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{{Short description|Residence and workplace of the US president}}
{{redirect|1600 Pennsylvania Avenue||1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (disambiguation)|and|White House (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
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{{Infobox building
| name             = White House
| image            = White House north and south sides.jpg
| image_size       = 250px
| caption          = Top: the [[Executive Residence]]'s northern [[façade]] with a columned portico facing the North Lawn and [[Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.|Lafayette Square]] in 2008<br /> Bottom: the Executive Residence's southern façade with a semi-circular portico facing the [[South Lawn]] and [[The Ellipse]] in 2006
| map_type         = United States Washington, D.C. central#United States Washington, D.C.#USA
| map_caption      = Location of the White House in Washington, D.C.##Location in Washington, D.C.##Location in United States
| coordinates      = {{coord|38|53|52|N|77|02|11|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| address          = 1600 [[Pennsylvania Avenue]] [[Northwest, Washington, D.C.|NW]]<br />[[Washington, D.C.]] 20500<br />U.S.
| current_tenants  = [[Donald Trump]], President of the United States and the [[Family of Donald Trump|First Family]]
| architect        = [[James Hoban]]<br />[[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]]
| floor_area       = {{convert|55000|sqft|abbr=on}}
| website          = {{URL|https://www.whitehouse.gov/|whitehouse.gov}}
| owner            = [[Federal government of the United States]]
| client           = 
| engineer         = 
| start_date       = {{Start date and age|1792|10|13}}
| completion_date  = {{Start date and age|1800|11|1}}{{r|jYAHg}}
| structural_system = 
| style            = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]], [[Palladian architecture|Palladian]]
| size             = 
| module           = {{Infobox NRHP
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  | designated_nrhp_type = December 19, 1960
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[[File:Aerial view of the White House.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|An aerial view of the White House complex, including [[Pennsylvania Avenue]] (closed to traffic) in the foreground, the [[Executive Residence]] and North Portico (center), the [[East Wing]] (left), and the [[West Wing]] and the [[Oval Office]] at its southeast corner in April 2007]]

The '''White House''' is the [[Executive Residence|official residence]] and workplace of the [[president of the United States]]. Located at 1600 [[Pennsylvania Avenue]] [[Northwest (Washington, D.C.)|NW]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], it has served as the residence of every U.S. president since [[John Adams]] in 1800 when the national capital was moved from [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=White House History |url=https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/WH/glimpse/top.html |access-date=November 6, 2022 |website=clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702020106/https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/WH/glimpse/top.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The White House is also a [[metonymy|metonym]] for the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|Executive Office of the President]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=N/A |first=Michael |title=White House vs Capitol Building: What is the Difference? |url=https://newspire.net/articles/white-house-vs-capitol-building/#google_vignette |access-date=February 8, 2024 |website=Newspire |date=July 7, 2023}}</ref>

The residence was designed by the Irish-born architect [[James Hoban]] in the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] style.{{r|TSGjH}} Hoban modeled the building on [[Leinster House]] in Dublin, a building which today houses the [[Oireachtas]], the Irish legislature. Constructed between 1792 and 1800, its exterior walls are [[Aquia Creek sandstone]] painted white. When [[Thomas Jefferson]] moved into the house in 1801, he and his architect [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]] added low [[colonnade]]s on each wing to conceal what then were stables and storage.{{r|bwDpG}} In 1814, during the [[War of 1812]], the mansion was set ablaze by [[British Empire|British]] forces in the [[burning of Washington]], destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President [[James Monroe]] moved into the partially reconstructed [[Executive Residence]] in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semicircular South Portico in 1824 and the North Portico in 1829.

Because of crowding within the executive mansion, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed [[West Wing]] in 1901. Eight years later, in 1909, President [[William Howard Taft]] expanded the West Wing and created the first [[Oval Office]], which was eventually moved and expanded. In the Executive Residence, the third floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing [[hip roof]] with long shed dormers. A newly constructed [[East Wing]] was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. The East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the residence's load-bearing walls and wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under [[Harry S. Truman]], the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing [[steel frame]] was constructed inside the walls. On the exterior, the [[Truman Balcony]] was added. Once the structural work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.

