View source for Wallace Fard Muhammad

{{Short description|Founder of the Nation of Islam (c. 1877 – disappeared c. 1934)}}
{{About-distinguish|the founder of the Nation of Islam|Warith Deen Mohammed{{!}}Wallace Deen Muhammad}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name          = 
| image               = {{Multiple images
| perrow            = 1
| total_width       = 230px
| image1            =  Wallace Fard Muhammad.jpg
| border            = infobox
}}
| imagesize           = 200px
| caption             = Fard's official portrait {{circa|1932}}
| order               = Leader of the [[Nation of Islam]]
| term_start          = 1930
| term_end            = 1934
| successor           = [[Elijah Muhammad]]
| birth_date          = Date uncertain; [[Nation of Islam|NOI]] tradition claims February 26, 1877{{Ref label|aaa|a}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/n-o-i-founder-wallace-d-fard-born/|title=N.O.I. Founder, Wallace D. Fard born|website=African American Registry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wallace-D-Fard|title=Wallace D. Fard – American religious leader|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=March 2024 }}</ref>
| birth_place         = Place uncertain; NOI tradition claims [[Mecca]]; possibly [[Balochistan]] (modern-day [[Pakistan]]) or [[British Hong Kong]]
| footnotes           = {{note|aaa}}a. Birth dates attributed to Fard include 1877, 1883, 1884, 1891, and 1893; the Nation of Islam [[Saviour's Day|celebrates]] February 26, 1877.
| module              = {{infobox person|child=yes
| disappeared_date    = 1934
| occupation          = Religious and political activist
| spouse          =  Unknown. Possibly {{indented plainlist|
*{{marriage|Pearl Allen|May 9, 1914|December 27, 1914|reason=divorced}}
*{{marriage|Hazel Barton|1919|reason=}} (common law)
*{{marriage|Carmen Treviño|June 5, 1924}}
}}
| children        =   Unknown.  Possibly with Hazel: Wallace Dodd Fard (later Wallace Max Ford)
| death_place        = Date, cause, and place of death are unknown
| other_names        = {{plainlist|
* Wali Fred Dad
*Fred the Greek
*Fred the Turk
*Wallie Dodd Fard
*Wallace Dodd Ford
*William D. Fard
*Master Fard Muhammad
*many others
}}
}}
| predecessor         = ''Position established''
}}
{{Nation of Islam|Leaders}}

'''Wallace Fard Muhammad''' or '''W. D. Fard'''{{Efn|Other names Fard went by include Master Fard Muhammad.{{sfn|Evanzz|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0ubWTcGzEC&pg=PA445 Appendices: A. Reported Aliases of the Messenger and of Wallace D. Ford]|p=445}}}} ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|d}} {{respell|fə|RAHD}};<ref>{{cite web |last=Knight |first=Michael Muhammad |date=February 26, 2013 |editor1-last=Dubuc |editor1-first=Nancy |editor1-link=Nancy Dubuc |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=Shane |editor2-link=Shane Smith (journalist) |title=Remembering Master Fard Muhammad |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/remembering-master-fard-muhammad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417052442/https://www.vice.com/en/article/9bn7ae/remembering-master-fard-muhammad |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |work=[[Vice News]] |publisher=[[Vice Media]] |url-status=live |publication-place=New York City, New York, United States}}</ref>{{sfn|Evanzz|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0ubWTcGzEC&pg=PA445 Appendices: A. Reported Aliases of the Messenger and of Wallace D. Ford]|p=445}} reportedly born February 26, {{circa|1877}}<ref name="bowen">{{cite journal |title='The Colored Genius': Lucius Lehman and the Californian Roots of Modern African-American Islam |first=Patrick D. |last=Bowen |date=March 21, 2013 |journal=The Graduate Journal of Harvard Divinity School |access-date=January 31, 2022 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/hdsjournal/book/%E2%80%98-colored-genius%E2%80%99 |publication-place=[[Boston]], Massachusetts, United States }}</ref>{{Efn|The years 1891 and 1893 have both been cited by sources relying upon FBI records and genealogical records. The FBI file on Fard provides both dates but states: "Our investigation of the NOI and Fard failed to establish his birth date and birth place." According to the NOI, Fard reportedly claimed to have been born in 1877 and that he hailed from [[Mecca]].<ref name=bowen /><ref>{{cite thesis |title=Fard Muhammad in historical context: An Islamic thread in the American religious and cultural quilt |publisher=[[Howard University]] |publication-place=Washington, D.C., United States |type=PhD |oclc=488985857 |first=Fatimah Abdul-Tawwab |last=Fanusie |year=2008 }}</ref>{{sfn|Morrow|2019|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LTWEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 Chapter 1. Issues of Origin]|pp=1-35}}}} – disappeared {{circa|1934}}) was a religious leader who was the founder of the [[Nation of Islam]]. 

He arrived in [[Detroit]] in 1930 with an ambiguous background and several aliases and proselytized [[syncretic]] [[Islamic]] teachings to the city's black population. His group taught followers to abandon their old "slave names" in favor of new names that were bestowed on new members.  Fard's movement similarly taught [[Black pride]] and Black exceptionalism, saying that the black man is the "original" man and teaching that the white race were devils created by a scientist named [[Yakub (Nation of Islam)|Yakub]] via [[eugenics]].  The group preached abstinence from drugs, alcohol, pork, and out-of-wedlock sex.    

After one of Fard's followers [[Murder of James J. Smith|performed a human sacrifice]], Fard was briefly arrested, but the police ordered him to depart Detroit and not return. Instead he continued to return to the city, where he was spotted by police. In 1934, after repeated arrests and death threats, Fard left Detroit and ultimately disappeared.

[[Elijah Muhammad]] succeeded Fard as leader of the Nation of Islam.<ref name="kavanaugh">{{cite news |first=Kelli B. |last=Kavanaugh |work=[[Metro Times|Detroit Metro Times]] |title=Mystery man |publication-place=Detroit, Michigan, United States |publisher=[[Euclid Media Group|Euclid Media Group, LLC.]] |url=https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/mystery-man/Content?oid=2175649 |date=March 5, 2003 |access-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110153729/https://www.metrotimes.com/detroit/mystery-man/Content?oid=2175649 |issn=0746-4045 |oclc=10024235 |editor1-first=Ron |editor1-last=Williams |editor2-first=W. Kim |editor2-last=Heron}}</ref> Fard's teachings in turn influenced many, including [[Malcolm X]], [[Clarence 13X]], [[Muhammad Ali]], and, indirectly, [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]].  The Nation of Islam celebrates [[Saviour's Day]] every February 26 in his honor.

==Early life==
{{Main|Origin of Wallace Fard Muhammad}}
In the 1950s, the FBI publicly claimed that prior to his time in Detroit, Fard had been known as Wallace Ford, a California restaurateur.   As the FBI actively attempted to discredit and undermine the Nation of Islam,  this identification has been met with suspicion.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

Fard's origins are uncertain; according to scholars, Fard variously identified as [[white people|white]], [[black people|black]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]], [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Afghan people|Afghan]], and on one occasion, [[Jews|Jewish]]. Canadian scholar John Andrew Morrow describes Fard as a "racial and ethnic chameleon", noting,<blockquote>Fard lived in one of the most vicious, racist societies in the world: America. The conditions in which black people and indigenous people lived here were horrific. [[Racial segregation in the United States|Segregation]] was severe. Bigotry abounded. [[White supremacy]] permeated everything. [[Lynching in the United States|Lynchings]] were a daily occurrence; there were columns in the newspaper titled 'Today's Lynchings'. ... Fard witnessed unspeakable horrors committed by genuine devils. ... Why would Master Fard pass for white; who wouldn't?<ref name="Morrow2024"/></blockquote>

Scholars like A. K. Arian believed that Fard immigrated to the United States on a vessel called the SS ''Tremont'' that arrived in [[Port Townsend, Washington|Port Townsend]] in 1904, where he was named "Khanialam Khan". Khanialam's younger brother, Sher Khan, later applied for American citizenship listing his birthplace as [[Balochistan]], a region part of [[Pakistan]] since the [[Partition of India]].<ref name="Morrow2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADQhX4ldEQQ&list=PLv6GjM2JRZMr-SjpbYWLczpUcMkh12kvK |title=History of Islam in Black America: Who is Master Fard Muhammad/Islam& Slavery Dr John Andrew Morrow |via=[[YouTube]] |date=March 22, 2024}}</ref>{{Sfn|Morrow|2019}} Khanialm Khan or Alam Khan was a tamale vendor in Oregon and Fard was known to be a tamale vendor in Oregon.{{Sfn|Morrow|2019|p=280}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chameleon: The True Story of W.D. Fard |publisher=Xis Books |isbn=978-0977911257 |edition=1 |date=April 4, 2017 |first=A.K. |last=Arian }}</ref> However, in 2025, new research by Kevin Morris and Anton Batey shows that the immigrant Alam Khan or Khanialam Khan was not Fard, as he later took the name Khan Alley and died on November 19, 1958, in Lodi, California.{{sfn|Batey|2025|pp=9-16}} Batey and Morris uncovered a manifest revealing that someone named "Wallie Dad Khan" travelled from Hong Kong to San Francisco in 1907 on the SS ''Coptic''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bliis.org/essay/review-of-w-d-fards-first-footsteps-in-america/ | title=Review of "W.D. Fard's First Footsteps in America" }}</ref>{{sfn|Batey|2025|pp=17-45}} Wallie Dad Khan was associated with tamale vendors and Fard was known to have later used the name "Wali Dadd."{{sfn|Batey|2025|pp=17-45}}

