View source for West Kalimantan

{{Short description|Province in Kalimantan, Indonesia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = West Kalimantan
| type                    = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]]
| image_shield            = {{#property:p94}}
| image_flag              = 
| shield_size             = 
| flag_size               = 
| image_map               = West Kalimantan in Indonesia.svg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = {{centre|{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} '''West Kalimantan''' in {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} '''[[Indonesia]]'''}}
| coordinates             = {{coord|0|0|N|110|30|E|region:ID_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| motto                   = {{lang|sa|Akçaya}} ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]) <br />"Imperishable"{{force singular}}
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions of Indonesia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Kalimantan]]
| established_title       = Established
| established_date        = 14 July 1950
| established_date1       = 
| seat_type               = Capital<br />{{nobold|and largest city}}
| seat                    = [[Pontianak]]
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_title            = [[List of governors of West Kalimantan|Governor]]
| leader_name             = [[Ria Norsan]] ([[Gerindra]])
| governing_body          = West Kalimantan Provincial Government
| leader_title2           = Vice Governor
| leader_name2            = [[:id:Krisantus Kurniawan|Krisantus Kurniawan]]
| leader_title3           = [[Regional House of Representatives|Legislature]]
| leader_name3            = [[West Kalimantan Regional House of Representatives]] (DPRD)
| unit_pref               = Metric
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 147037.04
| area_rank               = [[Provinces of Indonesia|2nd in Indonesia]]
| area_note               = 
| elevation_footnotes     = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref>
| population_total        = 5695500
| population_as_of        = mid 2024 estimate
| population_footnotes    = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.61)</ref>
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_rank         = 15th in Indonesia
| population_note         = 
| demographics_type1      = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref>tags -->
| demographics1_title1    = [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Ethnic groups]] {{nobold|(2010)}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ananta |first1=Aris |last2=Arifin |first2=Evi Nurvidya |last3=Hasbullah |first3=M Sairi |last4=Handayani |first4=Nur Budi |last5=Pramono |first5=Agus |year=2015 |title=Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crKfCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-4519-87-8 |page=108}}</ref>
| timezone1               = [[Time in Indonesia|Indonesia Western Time]]
| utc_offset1             = +7
| geocode                 = 
| iso_code                = ID-KB
| footnotes               = 
| elevation_max_ft        = 5443
| elevation_max_point     = {{ill|Mount Unjukbalui|id|Gunung Unjukbalui}}
| demographics1_info1     = 34.93% [[Dayak people|Dayak]]<br /> 33.84% [[Malay Indonesians|Malays]]<br /> 9.74% [[Javanese people|Javanese]]<br /> 8.17% [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]]<br /> 6.27% [[Madurese people|Madurese]]<br /> 7.04% [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|other]]
| demographics1_title2    = [[Religion in Indonesia|Religion]] {{nobold|(2021)}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=BPS Provinsi Kalimantan Barat | url=https://kalbar.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/fd6563fa45106b2442988fbf/provinsi-kalimantan-barat-dalam-angka-2021.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430145923/https://kalbar.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/fd6563fa45106b2442988fbf/provinsi-kalimantan-barat-dalam-angka-2021.html | archive-date=2022-04-30 | access-date=2025-08-17}}</ref>
| demographics1_info2     = 60,07% [[Islam in Indonesia|Islam]]
{{Tree list}}
* 33,74% [[Christianity in Indonesia|Christianity]]
** 22,16% [[Catholicism in Indonesia|Catholicism]]
** 11,58% [[Protestantism in Indonesia|Protestantism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
5,85% [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Buddhism]]<br>0,26% [[Confucianism in Indonesia|Confucianism]]<br>0,05% [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hinduism]] <br>0,03% [[Aliran Kepercayaan]]
| demographics1_title3    = [[Languages of Indonesia|Languages]]
| demographics1_info3     = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (official), [[Bukar Sadong language|Bukar Sadong]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Iban language|Iban]], [[Jagoi language|Jagoi]], [[Kendayan language|Kendayan]], [[Jangkang language|Jangkang]], [[Pontianak Malay]], [[Sambas Malay]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Biatah language|Biatah]], [[Tringgus language|Tringgus]] (regional)
| official_name           = Province of West Kalimantan<br>{{lang|id|{{nobold|Provinsi Kalimantan Barat}}}}
| nickname                = {{lang|id|Provinsi Seribu Sungai}}<br>"Province of the Thousand Rivers"{{force singular}}
| native_name             = {{lang|id|Kalimantan Barat}}
| image_map1              = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe
|frame-width=250
|zoom=8}}{{hidden end}}
| blank_name              = GDP (nominal)
| blank_info              = 2022
| blank1_name             = &nbsp;- Total<ref name="bpsgdpdata2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020-2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/WkdVMWRYVnBkMnBvVEhKSVkyWXhNblZtTjJSbmR6MDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku--menurut-provinsi--miliar-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank1_info             = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 255.8&nbsp;trillion ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GDP|17th]])<br>[[USD|US$]] 17.2&nbsp;billion<br>[[Int$]] 53.8&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank2_name             = &nbsp;- Per capita<ref name="bpspercapitadata">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pusat Statistik |author-link=Statistics Indonesia |year=2023 |title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2020-2022 |url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/YWtoQlRVZzNiMU5qU1VOSlRFeFZiRTR4VDJOTVVUMDkjMw==/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita-atas-dasar-harga-berlaku-menurut-provinsi--ribu-rupiah-.html?year=2022 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank2_info             = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 46.2&nbsp;million ([[List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita|24th]])<br>[[USD|US$]] 3,109<br>[[Int$]] 9,701&nbsp;([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank3_name             = &nbsp;- Growth<ref name="bappenas2022">{{Cite web |author=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |author-link=Ministry of National Development Planning (Indonesia) |year=2023 |title=Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan |url=https://simreg.bappenas.go.id/home/pemantauan/lpe |publisher=Badan Pembangunan Nasional |location=Jakarta |language=id}}</ref>
| blank3_info             = {{Increase}} 5.07%
| blank4_name             = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2024)
| blank4_info             = {{increase}} 0.712<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024|publisher=[[Statistics Indonesia]]|date=2024|language=id|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|31st]]) – <span style=color:#090>high</span>
| website                 = {{URL|kalbarprov.go.id}}
}}