The present-day White House complex includes the Executive Residence (with six stories: the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor, and a two-story [[White House basement|basement]]), the West Wing, the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]], which previously served the [[United States State Department|State Department]] and other departments (it now houses additional offices for the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|president's staff]] and the vice president), and [[Blair House]], a guest residence. In 2025, the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] demolished the East Wing to make room for a planned new East Wing including the [[White House State Ballroom|ballroom]], which would be funded through private donations.<ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/list-donors-trump-new-white-house-ballroom-east-wing-rcna239481</ref> The property is maintained by the [[National Park Service]] as part of [[President's Park|the White House and President's Park]]. In 2007, it was ranked second on the [[American Institute of Architects]] list of [[America's Favorite Architecture]].{{r|1AvjX}}

== Early history ==

=== 1789–1800 ===
{{further|Presidency of George Washington#Residences}}
Following his [[First inauguration of George Washington|inauguration on April 30, 1789]], President [[George Washington]] occupied two private houses in New York City, which served as the nation's first executive mansion. He lived at the first, [[Samuel Osgood House|Walter Franklin House]], which was owned by Treasury Commissioner [[Samuel Osgood]], at 3{{spaces}}Cherry Street, through late February 1790.{{r|Baker1897}}{{r|mvorg}}  The executive mansion moved to the larger quarters at [[Alexander Macomb House]] at 39–41 [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]],{{r|mvorg}} where Washington stayed with his wife [[Martha Washington|Martha]] and a small staff until August 1790. In May 1790, construction began on [[Government House (New York City)|Government House]], a new official residence in [[Manhattan]].

Washington, however, never lived at Government House since the national capital was moved to [[Philadelphia]] in 1790, where it remained through 1800.<ref>''[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/388214 The Government House, New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521221921/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/388214 |date=May 21, 2022 }}'', Currier & Ives, Met Collection, Catalog Entry, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Accessed May 21, 2022.</ref>{{r|Stokes}} The July 1790 [[Residence Act]] designated the capital be permanently located in the new [[Washington, D.C.|Federal District]], and temporarily in Philadelphia for ten years while the permanent capital was built.{{r|6ylva}} Philadelphia rented the mansion of [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]], a merchant, at 190 High Street, now 524–30 [[Market Street (Philadelphia)|Market Street]], as the [[President's House (Philadelphia)|President's House]], which Washington occupied from November 1790 to March 1797.{{r|ushist}}  Since the house was too small to accommodate the 30 people who then made up the presidential family, staff, and servants, Washington had the house enlarged.{{r|ushist}}

President [[John Adams]], who succeeded Washington and served as the nation's second president, occupied the High Street mansion in Philadelphia from March 1797 to May 1800. Philadelphia began construction of a much grander [[President's House (Ninth Street)|presidential mansion]] several blocks away in 1792. It was nearly completed by the time of Adams' 1797 inauguration. However, Adams chose not to occupy it, saying he did not have [[United States Congress|congressional]] authorization to lease the building. It remained vacant until 1800 when it was sold to the [[University of Pennsylvania]].{{r|Westcott1894}}

On Saturday, November 1, 1800, Adams became the first president to occupy the White House.{{r|jK8YA}} President's House in Philadelphia was converted into Union Hotel and then used for stores before being demolished in 1832.{{r|ushist}}

=== Architectural competition ===
[[File:CharlestonCountyCourthouse(cropped) HABS361451pv.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[James Hoban]]'s [[Charleston County Courthouse]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], whose design [[George Washington|Washington]] admired]]

The President's House was a major feature of [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant|Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's]]{{efn|L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3850.ct000512 "Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States{{spaces}}..."] (Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador [[Jean Jules Jusserand]] popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (Reference: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002). ''Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic.'' George Washington University, Washington, D.C. {{ISBN|978-0-9727611-0-9}}). The [[United States Code]] states in {{USC|40|3309}}: "(a) In General.{{snd}}The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant." The [[National Park Service]] identifies L'Enfant as "[https://archive.today/20140405134623/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/Wash/text.htm#washington Major Peter Charles L'Enfant]" and as "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090430111423/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/washington_monument.html Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant]" on its website.}} 1791 [[L'Enfant Plan|plan]] for the newly established federal city of Washington, D.C.{{r|IYuWd}} After L'Enfant's dismissal in early 1792, Washington and his secretary of state, [[Thomas Jefferson]], who both had personal interests in architecture, agreed that the design of the President's House and the Capitol would be chosen in a [[Architectural design competition|design competition]].{{r|Frary}}

