View source for Vulcan Iron Works

{{Short description|Name of several iron foundries}}
{{about|companies called Vulcan Iron Works|the company in Wilkes-Barre|Vulcan Iron Works (Wilkes-Barre)}}
{{distinguish|Vulcan Foundry}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

[[File:Vulcan Works Bradford lithograph Industries of Yorkshire ca 1888.jpg|thumb|400px|
Vulcan Works, Thornton Road, Bradford, ca 1888, founded by [[Robinson Thwaites]], was one of several [[Victorian era]] iron mills sharing the name; like many others, it made a wide variety of machinery including [[mining equipment]] and [[locomotive]]s]]

'''Vulcan Iron Works''' was the name of several [[Ironworks|iron foundries]] in both England and the United States during the [[Industrial Revolution]] and, in one case, lasting until the mid-20th century. [[Vulcan (mythology)|Vulcan]], the Roman god of fire and smithery, was a popular namesake for these foundries.

==England==
During the [[Industrial Revolution]], numerous entrepreneurs independently founded factories named Vulcan Iron Works in England, notably that of [[Robinson Thwaites]] and [[Sir Edward Carbutt, 1st Baronet|Edward Carbutt]] at Bradford,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/wiki/1862_London_Exhibition:_Catalogue:_Class_7.:_Thwaites_and_Carbutt|title=1862 London Exhibition: Catalogue: Class 7.: Thwaites and Carbutt - Graces Guide}}</ref> and that of Thomas Clunes at Worcester,<ref name="MIAC">McKenzie and Holland Ltd, Vulcan Iron Works, Worcester http://www.miac.org.uk/mckenzie.htm Retrieved 12 October 2011</ref> England. The largest of all the ironworks of Victorian England, the Cleveland Works of [[Bolckow Vaughan]] in Middlesbrough, were on Vulcan Street.<ref name="CSW">{{cite web | url=http://www.chrisscottwilson.co.uk/#/bolckow-vaughan/4546265432 | title=Bolckow & Vaughan Men of Steel | publisher=Chris Scott Wilson | year=2010 | access-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref>

===Thwaites & Carbutt, Bradford===
{{anchor|Bradford}}
The Vulcan Works at Thornton Road, [[Bradford]] was a spacious and handsome factory. It was described in Industries of Yorkshire as

{{blockquote|the largest of their kind in Bradford, and the centre and headquarters of an industry of magnificent dimensions and condition throughout. The works cover about four acres of ground ... The buildings are all of stone, and the mechanical equipment could not be surpassed in efficacy at the present day, for it includes the latest and best improvements in all kinds of apparatus that can be advantageously brought to bear upon such an industry as that here engaged in. The working staff numbers about 200 men; and the perfection of order and system prevails in each and every department.<ref>Industries of Yorkshire, ca 1888</ref>}}

===Ley's, Derby===
[[File:Ley's Mess Room 1169691 e4560770.jpg|thumb|right|The mess room for Ley's Malleable Castings in Colombo Street, Derby]]
The Vulcan Iron Works at Osmaston Road, [[Derby]] was founded in 1874 by [[Francis Ley]] (1846-1916). On a site occupying 11 acres by the [[Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway]], he manufactured castings for motor cars.<ref name=Ley/> The company became the Ley's Malleable Castings Company Ltd.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.picturethepast.org.uk/frontend.php?action=printdetails&keywords=Ref_No_increment;EQUALS;DMAG000991&prevUrl= | title=North East Midland Photographic Record | work=The Leys Malleable Castings Company Ltd Works | date=November 1987 | access-date=February 17, 2012 | pages=DMAG000991}}</ref> In the London Gazette of April 14, 1876, Ley was granted a patent for "improvements in apparatus for locking and fastening nuts on fish plate and other bolts".<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24314|date=April 14, 1876|page=2490}}</ref> The iron foundry was closed and demolished in 1986.<ref name=Ley>{{cite web | url=http://mediahub-preview.edina.ac.uk/record/display/061-oaiwwwculturegridorgukPictureThePast2190696;jsessionid=12633A7CD25C9BCA8552D6475AEB87B9 | title=MediaHub | publisher=JISC | work=Ley's Vulcan Iron Works, Derby. Area over 11 acres | access-date=February 17, 2012 | archive-date=8 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220202/http://mediahub-preview.edina.ac.uk/record/display/061-oaiwwwculturegridorgukPictureThePast2190696;jsessionid=12633A7CD25C9BCA8552D6475AEB87B9 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===McKenzie, Clunes & Holland, Worcester===
[[File:Vulcan Iron Works Worcester engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Vulcan Iron Works, Worcester, founded by Thomas Clunes]]
{{see also|Worcester Shrub Hill railway station}}