'''West Kalimantan''' ({{langx|id|Kalimantan Barat}}) is a [[Provinces of Indonesia|province of Indonesia]]. It is one of five Indonesian provinces comprising [[Kalimantan]], the Indonesian part of the island of [[Borneo]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]]. It is bordered by [[East Kalimantan]] and [[Central Kalimantan]] to the east, the [[Malaysia]]n state of [[Sarawak]] to the north, and the [[Bangka Belitung Islands]] to the west and the [[Java Sea]] to the south. The province has an area of 147,037&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, and had a population of 4,395,983 at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 5,414,390 at the 2020 Census;<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 5,623,328 (comprising 2,887,209 males and 2,736,119 females), and was projected to rise to 5,695,500 at mid 2024.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.61)</ref> Ethnic groups include the [[Dayak people|Dayak]], [[Malay people|Malay]], [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Bugis]], and [[Madurese people|Madurese]]. The borders of West Kalimantan roughly trace the mountain ranges surrounding the vast watershed of the [[Kapuas River]], which drains most of the province. The province shares land borders with [[Central Kalimantan]] to the southeast, [[East Kalimantan]] to the east, and the Malaysian state of [[Sarawak]] to the north.

West Kalimantan is nicknamed "The Province of a Thousand Rivers". The nickname references the geography of the province, which features hundreds of rivers of varying size, most of which are navigable. Several major rivers are still the main route for freight to the hinterland, despite road infrastructure now reaching most districts.

Although a small part of West Kalimantan region is seawater, West Kalimantan has dozens of large and small islands (mostly uninhabited) spread along the [[Karimata Strait]] and [[Natuna Sea]] that borders the province of [[Riau Islands]]. The total population in the province, according to the 2010 census totalled 4,395,983 inhabitants<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011"/> and at the 2020 Census it was 5,414,390,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> but by mid 2023 it was officially estimated to have reached 5,623,328.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.61)</ref>

== History ==
The history of West Kalimantan was dominated with Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms ruling over the region and Borneo as a whole after that this kingdoms converted into muslim sultanate.

Its modern history in 17th century. The Malays are the native Muslims of West Kalimantan and established their [[Sultanate of Sambas|Sultanates of Sambas]] since 1609 in Sambas territory, along with [[Mempawah Kingdom|Mempawah Sultanate]] established since 1740 ruled in between Pontianak and Sambas territory. The Mempawah Sultanate brought in workers from China at the beginning of the kingdom. The same policy followed by the Sambas Sultanate around 1750, which brought in workers from China to work in the gold mines in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005-03-22 |editor-last=Lindsey |editor-first=Tim |editor2-last=Pausacker |editor2-first=Helen |title=Chinese Indonesians : remembering, distorting, forgetting |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/9789812305442 |journal=Timothy Lindsey |doi=10.1355/9789812305442|isbn=978-981-230-544-2 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raditya |first=Iswara N. |date=2017-09-12 |title=Republik Lanfang, Republik Pertama di Nusantara |url=https://tirto.id/republik-lanfang-republik-pertama-di-nusantara-cwtg |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=tirto.id |language=id}}</ref>

The high Chinese population in this province was due to a republic founded by Chinese miners called the [[Lanfang Republic]] (蘭芳共和國: Republik Lanfang), an autonomous state allied with [[Pontianak Sultanate|Pontianak]] and [[Sultanate of Sambas|Sambas Sultanate]], as a sub-state of the [[Qing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tirto.id/republik-lanfang-republik-pertama-di-nusantara-cwtg|title=Republik Lanfang, Republik Pertama di Nusantara |website=tirto.id|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511125852/https://tirto.id/republik-lanfang-republik-pertama-di-nusantara-cwtg|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The government of Lanfang was ended in West Kalimantan after the [[Mandor rebellion|Dutch Invasion]] in 1884. {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