Nine proposals were submitted for the new presidential residence with the award going to Irish-American architect [[James Hoban]]. Hoban supervised the construction of both the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] and the White House.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shattuck |first=Kathryn |date=January 16, 2009 |title=Change You Can Only Imagine |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/18/arts/design/18shat.html |access-date=May 20, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520190928/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/18/arts/design/18shat.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Hoban was born in Ireland and trained at the [[Dublin Society of Arts]]. He emigrated to the U.S. after the [[American Revolution]], first seeking work in [[Philadelphia]] and later finding success in [[South Carolina]], where he designed the state capitol in [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]].

[[File:HobanWHProgressDrawing.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A 1793 [[Multiview orthographic projection#Elevation|elevation]] by James Hoban; his three-story, nine-bay original submission was altered into this two-story, 11-bay design.]]
President Washington visited [[Charleston, South Carolina]], in May 1791 on his Southern Tour, and saw the [[Charleston County Courthouse]] then under construction, which had been designed by Hoban. Washington is reputed to have met with Hoban during the visit. The following year, Washington summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.{{r|eYnQA}}

On July 16, 1792, the president met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition. His review is recorded as being brief, and he quickly selected Hoban's submission.{{r|nUHxy}}

=== Design influences ===
The [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] design of the White House is based primarily on architectural concepts inherited from the Roman architect [[Vitruvius]] and the [[Venice|Venetian]] architect [[Andrea Palladio]]. The design of the upper floors also includes elements based on Dublin's [[Leinster House]], which later became the seat of the Irish parliament ([[Oireachtas]]).{{r|Ywh2c}} The upper windows with alternate triangular and segmented pediments are inspired by the Irish building.<ref>The Man Who Built the White House-twice. By: Kelly, Niall, American History, 10768866, Dec2000, Vol. 35, Issue 5. Accessed May 22, 2022.</ref> Additionally, several Georgian-era Irish country houses have been suggested as sources of inspiration for the overall floor plan, including the bow-fronted south front and the former niches in the present-day [[Blue Room (White House)|Blue Room]].

The first official White House guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico and [[Château de Rastignac]], a neoclassical country house in [[La Bachellerie]] in the [[Dordogne]] region of France. Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the [[French Revolution]] for 20 years, and then finally built between 1812 and 1817 based on Salat's pre-1789 design.{{r|France?}}

The conceptual link between the two houses has been criticized because Hoban did not visit France. Supporters of the connection contend that [[Thomas Jefferson]], during his tour of [[Bordeaux]] in 1789, viewed Salat's architectural drawings, which were on file at [[École Spéciale d'Architecture]].{{r|johnson}}  On his return to the U.S., Jefferson then shared the influence with Washington, Hoban, Monroe, and [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]].{{r|France?}}

=== Construction ===
Construction of the White House began at noon on October 13, 1792, with the laying of the cornerstone.<ref>The White House. By: Oxford, Edward, American History Illustrated, 00028770, Sep/Oct92, Vol. 27, Issue 4. Accessed May 22, 2022.</ref>{{r|yLpeA}} The main residence and foundations of the house were built largely by employed [[Europeans]], whilst enslaved African-Americans quarried stone used in the construction.{{r|mJ52j}} Much of the other work on the house was done by immigrants, including the sandstone walls, which were erected by Scottish masons{{r|whha overview}}, the high-relief rose, and garland decorations above the north entrance and the fish scale pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods.