On his World War I draft card, Fard identified as a citizen of [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], born in [[Shinkay District|Shinka]]. Many scholars argue that Fard may have been from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Fard reportedly spent time at the [[Ahmadiyya]] Mosque (a movement prominent in [[Pakistan]]), used translations of the Quran from [[Islam in South Asia|South Asian Muslims]], and bestowed South Asian Muslim names on followers.{{sfn|Evanzz|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0ubWTcGzEC&pg=PA409 18. Keys to the Kingdom]|pp=409-414}}  Fard's teaching of the [[Tribe of Shabazz]] may have been tied to Pakistan's [[Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]].{{Sfn|Evanzz|2011|pp=112-113}}{{Sfn|Morrow|2019|p=59}} 

In 1924, when he married a woman of Spanish ancestry, Carmen Treviño, Fard claimed he had been born in [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]. Less popular theories of origin suggest he may have been [[Syrians|Syrian]], [[Moroccans|Moroccan]], [[Bosniaks|Bosnian]], [[Albanians|Albanian]], [[African-American]], or Jewish. Fard was traditionally held by the Nation of Islam to be an Arab from Mecca.

===Oregon===
Prior to his time in Detroit, Fard operated a [[food cart]] and later [[restaurant]] in [[Oregon]] and [[California]].  In 1908, papers in [[Eugene, Oregon]] announced that local [[tamale]] vendor Fred Walldad (nicknamed "Fred the Turk") had acquired a small house on wheels to use as a food cart ("Turk" at that point in US history simply meant a Muslim).<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 23, 1908 |title=Fred Walldad, the Turkish tamale vender...<!--sic. No headline, a quotation will do--> |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-eugene-guard-wd-fard/69365972/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=The Eugene Guard |pages=8 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> That Halloween, papers reported on a "Halloween [[prank]]" in which local boys took the wheels off Fred the Turk's tamale wagon and dropped it, breaking Fred's dishes and eggs, as well as injuring Fred himself; the wheel was stolen.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 3, 1908 |title=Hallowe'en Pranks |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/morning-register/79075407/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Morning Register |pages=5 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> By the following February, he had sold his lunchwagon and moved to [[Cottage Grove, Oregon|Cottage Grove]], where he had leased a restaurant and lodging house.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 3, 1909 |title=Fred, The Turk, Sells Out |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/morning-register-wd-fard/69365957/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Morning Register |pages=5 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> 

By 1912, Fard was again selling tamales, this time in [[Salem, Oregon]]; newspapers reported on vendor Fred Dadd, a naturalized American originally from New Zealand, attending his first [[baseball]] game.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 9, 1912 |title=Foreigner Learns American Game |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/statesman-journal/78928860/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Statesman Journal |pages=5 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> In 1913, Fard penned an announcement in the newspaper complaining about [[police harassment]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 29, 1913 |title=Fred Dodd Complains |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-capital-journal-wd-fard-pens-op-ed-a/18700911/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=The Capital Journal |pages=4 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> His complaint of police harassment would be investigated by the police committee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 17, 1913 |title=Says Police Bother Him<!--sic--> |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-capital-journal-wd-files-police-hara/18701046/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=The Capital Journal |pages=3 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> After the committee reported and the report was adopted, the mayor instructed the chief of police to allow Dodd to sell his wares.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 24, 1913 |title=The police committee reported on the petition... |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-capital-journal-wd-fard-allowed-to-s/51037530/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=The Capital Journal |pages=3 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref>

In 1914, Fard was arrested for allegedly inducing Laura E. Swanson to leave her spouse for him; he was released on $1,000 bond.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 5, 1914 |title=Dodd Will Have Hearing Friday On Statutory Charge |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-capital-journal-wd-fard-seduced-swan/51037835/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=The Capital Journal |pages=4 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> A March 23 report cited Dodd's charge as "assaulting a married woman".<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 23, 1914 |title=Fred Dodd Is Indicted on Charge of Attacking Woman |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-capital-journal-wd-fard-indicted-for/51041406/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=The Capital Journal |pages=1 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> On April 20, 1914, Dodd married Pearl Allen, a [[white-passing]] member of the [[Klamath people]], in [[Multnomah County, Oregon]]. The following day, April 21, a jury acquitted Dodd.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1914 |title=Tamale Man Acquitted |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/51042587/wd_fard_acquitted_of_swanson_rape/ |access-date=15 April 2024 |newspaper=Statesman Journal |page=5 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> ''The Capital Journal'' explained the verdict by saying "It was brought out in the cross examination of the complaining witness that there was another person in the house at the time of the alleged assault and that she did not cry for help as a person in her circumstances would be aroused."<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1914 |title=Fred Dodd Held Not Guilty of Assault |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-capital-journal/76744976/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=The Capital Journal |pages=6 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref>

The marriage to Pearl was short-lived; Divorce proceedings began by August 30.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 30, 1914 |title=Dodd Files Motion |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/statesman-journal-wd-fard-files-for-divo/51039944/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Statesman Journal |pages=5 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref><!--"white passing klamath to Morrow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADQhX4ldEQQ @44mins" need better--> On November 14, he was arrested for larceny after allegedly stealing from Pearl.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |date=November 14, 1914 |title=Arrested for Larceny |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/statesman-journal-wd-fard-arrested-for-s/51042942/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Statesman Journal |pages=5 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 27, 1914 |title=Dodd Gets Divorce |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/statesman-journal/11450616/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Statesman Journal |pages=5 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> Pearl gave birth to a son the following year,{{sfn|Evanzz|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0ubWTcGzEC&pg=PA399 18. Keys to the Kingdom]|p=399}}<ref>{{harvnb|Gibson|2012|pp=24–25}}</ref> though a 2024 DNA test suggested more likely than not that this son was not biologically descended from Dodd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhammad |first=Bilal |date=January 14, 2024 |title=Did W. D. Fard have a son with Pearl Allen? A century old mystery solved |url=https://bliis.org/research/did-w-d-fard-have-a-son-with-pearl-allen-a-century-old-mystery-solved/ |accessdate=January 15, 2024 |website=Berkeley Institute for Islamic Studies}}</ref>

===Los Angeles and San Quentin===
[[File:W.D. Fard mugshot Los Angeles 1926.png|thumb|right|Wallie Dodd Ford mugshot in 1926]]

Fard moved to Los Angeles, using the name Wallie Dodd Ford, where he owned a restaurant.<ref name="bowen" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZVF-R7D|title=FamilySearch.org|publisher=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} The Nation of Islam contests the claim that Wallace Fard Muhammad and Wallie Dodd Ford were the same person.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhammad |first=Dr. Wesley |date=September 12, 2018 |title=The U.S. Government's targeting of the Nation of Islam |url=https://www.noi.org/fard-muhammad-fbi-cointelpro/ |access-date=August 10, 2020 |publisher=Nation of Islam |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ford was arrested by Los Angeles police on November 17, 1918, on a charge of [[assault]] with a [[deadly weapon]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/FBI-Wallace-Fard-Muhammad|title=FBI Documents on Wallace Fard Muhammad|last=U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)|language=en}}</ref> As of 1920, Ford was still living in Los Angeles as 26-year-old Wallie D. Ford, with his 25-year-old common law wife, Hazel E. Ford.<ref>1920 Federal U.S. Census, Los Angeles City, Enumeration District 206, Sheet 10B</ref> The pair had a son, Wallie Dodd Ford Jr.

A marriage certificate, dated June 5, 1924, was issued to Wallie Dodd Ford and Carmen Treviño, a [[Mexicans|Mexican]]-born woman of Spanish ancestry, in [[Santa Ana, California]].<ref>California State Board of Health, County of Orange, Certificate of Marriage, Local Registered No. 1768, as located in "California, County Marriages, 1850–1952", index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K8FM-5FP: accessed January 5, 2013), Wallie Dodd Ford and Carmen Frevino, 1924.</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}}

[[File:W.D. Fard at San Quentin prison June 12, 1926.png|thumb|Wallie D. Ford at San Quentin on June 12, 1926]]

Ford was arrested again on January 20, 1926, for violation of the California Woolwine Possession Act,<ref name="auto" /> and on February 15, 1926, for violation of the State Poison Act. After this second arrest, a Spanish-language paper in Los Angeles described him as a "street politician".<ref>"Fueron Confiscados $5,000.00 Valor de Drogas Heroicas", Heraldo de Mexico, February 17, 1926, 8., cited by Bowen</ref> Ford was sentenced to six months to six years at [[San Quentin State Prison]] on June 12, 1926.<ref>FBI File SAC (100-43165-16)</ref><ref>FBI report CG 100-3386, p. 2. [http://vault.fbi.gov/Wallace%20Fard%20Muhammed/Wallace%20Fard%20Muhammed%20Part%202%20of%207/view "FBI report CG 100-3386"], ''FBI Records: The Vault''; retrieved October 14, 2015.</ref> Ford was paroled from San Quentin on May 27, 1929.{{Sfn|Bowen|2017|p=250}}

===In Chicago===
In the 1930 census, Fard was listed as a resident of [[Chicago]], with stated occupation of clothing salesman. Scholars speculate that Fard's Nation of Islam might have been influenced by the [[Moorish Science Temple]] in Chicago. Both groups saw "Negroes" as [[Asia|Afro-Asiatic]], bestowed new names to replace slave names, and promoted wearing of the [[Fez (hat)|fez]].