West Kalimantan was under [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese occupation]] from 1942 to 1945, when Indonesia declared its Independence. During the Japanese occupation, more than 21,000 people in Pontianak (including sultans, men, women and children) were kidnapped, tortured and massacred by Japanese troops during the [[Pontianak incidents]]. All the Malay Sultans on Kalimantan were executed and the Malay elite was devastated by the Japanese.<ref name="kajomag">{{cite web|url=https://kajomag.com/the-mandor-affair-the-massacres-in-west-kalimantan-during-wwii/|title=The Mandor Affair, the massacres in West Kalimantan during WWII|access-date=2022-01-21|work=Kajomag|date=2019-09-18|first=Patricia|last=Hului}}</ref> Most of the victims were buried in several giant wells in Mandor (88&nbsp;km from Pontianak). After the end of the war,  Japanese officers in Pontianak were arrested by allied troops and brought in the [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]].<ref name="kajomag" />

A monument called Makam Juang Mandor was created to memorialize the event.
{{Historical populations
|footnote= Source: [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] 2024 and earlier<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.61)</ref>
|1971 |2019936
|1980 |2486068
|1990 |3229153
|1995 |3635730
|2000 |4034178
|2005 |4052345
|2010 |4395983
|2015 |4783209
|2020 |5414390
|2023 |5623328}}

On 12 May 1947, the [[West Borneo (Special Region)|West Kalimantan Autonomous region]] was established. It was led by [[Syarif Hamid II of Pontianak]], who supported the Dutch endeavour to establish a federal [[United States of Indonesia]] (RUSI), of which West Kalimantan would have been a component. Following the 5 April 1950 arrest of Sultan Hamid for complicity in the [[APRA coup d'état|APRA coup]] attempt against the RUSI government led by [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]] (KNIL) officer [[Raymond Westerling]], there were demands from the public for a merger into the [[Republic of Indonesia (1949–1950)|Republic of Indonesia]], which took place on 22 April. On 15 August, The West Kalimantan autonomous region became part of Kalimantan Province, and two days later, the RUSI ceased to exist, and was replaced with a unitary Republic of Indonesia.<ref>{{Citation | last = Reid | first = Anthony J.S | author-link = Anthony Reid (academic) | title = The Indonesian National Revolution, 1945–1950 | publisher = Longman | year = 1974 | location = Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia |page=110| isbn = 0-582-71047-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Ricklefs| first = M.C. | author-link = M. C. Ricklefs | title = A History of Modern Indonesia Since {{circa|1300}} | publisher = Palgrave |edition = 3rd | year = 2001 | orig-year = 1981 |pages=373–374 | isbn = 978-0-230-54685-1}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Kahin | first = George McTurnan |author-link = George McTurnan Kahin| title = Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia | publisher = Cornell University Press |pages=455–456| year = 1952}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Feith | first = Herbert | author-link = Herbert Feith | title = The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia | url = https://archive.org/details/declineconstitut00feit | url-access = registration | publisher = Equininox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd | year = 2008 | orig-year = 1962 | location = Singapore | page = [https://archive.org/details/declineconstitut00feit/page/n117 99] | isbn = 978-979-3780-45-0 | access-date = 30 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131020005051/http://archive.org/details/declineconstitut00feit | archive-date = 20 October 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref>

West Kalimantan was the site of substantial fighting during the [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation]] under the [[Sukarno]] government in the mid-1960s. After [[Suharto]] deposed Sukarno in 1965, the confrontation was quickly resolved. Domestic conflict continued, however, for another ten years between the new [[New Order (Indonesia)|Suharto government]] and fighters organized during the confrontation and backed by the banned [[Communist Party of Indonesia|Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI).

During the 1930s the [[Dutch East Indies]] government initiated a "[[Transmigration program|transmigration plan]]" to move people from heavily populated islands such as [[Java]], to the less populated islands of [[Irian Jaya]] and Kalimantan. which continues after Indonesia's Independence, In the 1960s the Indonesian government granted the [[Madurese people|Madurese]] rights to clear forests for palm oil cultivation. This conflicted with the local Dayak tribes' traditional way of life. As more Madurese began migrating into the province, ethnic rivalries and tensions began to rose not only within the Dayaks, but also with Bornean Malays residing in the province, tensions between the Madurese and the local Malays and Dayaks resulted in major eruptions of violence in 1996, the [[Sambas riots]] in 1999 and the [[Sampit conflict]] in 2001, resulting in thousands of deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-IndonesiaKalimantan.html |title=Armed Conflicts Report. Indonesia – Kalimantan |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226194915/https://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-IndonesiaKalimantan.html |archive-date=26 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/dayak.htm|title=Dayak|first=John|last=Pike|website=globalsecurity.org|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010083707/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/dayak.htm|archive-date=10 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akademidayak.com/2008/06/relationship-between-dayak-and-madura.html|title=THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DAYAK AND MADURA IN RETOK by Yohanes Supriyadi|website=akademidayak.com|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324143522/http://www.akademidayak.com/2008/06/relationship-between-dayak-and-madura.html|archive-date=24 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}

=== Boundary ===
West Kalimantan Province is located in the western part of the island of Borneo, or in between the lines 2°08'N and 3°05'S and between 108°0'E and 114°10'E. The province is traversed by the Equator (latitude 0°), precisely through the city of [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]]. West Kalimantan has a tropical climate, with often high temperatures accompanied by high humidity.