There are conflicting claims as to where the sandstone used in the construction of the White House originated. Some reports suggest sandstone from the [[List of islands of Croatia|Croatian island]] of [[Brač]], specifically the [[Pučišća]] quarry whose stone was used to build the ancient [[Diocletian's Palace]] in [[Split, Croatia|Split]], was used in the building's original construction. However, researchers believe limestone from the island was used in the 1902 renovations and not the original construction. Others suggest the original sandstone simply came from [[Aquia Creek]] in [[Stafford County, Virginia]], since importation of the stone at the time would have proved too costly.{{r|zQgqd}}{{r|L0Ydi}}{{r|J1ZuL}} The initial construction took place over a period of eight years at a reported cost of $232,371.83 ({{Inflation|US|232371.83|1800|fmt=eq|r=-3}}). Although not yet completed, the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1, 1800.{{r|XEjY4}}

[[Pierre L'Enfant]]'s plan for a grand palace was five times larger than the house that was eventually built.{{r|whha overview}} Due in part to material and labor shortages, the finished structure contained only two main floors instead of the planned three, and a less costly brick served as a lining for the stone façades. When construction was finished, the porous sandstone walls were [[whitewash]]ed with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.{{r|whha overview}}

=== Architectural description ===
[[File:Latrobe White House cropa2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The principal story plan for the White House by [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]] in 1807]]

The main entrance is located on the north façade under a [[Porte-cochère|porte cochere]] with [[Ionic order|Ionic]] columns.<ref>"White House". ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Paul Lagasse, and Columbia University, Columbia University Press, 8th edition, 2018. Accessed May 23, 2022.</ref> The ground floor is hidden by a raised carriage ramp and [[parapet]]. The central three bays are situated behind a [[prostyle]] portico that was added {{Circa|1830}}. The windows of the four bays flanking the portico, at first-floor level, have alternating pointed and segmented [[pediment]]s, while the second-floor pediments are flat. A [[lunette]] [[fanlight]] and a sculpted floral [[festoon]] surmount the entrance. The roofline is hidden by a balustraded [[parapet]].

The three-level southern façade combines [[Palladian]] and neoclassical architectural styles. The ground floor is [[Rustication (architecture)|rusticated]] in the Palladian fashion. The south portico was completed in 1824.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title= The Presidents (The White House) |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/site13.htm |access-date=May 23, 2022 |website=National Park Service |date=Jan 22, 2004 |archive-date=June 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623200648/http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/site13.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> At the center of the southern façade is a neoclassical projected bow of three bays. The bow is flanked by five bays, the windows of which, as on the north façade, have alternating segmented and pointed pediments at first-floor level. The bow has a ground-floor [[double staircase]] leading to an [[Ionic order|Ionic]] [[colonnade]]d [[loggia]] and the [[Truman Balcony]], built in 1946.<ref name="auto2" />  The more modern third floor is hidden by a balustraded parapet and plays no part in the composition of the façade.

=== Naming conventions ===
The building was originally variously referred to as the '''President's Palace''', '''Presidential Mansion''', or '''President's House'''.{{r|xVvhI}} The earliest evidence of the public calling it the "White House" was recorded in 1811.{{r|8Rmlj}} A myth emerged that during the rebuilding of the structure after the [[Burning of Washington]], white paint was applied to mask the burn damage it had suffered,{{r|A3bMb}} giving the building its namesake hue.{{r|EdqBf}} The name "Executive Mansion" was used in official contexts until President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] established "The White House" as its formal name in 1901 via Executive Order.<ref>Dubovoy, Sina. "History of the White House". ''Salem Press Encyclopedia'', Sep 2020. Accessed May 22, 2022.</ref> The current letterhead wording and arrangement of "The White House" with the word "Washington" centered beneath it dates to the administration of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].{{r|WH facts}}

Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the president of the United States may have been derived from [[Martha Washington]]'s home, [[White House (plantation)|White House Plantation]], in [[Virginia]], where the nation's first president courted the first lady in the mid-18th century.{{r|D7o2v}}

== Evolution of the White House ==

=== Early use, 1814 burning, and reconstruction ===
[[File:The President's House by George Munger, 1814-1815 - Crop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The White House ruins after the [[Burning of Washington]] during the [[War of 1812]] on August 24, 1814]]
[[File:White-House.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A 19th-century view of [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] and [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe|Latrobe]]'s West Wing Colonnade, now the [[James S. Brady Press Briefing Room]]]]

