View source for Wace

{{Short description|12th-century Norman poet and chronicler}}
{{About|the Norman poet|other uses|Wace (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox writer
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| image            = Wace John Everett Millais.jpg
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| caption          = Wace drawn by [[John Everett Millais]]
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| birth_date       = {{c.}} 1110<!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. -->
| birth_place      = [[Jersey]], [[Duchy of Normandy]]
| death_date       = after 1174 (age 64+)<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) -->
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| language         = [[Old French]]/[[Old Norman]]/[[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]]
| nationality      = [[Normans|Norman]]<!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
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| education        = Educated in [[Caen]]
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| period           = [[Anglo-Norman literature]]
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| years_active     = 1150s–70s
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[[Image:Wace monument in St Helier Jersey.jpg|thumb|A memorial to Wace was set up in his native island of Jersey]][[Image:Wace illustration Roman de Rou 1824.jpg|thumb|Wace presents his ''Roman de Rou'' to Henry II in this illustration from 1824]]
'''Wace''' ({{c.}} 1110<ref>Burgess, ed., at xiii</ref> – after 1174<ref>Burgess, ed., at xvi</ref>), sometimes referred to as '''Robert Wace''',<ref>{{cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Robert Wace|last=|first=|page=}}</ref> was a [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] [[Normans|Norman]] [[poet]], who was born in [[Jersey]] and brought up in mainland [[Normandy]] (he tells us in the ''Roman de Rou'' that he was taken as a child to [[Caen]]), ending his career as [[canon (priest)|Canon]] of [[Bayeux]].

==Life==
All that is known of Wace's life comes from autobiographical references in his poems. He neglected to mention his birthdate; some time between 1099 and 1111 is the most commonly accepted period for his birth.

The name ''Wace'', used in Jersey until the 16th century, appears to have been his only name; [[surname]]s were not universally used at that time. It was quite a common first name in the [[Duchy of Normandy]], derived from the Germanic personal name ''Wasso'', Wazzo. The spelling and the pronunciation of this name were rendered different ways in the texts, according to the place where the copyists were from. In the various versions of the ''Roman de Rou'', his name appears five times as ''Wace'', then ''Gace'' (once), ''Vace, Vacce, Vaicce'' (three times all together).<ref name="RL">René Lepelley, ''Guillaume le duc, Guillaume le roi'' : extraits du '''Roman de Rou''' de Wace, Centre de publication de l'Université de Caen, Caen, 1987, p. 15.</ref> Until the 11th century, the ''w'' spelling corresponded to the pronunciation [w] (like in English) in Northern Normandy (including the Channel Islands), but it shifted to [v] in the 12th century.<ref>Lepelley 15</ref> South to an [[isogloss]] corresponding more or less to the [[Joret line]], [w] had been turned to [gw] and later [g] (like in common French). Today the name survives as the patronymic surname ''Vasse'' in Normandy and in the North of France<ref>Repartition of ''Vasse'' in France (according to the number of births) In the south of France, it is probably an unrelated name [http://www.geopatronyme.com/cgi-bin/carte/nomcarte.cgi?nom=Vasse&image.x=0&image.y=0]</ref> and ''Gasse'' further south (including also Normandy).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geopatronyme.com/cgi-bin/carte/nomcarte.cgi?nom=Gasse&image.x=0&image.y=0|title=Nom de famille en France: popularité, origine, étymologie, état-civil, généalogie}}</ref> and a derived form in ''-elin'' : Vasselin

His name is pronounced {{IPAc-en|w|ei|s}} (rhyming with 'place') or {{IPAc-en|w|æ|z}} ('waz').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/wace|title=WACE definition and meaning &#124; Collins English Dictionary}}</ref><ref>Farina, W. (2010:89). ''Chretien de Troyes and the Dawn of Arthurian Romance''. Ukraine: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers.</ref> in English, but {{IPAc-fr|v|ɑ|s}} in French.<ref name="RL"/>

It is speculated that he may have been of aristocratic origin, as he was sent to [[Caen]] to be educated, which would have been virtually impossible for most. His detailed writing on maritime matters may have stemmed from his island upbringing.

