View source for Wang Wei

{{Short description|Tang-dynasty Chinese poet, musician, painter, and statesman}}
{{For|other people similarly named}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Wang (surname)|Wang]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox writer
| name        = Wang Wei
| image       = Wang Wei.jpg
| imagesize   = 185px
| alt         =
| caption     =
| birth_date  = 699
| birth_place = Qi County, [[Jinzhong]], [[Shanxi]], [[Wu Zhou|Wu Zhou dynasty]]
| death_date  = {{death year and age|761|699}}
| death_place = [[Chang'an]], [[Tang dynasty]] (modern-day [[Xi'an]], [[Shaanxi]])
| occupation  = Musician, painter, poet, politician
| genre       =
| movement    =
| period      = [[Tang dynasty]]
| influences  =
| influenced  =
| module      = 
| relatives   = [[Wang Jin (Tang dynasty)|Wang Jin]] (brother)
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|pic=Wang Wei (Chinese characters).svg
|piccap=Wang's name in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
|picupright=0.4
|t={{linktext|王|維}}
|s={{linktext|王|维}}
|p=Wáng Wéi
|w=Wang<sup>2</sup> Wei<sup>2</sup>
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|wang|2|-|wei|2}}
|j=Wong4 Wai4
|y=Wòhng Wàih
|ci={{IPAc-yue|w|ong|4|-|w|ai|4}}
|tl=Ông Uî
|mc={{IPA|ɦuang jwi}}
|altname = (courtesy name)
|s2={{linktext|摩|诘}}
|t2={{linktext|摩|詰}}
|p2=Mójié
|mi2={{IPAc-cmn|m|uo|2|j|ie|2}}
|y2=Mō-kit
|tl2=Môo-khiat
}}

'''Wang Wei''' ({{lang-zh|t=王維|s=王维|p=Wáng Wéi}}; 699–761),<ref>Bio dates differ: Ch'en and Bullock, 49 and 53; Stimson, 22; Watson, 10 and 170; and Wu, 225 give 759 as his date of death. Note that other sources, such as Chang, 58, and Davis, x, give his years as 701–761.</ref> [[courtesy name]] '''Mojie''', was a Chinese musician, painter, poet, and politician of the middle [[Tang dynasty]]. He is regarded as one of the most distinguished [[Man of letters|men of arts and letters]] of his era.  About 400 of his poems survived and 29 of them are included in the 18th-century anthology ''[[Three Hundred Tang Poems]]''. A large portion of his finest poems drew inspirations from the local landscape.

Wang Wei is renowned for his dual talents as a nature poet and landscape painter. His poems were originally compiled and edited into a collection by his next-youngest brother, [[Wang Jin (Tang dynasty)|Wang Jin]], at imperial command. Of his paintings, no authenticated specimens survive, although there were evidence of his work through influences on later paintings and descriptive accounts. His musical talents were highly regarded; however, no compositions or music notes have been preserved. He had a successful career as an imperial court official. Later in life, he became a devout [[Chan Buddhism|Chan Buddhist]] and a vegetarian.<ref>Wu, 49–51</ref> He spent ten years studying with Chan master Daoguang.

==Names==
Wang adopted the courtesy name Mojie and signed many of his works "Wang Weimojie". Wei-mo-Jie ({{lang|zh-Hant|維摩詰}}) was a reference to [[Vimalakirti]], the central figure of the Buddhist [[sutra]] by the same name.<ref>Ferguson, 73</ref> In this Buddhist text presented partly in the form of a debate with [[Manjusri|Mañjuśrī]] (the Bodhisattva of Wisdom), the [[upasaka|lay devotee]] Vimalakīrti expounds the doctrine of [[Sunyata|Śūnyatā]], or emptiness, to an assembly that includes [[arhat]]s and [[bodhisattva]]s, and then culminates with the wordless teaching conveyed through silence.

==Life==

===Early years===
Born into an aristocratic family of [[Han Chinese|Han ethnicity]], originally from [[Qi County, Shanxi|Qixian]] (present-day Qi County in [[Shanxi]] province), Wang Wei's father moved east of the [[Yellow River]] to Puzhou, part of the historic [[Hedong Commandery]] (now [[Yongji, Shanxi]]). Known for his youthful precocity,<ref>Chang, 58</ref> Wang Wei, the eldest of five brothers,<ref>Ch'en and Bullock, 49</ref> set off for [[Chang’an]], the imperial capital, at the age of nineteen to prepare for the [[Imperial examination|civil service examination]]. While residing in Chang'an before taking the test, Wang gained favor at the court due to his poetic and musical talents, particularly in playing the instrument [[pipa]].<ref>Ch'en and Bullock, 50</ref> He passed the palace examination in 721 with top position known as the [[Imperial examination#Organization|Zhuangyuan]], setting the stage for a potentially lucrative civil service career.