Other specific characteristics are that the West Kalimantan region is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has a land border with another country, namely the State of [[Sarawak]], [[East Malaysia]]. Even with this position, West Kalimantan is currently the only province in Indonesia that have officially has an access road to get in and out of a neighbouring country. West Kalimantan and Sarawak have open roads approximately 400&nbsp;km long, spanning Pontianak-Entikong-[[Kuching]] (Sarawak, Malaysia) and can be reached about six to eight hours of travel. In the northern part of the province, there are four regencies that directly borders Malaysia, namely [[Sambas Regency|Sambas]], [[Sanggau Regency|Sanggau]], [[Sintang Regency|Sintang]] and [[Kapuas Hulu Regency|Kapuas Hulu]], which stretch along with the Kalingkang Mountains-Kapuas Hulu.

Most of West Kalimantan is low-lying land, with a total area of 147,037 km2, or 7.53 percent of the total Indonesian land area or 1.13 times the size of the island of [[Java]]. This region stretches straight from north to south along more than 600&nbsp;km and about 850&nbsp;km from west to east. Judging from the size of the territory, West Kalimantan is Indonesia's third largest province by area, after [[Papua (province)|Papua]] (421,891&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) and [[Central Kalimantan]] (152,600&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>). The largest regency is [[Kapuas Hulu]] (31,318&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> or 21.3 percent of the provincial area), followed by [[Ketapang Regency|Ketapang]] (30,019&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> or 20.4 percent)  and [[Sintang Regency|Sintang]] (22,026&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> or 15.0 percent), with the rest spread over the nine other regencies and two cities.

=== Topology ===
In general, West Kalimantan land is low-lying and has hundreds of rivers are safe when navigable, slightly hilly which extend from west to east along the valley Kapuas and Natuna Sea / Strait Karimata. Most of the land area is a swampy mix of peat and mangrove forests. The land area is flanked by two mountain ranges, namely, Kalingkang Mountains in the North and the Schwaner Mountains in the south along the border with the province of Central Kalimantan. Judging from the soil texture, the majority of West Kalimantan's area consists of the soil type PMK (podsolic red-yellow), which covers an area of about 10.5&nbsp;million hectares, or 17.28 per cent of the total area of 14.7&nbsp;million hectares. Next, the ground OGH (organosol, gley and hummus) and the alluvial soil of about 2.0&nbsp;million hectares, or 10.29 per cent sprawled across Dati II, but most likely in the coastal district.

Influenced by the vast lowlands, the heights of the mountains are relatively low as well as non-volcanically active. The highest mountain is Mount Baturaya in Serawai District of Sintang Regency which has an altitude of 2,278 metres above sea level, far lower than Mount Semeru (East Java, 3,676 metres) or Mount Kerinci (Jambi, 3,805 metres).

Mount Lawit is located in Kapuas Hulu District, Embaloh Hulu and more formerly known in West Kalimantan. It only is the third highest because it has a high 1,767 metres, while the second highest is Mount Batusambung (in Ambalau District) with a height of up to 1,770 metres.

=== Lakes and Rivers ===
West Kalimantan is an area that could be called "The Thousand Rivers Province". The nickname is in line with the geographical conditions that have hundreds of large and small rivers, among others, which can be and often are navigable. Several major rivers are still the lifeblood and mainline to transport the countryside, although the road infrastructure has been able to reach most districts.

The longest river is the [[Kapuas River]](or [[sungai Kapuas]]), which is the longest river in Indonesia (1,086&nbsp;km), along which 942&nbsp;km are navigable. Other great rivers are the Melawi, (navigable 471&nbsp;km), Pawan (197&nbsp;km), Kendawangan (128&nbsp;km), Jelai (135&nbsp;km), Sekadau (117&nbsp;km), Sambas (233&nbsp;km ), and Landak (178&nbsp;km).

Although rivers are very numerous in West Kalimantan, there are only two significant lakes in the province. These are Lake Sentarum and Lake Luar I, which are in [[Kapuas Hulu Regency|Kapuas Hulu]]. Lake Sentarum has an area of 117,500 hectares, which sometimes is almost dry in the dry season, and Lake Luar I, which has an area of approximately 5,400 hectares. Both of these lakes have potential as tourist attractions.