According to some accounts, Fard was known within the temple as David Ford-el,<ref>{{cite book |last=Prashad |first=Vijay |year=2002 |title=Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=0-8070-5011-3|page=109}}</ref> and claimed (or was taken by some) to be the reincarnation of temple founder [[Drew Ali]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahlstrom |first=Sydney E. |year=2004 |title=A Religious History of the American People |edition=2nd |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-10012-4}}{{cite journal |last1=Abu Shouk |first1=Ahmed I. |last2=Hunwick |first2=J. O. |last3=O'Fahey |first3=R. S. |year=1997 |title=A Sudanese Missionary to the United States: Sāttī Mājid, 'Shaykh al-Islām in North America,' and His Encounter with Noble Drew Ali, Prophet of the Moorish Science Temple Movement |journal=Sudanic Africa |volume=8 |pages=137–191}}{{cite report |last=Hamm |first=Mark S. |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/220957.pdf |title=Terrorist Recruitment in American Correctional Institutions: An Exploratory Study of Non-Traditional Faith Groups Final Report |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |date=December 2007 |id=220957}}{{cite book |last=Lippy |first=Charles H. |year=2006 |title=Faith in America: Changes, Challenges, New Directions |publisher=Praeger Publishers |isbn=978-0-275-98605-6}}{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Richard Brent |year=2003 |title=Islam in the African-American Experience |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-21630-3}}
Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Abu Shouk (p. 147), Hamm (p. 14), and Lippy (p. 214) all state that Fard claimed to be, or was considered by many Moors to be, the reincarnation of Drew Ali. According to Turner (p. 92), Ford El, also known as Abdul Wali Farad Muhammad Ali, unsuccessfully challenged Drew Ali in Newark in 1914.</ref> When his leadership was rejected, Ford El broke away from the Moorish Science Temple and moved to Detroit.<ref>Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Lippy (p. 214), and {{cite book |isbn=978-0-253-21763-9 |title=Five Percenter Rap: God Hop's Music, Message, and Black Muslim Mission |last1=Miyakawa |first1=Felicia M. |date=January 28, 2024 |publisher=Indiana University Press|page=12}}.</ref>

==Fard in Detroit (1930–1934)==
Fard first appeared in Detroit in 1930; his followers cite July 4, 1930, as the date of his arrival. A [[Door-to-door|door-to-door salesman]], Fard spread his religious teachings throughout Detroit, and within three years grew the movement to a reported 25,000 members in Detroit, Chicago, and other cities.

===Clothing peddler===
Fard began by selling [[Oriental rug|Oriental silks]] door-to-door in Detroit's black section. Fard visited the homes of black families who had recently [[Great Migration (African American)|migrated]] to Detroit from the rural South.<ref>{{harvnb|Beynon|1938|pp=894–95}}</ref> Fard told black residents that his silks were the same kind that their ancestors in Mecca used  and claimed to be a traveler from that land. When offered food, Fard reportedly ate what was provided but would advise residents to avoid certain foods, promising health benefits would follow. At his suggestion, he came back to teach the residents, along with guests.<ref name="Beynon_895">{{harvnb|Beynon|1938|p=895}}</ref>

===Bible study leader at house churches===
In the early stage of his ministry, Fard used the [[Bible]] as his textbook, since it was the only religious book with which the majority of his audience were familiar. Patrick D. Bowen writes that in the early Nation of Islam, "ministers regularly referenced passages from the Bible to prove their claims".{{Sfn|Bowen|2017|p=297}} Fard's successor Elijah Muhammad would later claim Fard "knew the Bible better than any of the Christian-bred Negroes". Lomax wrote that Fard was "well-versed" in the Bible, used it as a textbook and taught in the style of a Southern [[Baptists|Baptist]] preacher.<ref>{{cite web |last=Andrew Morrow |first=John |date=20 June 2023 |title=W.D. Fard's Bible of Islamism Identified: A Century-Old Mystery is Solved |url=https://bliis.org/essay/w-d-fards-bible-of-islamism-identified-a-century-old-mystery-is-solved |access-date=14 April 2024 |publisher=Berkeley Institute for Islamic Studies}}</ref>

Beynon writes that "With growing prestige over a constantly increasing group, [Fard] became bolder in his denunciation of [[white people]] and began to attack the teachings of the Bible in such a way as to shock his audience and bring them to an emotional crisis."<ref name="Beynon_895" />

Fard taught a form of black exceptionalism and self-pride to poor Southern blacks during the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Northward Migration]] at a time when old ideas of [[scientific racism]] were prevalent. He advocated that community members establish and own their own businesses,<ref>{{cite news |title=Nation of Islam resonates in Detroit as it returns home for convention |first=Niraj |last=Warikoo |date=February 23, 2020 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/02/23/led-farrakhan-nation-islam-convention-returns-home-detroit/4807488002 |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422170705/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/02/23/led-farrakhan-nation-islam-convention-returns-home-detroit/4807488002 |publication-place=Detroit, Michigan, United States |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Bhatia |editor2-first=Anjanette |editor2-last=Delgado |editor3-first=James G. |editor3-last=Hill |issn=1055-2758 |oclc=474189830 |editor1-link=Peter Bhatia |publisher=[[Gannett]] }}</ref> eat healthy, raise families, and refrain from drugs and alcohol.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Nation of Islam could be Chicago's savior |first=Armstrong |last=Williams |date=October 5, 2015 |url=https://www.thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/255970-the-nation-of-islam-could-be-chicagos-savior |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418214253/https://www.thehill.com/opinion/op-ed/255970-the-nation-of-islam-could-be-chicagos-savior |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |issn=1521-1568 |oclc=31153202 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |publisher=[[Nexstar Media Group]] |publication-place=Washington, D.C., United States |editor1-first=Bob |editor1-last=Cusack |editor2-first=Ian |editor2-last=Swanson |editor3-first=Rory |editor3-last=McCafferty }}</ref> In 1938, sociologist Erdmann Doane Beynon published in the ''[[American Journal of Sociology]]'' a firsthand account of several interviews he conducted with followers of Fard in Michigan.<ref>{{harvnb|Beynon|1938|pp=893–907}}</ref> From those interviews, Beynon wrote that Fard lived and taught in Detroit from 1930 to 1934.<ref name="Beynon_896" />

===Giver of new names===
Fard taught his followers to reject [[surname]]s inherited from [[American slavery|white slaveowner]]s. As part of their initiation into the group, Fard bestowed new [[Muslim name]]s upon his converts. He taught that this practice restored their original and true identities, while also revealing the lies that cloaked the origins of the so-called Asiatic Blackman.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ula Yvette |author-link=Ula Taylor|title=Patriarchy: Women and the Nation of Islam |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4696-3395-4 |pages=22–26}}</ref> Such names included Muhammad, Ali, Karriem,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ula Yvette |title=The Promise of Patriarchy: Women and the Nation of Islam |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4696-3395-4 |location=North Carolina, United States |pages=18}}</ref> and Fardan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ula Yvette |title=The Promise of Patriarchy: Women and the Nation of Islam |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4696-3395-4 |location=North-Carolina, United States |pages=186}}</ref> Scholars note that new names had previously been given by [[Noble Drew Ali]] of the [[Moorish Science Temple of America]], who assigned surnames El and Bey; the term "slave name" was used by the MSTA.{{Sfn|Bowen|2017|pp=241, 256}}

After Fard's disappearance, Elijah Muhammad continued the practice of giving new Muslim names to converts to the Nation of Islam and added the letter X, symbolizing the unknown, instead of a name.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ula Yvette |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469633947_taylor |title=The Promise of Patriarchy: Women and the Nation of Islam |date=2017 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-3395-4 |location=North-Carolina, United States |pages=30 |jstor=10.5149/9781469633947_taylor}}</ref>

===Leader of the Allah Temple of Islam===
Beynon's interviewees told him that reports of Fard's message spread throughout the black community. Attendance at the house meetings grew until the listeners were divided into groups and taught in shifts. Finally, the community contributed money and rented a hall to serve as a temple where meetings were conducted.<ref name="Beynon_896">{{harvnb|Beynon|1938|p=896}}</ref> The [[Quran]] was soon introduced as the most authoritative of all texts for the study of the faith.<ref name="Beynon_900">{{harvnb|Beynon|1938|p=900}}</ref> Fard prepared texts that served as authoritative manuals of the faith and were memorized verbatim by his followers.<ref name="Beynon_900" />