Wang Wei's official career experienced ups and downs. His initial appointment was a court musician, or "Deputy Master of Music". However, he was subsequently demoted to overseeing a granary in the former province of [[Jizhou (ancient China)|Jizhou]] (now the name of a different town [[Jizhou City|Jizhou]], in [[Hebei]]).<ref>Ch'en and Bullock, 50; Chang, 59</ref> The reason for this demotion was Wang's breach of conventional etiquette by performing a [[lion dance]].<ref>Chang, 59</ref> In any case, this proved to be only a minor setback to his career, and it had a compensatory aspect as it afforded him the opportunity to travel. Subsequently, a sequence of promotions following this demotion was apparently attributable to his association with the prominent governmental minister, poet, and literary scholar [[Zhang Jiuling]].<ref>Chen and Bullock, 50; Chang, 59</ref> This connection persisted, at least until Zhang's 727 demotion to a post in [[Jingzhou]]. By 728, Wang Wei had returned to Chang'an, where he hosted the poet [[Meng Haoran]],<ref>Chang, 59</ref> forging a close friendship and poetic collaboration. At this point, Wang seems to have attained the rank of Assistant Censor, followed by a subsequent promotion within the government. However, he experienced a later demotion back to Assistant Censor, coinciding with the decline in imperial favor of Zhang Jiuling and the rising political influence of [[Li Linfu]]. After his wife's death in 731,<ref>Chang, 61</ref> he never remarried. In his capacity as a government official, he was dispatched to [[Liangzhou]],<ref>Chang, 60</ref> then the northwestern frontier of the Chinese empire and a region marked by continual military conflicts. Invited by the local commander, Wang served in this location until his return to Chang'an in 738 or early 739.<ref>Chang, 60</ref>

===Middle years===
After returning to Chang'an from Liangzhou, and lacking an official posting, Wang Wei took the opportunity to explore the countryside south of the capital, in the [[Lantian County|Lantian]] area within the [[Zhongnan Mountains]]. During his time there, Wang Wei formed a friendship with fellow poet [[Pei Di]].<ref>Chang, 60</ref> In 740–741 Wang resumed his governmental career, which included an inspection tour of [[Xiangyang]], Hubei (the home of Meng Haoran). Following this, Wang held various positions in Chang'an. In addition to his governmental salary, he earned income as an artist, enabling him to acquire the extensive Lantian estate once owned by the poet [[Song Zhiwen]], known as Wang Chuan.<ref>Chang, 61</ref> After the death of his mother in 747–748, Wang Wei erected a shrine in her honor at the estate, observing a traditional three-year mourning period. Overwhelmed by grief, Wang Wei was reduced almost to a skeleton.<ref>Chang, 61</ref> By 751–752 Wang Wei resumed his official duties. However, historical records from this point become cloudy due to the devastating effects of the [[An Lushan Rebellion|An Shi disorders]].

===War===
[[File:Riders on Horseback, Northern Qi Dynasty.jpg|thumb|Riders on Horseback, Northern Qi dynasty, the general area of the rebel heartland, although of an earlier date]]
[[An Lushan rebellion|The An-Shi disorders]] (755 - 763) profoundly impacted Chinese society in general and Wang Wei in particular, although Nicolas Tackett has recently argued that it was not as destructive to the Tang aristocracy as had previously been thought.<ref>Nicolas Tackett, The Destruction of the Medieval Chinese Aristocracy (Cambridge: Harvard Asia Center, 2014)</ref> In 756, Wang Wei was residing in the capital of Chang'an, where he was captured by the rebels when they took over the city. While [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang|Emperor Xuanzong]], his court, and most of the governmental officials had already evacuated to [[Sichuan]]; Wang Wei, plagued by dysentery, was incapacitated and unable to travel,<ref>Ch'en and Bullock, 50</ref> especially through the challenging mountainous terrain of the region. The rebels subsequently transported him to their capital at [[Luoyang]],<ref>Ch'en and Bullock, 51</ref> where the rebel government sought his collaboration. Some sources suggest that in an attempt to avoid actively assisting the insurgents, Wang Wei feigned deafness; others state that he consumed medicine to damage his voice. Regardless, in Luoyang, Wang Wei became officially affiliated with the rebels and was given an official title.<ref>Chang, 62</ref> In 757, with the ascendency of [[Emperor Suzong of Tang|Emperor Suzong]] and the Tang's recapture of Luoyang from the rebel forces, Wang Wei was arrested and imprisoned by the Tang government on charges of treason.<ref>Chang, 62</ref>