On Saturday, November 1, 1800, [[John Adams]], who was residing at [[President's House (Philadelphia)|President's House]] in [[Philadelphia]], the national capital from 1790 to 1800, became the first president to take residence in the building.{{r|whha overview}} The next day he wrote his wife Abigail:
"I pray Heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this House, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof."{{r|whha state dining room}}
President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] had Adams's blessing carved into the mantel in the State Dining Room.{{r|whha state dining room}}

Adams lived in the house only briefly before [[Thomas Jefferson]] moved into the "pleasant country residence"{{r|NRJJd}} in 1801. Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain"),{{r|sacjA}} Jefferson considered how the White House might be expanded and improved. With [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]], he helped lay out the design for the East and West Colonnades, small wings that helped conceal the domestic operations of laundry, a stable and storage.{{r|whha overview}} Today, Jefferson's colonnades link the residence with the East and West Wings.{{r|whha overview}}

On August 24, 1814, during the [[War of 1812]], the White House was burned by [[British Empire|British]] forces during the [[Burning of Washington]], in retaliation for acts of destruction by American troops in [[the Canadas]]; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well.{{r|whha east room}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lafferty |first=Renee |title=The Sacking of York |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-sacking-of-york |date=July 13, 2015 |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125205728/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-sacking-of-york |url-status=live}}</ref> Only the exterior walls remained, and they had to be torn down and mostly reconstructed because of weakening from the fire and subsequent exposure to the elements, except for portions of the south wall. Of the numerous objects taken from the White House when it was sacked by the British, only three have been recovered.{{r|whha east room}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=reminders of 1814: president madison's medicine chest |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/reminders-of-1814-president-madisons-medicine-chest |website=whitehousehistory |publisher=The White House Historical Association |access-date=May 5, 2021 |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416114458/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/reminders-of-1814-president-madisons-medicine-chest |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=The Mariner's Mirror podcast (episode: the Battle of Trafalgar) |url=https://snr.org.uk/the-mariners-mirror-podcast/hms-victory-and-the-battle-of-trafalgar/ |website=Mariner's Mirror |publisher=The Society for Nautical Research |access-date=May 5, 2021 |quote=....we have in the archive, a letter from Franklin Roosevelt, the American president, and it's thanking a descendant of one of Victory's crews, who are returning a medicine chest to the White House....this image of, of Roosevelt sitting down and writing a wonderful, and patient thank you letter, when he knows that the Germans have just invaded Czechoslovakia..... |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513221516/https://snr.org.uk/the-mariners-mirror-podcast/hms-victory-and-the-battle-of-trafalgar/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

White House employees and slaves rescued a copy of the [[Lansdowne portrait]], and in 1939 a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington; in the same year, a medicine chest that had belonged to President Madison was returned by the descendants of a [[Royal Navy]] officer.{{r|whha east room}}<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto1" /> Some observers allege that most of the spoils of war taken during the sack were lost when a convoy of British ships led by [[HMS Fantome (1810)|HMS ''Fantome'']] sank en route to [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] off [[Prospect, Nova Scotia|Prospect]] during a storm on the night of November 24, 1814, even though ''Fantome'' had no involvement in that action.{{r|K9M68}}{{r|iDYQ3}}{{r|2ZhT4}}

After the fire, President [[James Madison]] resided in [[The Octagon House (Washington, D.C.)|the Octagon House]] from 1814 to 1815, and then in the [[Seven Buildings]] from 1815 to the end of his term.{{r|KQzqy}} Meanwhile, both Hoban and Latrobe contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817. The south [[portico]] was constructed in 1824 during the [[James Monroe]] administration. The north portico was built in 1830.{{r|whha overview}} Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban.{{r|tbe3z}} An elliptical portico at [[Château de Rastignac]] in La Bachellerie, France, with nearly identical curved stairs, is speculated as the source of inspiration due to its similarity with the South Portico,{{r|wh museum 1825–1872}} although this matter is one of great debate.{{r|wSPdx}}

[[Italians|Italian]] artisans, brought to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] to help in constructing the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]], carved the decorative stonework on both porticos. Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the [[Áras an Uachtaráin|Viceregal Lodge]] (now ''Áras an Uachtaráin'', residence of the [[president of Ireland]]), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design.{{r|wh museum 1825–1872}} For the North Portico, a variation on the [[Ionic Order]] was devised, incorporating a swag of roses between the volutes. This was done to link the new portico with the earlier carved roses above the entrance.