According to Beynon, Fard's followers grew to approximately eight thousand,<ref name="Beynon_897" /> and "[w]ithin three years the prophet not only began the movement but organized it so well that he himself was able to recede into the background, appearing almost never to his followers during the final months of his residence in Detroit."<ref name="Beynon_902">{{harvnb|Beynon|1938|p=902}}</ref>

During this time, Clara Poole, later renamed Clara Muhammad, was introduced to W.D. Fard and his teachings through her [[in-law]]s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ula Yvette |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469633947_taylor |title=The Promise of Patriarchy: Women and the Nation of Islam |date=2017 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-3395-4 |location=North-Carolina |pages=7–17 |jstor=10.5149/9781469633947_taylor }}</ref> His teachings gave Poole hope and presented her life with new possibilities and new memories.{{clarify|date=May 2024}}<ref name=":1" /> After one of Fard's services, during which he asked if someone knew Elijah Poole, Clara, introduced him and his teachings to her husband, Elijah Poole, who later became Elijah Muhammad.<ref name=":1" /> His guidance and teachings eventually changed and reformed Elijah Poole into a responsible and ideal husband, who would later become the face and leader of the Nation Of Islam.<ref name=":1" /> 

From interviews with approximately two hundred families who followed Fard, Beynon concluded:<blockquote>Although the prophet lived in Detroit from July 4, 1930 until June 30, 1934, virtually nothing is known about him, save that he 'came from the East' and that he 'called' the [[Negro]]es of North America to enter the Nation of Islam. His very name is uncertain. He was known usually as Mr. Wali Farrad or Mr. W. D. Fard, though he used also the following names: Professor Ford, Mr. Farrad Mohammed, Mr. F. Mohammed Ali. One of the few survivors who heard his first addresses states that he himself said: 'My name is W. D. Fard and I came from the Holy City of Mecca. More about myself I will not tell you yet, for the time has not yet come. I am your brother. You have not yet seen me in my royal robes.' Legends soon sprang up about this mysterious personality.</blockquote>

Around October 1932, Fard appointed 17-year-old Burnsteen Sharrieff Mohammed his personal secretary. Given the title "Reformer", she recalled: <blockquote>"Every Tuesday, we had a picnic with Muslims only. We danced, played games; especially baseball. At the picnic we would win prizes. Master W. D. Fard Muhammad would always have something to give us, especially his laborers. Everybody wanted to win, so the competition was high. One of the contests was dancing with Master W. D. Fard, and on his head sat a full glass of water... I was reluctant and fearful that I would cause the glass to fall. I danced as best as I knew, stumbling along. I was so nervous until he let me go and took another girl to dance, and she won the prize. Master W. D. Fard's dance was called the [[Waltz]]. He said the Waltz was original music."<ref>{{cite book |last=Mohammed |first=Burnsteen Sharrieff |date=2011 |title=I am Burnsteen Sharrieff Mohammed, reformer and secretary to Master W.D.F. Mohammed: and these are some of my experiences |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/I-am-Burnsteen-Sharrieff-Mohammed-reformer-and-secretary-to-Master-W.D.F.-Mohammed-:-and-these-are-some-of-my-experiences/oclc/868243507 |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Amsterdam News">{{cite web |url=https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2017/04/06/sister-burnsteen-sharrieff-mohammed-secretary-and/ |title=Sister Burnsteen Sharrieff Mohammed, secretary and reformer of NOI |last=Boyd |first=Herb |date=6 April 2017 |work=New York Amsterdam News |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref></blockquote>

She further reflected on Fard's theology, "He taught us that the Black people were the God, so when I would say my prayers, I'd shut my eyes and envision that great mass of people as God."<ref name="Amsterdam News" />

In 1933, he began signing his name "W. F. Muhammad", which stood for Wallace Fard Muhammad, and used it on several lessons written in 1933 and 1934.<ref name="Muhammad_93" /><ref name="harvnb|Muhammad|1965|pp=16–17">{{harvnb|Muhammad|1965|pp=16–17}}</ref>

=== Smith killing drives Fard from Detroit (1932) ===
{{Main|Murder of James J. Smith}}
[[File:WDFardcloseup.jpg|thumb|right|Fard, left, showing a book to police detectives. The photo was published by the Detroit Free Press on November 24, 1932, four days after the Harris murder.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 24, 1932 |title=HERE'S MY AUTHORITY. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-master-fard-muhammad/108393308/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |pages=20 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref>]]
On November 20, 1932, Robert Harris (who had received the name Robert Karriem from Fard) escorted James J. Smith into a room with a makeshift altar. In the audience were twelve adult witnesses and Harris's wife and children. Smith, who believed he was being inducted into the Allah Temple of Islam, was asked if he would sacrifice his life for Islam, and Smith nodded his assent. Harris then stabbed Smith in the chest, and proceeded to bludgeon him to death with an [[axle|axle rod]].{{Sfn|Evanzz|2011|pp=84–85}}<ref>{{harvnb|Beynon|1938|pp=903–904}}</ref>{{Efn|Beynon stated that Fard's position on human sacrifice "was never made clear."}}

After neighbors called the police, Harris was arrested. Under questioning, he confessed to the murder: "I had to kill somebody, I could not forsake my gods". Police initiated a [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]] for Fard and another leader, Ugan Ali, who were arrested and questioned. Harris was deemed insane and committed to a [[mental hospital]]. "The society cannot be blamed for anything he did," Ali was quoted as saying in the ''[[The Detroit News|Detroit News]]'', which falsely suggested the murder was tied to the practice of Voodoo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coverage Of "The Voodoo Murders" — Mythic Detroit|url=http://www.mythicdetroit.org/index.php?n=Main.VoodooMurdersCoverage|access-date=August 10, 2020|website=www.mythicdetroit.org}}</ref> Fard and Ugan Ali, who acknowledged leadership of the Allah Temple of Islam but vehemently denied any teaching of [[human sacrifice]], were examined by [[psychiatrist]] David Clark, who recommended they be [[involuntary commitment | committed]] for further [[medical observation | observation]]. A judge agreed, and both Fard and Ugan Ali were placed in [[straitjacket]]s and confined in [[padded cell]]s.{{Sfn|Evanzz|2011|pp=84–92}}

With Fard and Ugan Ali still in custody five days after the murder, Elijah Muhammad, at the time known as Elijah Karriem, led over two hundred members into the court building and staged a protest on the main floor. The police spent a full day expelling the protesters.{{Sfn|Evanzz|2011|pp=84-92}}  
[[File:Fard Muhammad and Ugan Ali - November 23, 1932.png|thumb|right|Fard Muhammad (center) showing a book to police detectives (left) while Fard's chief aide Ugan Ali (right) sits nearby]]

On November 25, Harris was [[arraignment|arraigned]] on charges of [[first-degree murder]]; he pleaded guilty, but his bizarre courtroom behavior convinced witnesses of his [[not guilty by reason of insanity | insanity]]. On December 6, three psychiatrists testified that Harris was [[legally insane]], and he was committed to the Ionia State Hospital for the Criminal Insane; he died there on June 19, 1935. Faced with criminal charges, Ugan Ali was released after promising to help disband the Allah Temple of Islam, while Fard agreed to forever leave Detroit as a condition of release.{{Sfn|Evanzz|2011|pp=84–92}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 7, 1932 |title=Voodoo's Reign Here Is Broken |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-farad-leaves-city/33916350/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |pages=7 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref>

On December 7, 1932, police put Fard on a train bound for Chicago. The Allah Temple of Islam was officially disbanded, though soon replaced by a new organization called the Nation of Islam. Former leader Ugan Ali was replaced by Elijah Muhammad.{{Sfn|Evanzz|2011|pp=84–92}}

===Fard in exile and the Nation of Islam (1932–1934)===
In January 1933, Fard snuck back into Detroit and held secret meetings with followers. Fard left Detroit for a few weeks but returned to Detroit and resumed preaching on street corners. Recognized by police, he was arrested on May 25, booked, and [[mug shot|photograph]]ed. He was again released and ordered to depart the city.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 26, 1933 |title=Banished Leader of Cult Arrested |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-farad-left-city-becau/33916139/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |pages=10 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref>
[[File:W.D. Fard mugshot Detroit 1933.jpg|thumb|right|W. D. Fard mugshot on May 25, 1933, after he was arrested for returning to Detroit]]
Fard renamed his community the "Nation of Islam".<ref name="Beynon_897">{{harvnb|Beynon|1938|p=897}}</ref> Following the rapid increase in membership, he instituted a formal organizational structure. He established the [[Muslim Girls Training|Muslim Girls' Training and General Civilization Class]], where women were taught how to keep their houses, clean, and cook. The men of the organization were drilled by captains and referred to as the [[Fruit of Islam]]. The entire movement was placed under a Minister of Islam.<ref name="Beynon_902" />

On September 26, Fard was arrested in Chicago by [[Chicago Police Department | local police]] while addressing an audience in a rented hall. The following morning, the Chicago judge Dunn dismissed charges of [[disturbing the peace]] and released Fard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/FBI-Wallace-Fard-Muhammad/100-CG-33683/page/n33 |title=FBI Documents on Wallace Fard Muhammad}}</ref> Fard made a third surreptitious visit to Detroit, this time preaching that the [[white man]] would soon be destroyed by poison bombs.<ref>{{harvnb|Evanzz|2011|p=96}}: "Upon his release, Fard made another self-described farewell visit to Detroit. He had returned, he told believers, to bring good news about the [[race war|impending war]] between blacks and whites. 'The White man will be destroyed this year' he said. Everyone was afraid to ask how he could be so certain, but he explained anyway. The [[unidentified flying object]] ''[[sic]]'' sighted in Canada recently, he said, was really the Mother Plane, a vehicle that resembled the description of [[Ezekiel's wheel]] in the Holy Bible. The Mother Plane was designed and built in Japan by 'our Asiatic brothers', Fard said, and when he gave the signal, the [[airship]] would release smaller ships inside its bay that would drop poison bombs on America."</ref>

Fard established the [[University of Islam]], where school-aged children were taught, as an alternative to Detroit public schools.<ref name="Beynon_902" />{{Sfn|Evanzz|2011|pp=94-102}} By January 1934, local [[truant officer]]s had noticed the pattern of dropouts and alerted authorities. On March 27, the ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' proclaimed that the "[[Voodoo in popular culture|voodoo]] cult" had been revived, and the city initiated legal action against the school.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 27, 1934 |title=Voodooist Cult Revived in City |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press/81995138/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |pages=1 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> The school was raided by police, and Elijah Muhammad was arrested.