The charges were eventually dropped, in part due to the intervention of Wang Wei's brother, Wang Jin. Wang Jin held a high government rank as the Undersecretary of the Board of Punishments, and his loyal efforts in the defense of [[Taiyuan]] were well recognized.<ref>Chang, 62</ref> Furthermore, the poems Wang Wei had written during his captivity were produced and accepted as evidence of his loyalty.<ref>Ch'en and Bullock, 51</ref> Following his pardon, Wang Wei dedicated much of his time to Buddhist practice and activities.<ref>Chang, 62</ref> Subsequently, with the further suppression of the rebellion, he re-entered government service in 758,<ref>Chang, 62</ref> initially in a lower position compared to before the rebellion, as a ''tàizǐ zhōngchōng'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|太子中充}}), serving in the court of the crown prince rather than the emperor himself. In 759, Wang Wei not only regained his former position in the emperor's court but was eventually promoted. Over time, he was moved up to the secretarial position of ''jǐshìzhōng'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|給事中}}) and his last position, which he held until his death in 761, was ''shàngshū yòuchéng'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|尚書右丞}}), or deputy prime minister. These positions, located in the city of Chang'an, were conveniently close to his private estate, allowing him to visit and maintain it. Throughout this period, Wang Wei continued to pursue his artistic endeavors.

===Later years===
[[File:Pinus tabuliformis Hua Shan5.jpg|thumb|left|A modern picture from [[Mount Hua]], in the Qinling Mountain Range, perhaps suggesting some of the area's wild and rugged features which still exist today, and which would have also been enjoyed by Wang Wei and his friends.]]
Wang Wei never lived to see the empire's return to peace, as the An-Shi disorder and its aftermath continued beyond his lifetime. Nonetheless, he found some solace and stability which were non-existent during the early years of the rebellion. Particularly, he had the opportunity to spend time in the relative seclusion of his Lantian estate that offered him a poetic and Buddhist retreat. He was able to spend time with friends and connect with nature, continue to engage in painting and writing. Eventually, his days came to an end. In the seventh month of 759 or 761, Wang Wei requested writing implements and wrote several letters to his brother and to his friends before dying.<ref>Ch'en and Bullock, 53</ref> He was then buried at his Lantian estate.<ref>Hinton, 158</ref>

==Works==
[[File:王維-雪溪圖.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Wang Wei's ''Snowy River''. Formerly part of the Manchu Family Collection, Beijing, now lost.]]
[[File:Wang Shimin-After Wang Wei's Snow Over Rivers and Mountains.jpg|thumb|''After Wang Wei's 'Snow Over Rivers and Mountains''', [[Wang Shimin]] (1668), [[National Palace Museum]]]]
Wang Wei was accomplished in both his poetry and his paintings, on which the Song dynasty literati [[Su Shi]] commented: "The quality of Wang Wei’s poems can be summed up as, 'a painting within a poem.'  Observing his paintings you see, 'within the painting there is poetry.'"<ref>{{lang|zh|苏轼在《东坡志林》中说：“味摩诘之诗，诗中有画；观摩诘之画，画中有诗。”}} https://www.zybang.com/question/696b7c913828335406a31bb359dabb96.html</ref>  He is especially known for his compositions in the [[Shanshui poetry|Mountains and Streams]] (Shanshui) poetry genre, also known as "the landscape" school of poetry, along with fellow poet Meng Haoran. The two poets were often collectively referred to as "Wang Meng" (a combination of their surnames), to their shared excellence in poetic composition as contemporaries.

