View source for Whirligig beetle

{{short description|Family of beetles}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Whirligig beetle
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Jurassic|Present}}
| image = Gyrinus substriatus Stephens, 1828 (3968701087) (2).jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Gyrinus substriatus]]''
| taxon = Gyrinidae
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = *''[[Spanglerogyrus]]''
*''[[Heterogyrus]]''
*[[Gyrininae]]
}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}

The '''whirligig beetles''' are [[water beetles]], comprising the family '''Gyrinidae''', that usually swim on the surface of the water if undisturbed, though they swim underwater when threatened. They get their common name from their habit of swimming rapidly in circles when alarmed, and are also notable for their divided eyes which are believed to enable them to see both above and below water. (View wiki description) <ref name="isbn0-412-61390-5">{{cite book |author1=Richards, O. W. |author2=Davies, R.G. |title=Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=1977 |isbn=0-412-61390-5 }}</ref> The family includes some 700 extant species worldwide, in 15 genera, plus a few fossil species. Most species are very similar in general appearance, though they vary in size from perhaps 3&nbsp;mm to 18&nbsp;mm in length.<ref name="isbn1-86872-713-0">{{cite book |author1=Alan Weaving |author2=Mike Picker |author3=Griffiths, Charles Llewellyn |title=Field Guide to Insects of South Africa |publisher=New Holland Publishers, Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=1-86872-713-0 }}</ref> They tend to be flattened and rounded in cross section, in plain view as seen from above, and in longitudinal section. In fact their shape is a good first approximation to an [[ellipsoid]], with legs and other appendages fitting closely into a streamlined surface. Whirligig beetles belong to the beetle suborder [[Adephaga]], which also includes [[Ground beetle|ground beetles]] and [[Dytiscidae|diving beetles]].

==Description==
[[File:COLE Gyrinidae Gyrinius convexiusculus.png|left|thumb|Illustration of ''[[Gyrinus convexiusculus]],'' with arrows pointing to the two pairs of eyes]]
Whirligig beetles are most conspicuous for their bewildering swimming. They can be difficult to see if they are not moving or are under water. Most species are coloured steely grey or bronze. Their [[integument]] is finely sculpted with little pits; it is hard and elastic and produces a water repellent waxy outer layer, which is constantly supplemented. Among other functions, the lubricant layer and smooth outline make the beetles difficult to hold on to if caught.<ref>{{cite book | last = Skaife | first = Sydney Harold | title = African insect life, second edition revised by John Ledger and Anthony Bannister | publisher = C. Struik | location = Cape Town | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-86977-087-X }}</ref>

The antennae are unusual among beetles, being short and plump, and placed about at water level. The compound eyes are remarkable for each being divided into a higher part that is above water level when a beetle is floating passively, and a lower part that is below water level.<ref name="isbn0-412-61390-5"/> In this respect they recall the horizontally divided eyes of the [[four-eyed fish]]es (''Anableps''), which also live at the surface of the water. The middle, and more especially the hind legs are adapted for swimming ([[Wiktionary:natatory|natatory]]): they are greatly flattened and fringed with bristles that fold to aid swimming action. In contrast the front legs are long and adapted for grasping food or prey. In males the front [[Tarsus (insect)|tarsi]] have suckers, which are used to hold onto the slippery female during mating.<ref name="isbn0-412-61390-5"/>

==Behavior and morphological adaptations==
[[File:Whirligig beetles swarming.webm|thumb|Video of swarming whirligig beetles|left]]
The Gyrinidae are surface swimmers for preference. They are known for the bewildering and rapid gyrations in which they swim, and for their gregarious behavior. Most species also can fly well, even taking off from water if need be. The combination constitutes a survival strategy that helps them to avoid predation and take advantage of mating opportunities. In general the adults occupy areas where water flows steadily and not too fast, such as minor rapids and narrows in leisurely streams. Such places supply a good turnover of floating detritus or struggling insects or other small animals that have fallen in and float with the current.