Press reported that at trial, fifteen-year-old Sally Ali, who had attended the University of Islam, testified that she had been taught "in the Islamic New Deal that if she cut off the heads of four devils—devils being unrighteous people—she would win a free trip to Mecca and a button of some sort." She further testified that she had been taught that [[Caucasian race |Caucasian]]s would be destroyed in the year 1934 by poison gas and fighting.<ref name="GirlLore">{{Cite news |date=April 26, 1934 |title=Girl Recounts Lore of Islam |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-noi-dfp-april-26/32215486/ |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |pages=1 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> Elijah Muhammad was found guilty for his role in establishing an unlicensed school, but he was released on probation. Amid rumors that police wanted both Fard and his chief aide dead, Elijah Muhammad fled for Chicago, and Fard was never again seen by most residents of Detroit.{{Sfn|Evanzz|2011|pp=94–102}}

==Final years==
{{expand-section|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Wallace Max Ford, son of W.D. Fard founder of Nation of Islam.png|thumb|Fard's son Wallace, pictured in 1941]]
It is not known what became of Fard or the circumstances of his death.  Though he was a naturalized citizen, he may have been forced to accept voluntary deportation. In 1932, the ''[[Escanaba Daily Press]]'' reported that he had been awaiting an immigration hearing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-escanaba-daily-press/34389501/ | title=Article clipped from the Escanaba Daily Press | work=The Escanaba Daily Press | date=November 24, 1932 | page=1 }}</ref> 

After he had departed Detroit, Fard visited Hazel Barton, the mother of his child, in Los Angeles; she recalled him only eating one meal per day as part of his new lifestyle, which is consistent with the [[How to Eat to Live|practice Fard advocated]] as part of the Nation of Islam. Hazel recalled he was driving a new car with California plates, with white sheets covering the seats.  He left the sheets with her, saying he was going "back to New Zealand".<ref>FBI interview with Barton</ref>     

Fard's last known contact with the Nation of Islam was a letter sent from Mexico which was received in March 1934.<ref name="youtube.com" /> Morrow speculates that Fard might have tried to return to the US under another name.

For decades after Fard's disappearance,  Elijah Muhammad maintained that Fard was alive and well.  Fard suffered from diabetes and had to carry sugar packets; Morrow notes the possibility that Fard might have died not long after his disappearance.

==Ideology==
Beynon described the substance of Fard's teaching as follows:

{{quote|The black men in North America are not Negroes, but members of the lost [[tribe of Shabazz]], stolen by traders from the Holy City of Mecca 379 years ago. The prophet came to America to find and to bring back to life his long lost brethren, from whom the Caucasians had taken away their language, their nation and their religion. Here in America they were living other than themselves. They must learn that they are the original people, noblest of the nations of the earth. The Caucasians are the colored people, since they have lost their original color. The original people must regain their religion, which is Islam, their language, which is Arabic, and their culture, which is astronomy and higher mathematics, especially calculus. They must live according to the law of Allah, avoiding all meat of 'poison animals', hogs, ducks, geese, possums and catfish. They must give up completely the use of stimulants, especially liquor. They must clean themselves up – both their bodies and their houses. If in this way they obeyed Allah, he would take them back to the Paradise from which they had been stolen – the Holy City of Mecca.<ref>{{harvnb|Beynon|1938|pp=900–901}}</ref>}}

Fard's lessons themselves state that the "traders" referenced by Beynon came to Africa, not Mecca.<ref>{{harvnb|Muhammad|1993|p=12}}</ref>

Modern Nation of Islam theology is based upon the belief that Fard's teaching of Elijah Muhammad was fulfillment of scripture regarding God's teaching of an Apostle, where Fard is described as "God in Person", the "[[Messiah]]", and the "[[Mahdi]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Muhammad|1965|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Muhammad|1993|p=3}}</ref> Fard wrote the following for his followers:

{{quote|[T]he LESSONS that OUR SAVIOUR (ALLAH) gave us to Study and Learn is the Fulfillment of the Prophecies of All the Former Prophets concerning the Beginning of the Devils, and the Ending of the Civilization, and of our Enslavement by the Devils, and Present Time of our Delivery from the Devils by OUR SAVIOUR (ALLAH). PRAISE HIS HOLY NAME! There is No God but ALLAH. How that ALLAH would separate us from the Devils and, then destroy them; and Change us into a New and Perfect People; and Fill the Earth with FREEDOM, JUSTICE and EQUALITY as it was filled with wickedness; and Making we, the Poor Lost-Founds, the Perfect RULERS.<ref name="Muhammad_93" />}}

In Elijah Muhammad's 1965 book ''[[Message to the Blackman in America]]'', which is a compilation of articles written for newspapers throughout the early part of his ministry, Muhammad summarized what Fard taught him as follows:

{{quote|He began teaching us the knowledge of ourselves, of God and the devil, of the measurement of the earth, of other planets, and of the civilization of some of the planets other than earth. ... He measured and weighed the earth and its water; the history of the moon; the history of the two nations, black and white, that dominate the earth. He gave the exact birth of the white race; the name of their God who made them and how; and the end of their time, the judgment, how it will begin and end. ... He taught us the truth of how we were made 'slaves' and how we are kept in slavery by the 'slave-masters' children. He declared the doom of America, for her evils to us was past due. And that she is number one to be destroyed. Her judgment could not take place until we hear the truth. ...  He declared that we were without the knowledge of self or anyone else. How we had been made blind, deaf and dumb by this white race of people and how we must return to our people, our God and His religion of peace (Islam), the religion of the prophets. We must give up the slave names of our slave-masters and accept the name of Allah (God) or one of His divine attributes. He also taught us to give up all evil doings and practices and do righteousness or be destroyed from the face of the earth. He taught us that the slave-masters had taught us to eat the wrong food and that this is the cause of our sickness and short span of life. He declared that he would heal us and set us in heaven at once, if we would submit to Him. Otherwise he would chastise us with a severe chastisement until we did submit. And that He was able to force the whole world into submission to his will. He said that he loved us (the so-called Negroes), his lost and found, so well that he would eat rattlesnakes to free us if necessary, for he has power over all things.<ref name="harvnb|Muhammad|1965|pp=16–17" />}}

Part of Fard's teaching also involved [[Japanophilia|admiration for Japan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The African American Encounter with Japan and China: Black Internationalism in Asia, 1895–1945 |first=Marc S. |last=Gallicchio |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |publication-place=[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]], North Carolina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzAaDgAAQBAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |isbn=9780807860687 |year=2000 |oclc=43334134 |chapter=4. The Rise of the Black Internationale |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzAaDgAAQBAJpg }}</ref>  

Both during and after his life, some charged that Fard was a [[conman]] who used mystery and [[charisma]] to [[Fraud|swindle]] poor blacks, selling them new Muslim names and stirring up [[racial animosity]]<ref>{{cite web |title=False prophet |first=Debra |last=Dickerson |date=January 6, 2000 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |url=https://www.salon.com/2000/01/06/muhammad |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912110011/https://www.salon.com/2000/01/06/muhammad |oclc=43916723 |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Talbot |editor2-first=Erin |editor2-last=Keane |work=[[Salon.com|Salon]] }}</ref> by copying selected elements of other Muslim religious sects and ideologies that fit his [[Black supremacy|racial supremacist]] narrative.{{sfn|Morrow|2019|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LTWEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 Foreword by Dennis Walker]|p=xii}}

===Influences===
[[File:Diagram of American New Religious Movements.png|thumb|right|Scholars argue that Fard's movement was influenced by Moorish Science and Jehovah's Witnesses]]
Fard was influenced by the Jehovah's Witness movement, Freemasonry (especially the Shriners), [[Marcus Garvey]], Moorish Science, in addition to Islam. 