In his later years, Wang Wei lost interest in being a statesman and became more involved in Buddhism practice, particularly [[Chan Buddhism]]. This practice significantly influenced his poems, leading to his posthumous recognition as the "Poet Buddha."  His works are collected in ''Secretary General Wang's Anthology'', which includes 400 poems.  He excelled in painting images of people, bamboo forests and scenery of mountains and rivers.  It is recorded that his landscape paintings have two different genres, one of the Father and Son of the Li Family ({{lang|zh-Hant|李氏父子}}) and the other being of strong brush strokes. His work of ''Picture of Wang River'' is of the latter, but unfortunately the original no longer exists.  His works of ''Scenery of Snow and Creek'' and ''Jinan’s Fusheng Portrait'' are both realistic in their representation of the subjects.

At present 420 poems are attributed to Wang Wei, of which 370 are thought to be genuine.<ref>[[Jaroslav Průšek]] and Zbigniew Słupski, eds., Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: East Asia (Charles Tuttle, 1978): 195.</ref> Wang Wei was a "very great master" of the [[Jueju]], or the Chinese quatrain.<ref>Davis, x</ref> Many of his Jueju depict quiet scenes of water and mist, with few details and little human presence. The ''Indiana Companion'' comments that he affirms the world's beauty, while questioning its ultimate reality. It also draws a comparison between the deceptive simplicity of his works and the Chan path to [[Bodhi|enlightenment]], which is built on careful preparation but is achieved without conscious effort.

One of Wang Wei's famous poems is "Longing" ({{zhi|p=Xiang Si|t=相思}}), a quatrain known for its heartfelt emotions expressed in the simplest language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Longxi |first=Zhang |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003164173 |title=A History of Chinese Literature |publisher=Routledge |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-003-16417-3 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=111 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003164173}}</ref>
{|
!class="nowrap"|Original Chinese
!class="nowrap"|English Translation
|-
| lang="zh-Hant" |
:　 相思
:紅豆生南國
:春來發幾枝
:願君多採擷 
:此物最相思
|
::Longing
:The red beans grow in the southern country,
:In the spring a few twigs come out above.
:I would urge you gather as much as you can,,
:For they are the best tokens of love.
|}

===''Wang River'' Collection===
{{Main|Wangchuan ji}}
Some of Wang Wei's most famous poetry was done as a series of 20 quatrains, matched by his friend [[Pei Di]]'s verses on the same topic and title. Together, these poems form a group titled the ''Wang River Collection'' ({{zhi|t=輞川集|p=Wǎngchuān jí}}). These poems are sometimes referred to as the "Lantian poems", after the real name of Wang's estate's location, in what is now [[Lantian County]].

Inspired in part by Wang's Lantian home and features of its neighborhood and by their correspondences with other places and features, the ''Wang River Collection'' includes such pieces as the poem often translated "Deer Park" (literally, "Deer Fence").<ref name="deerpark">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinapage.com/poem/wangwei/wangwei-trs.html |title=Several Translations of One Poem by 王維 |access-date=31 October 2006 |archive-date=11 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611171909/http://www.chinapage.com/poem/wangwei/wangwei-trs.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> However, the poems tend to have a deceptive simplicity to them, while they actually have great depth and complexity upon closer examination. Below is a selection of several of Wang's "Wang River Collection" quatrains, with English translations by the American sinologist [[Stephen Owen (sinologist)|Stephen Owen]].{{sfnp|Owen|1996|pp=392–95}}
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=yes|lang1=zh
|空山不見人，
但聞人語響。
返景入深林，
復照青苔上。
|No one is seen in deserted hills,
Only the echoes of speech are heard.
Sunlight cast back comes deep in the woods
And shines once again upon the green moss.|