The positions that individuals occupy within a group are determined by a number of factors, thought to include hunger, sex, species, water temperature, age, parasite level and stress level. Research underway on their behavior is directed at investigating the significance of [[chemical defense]] in relation to their position in the group. Such studies are of interest in research into aspects of [[nanotechnology]] because the beetles' motion may be expected to provide insights into how groups of robots might coordinate movements.{{Citation needed|reason=Assuming this was based on some kind of scientific study, it probably refers to a single species, not the entire family.|date=September 2019}}[[File:Whirligig Beetle 01.jpg|thumb|left]]In particular the beetles make behavioral trade-offs that affect their choices of positions within a group.  For example, relatively hungry beetles go to the outside of a group, where there is less competition for finding food, but higher risk of encountering predators.  Males are also more likely to be found on the outside of groups (although grouping is not known to be relevant to mating behavior in this family).  The economies that the beetles can gain by suitably adjusting their positions within the group, are important when individuals swim against the flow of a stream. By swimming behind other beetles they can take advantage of forward-moving drafts. Such action is called drafting. The determination of forward/backward positioning within a group has been found to be affected in a complex manner by a combination of water speed, sex of the beetle, and the type of predator (bird or fish) that a beetle has most recently observed.{{Citation needed|reason=Assuming this was based on some kind of scientific study, it probably refers to a single species, not the entire family.|date=September 2019}}

The beetles could use the waves generated by their moving as a sort of radar to detect the position of object on the water surface around them. This technique could be used to detect prey or to avoid colliding each other.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Insects Did It First|last=Paulson|first=Gregory S.|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2018|isbn=9781984564627}}</ref>

The adult beetles carry a bubble of air trapped beneath their [[Elytron|elytra]]. This allows them to dive and swim under well-oxygenated water for indefinite periods if necessary. The mechanism is sophisticated and amounts to a [[Gill|physical gill]]. In practice though, their ecological adaptation is for the adults to scavenge and hunt on the water surface, so they seldom stay down for long. The larvae have paired plumose tracheal gills on each of the first eight abdominal segments.

Generally, gyrinids lay their eggs under water, attached to water plants, typically in rows. Like the adults, the larvae are active predators, largely [[Benthic zone|benthic]] inhabitants of the [[stream bed]] and aquatic plants. They have long thoracic legs with paired claws. Their [[Insect morphology|mandibles]] are curved, pointed, and pierced with a sucking canal. In this they resemble the larvae of many other predatory water beetles, such as the [[Dytiscidae]]. Mature larvae pupate in a cocoon that also is attached to water plants.

[[File:Whirligigbeetle.PNG|thumb|Larva and adult]]
[[File:Gyrinus Head1.jpg|thumb|Gyrinus head, lateral aspect showing placement of antenna and divided compound eye]]

{|
|-
|[[File:GyrinusLeg.jpg|thumb|none|Hind leg of ''Gyrinus'']]
|[[File:GyrinusAntennae.jpg|thumb|none|Antenna of ''Gyrinus'']]
|}

== Taxonomy ==
Whirligig beetles were previously grouped with other aquatic members of the [[Adephaga]] such as [[Dytiscidae]], as members of the group "Hydradephaga". However based on molecular evidence they are currently thought to be the earliest diverging lineage of the [[Adephaga]], and to have evolved their aquatic ecology independently from other adephagans. Cladogram after Vasilikopoulos et al. 2021<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Vasilikopoulos |first1=Alexandros |last2=Balke |first2=Michael |last3=Kukowka |first3=Sandra |last4=Pflug |first4=James M. |last5=Martin |first5=Sebastian |last6=Meusemann |first6=Karen |last7=Hendrich |first7=Lars |last8=Mayer |first8=Christoph |last9=Maddison |first9=David R. |last10=Niehuis |first10=Oliver |last11=Beutel |first11=Rolf G. |last12=Misof |first12=Bernhard |date=October 2021 |title=Phylogenomic analyses clarify the pattern of evolution of Adephaga (Coleoptera) and highlight phylogenetic artefacts due to model misspecification and excessive data trimming |journal=Systematic Entomology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=991–1018 |doi=10.1111/syen.12508 |s2cid=237486696 |issn=0307-6970|doi-access=free |hdl=2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/354578 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