The teaching of the Jehovah's Witnesses has been called "the most obvious non-Islamic source for [Fard's] teachings".<ref>Bowen:Given that the Jehovah’s Witnesses had been the group that originally popularized the belief in 1914 being the end of the reign of a large group of evil people—a doctrine that clearly corresponds to Fard’s use of the 1914 date—and that Fard had explicitly encouraged his followers to read and listen to the Witnesses’ leader Rutherford, it seems that the Witnesses are the most obvious non-Islamic source for his teachings"</ref> Fard was known to teach from what a Detroit newspaper described as "The Bible of Islam"; in 2023, the book was identified as ''Deliverance!'' by [[Joseph Franklin Rutherford]], of the [[Watch Tower Society]] or [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bliis.org/essay/w-d-fards-bible-of-islamism-identified-a-century-old-mystery-is-solved/ | title=W. D. Fard's Bible of Islamism Identified: A Century-Old Mystery is Solved }}</ref>{{fcn|date=August 2025}} Fard recommended radio broadcasts by Rutherford, [[J. Frank Norris|Frank Norris]], and other millennial preachers.<ref>Beynon</ref> Jehovah's Witness founder [[Charles Taze Russell]], like Fard, interpreted the year 1914 as the beginning of an apocalypse.<ref>"35. Tell us the exact date of the expiration of the devil's civilization. ANS. Expired in Nineteen and Fourteen."</ref>{{cn|reason=This is busy 6 a quotation, its source needs citing|date=August 2025}} Both groups instructed members to refuse compulsory military service.  Both groups taught that souls were not immortal, that there was no afterlife, and that heaven and hell were states of life on Earth rather than [[Heaven in Christianity|allegories]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1384578|title=Watchtower Influences on Black Muslim Eschatology: An Exploratory Story|last=Maesen|first=William A.|year=1970|journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|volume=9|issue=4|pages=321–325|doi=10.2307/1384578|jstor=1384578 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>  

Fard encouraged students to read [[James Henry Breasted]]’s ''Conquest of Civilization'', [[Hendrick van Loon]]’s ''[[The Story of Mankind]]'' and books on Freemansonry. Fard recommended the writings of [[Henry Ford]], and ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', an anti-Jewish forgery promoted by Ford. Police found literature by anti-Jewish preacher [[Gerald Burton Winrod]].{{sfn|Morrow|2019|p=42}}

Fard is believed to have been influenced by the [[Moorish Science Temple of America]], which also assigned new names to members to replace their "slave name".{{Sfn|Bowen|2017|pp=241, 256}} Both groups taught African-Americans to identify as 'Asiatics', both groups wore the [[Fez (hat)|fez]]. Both groups met at "temples", not mosques. Freemasonry has similarly been thought to be a souce of inspiration; Elijah Pool (later Elijah Muhammad) had been a Freemason before meeting Fard. Garveyism has similarly be cited an inspiration, with modern scholars noting Garvey's teachings were popular in San Quentin.

The Islamic scholar John Andrew Morrow summarizes Fard's teachings as rooted in "a wide variety of ideas from both East and West" including "[[Twelver Shi'ism]], [[Sevener|Sevener Shi'ism]], [[Druze|Druzism]], and [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] Extremism, as well as [[Bábism|Babism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baha'ism]], [[Yazidism|Yezidism]], [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadism]], and [[Sufism]]"{{sfn|Morrow|2019|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LTWEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 Chapter 2. W. D. Fard: Religious Roots]|pp=36–37}} Like Islam, Fard's teaching forbade drugs, alcohol, and pork; Fard also preached against 'slave foods' like ducks, geese, possums and catfish.

==Legacy==
Fard influenced his successor [[Elijah Muhammad]], [[Malcolm X]], and many other [[Black nationalist]] thinkers. The annual [[Saviours' Day]] event is held in honor of Fard's birth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2019 |title=About Saviours' Day |url=https://www.noi.org/about-savioursday/ |access-date=August 10, 2020 |website=Nation of Islam |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, it attracted an estimated 14,000 participants.<ref>{{cite news |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124092448/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/02/23/farrakhan-detroit-speaks-thousands-nation-islam-convention/4848519002 |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |publication-place=Detroit, Michigan, United States |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Bhatia |editor2-first=Anjanette |editor2-last=Delgado |editor3-first=James G. |editor3-last=Hill |issn=1055-2758 |oclc=474189830 |editor1-link=Peter Bhatia |publisher=[[Gannett]] |title=Louis Farrakhan says billionaires 'paying off' black preachers, politicians |first=Niraj |last=Warikoo |date=February 23, 2020 |access-date=January 31, 2022 |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/02/23/farrakhan-detroit-speaks-thousands-nation-islam-convention/4848519002 }}</ref>

===Continued deification under Elijah Muhammad===
[[File:Elijah Muhammad NYWTS-2.jpg|thumb|right|Elijah Muhammad in 1964]]
With regard to [[Elijah Muhammad]], Beynon's article stated: "From among the larger group of Muslims there has sprung recently an even more militant branch than the Nation of Islam itself. This new movement, known as the Temple People. To Mr. Fard alone do they offer prayer and sacrifice. Since Mr. Fard has been deified, the Temple People raise the former Minister of Islam, now a resident of Chicago."<ref>{{harvnb|Beynon|1938|pp=906–907}}</ref> This reference is in conflict with the first hand accounts of Malcolm X, such as his appearance in 1963 on the news program City Desk. Malcolm X states that Elijah Mohammed was neither Allah nor a Prophet, but rather that he was a Messenger. Elijah Muhammad, who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 to 1975, heard Fard teach for the first time in 1931.<ref name="Muhammad_64">Muhammad, Elijah (1964), Historic 1964 Buzz Anderson Interview, The Final Call</ref> Elijah Muhammad stated that he and Fard became inseparable between 1931 and 1934, where he felt "jailed almost" due to the amount of time that they spent together with Fard teaching him day and night.<ref name="Muhammad_64" />

A handwritten lesson written by Fard states:<blockquote>Twelve Leaders of Islam from all over the Planet have conferred in the Root of Civilization concerning the Lost-Found Nation of Islam – must return to their original Land. One of the Conference Members by the name of Mr. Osman Sharrieff said to the Eleven Members of the Conference: 'The Lost-Found Nation of Islam will not return to their original Land unless they, first, have a thorough Knowledge of their own.' So they sent a Messenger to them of their own. Now, the Messenger and his Laborers worked day and night for the last three and one-half years, and their accomplishments are approximately twenty-five thousand...<ref name="Muhammad_93" /></blockquote>

In this lesson, Fard places the number of converts obtained in Detroit at 25,000, and he describes a "Messenger" sent to the "Lost-Found Nation of Islam" who is "of their own".<ref name="Muhammad_93" /> Nation of Islam theology states that this "Messenger" is Elijah Muhammad.<ref>Muhammad, Jabril (1993) This is The One The Most Honored Elijah Muhammad We Need Not Look For Another, Vol. 1</ref> Fard wrote, in his instructions to the leaders of his community, that they should "copy the Answers of Lesson of Minister Elijah Muhammad."<ref name="Muhammad_93" /> He went on to state: "Why is Stress made to the Muslims to Copy, the Minister, Elijah Muhammad's Answers? The past History shows that the ALMIGHTY ALLAH sends Prophets and Apostles for the people's Guide and Example, and through them HIS Mystery was Revealed. And those who follow the Apostle would see the Light."<ref name="Muhammad_93" />

Fard wrote several lessons which are read and committed to memory by members of the Nation of Islam.<ref name="Muhammad_93">{{harvnb|Muhammad|1993}}</ref>{{Efn|Beynon refers to some of the lessons by Fard as an "oral tradition" that was recorded at the University of Islam as the "Secret Ritual of the Nation of Islam." See Beynon (1938), p.&nbsp;898. Authors have subsequently attributed a text of this title to Fard. See Evanzz, supra at 81. However, Fard's lessons were individually written lessons later compiled in a single publication. See Muhammad (1993). Language attributed to Fard by author Karl Evanzz does not appear in any of the individually written lessons.}} Some of the lessons are in the form of questions asked by Fard to Elijah Muhammad.<ref name="Muhammad_93" /> One such lesson concludes with the text: "This Lesson No. 2 was given by our Prophet, W.D. Fard, which contains 40 questions answered by Elijah Muhammad, one of the lost found in the wilderness of North America February 20th, 1934."<ref name="Muhammad_93" />

While some scholars argue that Fard's divinity was a creation of Elijah Muhammad,  Morrow points out that Fard did identify himself as God to Detroit police and that the psychiatrists who examined Fard after his arrest reported that Fard had delusions of Godhood. Morrow argues that under Elijah Muhammad, the doctrine of whites as devils was emphasized, while Fard had taught that "devils" were unbelievers of all races.<ref name="youtube.com">{{Cite web |last=Bilal's Boulder |date=13 August 2019 |title=Finding W.D. Fard - John Andrew Morrow |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrTT64jFpr4 |accessdate=August 10, 2023 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
===FBI interference===
A declassified [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) memorandum dated May 16, 1957, states: "From a review of instant file it does not appear that there has been a concerted effort to locate and fully identify W. D. Fard. In as much as Elijah Muhammad recognizes W.D. Fard as being Allah (God) and claims that Fard is the source of all of his teachings, it is suggested that an exhaustive effort be made to fully identify and locate W. D. Fard and/or members of his family."<ref>FBI File SAC (25-20607) at 476</ref> The FBI took note of the article written by Erdmann Doane Beynon, and it conducted a search for Fard using various aliases including the name "Ford".<ref>FBI File SAC (100-26356) at 451–473, SAC Chicago (100-33683)</ref> On October 17, 1957, the FBI located and interviewed Hazel Barton-Ford, Wallie Ford's common-law wife, with whom he had a son named Wallace Dodd Ford, born on September 1, 1920.<ref name="SAC LA 105-4805">FBI File SAC LA (105–4805) at 135</ref> This son, later also known as Wallace Max Ford, died in 1942. He was serving for the [[United States Coast Guard]], during [[World War II]], at the time of his death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/Wallace%20Fard%20Muhammed/Wallace%20Fard%20Muhammed%20Part%205%20of%207|title=FBI document
|website=fbi.gov|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> Barton-Ford gave a description of Wallie Ford, and described him as a Caucasian New Zealander.<ref name="SAC LA 105-4805" /> The FBI's search for Fard was officially closed the following year on April 15, 1958.<ref>FBI File Director FBI (105-63642) at 248, SAC Chicago (100-33683)</ref> Immigration records did not match any of his aliases. 