=== Overcrowding and building the West Wing ===
[[File:1860s White House.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The White House and [[North Lawn (White House)|North Lawn]] during the [[Presidency of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln administration]] during the [[American Civil War]] in the 1860s]]
[[File:White House north entrance hall featuring Tiffany glass screen installed by Louis Comfort Tiffany - DPLA - 0cc563164343e34cffcb62570cf9fa7a (page 1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The White House Entrance Hall featuring Tiffany glass screen in 1890]]

By the time of the [[American Civil War]], the White House had become overcrowded. The location of the White House, just north of a canal and swampy lands, which provided conditions ripe for [[malaria]] and other unhealthy conditions, was questioned.{{r|epstein}} Brigadier General Nathaniel Michler was tasked with proposing solutions to address these concerns. He proposed abandoning the use of the White House as a residence, and he designed a new estate for the first family at [[Meridian Hill Park|Meridian Hill]] in Washington, D.C. Congress, however, rejected the plan.{{r|epstein}} Another option was Metropolis View, which is now the campus of the [[Catholic University of America]].{{r|MqIIY}}

When [[Chester A. Arthur]] took office in 1881, he ordered renovations to the White House to take place as soon as the recently widowed [[Lucretia Garfield]] moved out. Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions. [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] was asked to send selected designers to assist. Over twenty wagonloads of furniture and household items were removed from the building and sold at a [[public auction]].{{r|reeves268}} All that was saved were bust portraits of [[John Adams]] and [[Martin Van Buren]].{{r|reevesn473}} A proposal was made to build a new residence south of the White House, but it failed to gain support.

In the fall of 1882, work was done on the main corridor, including tinting the walls pale olive and adding squares of [[gold leaf]], and decorating the ceiling in gold and silver, with colorful [[Tracery|traceries]] woven to spell "USA". The Red Room was painted a dull Pomeranian red, and its ceiling was decorated with gold, silver, and copper stars and stripes of red, white, and blue. A fifty-foot jeweled [[Tiffany glass]] screen, supported by imitation marble columns, replaced the glass doors that separated the main corridor from the north vestibule.{{r|reeves269}}{{r|bFjvZ}}

In 1891, [[Benjamin Harrison]] and wife [[Caroline Harrison|Caroline]] proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions.{{r|epstein}} An initially unsuccessful plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham that reflected the Harrison proposal.{{r|epstein}} The Harrisons originated the annual placement and decoration of a Christmas tree in the house.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schneider|first=Dorothy & Carl J.|year=2010|title=Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison". First Ladies: A Biographical Dictionary (3rd ed.)|pages=147–154|publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-1-4381-0815-5}}</ref>

In 1902, however, [[Theodore Roosevelt]] hired [[McKim, Mead & White]] to carry out expansions and renovations in a neoclassical style suited to the building's architecture, removing the Tiffany screen and all Victorian additions.{{r|Yl4bH}}{{r|R6fqD}} [[Charles Follen McKim|Charles McKim]] himself designed and managed the project, which gave more living space to the president's large family by removing a staircase in the West Hall and moving executive office staff from the second floor of the residence into the new West Wing.{{r|whha overview}}

President [[William Howard Taft]] enlisted the help of architect [[Nathan C. Wyeth]] to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the [[Oval Office]].{{r|epstein}} In 1925, Congress enacted legislation allowing the White House to accept gifts of furniture and art for the first time.{{r|AbbottRice|p=17}} The West Wing was damaged by fire on Christmas Eve 1929; [[Herbert Hoover]] and his aides moved back into it on April 14, 1930.{{r|oeGVZ}} In the 1930s, a second story was added, as well as a larger basement for White House staff, and President Franklin Roosevelt had the Oval Office moved to its present location: adjacent to the [[White House Rose Garden|Rose Garden]].{{r|whha overview}}

