View source for Wapno

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Wapno
| other_name = 
| native_name = 
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Kościół św. Barbary w Wapnie.JPG
| image_caption = Church of Saint Barbara
| image_flag = 
| image_shield = 
| image_map = 
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Greater Poland Voivodship|Greater Poland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Poland|Powiat]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wągrowiec County|Wągrowiec]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Wapno|Wapno]]
| government_type = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name = 
| established_title = 
| established_date = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| population_as_of = 2006
| population_footnotes = 
| population_note = 
| population_total = 1700
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|52|54|N|17|28|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 62-120
| area_code = +48 67
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car Plates]]
| blank_info = PWA
| website = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''Wapno''' {{IPAc-pl|'|w|a|p|n|o}} is a [[village]] in [[Wągrowiec County]], in the [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]], close to the border with [[Żnin County]].{{TERYT}} ''Wapno'' is Polish for [[Lime (material)|lime]]<ref name="cambrwapno">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Global Polish-English Learner's Dictionary|title=wapno|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/polish-english/wapno|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2018|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> and reflects the large [[gypsum]] deposits in the area, which can be processed to produce lime. There are also large deposits of [[halite|rock salt]] that were mined extensively beginning in the nineteenth century.

Wapno lies in the so-called [[Gniezno Lake District]], and is close to several lakes. The village is {{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the town of [[Wągrowiec]].

==Municipal organization==
The present municipality (''[[gmina]]'') of Wapno includes the following [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]]s in addition to the central village of Wapno:
*[[Aleksandrowo, Wągrowiec County|Aleksandrowo]]
*[[Graboszewo, Wągrowiec County|Graboszewo]]
*[[Komasin]]
*[[Podolin]]
*[[Rusiec, Greater Poland Voivodeship|Rusiec]]
*[[Srebrna Góra (Wapno)|Srebrna Góra]]
*[[Stołężyn]]

==History==
The town is first mentioned in 1299, in an entry in the [[Codex Diplomaticus Majoris Poloniae]], which records the appearance of one [[Count]] Adam of Wapno at a trial in the court of one Count Rozal, concerning the rights of the [[Cistercian]] monastery in [[Wagrowiec-Lekno|Łękno]] ''vis-a-vis'' the village of [[Dębogóra, Poznań County|Dębogóra]]. At that time, Wapno was part of the [[Kuyavia]]n principality headed by [[Duke]] Władyslaw I Łokietek ([[Władysław I the Elbow-high|Vladislaus the Short]]), who became the second king of Poland upon his election in 1330.

Under Prussian rule, Wapno was part of [[South Prussia]] (1793–1807) and again of the [[Bromberg (region)|Bromberg Region]] (1815–1919) in the [[Province of Posen]] (''Prowincja Poznańska''), interrupted only by it forming part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]]. After World War I, it became part of the [[Second Polish Republic]].

During the [[Invasion of Poland]], the elementary school in Wapno served as the headquarters of the Polish [[26th Infantry Division (Poland)|26th Infantry Division]], a component of the [[Intervention Corps]]. Under the German [[Reichsgau Wartheland]] occupation (1939–1945), it was briefly (1944–1945) renamed ''Salzhof'' &mdash; "Saltyard."<ref name="cambrsalz">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Global German-English Learner's Dictionary|title=Salz|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/salz|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2018|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref><ref name="cambrhof">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Global German-English Learner's Dictionary|title=Hof|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/german-english/hof|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2018|access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> In 1945, Wapno once again became part of Poland.

Since mediaeval times, Wapno has been known for the quality of its gypsum, which was used in the construction of the cathedrals at [[Gniezno]] and [[Poznań]]. There are also large salt deposits, consisting of [[salt dome]]s intruding through the gypsum layer in [[diapir]]ism. The salt and gypsum deposits under Wapno were subject to increasingly intensive extraction from 1828 onward, when landowner Florian Wilkoński began exploratory [[surface mining]].<ref name="malachoskibiggestdis">{{cite journal|author-first=Krzysztof|author-last=Małachowski|title=The biggest surface mining disaster in Poland and its economic results|journal=European Journal of Service Management|pages=247–255|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=973700|date=2018-04-02}}</ref>{{rp|248}}

Output increased from 200 tonnes per year at the beginning of modern mining, to over 5,000 tonnes per year in 1850, with the pace accelerating after the introduction of steam power in 1835. Output began increasing again in the 1950s, accompanied by the construction of housing for up to 3,000 workers. Gypsum was processed on site, whereas beginning in 1887, after the construction of a line connecting Wapno and [[Nakło]] to [[Gniezno]], salt was transported by rail to Nakło for processing.<ref name="malachoskibiggestdis"/>{{rp|248}}

On September 28, 1977, the Tadeusz Koscziusko [[saltmine]] underneath the town center collapsed, forcing the evacuation of around 1,000 residents.<ref name="mining inducedwapno">{{cite journal|journal=Inzynieria Mineralna|volume=2|doi=10.29227/IM-2021-02-04|date=2021-11-08|title= Mining-induced Land Subsidence Detected by Sentinel-1 SAR Images: An Example from the Historical Tadeusz Kościuszko Salt Mine at Wapno, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland|author1-last=Kim|author1-first=Thi Thu Huong|author2-last=Tran|author2-first=Hong Ha|author3-last=Bui|author3-first=Luyen|author4-last=Lipecki|author4-first=Tomasz|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355984968_Mining-induced_Land_Subsidence_Detected_by_Sentinel-1_SAR_Images_An_Example_from_the_Historical_Tadeusz_Kosciuszko_Salt_Mine_at_Wapno_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship_Poland|pages=41–52|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|42}} Wapno has never recovered economically from the loss of mining jobs after the accident, which has never been fully explained.<ref name="malachoskibiggestdis"/>{{rp|248}}A 2014 study found that a likely cause of the accident was exploitation of resources at the tenth (and lowest) level of the mine, along with preparatory work at the eighth and ninth levels, which study authors called a "mistake," as [[room and pillar mining]] of rock salt tends to lead to the accumulation of [[fracture]]s, [[fissure]]s, and [[Leaching (pedology)|leaching]] of liquified sand and soil that lead to [[subsidence]].<ref name="polminingdefwapno">{{cite journal|journal=Archives of Mining Sciences|title=Deformations of the Protection Shelf in the "Wapno" Salt Mine, Based on Model Studies|volume=4|year=2014|publisher=Committee of Mining, Polish Academy of Sciences|doi=10.2478/amsc-2014-0060|issn=0860-7001|author1-first=Gregorsz|author1-last=Kortas|author2-first=Agnieska|author2-last=Maj|pages=869–86|url=https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/108038/edition/93684/content|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|884–5}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wapno.pl/ Official site (in Polish, includes photos)]

{{Gmina Wapno}}

[[Category:Villages in Wągrowiec County]]