{{Clade|{{clade
|label1=Adephaga
|1={{Clade
 |1='''Gyrinidae'''
 |2={{Clade
 |label1=Geadephaga
  |1={{Clade
  |1=[[Trachypachidae]]
   |2={{Clade
   |1=[[Cicindelidae]]
   |2=[[Carabidae]]}} }}
 |2={{Clade
 |label2=Dytiscoidea
 |1=[[Haliplidae]]
  |2={{Clade
  |1=[[Noteridae]]
   |2={{Clade
    |1={{Clade
     |1=[[Hygrobiidae]]
    |2={{Clade
     |1=[[Aspidytidae]]
      |2=[[Amphizoidae]] }} }}
|2=[[Dytiscidae]] }} }} }} }} }} }}}}

=== Internal taxonomy ===
Taxonomy after<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=K.B.|last2=Bergsten|first2=J.|year=2012|title=Phylogeny and classification of whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae): relaxed-clock model outperforms parsimony and time-free Bayesian analyses|journal=[[Systematic Entomology]]|volume=37|issue=4|pages=706–746|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00640.x|s2cid=17676861 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gustafson|first1=G.T.|last2=Miller|first2=K.B.|year=2013|title=On the family- and genus-series nomina in Gyrinidae Latreille, 1810 (Coleoptera, Adephaga)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266582155|journal=[[Zootaxa]]|volume=3731|issue=1|pages=77–105|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3731.1.3|pmid=25277555 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gustafson|first1=G.T.|last2=Prokin|first2=A.A.|last3=Bukontaite|first3=R.|last4=Bergsten|first4=J.|last5=Miller|first5=K.B.|year=2017|title=Tip-dated phylogeny of whirligig beetles reveals ancient lineage surviving on Madagascar|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|volume=7|issue=1 |page=8619|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-08403-1|pmid=28831048 |pmc=5567340 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gustafson|first1=G.T.|last2=Miller|first2=K.B.|year=2017|title=Systematics and evolution of the whirligig beetle tribe Dineutini (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae)|journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=181|issue=1|pages=118–150|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw014|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Spanglerogyrinae]] {{small|Folkerts, 1979}}
** {{extinct}}''[[Angarogyrus]]'' {{small|Ponomarenko, 1977}} - Early Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Asia
** ''[[Spanglerogyrus]]'' {{small|Folkerts, 1979}} - North America

* [[Heterogyrinae]] {{small|Brinck, 1955}}
** {{extinct}}''[[Mesogyrus]]'' {{small|Ponomarenko, 1973}} - Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Asia
** ''[[Heterogyrus]]'' {{small|Legros, 1953}} - Madagascar
** {{extinct}}''[[Cretotortor]]'' {{small|Ponomarenko, 1973}} - Late Cretaceous-Paleocene (Asia)
** {{extinct}}''[[Baissogyrus]]'' {{small|Ponomarenko, 1973}} - [[Zaza Formation]], Russia, Early Cretaceous ([[Aptian]])

