической партии "Единая Россия" в Вологодской городской Думе |trans-title=The composition of the faction of the political party "United Russia" in the Vologda City Duma  |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307015039/http://www.duma-vologda.ru/factions/composition_of_fractions_of_a_political_party_quot_united_russia_quot_in_the_vologda_city_duma.php |archivedate = 2014-03-07}}</ref>
* The '''Mayor of Vologda''' is the highest official in the city, authorized to manage the city economy, budget, distribution of funds, and management of the city administration. On 24 November 2017, Sergei Voropanov (United Russia)<ref>[https://vologda-portal.ru/oficialnaya_vologda/adm_structure/index_b.php?ELEMENT_ID=342984 Head of city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510010232/https://vologda-portal.ru/oficialnaya_vologda/adm_structure/index_b.php?ELEMENT_ID=342984 |date=May 10, 2021 }} on the official website [http://vologda-portal.ru Administration of the city of Vologda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221155225/http://vologda-portal.ru/ |date=February 21, 2010 }}</ref> was appointed acting mayor of Vologda, being the first deputy head of the city. On 26 November 2019, he was appointed to the post of mayor.
* The '''head of the city of Vologda''' is a city official authorized for external municipal relations, accountable to the federal authorities. Appointed by deputies of the city duma and the governor for five years. Reports to the Vologda City Duma at least once a year. Since 26 September 2016, Yuri Sapozhnikov has been appointed mayor of Vologda.
* The '''Vologda city administration''' is an executive and administrative body. It consists of 7 departments (directly carry out management), 5 departments and 2 departments (provide the work of the administration). The head of administration is the head of the city of Vologda. Deputy heads of the city are heads of departments.<ref>[http://vologda-portal.ru/oficialnaya_vologda/index.php?SECTION_ID=202 City administration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231042513/http://vologda-portal.ru/oficialnaya_vologda/index.php?SECTION_ID=202 |date=December 31, 2010 }} on the [http://vologda-portal.ru official website of the administration of the city of Vologda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221155225/http://vologda-portal.ru/ |date=February 21, 2010 }}</ref>
* The '''Chamber of Control and Accounts of the city of Vologda''' is a control body. It is formed by the Vologda City Duma and reports to it. Controls the execution of the budget and the disposal of property owned by the city, conducts budgetary examinations of municipal legal acts, and audits the effectiveness of the use of budgetary funds.

=== Administrative and municipal status ===
Vologda is the [[administrative center]] of the [[oblast]]<ref name="Ref368">Law #371-OZ</ref> and, within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it also serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Vologodsky District]],<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATO reference|19 220}}</ref> even though it is not a part of it.<ref name="Ref1013">Resolution #178</ref> As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated separately as the '''[[city of federal subject significance|city of oblast significance]] of Vologda''' (one of the four in Vologda Oblast)—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Vologda Oblast|districts]].<ref name="Ref368" /> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as '''Vologda Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="VologdaOVologda_mun">Law #1103-OZ</ref>

==Culture and art==
Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments. In Vologda, 193&nbsp;monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance.{{RKN_base}} The most known of them are

* [[Vologda Kremlin]] (Bishop's courtyard)
* [[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Vologda|Saint Sophia cathedral]]
* [[Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery]]
* ensemble of the Vladimir churches
* Konstantin and Elena church, St.&nbsp;John the Baptist Church in Roshcheniye with its frescoes
* Dmitry Prilutsky church
* Church of the Intercession on Kozlyona
* architectural ensembles of the Stone bridge and of the Revolyutsii Square

Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16&nbsp;have monuments of wooden architecture. Vologda is among them.
{{wide image|Panorama of Vologda Kremlin.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Panorama of the Vologda Kremlin}}

===Trademarks===
[[File:The Soviet Union 1957 CPA 1994 stamp (Vologda Lace Making).jpg|thumb|1957 stamp illustrating Vologda lace.]]

Vologda's trademark products include Vologda [[lace]], [[butter]], and [[flax]].

===Museums===
In Vologda, there are ten museums, four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery, and the gallery "Red bridge". The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve. Its structure now includes the following museums,

* Vologda Kremlin (Bishop's courtyard)
* [[Peter the Great]]'s house museum (Peter's house) – the first museum of Vologda (opened in 1885)
* Expocenter "Vologda at a boundary of centuries"
* Museum "World of the forgotten things"
* [[Konstantin Batyushkov|K. N. Batyushkov]]'s apartment museum
* Museum "Literature. Art. 20th century"
* [[Alexander Mozhaysky]]'s house museum
* Museum "Vologda exile"
* Museum of Architecture and Ethnography (Semyonkovo)

Additionally, Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the [[Museum of Diplomatic Corps]] which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918.