|attr1="Deer Fence" ({{zhi|p=Lù Chái|c=鹿柴}})|attr2=Stephen Owen, trans.
}}
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=yes|lang1=zh
|仄逕蔭宮槐，
幽陰多綠苔。
應門但迎埽，
畏有山僧來。
|A slanting path, shaded by palace ash,
In hidden shadows is much green moss.
The gatekeeper sweeps only for visitors,
Wary a mountain monk may come.
|attr1="The Lane of Palace Ash Trees" ({{zhi|p=Gōng Huái Mò|c=宮槐陌}})|attr2=Stephen Owen, trans.
}}
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=yes|lang1=zh|
輕舸迎上客，
悠悠湖上來。
當軒對尊酒，
四面芙蓉開。
|A light scull greets my worthy guest
Who comes from afar across the lake.
We will sit facing wine by the balcony
With lotuses blooming on every side.
|attr1="Pavilion Overlooking the Lake" ({{zhi|p=Lín Hú Tíng|c=臨湖亭}})|attr2=Stephen Owen, trans.
}}
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=yes|lang1=zh
|
颯颯秋雨中，
淺淺石溜瀉。
跳波自相濺，
白鷺驚復下。
|The moaning of wind in autumn rain,
Swift waters trickling over the stones.
Leaping waves strike one another—
A white egret flies up in alarm, then comes down.
|attr1="Rapids by the Luan Trees" ({{zhi|p=Luán Jiā Lài|c=欒家瀨}})|attr2=Stephen Owen, trans.
}}
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=yes|lang1=zh|
獨坐幽篁裏，
彈琴復長嘯。
深林人不知，
明月來相照。|
I sit alone in bamboo that hides me,
Plucking the harp and whistling long.
It is deep in the woods and no one knows—
Bright moon comes to shine on me.
|attr1="Lodge in the Bamboo" ({{zhi|p=Zhú Lǐ Guǎn|c=竹里館}})|attr2=Stephen Owen, trans.
}}

=== Other poetry ===
''Villa on Zhongnan Mountain'' ({{lang|zh|終南別業}}) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Topics on Asia for Educators {{!}}{{!}} Great Tang Poets: Wang Wei |url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/at/wang_wei/ww01.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=afe.easia.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Wang |title=Villa at Mount Zhongnan by Wang Wei by Wang Wei |url=https://allpoetry.com/poem/14107630-Villa-at-Mount-Zhongnan-by-Wang-Wei-by-Wang-Wei |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=allpoetry.com |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Owen|1996}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Verse translation|lang1=zh |italicsoff=yes
|中歲頗好道，
晚家南山陲。
興來每獨往，
勝事空自知。
行到水窮處，
坐看雲起時。
偶然值林叟，
談笑無還期。|In my middle years I came to much love the Way
and late made my home by South Mountain's edge.
When the mood comes upon me, I go off alone,
and have glorious moments all to myself.
I walk to the point where a stream ends,
and sitting, watch when the clouds rise.
By chance I meet old men in the woods;
we laugh and chat, no fixed time to turn home.|attr2=Translated by [[Stephen Owen (sinologist)|Stephen Owen]]}}

===Painting===
{{Main|Chinese painting}}
Wang Wei has historically been regarded as the founder of the [[Southern School]] of Chinese landscape art,<ref>Davis, x</ref> a school which was characterised by strong brushstrokes contrasted with [[Ink wash painting|light ink washes]].

==Cultural references==
[[File:Dong Qichang.Landscapes in the Manner of Old Masters (Wang Wei). Album leaf.1621-24 Nelson-Atkuns Museum.jpg|thumb|[[Dong Qichang]]'s painting of "Landscapes in the Manner of Old Masters" (Wang Wei). Album leaf. Nelson-Atkins Museum]]

===Influence in the East===
Wang Wei was of extensive influence in China and its area of cultural influence, particularly in terms of monochrome ink painting and in terms of his deceptively simple and insightful Buddhist-influenced poetry. [[Wang Shimin]] and [[Wang Yuanqi]] of the [[Six Masters of the early Qing period]] painted works in the style of Wang Wei, as well as copying his paintings as "copying former masters was seen as the cornerstone of artistic training."<ref>Jenny So, in "Antiques in Antiquity: Early Chinese Looks at the Past", a paper presented at Brown University, March 5, 2008.</ref> In the [[Ming dynasty]], [[Dong Qichang]] included Wang Wei's style in his paintings after the old masters.

One of Wang Wei's poems, called ''Weicheng Qu'' or "Song of the City of Wei" has been adapted to the famous music melody, ''Yangguan Sandie'' or "Three Refrains on the [[Yangguan|Yang Pass]]". The most famous version of this melody is based on a tune for [[guqin]] first published in 1864 but may be traced back to a version from 1530.<ref name="yangguan">{{cite web |url=http://www.silkqin.com/02qnpu/09zysz/zy13ygsd.htm  |title=13. Thrice (Parting for) Yangguan }}</ref>

Wang Wei's lasting influence is seen in the [[death poem]] of the Japanese [[haiku]] master [[Yosa Buson]]:
{{blockquote|<poem>
   winter warbler;
   long ago in Wang Wei's
   hedge also
</poem>
}}