== Government and administrative divisions ==
[[File:Gedung_DPRD_Kalimantan_Barat.jpg|thumb|West Kalimantan's [[West Kalimantan Regional House of Representatives|parliament]] building]]
Until 1999 the province was composed of six regencies (''kabupaten'') and the independent City (''kota'') of Pontianak. A seventh regency, '''Bengkayang''', was formed on 20 April 1999 from part of Sambas Regency, and an eighth, '''Landak''', was formed on 4 October 1999 from part of Mempawah Regency. A second independent city, '''Singkawang''', was formed on 21 June 2001 from part of Bengkayang Regency. On 18 December 2003 '''Sekadau''' Regency was cut out of Sanggau Regency, and '''Melawi''' Regency was cut out of Sintang Regency, while on 2 January 2007 '''North Kayong''' Regency was cut out of Ketapang Regency, and on 17 July 2007 '''Kubu Raya''' Regency was cut out of Mempawah Regency. West Kalimantan is thus now subdivided into two cities and twelve regencies.
About 29 per cent of the province's population lives in the Greater Pontianak area. The capitals, areas and populations at the 2010<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011"/> and 2020<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> Censuses (as well as the official estimates as at mid 2023<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.61)</ref> of the regencies and cities are:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
|-
! Kode <br>Wilayah|| Name of<br>City or <br>Regency !! Capital !! Area<br>in<br>km<sup>2</sup> !! Pop'n <br /> 2010<br>Census !! Pop'n <br /> 2020<br>Census !! Pop'n <br />mid 2023<br>Estimate !! [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bappenas.go.id/download.php?id=8975 |title=Indeks-Pembangunan-Manusia-2014 |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202021043/http://bappenas.go.id/download.php?id=8975 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-
| 61.01 ||[[Sambas Regency]] || [[Sambas (town)|Sambas]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 5938.00}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 496120}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 629905}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 648181}} || 0.632 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 61.72 || [[Singkawang]] City || [[Singkawang]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 550.19}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 186462}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 235064}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 246112}} || 0.698 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 61.07 ||[[Bengkayang Regency]] || [[Bengkayang]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 5488.61}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 215277}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 286366}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 298979}} || 0.644 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 61.08 ||[[Landak Regency]] || [[Ngabang]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 8430.71}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 329649}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 397610}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 413588}} || 0.635 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 61.02 ||[[Mempawah Regency]] || [[Mempawah]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 1935.42}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 234021}} <br><sup>(a)</sup> ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 301560}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 312785}} || 0.627 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 61.71 || [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak City]] || [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 118.21}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 554764}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 658685}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 675468}} || 0.766 ({{fontcolor|green|High}})
|-
| 61.12 ||[[Kubu Raya Regency]] || [[Sungai Raya]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 8,549.29 }} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 500970}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 609392}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 639250}} || 0.645 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 61.11 ||[[North Kayong Regency]]<br /> (Kayong Utara) || [[Sukadana]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 4110.12}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 95594}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 126571}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 132855}} || 0.585 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}})
|-
| 61.04 ||[[Ketapang Regency]] || [[Ketapang]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 30018.68}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 427460}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 570657}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 592521}} || 0.632 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
|  || '''''Western group''''' || ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''65139.23'''}}''||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''3040317'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''3815810'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''3959739'''}}'' ||
|-
| 61.06 ||[[Kapuas Hulu Regency]] || [[Putussibau]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 31318.25}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 222160}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 252609}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 262404}} || 0.629 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 61.10 ||[[Melawi Regency]] || [[Nanga Pinoh]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 10122.51}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 178645}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 228270}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 239502}} || 0.628 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 61.03 ||[[Sanggau Regency]] || [[Sanggau]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 12452.22}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 408468}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 484836}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 503937}} || 0.620 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 61.09 ||[[Sekadau Regency]] || [[Sekadau]]|| align="right" | {{formatnum: 5979.04}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 181634}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 211559}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 219724}} || 0.619 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
| 61.05 ||[[Sintang Regency]] || [[Sintang]] ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 22025.79}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 364759}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 421306}} ||align="right"| {{formatnum: 438022}} || 0.631 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|-
|  || '''''Eastern group (Kapuas Raya)''''' || ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''81897.81'''}}''||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''1355666'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''1598580'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''1663589'''}}'' ||
|-
|  || '''''Totals''''' || [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]] ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''147,037.04'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''4395983'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''5414390'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''5623328'''}}'' || 0.648 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}})
|}

Notes: (a) Mempawah Regency population total above excludes a Special Enclave (''Daerah Kantong''), with 5,469 population in 2010.

The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the [[Indonesian Parliament|People's Representative Council]]. The '''West Kalimantan I Electoral District''' consists of the 7 regencies and 2 cities listed above as "Western group",  and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.  The '''West Kalimantan II Electoral District''' consists of the 5 regencies listed above as "Eastern group", and elects 4 members to the People's Representative Council.<ref>Law No. 7/2017 (''UU No. 7 Tahun 2017'') as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and
Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.</ref>