===Theaters===
* Drama theater
* Theater for children and youth
* Puppet theater "Teremok"
* Chamber theater
* Philharmonic society of [[Valery Gavrilin]]
* Children's musical theater

===Annual festivals===
The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda:

* "Voices of History" (the beginning of July, every year)
* Valery Gavrilin international music festival (every year, from October until December)
* "Summer in the Kremlin" (every even year, from June until July)
* The annual open international festival of multimedia art "Multimatograf"<ref>[http://multimatograf.ru/?lang=English The official festival website]</ref>

===Exhibitions===
Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following:

* "Russian Flax"<ref>[http://vologda-oblast.ru/main.asp?V=337&LNG=ENG Official website of Vologda Oblast Government: International Fair and Exhibition "Russian Flax"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016001416/http://vologda-oblast.ru/main.asp?V=337&LNG=ENG |date=October 16, 2010 }} (Retrieved August 30, 2010).</ref>
* "Russian Wood"<ref>[http://vologda-oblast.ru/main.asp?V=336&LNG=ENG Official website of Vologda Oblast Government: International Fair and Exhibition "Russian Wood"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707112629/http://vologda-oblast.ru/main.asp?V=336&LNG=ENG |date=July 7, 2011 }} (Retrieved August 30, 2010).</ref>
* "Gates of the North"<ref>[http://vologda-oblast.ru/main.asp?V=750&LNG=ENG Official website of Vologda Oblast Government: Exhibition "Gates to the North"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709023619/http://vologda-oblast.ru/main.asp?V=750&LNG=ENG |date=July 9, 2011 }} (Retrieved August 30, 2010).</ref>
* "Your Home"

===Literature===
Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda. The best known of them were [[Konstantin Batyushkov]], [[Varlam Shalamov]], [[Nikolay Rubtsov]], and [[Vasily Belov]] and Vladimir Gilarovsky. Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include [[Nata Suchkova]], [[Maria Markova]], [[Galina Schekina]], and [[Anton Chorny]].

==Institutions of higher education==
* [[Vologda State Technical University]]
* [[Vologda State Pedagogical University]]
* [[Vologda State Dairy Academy|N.V. Vereschagin Vologda State Dairy Academy]]
* Vologda Institute of Law and Economy of the Federal Penal Service
* Vologda Institute of Business
* Branches:
** Vologda branch of the [[Moscow State Law Academy]]
** Vologda branch of the Northwestern Academy of Public Service
** Vologda branch of the [[Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics]]
** Vologda branch of the International Academy of Business and New Technologies

==Transportation==
Vologda is a major transportation hub, located at the intersection of highways, railways, and waterways.

The public transport network is well developed in the city: There are both bus and [[trolleybus]] lines. The city has four big automobile bridges: two automobile bridges across the [[Vologda (river)|Vologda]] and two bridges across railways. There is one pedestrian bridge (the Red bridge) in the city center.

===Railway===
Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the [[Northern Railway (Russia)|Northern Railway]]. It includes the stations Vologda-1, Vologda-2, Rybkino, and Losta. The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the [[Russian Federation]], with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily. Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1. The [[Rybkino railway station]], a railway station for freight trains, is near Vologda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Железнодорожная станция Рыбкино. Фотолинии — Railwayz.info|url=https://railwayz.info/photolines/station/10520|access-date=2024-09-10|website=railwayz.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Рыбкино - железнодорожная станция, Вологда - расписание поездов|url=https://tochka-na-karte.ru/Railway-Stations/5514-Rybkino.html|access-date=2024-09-10|website=tochka-na-karte.ru}}</ref>

===Air===
The [[Vologda Airport]] is situated 10&nbsp;km from the city centre along the [[M8 highway (Russia)|Arkhangelsk highway]]. [[Yakovlev Yak-40|Yak-40]] aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow, [[Ukhta]], [[Velikiy Ustyug]], [[Kichmengsky Gorodok]], and [[Vytegra]]. Helicopters [[Mil Mi-2|Mi-2]] and [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]]  are used by the Vologda aviation company. They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service.