On August 15, 1959, the FBI sent a story to the Chicago ''[[The Chicago Crusader|New Crusader]]'' newspaper, stating that Fard was a "Turkish-born [[Nazi]] agent who worked for [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] in [[World War II]]". According to the FBI story, Fard was a "Muslim from Turkey who had come to the United States in the early 1900s. He had met Muhammad in prison … where the two men plotted a [[confidence game]] in which followers were charged a fee to become Muslims."{{sfn|Evanzz|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0ubWTcGzEC&pg=PA204 10. Compromised]|pp=204–205}} 

After the story was published, Elijah Muhammad and [[Malcolm X]] subsequently charged black media outlets, which reprinted the accusation in large numbers, with running the story without requesting a response from the Nation of Islam.{{sfn|Evanzz|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0ubWTcGzEC&pg=PA204 10. Compromised]|pp=204–205}}

According to one of the FBI's disinformation efforts, Fard was linked to the [[Pacific Movement of the Eastern World]], a [[Japanophilia|pro-Japanese movement]] of [[African Americans]] which promoted the idea that the [[Empire of Japan]] was the champion of all [[colored|non-white]] peoples, and to senior members of the [[Black Dragon Society]], such as [[Satokata Takahashi]] and Ashima Takis.{{sfn|Evanzz|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0ubWTcGzEC&pg=PA105 5. Bitter Fruit]|pp=105-108}} The FBI charged that Takahashi had been an influential presence in the Nation of Islam. He spoke as a guest at the NOI temples in Detroit and Chicago.<ref>{{cite journal |title=When Japan Was "Champion of the Darker Races": Satokata Takahashi and the Flowering of Black Messianic Nationalism |first=Ernest |last=Allen Jr. |journal=[[The Black Scholar]] |pages=23–46 |volume=24 |issue=1 |date=December 21, 1994 |issn=0006-4246 |publication-place=San Francisco, California, United States |publisher=[[Boston University]]/[[Routledge]] |doi=10.1080/00064246.1994.11413118 |editor1-first=Louis |editor-last=Chude-Sokei |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/190326286/When-Japan-Was-Champion-of-the-Darker-Races-Satokata-Takahashi-and-the-Flowering-of-Black-Messianic-Nationalism-by-Ernest-Allen-Jr |via=[[Scribd]] |format=PDF }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} A February 19, 1963, FBI memorandum states: "In connection with efforts to disrupt and curb growth of the NOI, extensive research has been conducted into various files maintained by this office. Among the files reviewed was that of Wallace Dodd Ford."<ref>FBI File Director, FBI (25-330971) at 258, SAC Chicago (100-35635)</ref> Five months later, in July 1963, the FBI told the ''[[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Evening Herald-Examiner]]'' that Fard was actually Wallace Dodd Ford.{{sfn|Evanzz|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0ubWTcGzEC&pg=PA264 12. Sons and Lovers]|p=264}} The paper published the story in an article titled "Black Muslim Founder Exposed As White."<ref>"Black Muslim Founder Exposed As White", ''Los Angeles Evening Herald-Examiner'', July 28, 1963</ref>{{Dubious |reason=The FBI was aware of his many aliases he used. They received three plausible identities but were unable to verify any of them. He had many identities but they couldn't trace his actual origins and gave up the investigation.|date=July 2019}} An FBI memorandum dated August 1963 states that the FBI had not been able to verify his birthdate or birthplace, and "he was last heard from in 1934."<ref name="FBI File SAC 25-330971-26">FBI File SAC (25-330971-26)</ref>

===Demotion by Warith Deen Mohammed===
Upon Elijah Muhammad's death in February 1975, his son Wallace (later Warith) was named successor and instituted sweeping reforms.  Where his father has regarded Fard as a physical manifestation of Allah,  Wallace denounced Fard as a human who "had his own designs on the black community".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=25 April 1977 |title=U.S. Muslims Closer to Uniting With Islam |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/556533019/ |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=Hawaii Tribune-Herald |pages=5 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref>  The group discontinued the annual Savior's Day celebration in honor of Fard.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Wallace brought the group closer to mainstream Sunni Islam, restyling their 'temples' as mosques while 'ministers' became known as imams.  Wallace rejected black nationalism in favor of Islamic anti-racism and disbanded the militaristic "Fruit of Islam" group.<ref name=":0" />

In a 2000s interview alongside Louis Farrakhan, Warith Deen Muhammad described breaking with his father Elijah Muhammad over the issue of Fard's divinity:
<blockquote>
I differed with my father, and I didn't want to differ with him. In fact I never differed with him directly, he was told that someone heard me saying something different. So he called me to question me about it.

And I told him that I could more readily believe ''he'' was God, than I could believe that his teacher was God. Because his teacher was a white man and he said white people were devils.

My mother, when I was leaving the home one day, after my father had insisted that I accept God the way he presented God, or I was gonna be cut off from all communication, he told me he knew it would hurt me to know that I wouldn't be able to see my mother. He said - "you won't be able to talk to your mother or see her". So... I didn't change, and as I was leaving my mother was hurt, and it hurt me to see her hurting like that.

She said, she walked me to the door, which she didn't do, that wasn't normal for her. And she stood on the porch at the door and she said - 'Wallace, why don't you go back there and accept it? Just say you believe.'

I said - 'Mama, tell me what Mr. Fard told you all. Did he tell you he was God?'

And she looked like her face went blank, and looked like she didn't know what to say, and in a few seconds she said - 'No, he did not. In fact he told us to not even call him Prophet, said that was too big a title for him.'

Then I said to my mother - 'How can you ask your son now, to accept a man as God, who said Prophet was too big a title for him?'.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tdRe1z5J4A|title=Louis Farrakhan & Warith Deen Muhammad Discuss WD Fard|date=May 29, 2022 |accessdate=August 10, 2023|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
</blockquote>

===Claim that Muhammad Abdullah was Fard===
After the death of Elijah Muhammad in 1975, his son and new Nation of Islam leader [[Wallace D. Muhammad]] suggested that his newly appointed Oakland California Imam Muhammad Abdullah was Fard, though Abdullah himself later retracted this claim.{{Sfn|Morrow|2019|pp=54-55}}<ref name="AyshaKhan">{{cite thesis|author=Aysha Khan |title='A Seed of Truth': Ahmadiyya Muslim Propagation Networks and the Development of Islam in America |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/37372947 |location=Harvard University |degree=MA |year=2022}}</ref> Scholar Fatimah Fanusie has argued that Abdullah was, in fact, Fard.<ref name="AyshaKhan" /> Abdullah was reportedly introduced as Fard to boxing legend [[Muhammad Ali]].<ref name="youtube.com" />{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}

Mainstream scholars reject the claim, noting that, according to Nation of Islam teachings, Fard would have been 97 years old in 1975.  Morrow quotes  Abdullah as denying that he was Fard, saying "It is all right to say I am Fard Muhammad for Wallace D. Muhammad. I taught him some lessons. But I am not the same person who taught Elijah Muhammad and I am not God." and "Elijah Muhammad was a sincere and good Muslim, so he created the story of W.D. Fard to attract the western mind to Islam. It's the nature of a movement to add to the magnitude of a figure. However, Fard was a real person [who was] actually incarcerated. He came from the Middle East knowledgeable in multiple languages. He was light-complexioned."  Writes Morrow:  "Muhammad 'Abdullah's position was unambiguous: W.D. Fard was a fabrication of Elijah Muhammad: a myth based on a real man of Middle Eastern origin."<ref>Morrow p.119-120</ref>

===Restoration under Louis Farrakhan===
[[File:Louis Farrakhan 2018.jpg|thumb|right|Louis Farrakhan in 2018]]

In 1978, [[Louis Farrakhan]] and a small number of supporters decided to rebuild what they considered the original Nation of Islam upon the foundations established by Wallace Fard Muhammad and Elijah Muhammad.