=== Proposed new province of Kapuas Raya ===
On 25 October 2013, the Indonesian People's Representative Council (DPR) began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective regencies and 8 new provinces; one of the proposed new provinces is '''Kapuas Raya''' (Great Kapuas) in West Kalimantan. This proposed measure has been held in abeyance since 2013, but if and when the bill is approved, this will make Kapuas Raya the seventh largest province in [[Indonesia]] after [[Central Kalimantan]], [[East Kalimantan]], [[South Papua]], [[Riau]], [[South Sumatra]] and the newly-reduced [[Papua (province)]], as the total area of [[Kapuas Raya]], encompassing five regencies, will measure 81,897.81 square km, or 55.7 per cent of the current size of West Kalimantan. Ever since 2005, the five regencies in the eastern part of West Kalimantan (Sanggau, Sekadau, Sintang, Melawi and Kapuas Hulu) have floated a concept to establish [[Kapuas Raya]] due to the distance issues from the respective regencies to the province capital [[Pontianak]]. The distance between the farthest regency of Kapuas Hulu and Mempawah is 661&nbsp;km, followed by Melawi (439&nbsp;km), Sintang (395&nbsp;km), Sekadau (315&nbsp;km) and Sanggau (267&nbsp;km).<ref>Jakarta Post, 14 November 2013</ref>

== Ecology ==
[[File:Danau Sentarum 2006.jpg|thumb|Danau Sentarum National Park is a wetland of international importance located in the north of the province]]
There are three National Parks in the province: [[Danau Sentarum National Park|Danau Sentarum]], [[Gunung Palung National Park|Gunung Palung]] and [[Betung Kerihun National Park|Betung Kerihun]]. Currently, [[illegal logging]] for trees such as [[dipterocarp]] and plantations of [[palm oil]] and [[pulpwood]] threaten many rare species in the province due to the effects of [[habitat destruction]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McVeigh|first=Tracy|title=Greed and demand doom rainforest|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/greed-and-demand-doom-rainforest-1.751876|access-date=28 January 2011|date=28 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209092822/http://gulfnews.com/news/world/other-world/greed-and-demand-doom-rainforest-1.751876|archive-date=9 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Peat bog fire]]s and droughts or flooding during [[ENSO]] episodes also threaten the area and are worsened by ongoing [[deforestation in Indonesia|deforestation]].

Dr Hotlin Ompusunggu has received the 2011 Whitley Award for her conservation work in West Kalimantan. She has been fighting against illegal logging by the trade-off with low-cost quality dental and medical treatment to 60,000 villagers on condition they involve in reforestation and conservation work.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/13/ri-conservationist-receives-award-british-royalty.html |title=RI conservationist receives award from British royalty &#124; the Jakarta Post |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517005713/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/13/ri-conservationist-receives-award-british-royalty.html |archive-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{incomplete list|date=July 2024}}
*[[SMA Negeri 4 Pontianak]] public school
*[[MAN Kota Singkawang]] public school

== Demographics ==
[[File:Patung Dayak Melayu.jpg|thumb|upright|The "Dayak-Malay" brotherhood monument in West Kalimantan Provincial Museum, [[Pontianak]], Indonesia. Forming 34.93% and 33.84% respectively, the Dayak and the Malays are the two largest native indigenous communities in the province.]]

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Further|List of Dayak groups of West Kalimantan}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Ethnicity in West Kalimantan (2010)<ref name="ethnicity">{{cite book |author1=Aris Ananta |author2=Evi Nurvidya Arifin |author3=M. Sairi Hasbullah |author4=Nur Budi Handayani |author5=Agus Pramono |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies dan BPS – Statistics Indonesia |title=Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity |year=2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Dayak people|Dayak]]
|value1 = 34.93
|color1 = Yellow
|label2 = [[Malay Indonesians|Malays]] 
|value2 = 33.84
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Javanese people|Javanese]]
|value3 = 9.74
|color3 = Violet
|label4 = [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]]
|value4 = 8.17
|color4 = Red
|label5 = [[Madurese people|Madurese]]
|value5 = 6.27
|color5 = DarkOrange
|label6 = [[Bugis|Buginese]]
|value6 = 3.13
|color6 = Olive
|label7 = [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]
|value7 = 1.13
|color7 = Maroon
|label8 = [[Batak people|Batak]]
|value8 = 0.60
|color8 = Navy
|label9 = [[Banjar people|Banjarese]]
|value9 = 0.33
|color9 = Lime
|label10 = Others
|value10 = 1.85
|color10 = Black
}}
The largest ethnic groups in West Kalimantan are the [[Dayak people|Dayak]] (34.93%) and [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] (33.84%). The Dayaks are tribes in the hinterland, while the ethnic Malay mainly lives in the beach and river coastal areas. The third-largest ethnic group is the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] (9.74%), who live mainly in areas of transmigration. In fourth place are the [[Chinese Indonesians|ethnic Chinese]] (8.17%), who are largely found in urban areas such as Singkawang and Pontianak. Next in fifth place are the [[Madurese people|Madurese]] (6.27%), who live mainly in Pontianak and Kubu Raya.
The next largest ethnic groups (sixth to tenth) are the [[Bugis]] (3.13%), [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] (1.13%), [[Batak]] (0.60%), Daya (0.52%) and Banjar (0.33%), while others constitute 1.33%.<ref name="sensusSuku2010">{{cite book |last1 = Ananta|first1 = Aris|first2=Evi Nurvidya|last2= Arifin|first3= M. Sairi |last3= Hasbullah|first4= Nur Budi|last4= Handayani|first5= Agus |last5=Pramono|publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
|title =  Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity
|date = December 2015
|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283788866
|access-date = 28 December 2019|language=id
|isbn = 978-981-4519-87-8|doi= 10.1355/9789814519885}}</ref><gallery>
File:Istana Kadriyah Pontianak.jpg|Kadariah Palace, the palace of the [[Sultanate of Pontianak]]
File:Dayak warior accssories.jpg|Dayak warrior parade in an event commemorating [[Youth Pledge Day]] at the Anjungan, West Kalimantan.
File:Kwan Im Pontianak.jpg|Kwan Im Buddhist temple in [[North Pontianak]].
</gallery>