===Highways===
The following highways go through Vologda:

* '''[[M8 highway (Russia)|Federal highway М8]]''' (Moscow–[[Yaroslavl]]–Vologda–[[Arkhangelsk]]–[[Severodvinsk]]). The entrance to Vologda from the Moscow side (south) is Okruzhnoe shosse and Koneva street, from the Arkhangelsk side (north) to Chernyshevskaya street.
* '''Road А-114''' (Vologda–[[Cherepovets]]–[[Novaya Ladoga]]). The entrance to Vologda is Leningradskoe shosse and Okruzhnoe shosse.
* '''Line Р-5''' (Vologda–[[Kirillov (town)|Kirillov]]–[[Vytegra]]–[[Pudozh]]–[[Medvezhyegorsk]]). The entrance to Vologda is Alexander Klubov street.
* Roads of local importance lead to
** Mozhaiskoye and Norobovo,
** Fetinino (through Semyonkovo)
** [[Gryazovets]] and Rostilovo (old Moscow highway).

The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114, Р-5 and М-8 (the Arkhangelsk destination) is under construction around Vologda. The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road.

===Urban public transport===
The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and [[trolleybus]] routes, and also by lines of [[Marshrutka|fixed-route taxis]]. Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929, the trolleybus service was open in 1976. As of November 2009, in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes, nineteen municipal bus routes, and about forty ''[[marshrutka]]s'' (routed taxis). The main transport companies are the open society "VologdaElectroTrans" (trolleybuses), PATP-1 and PATP-32 (municipal bus routes).

<gallery widths="200" heights="160">>
File:LiAZ-5256.46 in Vologda.jpg|Bus [[LiAZ-5256]]
File:Pavlovo Bus «Aurora» 70.jpg|PAZ-4230 "Aurora"
File:Mercedes-Benz bus 5.jpg|Mercedes-Benz O345
File:Ikarus 280.33 in Vologda - 2009.jpg|[[Ikarus 280]]
File:Vologda MAZ-206.jpg|[[Minsk Automobile Plant|MAZ]]-206
File:VMZ «Olimp» bus 3.jpg|[[VMZ (Vologodskiy mechanical plant)|VMZ]] "Olimp"
File:Шкода на Левичева.JPG|Trolleybus [[VMZ (Vologodskiy mechanical plant)|Skoda-VMZ-14Tr]]
File:ВМЗ6215.JPG|Trolleybus [[VMZ (Vologodskiy mechanical plant)|VMZ-6215]]
File:Graf&Stift GSGE 150M18.jpg|Trolleybus [[Gräf & Stift]] 150M18
File:ВМЗ-5298.30АХ.JPG|Trolleybus VMZ-5298
File:ВМЗ-375.JPG|VMZ-375
</gallery>

==Industry==
Currently, there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda. The most notable ones are:

* Closed joint-stock company "Vologda Bearing Factory" – produces bearings of various types
* Open joint stock company "Vagron" – alcohol production
* Open joint stock company "Vologda Machine-Building Plant" – produces various processing equipment for agriculture
* Open joint stock company "Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant" – produces optical devices
* State-owned enterprise "Vologda Railway-Carriage Repair Works", branch of the Open Society of the Russian Railway – produces various trains, makes repair and reconstruction of old carriages
* Open joint stock company "Byvalovsky machinery plant" – the leading enterprise of the [[Northwestern Federal District|Northwest of Russia]] that produces cranes
* Open joint stock company "ElectroTechMash" – produces electric household and technological products
* Limited liability company "Central operating company" – building, designing, management of dwellings, management of the commercial real estate
* Open joint stock company "Trans-alpha" (former "Vologda mechanical factory") – produces trolleybuses and buses
* Opened joint-stock company "Vologda building designs and road machines factory" – produces mobile buildings for household, public, and industrial use
* Closed joint-stock company "SoyuzLesMontazh" – produces a wide range of equipment for wood processing and equipment for the paper industry

Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» (lace), limited liability company "Hope" and other enterprises.
{{wide image|Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant 3.jpg|700px|align-cap=center|Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant}}

==Sports==
Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums "Dynamo", "Locomotive", "Vityaz", the swimming pools "Dynamo" and "Lagoon", the sports and concert complex "Spectrum", fitness centers, regional athletic spots.
Vologda is a home to:

* the male soccer team "[[FC Dynamo Vologda|Dynamo]]"
* the female basketball team "Chevakata"

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Vologda is [[sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Города – побратимы города Вологды|url=https://vologda-portal.ru/oficialnaya_vologda/index.php?SECTION_ID=5971|website=vologda-portal.ru|publisher=Vologda|language=ru|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=February 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215021532/http://vologda-portal.ru/oficialnaya_vologda/index.php?SECTION_ID=5971|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{Flagicon|BUL}} [[Burgas]], Bulgaria
* {{Flagicon|BLR}} [[Grodno]], Belarus
* {{Flagicon|FIN}} [[Kouvola]], Finland
* {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Sevastopol]], Ukraine
* {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Yevpatoria]], Ukraine
<!--rest - partnership, not twinning-->
{{Div col end}}

