View source for Western Bonelli's warbler

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Western Bonelli's warbler
| image = Phylloscopus bonelli 2.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption = 
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International. |year=2016 |title=''Phylloscopus bonelli'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22715255A87665883 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22715255A87665883.en |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Phylloscopus
| species = bonelli
| authority = ([[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1819)
| range_map = PhylloscopusBonelliIUCN.svg
| range_map_caption = Range of ''P. bonelli''{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}  
}}

The '''western Bonelli's warbler''' ('''''Phylloscopus bonelli''''') is a [[warbler]] in the [[leaf warbler]] genus ''[[Phylloscopus]]''. It was formerly regarded as the western subspecies of a wider "Bonelli's warbler" species, but as a result of modern taxonomic developments, they are now usually considered to be two species:<ref>Parkin, David T. (2003): Birding and DNA: species for the new millennium. ''Bird Study'' '''50'''(3): 223–242. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bto/bird/2003/00000050/00000003/art00003 HTML abstract]</ref><ref>Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J. & Parkin, David T. (2002): "[https://www.doi.org/10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x Taxonomic recommendations for European birds.] " ''[[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]]'' '''144'''(1): 153–159.</ref>
* Western Bonelli's warbler, ''Phylloscopus bonelli'', which breeds in southwest [[Europe]] and north [[Africa]]
* [[Eastern Bonelli's warbler]], ''Phylloscopus orientalis'', which breeds in southeast [[Europe]] and [[Asia Minor]]

The breeding ranges of the two species do not overlap; while their appearance and songs are very similar, the calls are completely different (see below). They also show marked difference in [[mtDNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequence]].<ref>Helbig, A. J.; Seibold, I.; Martens, J. & Wink, M. (1995): Genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of Bonelli's Warbler ''Phylloscopus bonelli'' and Green Warbler ''P. nitidus''. ''[[Journal of Avian Biology|J. Avian Biol.]]'' '''26''': 139–153.</ref>

The species is [[bird migration|migratory]], wintering in sub-[[Sahara]]n [[Africa]]. It is a rare vagrant in Northern Europe.

The genus name ''Phylloscopus'' is from [[Ancient Greek]] ''phullon'', "leaf", and ''skopos'', "seeker" (from ''skopeo'', "to watch").<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page =  [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n305 305]}}</ref> The English name and the specific ''bonelli'' are for the Italian ornithologist [[Franco Andrea Bonelli]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Beolens|first=Bo|title=Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds|year=2003|publisher=Christopher Helm|location=London|page=59|author2=Watkins, Michael }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Western Bonelli's Warbler - Aosta Valley - Italy S4E5346 (19079885220).jpg|thumbnail|left|Western Bonelli's warbler at [[Aosta Valley]], Italy]]
Western Bonelli's warbler is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]], found in forest and woodland. Four to six eggs are laid in a nest on the ground. The eggs are white with reddish-brown markings and are laid in clutches of 3-5 eggs. The incubation period is around 14 days long, and the chicks fledge after 10-14 days.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roncalli |first1=Gianluca |last2=Ibáñez-Álamo |first2=Juan Diego |last3=Soler |first3=Manuel |date=2016-07-02 |title=Breeding biology of Western Bonelli's Warblers Phylloscopus bonelli in the Mediterranean region |journal=Bird Study |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=413–424 |doi=10.1080/00063657.2016.1215408 |s2cid=88649351 |issn=0006-3657}}</ref> Cuckoo nest predation and brood parasitism are major hazards to the breeding success of western Bonelli's warblers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roncalli |first1=Gianluca |last2=Ibáñez-Álamo |first2=Juan Diego |last3=Soler |first3=Manuel |date=2016-07-02 |title=Breeding biology of Western Bonelli's Warblers Phylloscopus bonelli in the Mediterranean region |journal=Bird Study |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=413–424 |doi=10.1080/00063657.2016.1215408 |s2cid=88649351 |issn=0006-3657}}</ref> Like most warblers, western Bonelli's warbler is insectivorous.

The adult has a plain grey-green back, green-toned rump and wings and whitish underparts. The bill is small and pointed and the legs brown. The sexes are identical, as with most warblers.

The western Bonelli's warbler has a browner tinge to the upperparts than the eastern Bonelli's warbler; the latter sometimes has a greenish tinge instead. The song is a fast monotone trill, only slightly different from eastern Bonelli's, and also with some similarity to the [[wood warbler]]. The call of the western Bonelli's warbler is a disyllabic ''hu-it'', differing from that of the eastern Bonelli's warbler which is a hard ''chup'', reminiscent of a [[crossbill]] or a [[house sparrow]].<ref>Helb, H.-W.; Bergmann, H.-H. & Martens, J. (1982): Acoustic differences between populations of western and eastern Bonelli's Warblers (''Phylloscopus bonelli'', Sylviidae). ''Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences'' '''38'''(3): 356–357.</ref>

[[File:Phylloscopus bonelli MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.195.11.jpg|thumb|''Phylloscopus bonelli'' - [[MHNT]]]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/378_BonelliswarblerPbonelli.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.5 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q752489}}

[[Category:Phylloscopus|western Bonelli's warbler]]
[[Category:Birds of Europe]]
[[Category:Birds of Southern Europe]]
[[Category:Birds of North Africa]]
[[Category:Birds of West Africa]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1819|western Bonelli's warbler]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot|western Bonelli's warbler]]