=== Languages ===
[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is a language commonly used by people in West Kalimantan for interracial communication, but there are other indigenous [[Malayic languages]] including [[Pontianak Malay]] spoken in the capital [[Pontianak]], and dialects of Sambas, Mempawah, Matam and Ketapang. The Sanggau, Sintang and Sekadau Malay dialects spoken in the northern part of the province itself are similar to [[Sarawak Malay]] in [[Sarawak]]; meanwhile, Pontianak Malay is more closely related to [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Riau Malay language|Riau Malay]] languages. There are also various types of [[Dayak people#Ethnicity and languages|Dayak languages]]; according to research by Institut Dayakologi, 188 dialects are spoken by the Dayaks;{{citation needed | date=April 2025}} one language named [[Ot Danum language|Ot Danum]] is said to stand alone and is not a dialect of other Dayak groups. Dialect, however, lies in some sub-Uut Danum Dayak tribe itself. As the sub-tribe language Dohoi for example, to say eat only consist of a minimum of 16 vocabularies, ranging from the most delicate to the most rugged. For example, ngolasut (was fine), germ (general), dekak (for older or respected), ngonahuk (rough), monirak (the rough) and Macuh (for the spirits of the dead).{{citation needed | date=April 2025}}

Chinese languages such as [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]] and Khek/[[Hakka]] are also spoken.{{citation needed | date=April 2025}}

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in West Kalimantan (2022)<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama|title=Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]]|date=31 August 2022|access-date=29 October 2023|language=id}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 60.41
|color1 = DarkGreen
|label2 = [[Roman Catholic]]
|value2 = 22.11
|color2 = Purple
|label3 = [[Protestantism]]
|value3 = 11.62
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 5.50
|color4 = Red
|label5 = [[Confucianism]]
|value5 = 0.29
|color5 = Gold
|label6 = [[Hinduism]]
|value6 = 0.05
|color6 = Orange
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 0.02
|color7 = Black

}}
According to the 2020 census, the largest religious group in West Kalimantan (60%) is Islam. Muslim majority areas in West Kalimantan are the inhabited coastal regions where the majority are [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], such as [[Sambas Regency|Sambas]], [[Mempawah Regency|Mempawah]], [[Ketapang Regency|Ketapang]], [[North Kayong Regency|North Kayong]], [[Kubu Raya Regency|Kubu Raya]], [[Kapuas Hulu Regency|Kapuas Hulu]] and [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]]. In [[Melawi Regency|Melawi]] and [[Singkawang]] approximately 50% of the population are Muslims.<ref name="BPS̠Religion̠2010">{{cite web | title = Population by Region and Religion in Indonesia | work = [[Badan Pusat Statistik|BPS]] | year = 2010 | url = http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 | access-date = 22 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171203121120/http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 | archive-date = 3 December 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Islam is also practiced by [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Madurese people|Madurese]] and [[Bugis]] located in West Kalimantan. In rural areas inhabited by the [[Dayak people|Dayak]] predominantly Christian as in [[Bengkayang Regency|Bengkayang]], [[Landak Regency|Landak]], [[Sanggau Regency|Sanggau]], [[Sintang Regency|Sintang]] and [[Sekadau Regency|Sekadau]]. The [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]] in West Kalimantan mostly adhere to Buddhism and Christianity (Catholic / Protestant).<ref name="BPS̠Religion̠2010" />

== Culture ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}

=== Traditional Dance ===
Tari Monong / Manang is a traditional dance of West Kalimantan society. This dance is a healing dance. When there are people who are sick but do not heal, usually the family will hold Tari Monong / Manang. The dancer will act as a shaman healer who issued a special spell. Thus, the patient will be motivated to get better. Tari Zapin Tembung is a type of social dance in the communities of West Kalimantan. Tari Menoreh Getah is a traditional dance which describes the motion of life of rural communities in West Kalimantan that meet their daily needs. Based on the idea that dance is worked by elements of dance movement Malay and Dayak in West Kalimantan. Tari Mandau is a dance which symbolises of the fighting spirit of the Dayak community in defence of dignity and status.

=== Traditional Clothes ===
West Kalimantan men wear traditional clothing in the form of headgear decorated with feathers of hornbills, sleeveless shirt (vest), knee-length trousers and fabric that serves as a belt. Usually, West Kalimantan men also wear jewellery, such as a beaded necklace. Women usually wear cloth covering the chest, as well as layers of fabrics which serves as setagen and woven fabrics. Jewellery is worn in the form of hornbill feathers as a headdress, beaded necklace and bracelet on the arm. This custom clothing comes from the Dayak tribe.