In 1979, Farrakhan's group founded a weekly newspaper entitled ''[[The Final Call (newspaper)|The Final Call]]'', which was intended to be similar to the original ''Muhammad Speaks'' newspaper that Malcolm X claimed to have started,<ref>{{cite book|last=Malcolm X|title=The Autobiography of Malcolm X|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|year=1964|isbn=978-0-345-37671-8}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2024}} Farrakhan had a weekly column in ''The Final Call''. In 1981, Farrakhan and his supporters held their first Saviours' Day convention in Chicago, Illinois, and took back the name of the Nation of Islam. The event was similar to the earlier Nation's celebrations, last held in Chicago on February 26, 1975. At the convention's keynote address, Farrakhan announced his attempt to restore the Nation of Islam under Elijah Muhammad's teachings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finalcall.com/national/savioursday2k/farrakhan.htm|title=Farrakhan continues Hon. Elijah Muhammad's mission|publisher=Finalcall.com|access-date=November 16, 2014}}</ref>

In a 2000s interview featuring both Louis Farrakhan and Warith Deen Muhammad, Farrakhan argued that "Master Fard Muhammad taught us to accept our own and to be ourselves.  We know that he, a man born February 26, 1877, is not the originator of the Heavens and Earth...  Fard Muhammad developed a methodology, strange as it seems, unorthodox as it seems, even poisonous as it may seem, yet it was a prescription that started bringing balance to the system, and that we would evolve from a Nationalist Black-thinking people into the universal message of Islam."<ref name="ReferenceA" />{{Additional citation needed|date=July 2023}}

In 2007, the Nation of Islam had an estimated membership of 20,000–50,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nation of Islam at a crossroad as leader exits |first=Neil |last=MacFarquhar |author-link=Neil MacFarquhar |date=February 26, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/26/us/26farrakhan.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522093351/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/26/us/26farrakhan.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |archive-date=2013-05-22 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |publication-place=New York City, New York, United States |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |editor1-first=A.G. |editor1-last=Sulzberger |editor2-first=Dean |editor2-last=Baquet |editor3-first=Joseph |editor3-last=Kahn }}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}

===In music===
Fard and his teachings are also referenced in many [[hip-hop]] songs. Artists who have made references within their music include [[Jay-Z]] and [[Jay Electronica]] in the song "We Made It",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Markman |first=Rob |date=24 March 2014 |title=Jay Z Teaches Drake A Lesson On Jay Electronica's 'We Made It': What We Learned |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/zuwqjw/jay-z-drake-jay-electronica-we-made-it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319075314/https://www.mtv.com/news/zuwqjw/jay-z-drake-jay-electronica-we-made-it |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=MTV}}</ref><ref name="JayZ">{{Cite web |title=Jay Z & Jay Electronica - We Made It | date=March 23, 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaLIzQJLBz0&ab_channel=CLEO%26CUQUINenEspa%C3%B1ol |access-date=15 April 2024 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> [[Brand Nubian]] in the song "Wake Up",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brand Nubian - Wake Up (Reprise in the Sunrise) | date=August 28, 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJeDHYsNkHI&t |access-date=15 April 2024 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> and [[Ras Kass]] in the song "Riiiot!"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chino XL ft. Rass Kass - Riiiot! | date=April 5, 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGRoNdfwOxM&ab |access-date=15 April 2024 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xvx9DwAAQBAJ | title=Black Masculinity and Hip-Hop Music: Black Gay Men Who Rap | isbn=978-981-13-3513-6 | last1=Li | first1=Xinling | date=December 6, 2018 | publisher=Springer }}</ref>  In 2020, [[Busta Rhymes]] and [[Rick Ross]] collaborated on a piece titled "Master Fard Muhammad".<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVROEQAAQBAJ | title=Decolonization and Psychoanalysis: The Underside of Signification | isbn=978-1-040-31965-9 | last1=Rahmat | first1=Ahmad Fuad | date=April 17, 2025 | publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref>

==Timeline==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
* '''Purported birth dates:'''
** February 26, 1877 – Birth per Nation of Islam
** Feb 14, 1882 – Birth per Naturalization application
** circa 1891 – Birth per Marriage Certificate
** Feb 26, 1893 – Birth per WWI draft card
** circa 1898 – US Census of 1930
* March 23, 1908 – Running tamale lunchcart in Eugene Oregon
* May 26, 1909 – Citizenship papers filed
* August 9, 1912 – Salem, Oregon papers announced new citizen attends first baseball game
* April 29, 1913 – Fard complains in papers of police harassment in Salem
* September 1913 – Fard files a criminal complaint alleged he was a victim of embezzling
* '''1914:'''
** March 5 – Arrested for rape of Laura E. Swanson
** April 20 – Marries Pearl Allen
** April 21 – Found not guilty of rape at trial
** August 30 – Divorce proceedings begin
** November 14 – Arrest for larceny for stealing from wife
** December 27 – Divorce finalized
* November 22, 1915 – Vacation announced in papers
* December 19, 1915 – Lunch wagon sold by court in connection with Montana debt
* November 17, 1918 – Arrested for assault with a deadly weapon by Los Angeles police
* June 5, 1924 – Marriage to Carmen Trevino
*'''1926:'''
** January 20 – Arrested on alcohol prohibition
** February 15 – Arrested on drug charges
** June 12 – sentenced to San Quentin
* May 27, 1929 – Paroled
* 1930 – Resident of  Chicago
* July 4, 1930 – Fard arrival in Detroit, per Nation of Islam
* November 20, 1932 – "Voodoo murder"
* December 7, 1932 – Fard ordered out of Detroit
* May 25 1933 – Snuck back into Detroit and was arrested
* September 26, 1933 – Arrested for speaking in Chicago
* March 1934 – Final letter from Fard in California

==See also==
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990]]
* [[List of people who have been considered deities]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|}}
*{{cite book|last=Arian|first=A.K.|year=2017|isbn=978-0977911257|title=Chameleon: The True Story of W.D. Fard|publisher=Xis Books}}
*{{cite book |last=Batey |first1=Anton |last2=Morris |first2=Kevin |title=W.D. Fard's First Footsteps in America: The Trail in Oregon |publisher=Independently published |year=2025 |isbn=9798280341470 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Beynon |first=Erdmann Doane |date=May 1, 1938 |title=The Voodoo Cult among Negro migrants in Detroit |journal=[[American Journal of Sociology]] |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=894–907 |jstor=2768686 |doi=10.1086/217872 |s2cid=144039917 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/217872 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite book|last1=Bontemps|first1=Arna|last2=Conroy|first2=Jack|year=1945|title=They Seek a City|chapter=Beloved and scattered millions|publisher=Doubleday, Doran and Company|asin=B0007E2JSU|oclc=1444797}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bowen |first1=Patrick D. |url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004354371/B9789004354371_008.xml |title=A History of Conversion to Islam in the United States, Volume 2: The African American Islamic Renaissance, 1920–1975 |chapter=W.D. Fard |location=Boston |publisher=Brill |date=2017 |pages=240–276 |doi=10.1163/9789004354371_008 |isbn=9789004354371 |accessdate=March 16, 2022 }}
*{{cite book|last=Essien-Udom|first=E.U.|year=1995|title=Black Nationalism: the Search for an Identity|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |publication-place=Chicago, Illinois, United States |isbn=9780226218533}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0ubWTcGzEC |via=[[Google Books]] |title=The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad |first=Karl |last=Evanzz |orig-year=1999 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Knopf Doubleday]] |edition=3 |isbn=9780307805201 |publication-place=New York City, New York, United States }}
*{{cite book|last=Gibson|first=Dawn-Marie|year=2012|title=A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-313-39807-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/history_gib_2012_00_1145}}
*{{cite book|last=Hakim|first=Nasir|year=1996|title=The True History of Master Fard Muhammad|publisher=Secretaries MEMPS Ministries|isbn=1-884855-78-4}}
*{{cite book |first=John Andrew |last=Morrow |title=Finding W.D. Fard: Unveiling the Identity of the Founder of the Nation of Islam |isbn=9781527524897 |via=[[Google Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTWEDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |publication-place=[[Newcastle upon Tyne]], England, United Kingdom |year=2019 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Morrow | first1=John Andrew | last2=Muhammad | first2=Bilal | title=W. D. Fard: The Man, Myth, and Mystery Behind the Nation of Islam | publisher=Academica Press | publication-place=Washington | date=2025-08-15 | isbn=978-1-68053-388-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Elijah|year=1965|title=Message to the Blackman in America|url=https://archive.org/details/messagetoblackma00muha|url-access=registration|publisher=Muhammad's Temple No 2|isbn=978-1-929594-01-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Fard|year=1993|title=The Supreme Wisdom Lessons by Master Fard Muhammad: to His Servant, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad for The Lost-Found Nation of Islam in North America|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |url=http://www.ciphertheory.net/supremewisdom.pdf|isbn=978-1442165403}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://vault.fbi.gov/Wallace%20Fard%20Muhammed FBI file on Wallace Fard]
*[http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/Perspectives_1/article_6699.shtml Historical Analysis of FBI's COINTELPRO AND W. Fard Muhammad]
*[https://www.kingdomofislam.org/master-fard-muhammad/ Master Fard Muhammad]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fard, Wallace}}
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