Around 1130 Wace returned to Caen and took ecclesiastical work, possibly as a teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://user.itl.net/~geraint/wace.html |title=Maistre Wace |access-date=2011-01-09 |archive-date=2011-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928005944/http://user.itl.net/~geraint/wace.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The date of Wace's death is uncertain.  The most recent event described in the ''Roman de Rou'' may be dated to 1174.  In the ''Rou'', Wace also mentions [[Henry the Young King]] as living.  The latter lived until 1183, which means that Wace probably did not revise the ''Rou'' after that date.

==Works==
His extant works include the ''[[Roman de Brut]]'',  a verse history of Britain, the ''[[Roman de Rou]]'', and other works in verse, including the ''Lives'' of [[Margaret the Virgin]] and [[Saint Nicholas]].

===''Roman de Brut''===
''[[Roman de Brut]]'' (c. 1155) was based on the ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' of [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]. It cannot be regarded as a history in any modern sense, although Wace often distinguishes between what he knows and what he does not know, or has been unable to find out. Wace narrates the founding of Britain by [[Brutus of Troy]] to the end of the legendary British history created by Geoffrey of Monmouth. The popularity of this work is explained by the new accessibility to a wider public of the Arthur legend in a vernacular language. In the midst of the Arthurian section of the text, Wace was the first to mention the legend of [[King Arthur]]'s [[Round Table]], although on the whole he adds only minor details to Geoffrey's text.

The ''Roman de Brut'' became the basis, in turn, for [[Layamon's Brut|Layamon's ''Brut'']], an alliterative [[Middle English]] poem, and [[Peter Langtoft]]'s ''Chronicle''. Historian Matthew Bennett, in an article entitled "Wace and warfare," has pointed out that Wace clearly had a good understanding of contemporary warfare, and that the details of military operations he invents to flesh out his accounts of pseudo-historical conflicts can therefore be of value in understanding the generalities of warfare in Wace's own time.<ref>Bennett, "Wace and warfare"</ref>

===''Roman de Rou''===
The ''[[Roman de Rou]]'', was, according to Wace, commissioned by [[Henry II of England]] in around 1160.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Urbanski |first=Charity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt32b522 |title=Writing History for the King: Henry II and the Politics of Vernacular Historiography |date=2013 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5131-7 |jstor=10.7591/j.ctt32b522 }}</ref> The ''Rou'' is a vernacular adaptation of the chronicle tradition of the dukes of Normandy begun by Dudo of St. Quentin, and continued by William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni.{{Sfn|Paul|2012|p=58}} Wace claims that he was fired by Henry II after working on the project for 15 years.<ref name=":0" /> 

{{Block quote|text=Let he whose business it is continue the story. I am referring to Master Beneeit, who has undertaken to tell of this affair, as the king has assigned him the task; since the king has asked him to do it, I must abandon it and fall silent.|author=Wace|title=Roman de Rou}}

Henry had indeed replaced Wace with another writer, [[Benoît de Sainte-Maure]], already famous from having written the ''[[Roman de Troie]]''. Benoît did not use any of Wace's work, but started afresh in composing his own ''Chronique des ducs de Normandie''.<ref name=":0" /> Precisely why Henry II fired Wace and replaced him on the project with Benoît is unknown, although a number of theories have been advanced to explain the decision. Among the sensitive issues that were introduced by Wace, and handled differently by Benoît, was the memory of [[Robert Curthose|Robert of Curthose]], duke of Normandy, and the role in the [[First Crusade]]. In terms of English dynastic history, Curthose could only be a controversial figure, since his son had offered a rival claim to the ducal title. Where Wace offered a fawning description of Robert's heroism, including claims that he had returned with great trophies like the banner of a Muslim emir, Benoît closed his account by emphasizing the shame Robert had brought upon the family by refusing to accept the crown of the [[kingdom of Jerusalem]].{{Sfn|Paul|2012|p=228-233}}

==Language==
[[File:Square Maistre Wace Bayeux b.jpg|thumb|Square in [[Bayeux]] named for Wace]]
The Romance language Wace wrote in is variously regarded as an [[Old Norman]] dialect of the [[Norman language]], a dialect of [[Old French]], or specifically the precursor of [[Jèrriais]]. Writers in Jersey have looked on Wace as the founder of Jersey literature, and Jèrriais is sometimes referred to as ''the language of Wace'' although the poet himself predated the development of Jèrriais as a literary language. Wace is the earliest known Jersey writer.