The classical attire for the Malays in West Kalimantan includes [[Baju Melayu|Telok Belanga]] (for men) and [[Baju Kurung|Baju Kurong]] (for women). Wearing Baju Telok Belanga and Baju Kurong is especially popular during weddings and other traditional functions. [[Songket]] weaving is also popular, especially in [[Sambas Regency|Sambas]] (located in the northwestern part of the province).

=== Traditional Weapons ===
The [[Mandau (knife)|''mandau'']] is a traditional weapon commonly used by people in West Kalimantan. A ''mandau'' is a kind of machete and some are used for everyday purposes. Other weapons are a shield, blowgun, spear, and sickle. The mandau is used for the purposes of war, decorated with human hair as a symbol of courage. The shield, which is called ''kelikit'', has the size of a full-sized man with ornate carvings in black and red. Other weapons are blowpipe with arrows tipped with poison sap of a tree called ''ipoh''.

=== Traditional Houses ===
[[File:Masjid Jami Pontianak.jpg|thumb|[[Masjid Jami' Pontianak]], originally built in 1771 on the banks of [[Kapuas River]]. It was the first structure built to commemorate the foundation of [[Pontianak Sultanate]] (the area would later become the capital city of West Kalimantan Province). A prime example of the local Malay-Muslim architecture, the religious monument has also received influence by Middle Eastern, European and Javanese architecture.]]

One of the cultural houses in West Kalimantan is called "Rumah Panjang" ([[longhouse]]) because its size length and made of wood. This house is the residence of the Dayak tribe, the function of this custom home is actually a place to stay for a couple of heads of families and also usually used for meetings. They can also be found in other provinces of Kalimantan as well as the neighbouring [[Sarawak]] in Malaysia. "Rumah Radakng" which is also a kind of longhouse located in Pontianak and the surrounding area. This house has a length of approximately 380 meters high and 7 meters including the most luxurious custom home in West Kalimantan in the meantime. "Rumah Batok" is a traditional house owned by the Dayak tribe Badayuh, this house has a unique shape because it has a round shape and height of up to approximately 12 meters to the top. Malay traditional house is a house owned by ethnic Malays, which is located in the city of Pontianak. These traditional houses are usually used as a place of deliberation, performing arts, wedding place citizens and other events.

=== Festivals ===
Robo-robo tradition. Robo-robo derived from the Robo or Rabu (Wednesday). Robo-Robo tradition held on the last Wednesday of Safar based on the Islamic Calendar, which symbolizes a blessing. According to the story, this rite is a warning or trail the arrival of Rajkumar Mas Surya Negara of the Kingdom Matan (Martapura) to the Kingdom of Mempawah (Pontianak). The ritual begins when the Maharaja (King), Queen Mempawah, sons and daughters and the retainer and the guard departed from Castle Village, Mempawah use bidar boat, the boat kingdom of Amantubillah Palace. The ship will sail to the mouth of the River Mempawah located in the village of Kuala Mempawah with the distance of about one hour. At the river, the mouth will do some sort of ceremony "welcome" to the sea as when Opu Daeng Menambon arrived at the river mouth for the first time. Robo-robo itself was intended as a warning Haulan series of important events began on Monday night to Tuesday, the last month of Safar to commemorate the death of Opu Daeng Manambun. For the citizens of Bugis descent in the ordinance, robo-robo usually celebrated with family meals at home. Not only at home, but eating together also carried students in various schools both elementary to high school on Wednesday morning.

== Notable people==
{{main category|People from West Kalimantan}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* J. Braithwaite, V. Braithwaite, M. Cookson & L. Dunn, ''Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding'' (ANU E-Press: 2010) [http://epress.anu.edu.au/anomie_citation.html]
* Davidson, Jamie S. and Douglas Kammen (2002). Indonesia's unknown war and the lineages of violence in West Kalimantan. ''Indonesia'' 73:53.
* Yuan, Bing Ling (1999). Chinese Democracies – A Study of the Kongsis of West Borneo (1776–1884).

== Further reading ==
*Bamba, John (ed.) (2008). ''Mozaik Dayak keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat''. [[Pontianak]]: [[:id:Institut Dayakologi|Institut Dayakologi]]. {{ISBN|978-979-97788-5-7}}.
*Istiyani, Chatarina Pancer (2008). ''Memahami peta keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat''. [[:id:Institut Dayakologi|Institut Dayakologi]].

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190906120722/http://www.goarchi.com/archo/provinces/w-kalim/w-kalimtour.html Go West Kalimantan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190401044932/http://www.extremeborneo.com/Kalimantan_Destinations.html Kalimantan as a Tourism Destination]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=4WK2s2ogHEAC&pg=PA34  Golddiggers, Farmers, and Traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia]

{{West Kalimantan}}
{{Provinces of Indonesia}}
{{Borneo}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:West Kalimantan| ]]
[[Category:Kalimantan|.]]
[[Category:Provinces of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Kapuas basin]]