* [[Gyrininae]] {{small|Latreille, 1810}}
** [[Dineutini]] {{small|Desmarest, 1851}}
*** {{extinct}}''[[Cretodineutus]]'' {{small|Liang ''et al.'', 2020}}<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Zulong Liang |author2=Zhihao Qi |author3=Jiahui Chen |author4=Fenglong Jia |year=2020 |title=''Cretodineutus rotundus'' gen. et sp. nov., the oldest adult whirligig beetle from the Upper Cretaceous of Myanmar (Coleoptera, Gyrinidae, Gyrininae) |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=106 |article-number=104251 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104251 |s2cid=204257893 }}</ref> - [[Burmese amber]], Late Cretaceous ([[Cenomanian]])
*** {{extinct}}''[[Cretogyrus]]'' {{small|Zhao ''et al.'', 2019}}<ref name="GustafsonMichatBalke2020">{{cite journal|author1=Gustafson, Grey T.|author2=Michat, Mariano C.|author3=Balke, Michael|year=2020|title=Burmese amber reveals a new stem lineage of whirligig beetle (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) based on the larval stage|url= |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=189|issue=4|pages=1232–1248|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz161|pmid=32780030 |pmc=7398075}}</ref> - Burmese amber, Cenomanian
*** ''[[Dineutus]]'' {{small|MacLeay, 1825}}
*** ''[[Enhydrus]]'' {{small|Laporte, 1835}}
*** ''[[Macrogyrus]]'' {{small|Régimbart, 1882}} (including ''[[Andogyrus]]'' {{small|Ochs, 1924}})
*** {{extinct}}''[[Mesodineutes]]'' {{small|Ponomarenko, 1977}} - [[Darmakan Formation]], Russia, [[Danian]]
*** {{extinct}}''[[Miodineutes]]'' {{small|Hatch, 1927}} - Germany, Miocene
*** ''[[Porrorhynchus]]'' {{small|Laporte, 1835}}
** [[Gyrinini]] {{small|Latreille, 1810}}
*** ''[[Aulonogyrus]]'' {{small|Motchulsky, 1853}}
*** {{extinct}}''[[Gyrinoides]]'' {{small|Motchulsky, 1856}}
*** ''[[Gyrinus]]'' {{small|Geoffroy, 1762}}
*** ''[[Metagyrinus]]'' {{small|Brinck, 1955}}
** [[Orectochilini]] {{small|Régimbart, 1882}}
*** ''[[Gyretes]]'' {{small|Brullé, 1835}}
*** ''[[Orectochilus]]'' {{small|Dejean, 1833}}
*** ''[[Orectogyrus]]'' {{small|Régimbart, 1884}}
*** ''[[Patrus]]'' {{small|Aubé, 1836}}
** {{extinct}}''[[Chimerogyrus]]'' {{small|Gustafson, Michat & Balke, 2020}}<ref name="GustafsonMichatBalke2020"/> - Burmese amber, Cenomanian
*''Incertae sedis''
** {{extinct}}''[[Anagyrinus]]'' {{small|Handlirsch, 1908}} - [[Insektenmergel Formation]], Switzerland, Early Jurassic, [[Hettangian]]
** {{extinct}}''[[Gyrinopsis (beetle)|Gyrinopsis]]'' {{small|Handlirsch, 1908}} - Insektenmergel Formation, Switzerland, Early Jurassic, Hettangian

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book |author=[[Ross H. Arnett, Jr.]] & [[Michael C. Thomas]] |title=[[American Beetles]] |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |year=2001}}
* {{cite journal |author=William L. Romey |title=Temperature and hunger alter grouping trade-offs in whirligig beetles |journal=The American Midland Naturalist |year=1995 |volume=134|pages=51–62 |doi=10.2307/2426482 |jstor=2426482 |author2=Rossman, David S |issue=1}}
* {{cite journal |author=William L. Romey |title=Position preferences within groups: do whirligigs select positions which balance feeding opportunities with predator avoidance?|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|year=1995 |volume=37 |pages=195–200 |doi=10.1007/BF00176717 |issue=3 |s2cid=36791283 }}
* {{cite journal |author=[[William L. Romey]] & [[Abigail C. Wallace]] |title= Sex and the selfish herd: sexual segregation within nonmating whirligig groups|journal=Behavioral Ecology|year=2007 |volume=18 |pages=910–915 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arm057 |issue=5|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |author=[[William L. Romey]] & [[Emily Galbraith]] |title= Optimal group positioning after a predator attack: the influence of speed, sex, and satiation within mobile whirligig swarms|journal=Behavioral Ecology|year=2008 |volume=19 |pages=338–343 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arm138 |issue=2|doi-access=free }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies|Gyrinidae}}
* [http://tolweb.org/Gyrinidae/8882 Gyrinidae] Tree of Life

{{Coleoptera|2}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q756089}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gyrinidae| ]]
<!-- [[Category:Beetle families]] moved to Latin family name redirect -->
[[Category:Aquatic insects]]