=== Truman reconstruction ===
{{Main|White House Reconstruction}}
[[File:The Shell of the White House during the Renovation-05-17-1950.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The [[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] reconstruction between 1949 and 1952, which included a steel structure built within the White House's exterior shell]]

Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth-story attic during the [[Presidency of Calvin Coolidge|Coolidge administration]], and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for [[Harry S. Truman]]{{r|wh museum 1948–1952}} took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame.{{r|whha overview}} By 1948, the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse, forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at [[Blair House]] from 1949 to 1951.{{r|OA7bu}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Beschloss |first=Michael |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/upshot/harry-trumans-home-improvement.html |title=Harry Truman’s Extreme Home Makeover |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 9, 2015 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510034900/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/upshot/harry-trumans-home-improvement.html |archive-date=May 10, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The work, completed by the firm of [[Philadelphia]] contractor [[John McShain]], required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces, construction of a new load-bearing internal steel frame, and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure.{{r|wh museum 1948–1952}} The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7{{spaces}}million (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|5.7|1951|r=0}}}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}).{{r|vm2mG}} Some modifications to the floor plan were made, the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall, rather than the Cross Hall.{{r|wh museum 1948–1952}} Central air conditioning was added, as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms, storage, and a bomb shelter.{{r|whha overview}} The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27, 1952.{{r|whha overview}}

While the Truman reconstruction preserved the house's structure, much of the new interior finishes were generic and of little historic significance. Much of the original plasterwork, some dating back to the 1814–1816 rebuilding, was too damaged to reinstall, as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room. President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling; the walls of the [[Vermeil Room]], [[Library (White House)|Library]], [[China Room]], and [[Map Room (White House)|Map Room]] on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers.{{r|UtzOl}}

=== Jacqueline Kennedy restoration ===
[[File:BoudinRedRoom.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Red Room (White House)|Red Room]], designed by [[Stéphane Boudin]] during the [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy administration]]]]

[[Jacqueline Kennedy]], wife of President [[John F. Kennedy]] (1961–63), directed a very extensive and historic redecoration of the house. She enlisted the help of [[Henry Francis du Pont]] of the [[Winterthur Museum]] to assist in collecting artifacts for the mansion, many of which had once been housed there.{{r|wh museum kennedy}} Other antiques, fine paintings, and improvements from the Kennedy period were donated to the White House by wealthy philanthropists, including the [[Crowninshield family]], [[Jane Engelhard]], [[Jayne Wrightsman]], and the Oppenheimer family.

[[Stéphane Boudin]] of the [[Maison Jansen|House of Jansen]], a Paris interior-design firm that had been recognized worldwide, was employed by Jacqueline Kennedy to assist with the decoration.{{r|wh museum kennedy}} Different periods of the early republic and world history were selected as a theme for each room: the Federal style for the [[Green Room (White House)|Green Room]], French Empire for the [[Blue Room (White House)|Blue Room]], American Empire for the [[Red Room (White House)|Red Room]], Louis XVI for the [[Yellow Oval Room]], and Victorian for the president's study, renamed the [[Treaty Room]]. Antique furniture was acquired, and decorative fabric and trim based on period documents was produced and installed.{{r|wh museum kennedy}}

The Kennedy restoration resulted in a more authentic White House of grander stature, which recalled the French taste of Madison and Monroe.{{r|wh museum kennedy}} In the [[Diplomatic Reception Room (White House)|Diplomatic Reception Room]], Mrs. Kennedy installed an antique "Vue de l'Amérique Nord" wallpaper which [[Zuber & Cie]] had designed in 1834. The wallpaper had hung previously on the walls of another mansion until 1961 when that house was demolished for a grocery store. Just before the demolition, the wallpaper was salvaged and sold to the White House.

The first White House guidebook was produced under the direction of curator Lorraine Waxman Pearce with direct supervision from Mrs. Kennedy.{{r|OLizx}} Sales of the guidebook helped finance the restoration.