==Notable people==
===Arts===
* [[Konstantin Batyushkov]] (1787–1855), poet
* [[Valery Gavrilin]] (1939–1999), composer
* [[Varlam Shalamov]] (1907–1982), writer, poet
* [[Georgi Vasilyev]] (1899–1946), film director, screenwriter
* [[Apollo Korzeniowski]] and his son [[Joseph Conrad]], writers, were expelled to Vologda via court-martial order
* [[Anya Monzikova]] (born 25 August 1984), model and actress

===Sciences===
* [[Alexander Vladimirovich Bykov|Alexander Bykov]] (born 1962), historian, numismatist
* [[Khariton Chebotaryov]] (1746–1815), historian, rector of the [[Moscow University]]
* [[Nikolay Devyatkov]] (1907–2001), engineer and inventor
* [[Grigory Landsberg]] (1890–1957), physicist

===Sports===
* [[Uno Aava]] (born 1928), Estonian racing driver
* [[Yuliya Chekalyova]] (born 1984), [[cross-country skiing (sport)|cross-country skier]]
* [[Zhanna Gromova]] (born 1949), [[figure skating]] coach
* [[Nikolay Gulyayev]] (born 1966), [[speed skater]]
* [[Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kulikov]] (born 1988), football player
* [[Natalia Podolskaya (canoeist)]] (born 1993), canoeist
* [[Artur Rylov]] (born 1989), football player 
* [[Tamara Rylova]] (born 1931), speed skater
* [[Adam Vishnyakov]] (born 1991), former professional football player
* [[Artem Yashkin]] (born 1975), football player

==See also==
*[[Northern Thebaid]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
* {{RussiaBasicLawRef|vlg|vologda}}
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|vlg|adm|law}}
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|vlg|adm|list}}
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|vlg|mun|list|vologda}}
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|vlg|mun|list|vologodsky}}
* Brumfield, William. '''''Vologda Album''''' (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2005)  {{ISBN|5-94607-050-9}}  (in English and in Russian)
*{{cite journal
| last1       = Vinogradova
| first1      = E. A.
| last2       = Fedyshin
| first2      =I. N.
| last3       =Fedyshin
| first3      =N. N.
|year       = 2013
| title      = Икона из Вологодского Спасо-Всеградского собора "Спас Всемилостивый (Обыденный)" и её списки в собрании Вологодского музея-заповедника
| journal = Вестник Псковского Государственного Университета. Серия: Социально-Гуманитарные Науки
| issue = 2
| pages = 188–202
| trans-title      =The Icon «Saviour, the Most Merciful (everyday)» and Its Copies in the Collection of Vologda Museum
| language  = ru
| url        = https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ikona-iz-vologodskogo-spaso-vsegradskogo-sobora-spas-vsemilostivyy-obydennyy-i-ee-spiski-v-sobranii-vologodskogo-muzeya-zapovednika
| location   = Vologda
| publisher  = Pskov State University
}}

==External links==
* [http://vologda-portal.ru/en/ Official website of Vologda];  {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920125859/http://vologda-portal.ru/en/ |date=September 20, 2012 }}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Vologda (town) |volume= 28 | page = 197 |short= 1}}
* [http://vologda-portal.ru/ Official website of Vologda]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221155225/http://vologda-portal.ru/ |date=February 21, 2010 }} {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.cultinfo.ru/brumfield/photoarchive/vologda/index_e.htm Vologda in photos: photoarchive by William Brumfield]  {{in lang|ru|en}}
* [http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/tracing-russias-past-and-present-in-vologda/304804.html Tracing Russia's Past and Present in Vologda]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050312174554/http://www.cultinfo.ru/arts/architecture/vologda/000070/report.htm Detailed information on Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://portal-vologda.ru/ Unofficial website of Vologda] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://gigapan.org/viewGigapan.php?id=7374 View from St. Sophia Cathedral bell tower]
* [http://vologdalace.ru/ Russian Pillow Lace] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.cultinfo.ru/brumfield Historic architecture of Vologda]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416092408/http://cultinfo.ru/brumfield/ |date=April 16, 2020 }} {{in lang|en|ru}}
* Russia Beyond the Headlines. [http://rbth.ru/articles/2010/11/08/treasures_of_the_vologda_region05095.html Treasures of the Vologda Region];  {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711164749/http://rbth.ru/articles/2010/11/08/treasures_of_the_vologda_region05095.html |date=July 11, 2012 }}

{{Vologda Oblast}}
{{Russian North}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vologda| ]]
[[Category:Vologda Urban Okrug]]
[[Category:Vologodsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Rus' towns]]