The Vulcan Iron Works at Cromwell Street, [[Worcester, England|Worcester]] was founded in 1857 by Thomas Clunes (b. 1818, d. 28 September 1879).<ref name="MIAC" /> The firm started out as "Engineers, Millwrights, Iron & Brass Founders, Plumbers etc", according to the listing in ''[[Kelly's Directory]]''.<ref name="MIAC" /> The works had a single tall tapering square chimney, a covered area with open sides, and a handsome main building on a largely open site on the west side of the [[Worcester and Birmingham Canal]].<ref name="MIAC" />

By 1861, Clunes, a former "Plumber and Brass Founder" from [[Aberdeen]], [[Scotland]]<ref>General Register Office for Scotland. 1851 Scotland Census. Aberdeen West. Roll CSSCT1851_39. ED 6A. Page 32.</ref> living in St Martin's, Worcester, with nine children, was a "Master Engineer employing 104 men and 10 boys"; his son Robert at age 11 was an "Apprentice to Engineer".<ref name=Clunes1861>The National Archives. 1861 England Census Record. Worcester, St Martin. RG 9/2092. District 11. Page 2.</ref> In 1861, Clunes was joined by two former railwaymen, McKenzie and Holland, and the firm moved into [[railway signalling]] equipment.<ref name="MIAC" /> Clunes retired to Fowey, Cornwall, and his name was dropped from the company's name in the 1870s.<ref name="MIAC" /> The entry in the Worcestershire Post Office Directory for 1876 is simply "RAILWAY SIGNAL MANFRS. McKenzie & Holland, Vulcan Iron Works, Worcester."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.historicaldirectories.org/hd/pageviewer.asp?fn=0000d6xf.tif&dn=LUL6009tif&zoom=s | title=Kelly's Directory | publisher=Post Office | work=Post Office Directory of Worcestershire | year=1876 | access-date=October 12, 2011 | author=Kelly, E. R. (editor) | pages=1183}}</ref>

===Vulcan Iron Works, Langley Mill===

The G R Turner company's Vulcan Iron Works at [[Langley Mill]],<ref>[http://www.heanorhistory.org.uk/langley_mill.htm Heanor History: Langley Mill]</ref> [[Derbyshire]] was built in 1874.<ref name="Langley Mill">{{cite web | url=http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/projects/derbyshire/langley-mill/vulcan-works | title=Wessex Archaeology | publisher=Wessex Archaeology | work=The Vulcan Iron Works, Langley Mill | date=19 April 2010 | access-date=February 16, 2012}}</ref> GR Turner produced railway rolling stock until the 1960s; at its peak it employed 350 men.<ref name="Langley Mill"/> According to Grace's Guide, G R Turner was established in 1863; it became a Limited Company in 1902, and was registered on 29 January 1903 as acquiring T N Turner's business of "engineer, wheel and wagon maker"; in 1914 it was described as "Colliery Engineers" as well as making rolling stock, with 800 engineers.<ref name="Graces">{{cite web | url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/G._R._Turner | title=Grace's Guide: British Industrial History | publisher=Grace's Guide | work=G R Turner | date=29 October 2011 | access-date=February 16, 2012}}</ref>

===Vulcan Ironworks, Preston===
[[File:Gregson and Monk Engineers Salter Road Preston.jpg|thumb|Gregson and Monk Engineers, Salter Street, Preston, in 1960]]

In 1857 the firm of Baxendale and Gregson was founded in Shepherd Street, [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], [[Lancashire]]. When the works there became too small, the business moved to a new Vulcan Ironworks, built at Salter Street, just off North Road, Preston, under the name Gregson and Monk.<ref name=Preston/>

In 1873, James Gregson bought 82 acres of land at Fulwood; in 1876 he built Highgate Park mansion with the land as its extensive gardens. He owned much property in Preston and was a councillor of Fulwood District. His son George Frederick Gregson ran the firm after him.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ww1.pgsassociation.org.uk/html/roll_of_honour.html | title=Preston Grammar School Association | publisher=PGS Association | work=Gregson, George Dietlin | date=October 2009 | access-date=February 16, 2012 | author=Hadwen, Alick}}</ref>

When Monk retired in March 1874, James Gregson became sole proprietor. He employed about 400 men, making up to 100 weaving looms per week. Over 25,000 looms made by Gregson were claimed to be at work in or near Preston in 1884.<ref name=Preston>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/rpsmithbarney/5965659406/sizes/o/in/photostream Our Local Industries. The Iron Trade. Messrs. Gregson and Monks, Vulcan Ironworks. (No. 9). Preston Chronicle, 30 August 1884. (Preston Digital Archive)] Retrieved 16 February 2012.</ref>