===Influence in the West===
Wang Wei's poetry in translation formed the inspiration for the final ''Der Abschied'' movement of the Austrian composer [[Gustav Mahler]]'s penultimate completed work, ''[[Das Lied von der Erde]]''.<ref>Mitchell, Donald (1985), ''Gustav Mahler: Songs and Symphonies of Life and Death''. London: Faber and Faber.</ref>  "[[Das Lied von der Erde#Der Abschied|Der Abschied]]" is set to a loose German translation of Wang Wei's ''Farewell'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|送别}}), a work addressed to fellow poet Meng Haoran on the occasion of his retirement (after a brief civil service career) to become a scholar-recluse (''yinshi'', {{lang|zh-Hant|隱士}}).
{{Verse translation | lang1 = zh |italicsoff=yes | head1 =送别
|下馬飲君酒
問君何所之
君言不得意
歸臥南山陲<ref>Nanshan ({{lang|zh-Hant|南山}}, "South Hill") likely refers to a particular geographical feature near Meng Haoran's hometown of [[Xiangyang]], in modern day Hubei Province.  Another interpretation is that Nanshan is short for [[Zhongnan Mountains|Zhongnanshan]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|終南山}}), a well-known retreat for Daoist hermits.</ref>
但去莫復問
白雲無盡時
 | lang2 = en |head2=Farewell
|"Alight and bide a while my friend,"
a cup of wine I recommend.  
"Whither go ye on this journey?"
Disappointments, you confide —
"On South Hill's fringes I'll reside,
retire by the mountainside."
"Go, good friend," my queries end.
Yonder, white clouds time transcend.
}}
Wang Wei's poetry as found in the works of [[Ernest Fenollosa]] also provided inspiration for the American poet [[Ezra Pound]] in the creation of [[Pound's Ideogrammic Method]].

His art inspired [[Innisfree Garden]] in [[Millbrook, New York]].

The Wang River Sequence has been set for choir by UK composer [[Peter McGarr]] in his piece 'Beautiful Days'.

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}{{Div col|rules=30em|content=* [[Chinese poetry]]
* [[Tang poetry]]
* [[Dong Yuan]]
* [[Han Gan]]
* [[List of Chinese language poets]]
* [[List of Chinese painters]]
* [[List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Classical Chinese books)|List of Chinese National Treasures of Japan]]
* [[Shen Kuo]]
* [[Shi (poetry)]]
* [[Tang poetry]]
* [[Wangchuan ji]]
* [[Wang Jin (Tang dynasty)|Wang Jin]]
* [[Wang Yuanqi]]}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Bynner, Witter (1929), trans. (from the texts of Kiang Kang-hu). ''The Jade Mountain, a Chinese Anthology: Being Three Hundred Poems of the T'ang Dynasty''. New York: Knopf.
* Chang, H.C. (1977), ''Chinese Literature 2: Nature Poetry''. New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-04288-4}}.
* Chang, Yin-nan, and Lewis C. Walmsley (1958), trans. ''Poems by Wang Wei''. Rutland, VT: Tuttle.
* [[Jerome Chen|Ch'en, Jerome]] and Michael Bullock (1960), ''Poems of Solitude''. London: Abelard-Schuman. {{ISBN|978-0-85331-260-4}}.
* Cheng, Francois (1977), ''L'Ecriture poétique chinoise''.  Paris: Editions du Seuil. Trans. by Donald A. Riggs and Jerome P. Seaton as ''Chinese Poetic Writing: With an Anthology of T'ang Poetry'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982.
* Davis, A.R. (Albert Richard), Editor and Introduction (1970), ''The Penguin Book of Chinese Verse''. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
* Ferguson, John C. (1927), ''Chinese Painting''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Fletcher, W.J.B. (1919), trans. ''Gems of Chinese Verse, Translated into English Verse''. Shanghai: Commercial Press.
* Giles, Herbert (1884), ed. and trans. ''Chinese Poetry in English Verse''. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh.
* [[David Hinton|Hinton, David]] (2008), ''Classical Chinese Poetry: An Anthology''. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. {{ISBN|0-374-10536-7|978-0-374-10536-5}}.
* Kenner, Hugh (1971), ''The Pound Era''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Mitchell, Donald (1985), ''Gustav Mahler: Songs and Symphonies of Life and Death''. London: Faber and Faber.
*{{cite book|last=Owen |first=Stephen | authorlink = Stephen Owen (sinologist) |title=An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/anthologyofchine00step |url-access=registration |place=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton |year=1996 |isbn=0-393-97106-6 }}
* Robinson, G.W. (1974), ''Wang Wei Poems'' Penguin Classics, {{ISBN|978-0-14-044296-0}}
* [[Hugh McBirney Stimson|Stimson, Hugh M.]] (1976), ''Fifty-five T'ang Poems''. Far Eastern Publications: Yale University, New Haven, CN. {{ISBN|0-88710-026-0}}
* Wagner, Marsha (1982), ''Wang Wei''. Boston: Twayne.
* Watson, Burton (1971), ''Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century''. New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-03464-4}}.
* Weinberger, Eliot, and Octavio Paz (1987), ''Nineteen Ways of Looking at Wang Wei: How a Chinese Poem Is Translated''. Wakefield, RI: Moyer Bell.
* Wu, John C.H. (1972), ''The Four Seasons of Tang Poetry''. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle. {{ISBN|978-0-8048-0197-3}}.
* Yip, Wai-lim (1972), trans. ''Hiding the Universe: Poems by Wang Wei''. New York: Munshinsha/Grossman.
* Yip, Wai-lim (1993), ''Diffusion of Distances: Dialogues between Chinese and Western Poetics''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Yu, Pauline (1980), ''The Poetry of Wang Wei: New Translations and Commentary''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