Although the name Robert has been ascribed to Wace, this is a tradition resting on little evidence. It is generally believed nowadays that Wace only had one name. As a clerc lisant, he was proud of his title of Maistre (master) and is consequently sometimes referred to as Maistre Wace.

There is a granite memorial stone to Wace built into the side of the States Building in [[Jersey]]'s Royal Square. This includes a quote from the ''Roman de Rou'' that expresses the poet's pride in his place of birth:

:''Jo di e dirai ke jo sui''
:''Wace de l’isle de Gersui''

Modern Jèrriais:<br>
:''J'dis et dithai qu'jé sis''
:''Wace dé l'Île dé Jèrri''

Modern French:<br>
:''Je dis et dirai que je suis''
:''Wace de l'île de Jersey''

English:<br>
:''I say and will say that I am''
:''Wace from the Island of Jersey''

==See also==
*[[Anglo-Norman literature]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Arnold, I., and Pelan, M., ''La partie arthurienne du Roman de Brut'', Paris, 1962.
* {{Cite journal |first=Matthew |last=Bennett |title=Wace and Warfare |journal=Anglo-Norman Studies |volume=11 |year=1988 |pages=37–57 }}
* Bratu, Cristian, « Je, auteur de ce livre »: L’affirmation de soi chez les historiens, de l’Antiquité à la fin du Moyen Âge. Later Medieval Europe Series (vol. 20). Leiden: Brill, 2019 ({{ISBN|978-90-04-39807-8}}).
* Bratu, Cristian, "Translatio, autorité et affirmation de soi chez Gaimar, Wace et Benoît de Sainte-Maure." ''The Medieval Chronicle'' 8 (2013): 135–164.
* Foulon, Charles, "Wace" in ''Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages'', Roger S. Loomis (ed.). [[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]]: [[Oxford University]]. 1959. {{ISBN|0-19-811588-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Paul |first=Nicholas |title=To Follow in Their Footsteps: the Crusades and Family Memory in the High Middle Ages |date=2012 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year= |isbn=978-0-8014-5097-6 |location=Ithaca}}
* {{Cite book |last=Urbanski |first=Charity |title=Writing History for the King: Henry II and the Politics of Vernacular Historiography |date=2013 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9780801469718 |location=Ithaca}}
* Wace, ''Roman de Brut'', ed. I. Arnold, 2 vols., [[Paris]], 1938–1940.
* Wace, ''Roman de Rou'', ed. J. Holden, 3 vols. Paris, 1970–1973.
* Wace, ''Roman de Rou'', ed. G. Burgess, [[Woodbridge, Suffolk]], 2004.
* Weiss, Judith, ''Wace's Roman de Brut. A History of the British. Text and Translation'', Exeter, 2006.

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{DNB poster|Wace}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=3548}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=(Wace -creator:(henry OR microsoft OR alan OR "E G." OR bayard) -title:kempton -description:henry)}}
* [https://1066.co.nz/Mosaic%20DVD/library/wace/toc.html Wace, ''Chronicle of the Norman Conquest'' from ''Roman de Rou''] translated by [[Edgar Taylor (author)|Edgar Taylor]], 1837.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Wace, Robert |volume= 28 |last= Davis |first= Henry William Carless |author-link= Henry William Carless Davis | page = 224 |short= 1 }}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:People from the Duchy of Normandy]]
[[Category:Norman-language poets]]
[[Category:Writers of Arthurian literature]]
[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:12th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Jersey writers]]
[[Category:12th-century French poets]]
[[Category:12th-century French writers]]