The machines made by the firm included:<ref name=Preston/>

{{blockquote|Silk looms, circular and drop-box looms, fustian looms, Turkish towel looms, jacquard looms, dobby looms, Bradford looms, sheeting, linen and sailcloth looms, etc., for weaving all kinds of cotton, linen, worsted, silk, flax, hemp, jute, and woollen goods of various widths and strength&mdash;principally shirtings, jaconets, domestic tablecloths, twills, sheetings, counterpanes, checks, ginghams, quiltings, toilet cloths, handkerchiefs, Turkish towels, fustians, nankeens, cotton velvets, bedticks, cambrics, drapers, hucks, damask, towels, &c. Also all kinds of preparing machinery, viz., slasher sizing machines, pirning machines, beaming machines, cloth folding and measuring machines, hydraulic cloth presses, steam drying machines, &c.}}

The ironworks was reported in 1884 to have grindstones of 7&nbsp;ft (2 metre) diameter; "two cupolas blown by fans, one of which is capable of melting twenty tons of metal per day"; cranes and hoists; a brass moulding shop; a sand mill (for the mouldings); and a machine for grinding coal to dust. The buildings included a draughtsmen's office; a pattern makers' and joiners' shop; a packing room; an erecting and turning shop; and a smithy. All the machines were driven by rope from a single large wheel; two horizontal steam engines powered the entire ironworks. The journalist noted that "The death rate among grinders is very high indeed, which it is almost impossible to prevent."<ref name=Preston/>

==United States==

===Seattle===
[[File:Seattle - Vulcan Iron Works 02 - 1900.jpg|thumb|right|Vulcan Iron Works, Seattle, 1900.]]
The Vulcan Iron Works in [[Seattle]] had [[Jacob Furth#Banking and financial positions|Jacob Furth]] as its president. Furth ran the Vulcan Iron Works along with the [[Puget Sound Electric Railway]] and street railways on the [[Puget Sound]].<ref name=Bagley>Clarence Bagley, ''History of Seattle from the earliest settlement to the present time'', Volume 2, The S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1916. p 732-738. This work is now in the public domain.</ref>

===San Francisco===
A Vulcan Iron Works was established at 135 Fremont Street, [[San Francisco]] in 1850 during the [[California gold rush]].  The factory occupied the block bounded by Fremont, Mission, Howard, and First Streets.  The factory maintained the name through a number of owners building boilers, steam engines, mining machinery, sawmills, and some relatively primitive steam locomotives for 19th century California railroads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=1064|title=Vulcan Iron Works|publisher=Vintage Machinery|access-date=2011-07-25}}</ref> It built the [[Oregon Pony]] in 1861.<ref name = geared>Other Geared Steam Locomotives&nbsp;— Page  STUV. Geared  Steam  Locomotive  Works. 2010-05-30. URL:http://www.gearedsteam.com/other/other_stuv.htm.</ref> The factory was destroyed by the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]], but steel fabrication activities resumed on the site after the quake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/ew20.html|title=MEMORIES OF THE SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE AND FIRE OF 1906|publisher=Howard T. Livingston|access-date=2011-07-25}}</ref>

===Charleston===
There was a Vulcan Iron Works on Cumberland Street, [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], [[South Carolina]] in 1865.<ref name="Charleston">{{cite web | title=Vulcan Iron Works Sign|url=http://www.shorpy.com/node/2627 | publisher=Shorpy | work=Civil War: Vulcan Iron Works Sign | access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Vulcan (motor vehicles)]]

==References==
{{reflist|32em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.steamlocomotive.info/locobrowse.cfm?bn=Vulcan%20Iron%20Works Preserved Vulcan Iron Works steam locomotive list]
* [http://www.miac.org.uk/shrubhill5.htm Photograph of Vulcan Iron Works Worcester steel at Shrub Hill station]
* [http://www.prestonhistoricalsociety.org.uk/phs_display.php?mnImage=BH0971 Photograph of Gregson and Monk Engineers, Salter Street, Preston]
* [http://www.cleo.net.uk/followtheyarn/timeline/maufacturing_1785.html Photograph of a Gregson and Monk power loom]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/rpsmithbarney/4639153289/sizes/o/in/photostream Photograph of James Gregson's Highgate Park mansion, Preston in 1900]
* [http://manholecovers.de/vulcan-ironworks-sf-ca Photograph of a grate, cast by Vulcan Iron Works San Francisco]
* [https://findingaids.hagley.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/1971_210.xml Finding Aid for Vulcan Iron Works collection at Hagley Library]

[[Category:Industrial machine manufacturers]]
[[Category:History of Worcester, England]]
[[Category:Foundries in the United States]]
[[Category:Ironworks and steel mills in the United States]]
[[Category:Industrial buildings in England]]
[[Category:Foundries in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures destroyed by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake]]