{{refend}}

== Critical editions ==
* ''Wang Youcheng Ji Jianzhu'' 《王右丞集箋注》 (''An Annotated Edition of the Collected Works of Wang [Wei] the Right [[Department of State Affairs|Assistant Secretary of State Affairs]]''). Edited by Zhao Diancheng (趙殿成) (1683–1756). Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1961.

== Further reading ==
* [[Perry Link|Link, Perry]], "A Magician of Chinese Poetry" (review of [[Eliot Weinberger]], with an afterword by [[Octavio Paz]]), ''19 Ways of Looking at Wang Wei (with More Ways)'', New Directions, 88 pp. and [[Eliot Weinberger]], ''The Ghosts of Birds'', New Directions, 211 pp. ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXIII, no. 18 (November 24, 2016), pp.&nbsp;49–50.
* Rouzer, Paul (2020). [https://www.degruyter.com/serial/PPWW-B/html The Poetry and Prose of Wang] {{open access}}. ''De Gruyter Mouton''.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Wang Wei}}
* [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501516023/html Complete translation of Wang Wei's poems, as well as selected prose works, by Paul Rouzer]
* [https://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/search/label/Wang%20Wei Wang Wei in English] at ''Poems Found in Translation''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080310234556/http://www.poetry-chinese.com/wangwei-m.htm Regulated verses of Wang Wei, with English translation, pinyin transliteration, and tonal patterns.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100611171909/http://www.chinapage.com/poem/wangwei/wangwei-trs.html Translations by sixteen poets of "Deer Park"]
* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/88271/rec/1 Landscapes Clear and Radiant: The Art of Wang Hui (1632–1717)], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Wang Wei (see index)
* [http://www.ziyexing.cn/shici/wangwei/whangwei_index.htm Complete works of Wang Wei, in Chinese, at 'The Poetry of Chinese Antiquity' website]
* {{Librivox author |id=3145}}
*Books of the ''[[Quan Tangshi]]'' that include collected poems of Wang Wei at the [[Chinese Text Project]]:
**[http://ctext.org/quantangshi/125 Book 125]
**[http://ctext.org/quantangshi/126 Book 126]
**[http://ctext.org/quantangshi/127 Book 127]
**[http://ctext.org/quantangshi/128 Book 128]

{{Tang dynasty topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wang, Wei}}
[[Category:699 births]]
[[Category:759 deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century Chinese musicians]]
[[Category:8th-century Chinese poets]]
[[Category:8th-century Chinese painters]]
[[Category:Buddhist artists]]
[[Category:Chinese portrait painters]]
[[Category:Musicians from Shanxi]]
[[Category:Painters from Shanxi]]
[[Category:Politicians from Yuncheng]]
[[Category:Poets from Shanxi]]
[[Category:Tang dynasty musicians]]
[[Category:Tang dynasty painters]]
[[Category:Tang dynasty poets]]
[[Category:Tang dynasty government officials]]
[[Category:Three Hundred Tang Poems poets]]