In a [[A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy|televised tour of the house]] on [[Valentine's Day]] in 1962, Kennedy showed her restoration of the White House to the public.{{r|CBSFeb12}}

== The White House since the Kennedy restoration ==
[[File:Aerial view of Lafayette Park and Washington Mall, Washington, D.C. LCCN2010630447.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The White House complex and vicinity in 2006, viewed from the north with the [[Potomac River]], [[Jefferson Memorial]], and [[Washington Monument]] visible to the south]]

Congress enacted legislation in September 1961 declaring the White House a museum. Furniture, [[Fixture (tool)|fixtures]], and decorative arts could now be declared either historic or of artistic interest by the president. This prevented them from being sold (as many objects in the executive mansion had been in the past 150 years). When not in use or display at the White House, these items were to be turned over to the [[Smithsonian Institution]] for preservation, study, storage, or exhibition. The White House retains the right to have these items returned.{{r|AbbottRice|p=29}}

Out of respect for its historic character, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the [[Executive Residence]] since the Truman renovation.{{r|YsEpb}} Since the Kennedy restoration, every presidential family has made some changes to the residence's private quarters, but the [[Committee for the Preservation of the White House]] must approve any modifications to the State Rooms. Charged with maintaining the house's historical integrity, the congressionally authorized committee works with each First Family – usually represented by the first lady, the [[White House Office of the Curator|White House curator]], and the [[White House Chief Usher|chief usher]] — to implement the family's proposals for altering the house.{{r|nJVBo}}

During the [[Nixon Administration]] (1969–1974), First Lady [[Pat Nixon]] refurbished the Green Room, Blue Room, and Red Room, working with [[Clement Conger]], the curator appointed by President [[Richard Nixon]].{{r|t2zEz}} Mrs. Nixon's efforts brought more than 600 artifacts to the house, the largest acquisition by any administration.{{r|MF74M}} Her husband created the [[James S. Brady Press Briefing Room|modern press briefing room]] over [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s old swimming pool.{{r|press room}} Nixon also added a single-lane bowling alley to the White House basement.{{r|gMser}}

Computers and the house's first [[laser printer]] were added during the [[Carter administration]], and the use of computer technology was expanded during the [[Reagan administration]].{{r|gff8t}} A Carter-era innovation, a set of [[solar water heating]] panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency.{{r|wq6cM}}{{r|Burdick}} Redecorations were made to the private family quarters and maintenance was made to public areas during the Reagan years.{{r|da1980}} The house was accredited as a museum in 1988.{{r|da1980}}

In the 1990s, [[Bill Clinton|Bill]] and [[Hillary Clinton]] refurbished some rooms with the assistance of [[Arkansas]] decorator Kaki Hockersmith, including the Oval Office, the East Room, Blue Room, [[State Dining Room of the White House|State Dining Room]], [[Lincoln Bedroom]], and Lincoln Sitting Room.{{r|wh makeover}} During the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|administration of George W. Bush]], First Lady [[Laura Bush]] refurbished the Lincoln Bedroom in a style contemporary with the [[Presidency of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln era]]; the Green Room, [[Cabinet Room (White House)|Cabinet Room]], and theater were also refurbished.{{r|wh makeover}}

The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington, D.C., when modifications were made during the presidency of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], who used a wheelchair because of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness|his paralytic illness]]. In the 1990s, [[Hillary Clinton]], at the suggestion of the Visitors Office director, approved the addition of a ramp in the East Wing corridor, affording easier [[wheelchair]] access for the public tours and special events that enter through the secure entrance building on the east side.

In 2003, the Bush administration reinstalled solar thermal heaters.{{r|Burdick}} These units are used to heat water for landscape maintenance personnel and for the [[White House swimming pool|presidential pool]] and spa. One hundred sixty-seven solar photovoltaic grid-tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility. The changes were not publicized as a White House spokeswoman said the changes were an internal matter, but the story was covered by industry trade journals.{{r|FCAxL}} 

In 2013, President [[Barack Obama]] had a set of [[solar panel]]s installed on the roof of the White House, marking the first time solar power was used for the president's living quarters.{{r|ztiyM}}{{r|BA0aA}}

In 2025, President [[Donald Trump]] had the East Wing demolished and its surrounding grounds cleared for the construction of a new East Wing containing a [[White House State Ballroom|state ballroom]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Mason |first=Jeff |date=October 22, 2025 |orig-date=Updated October 23, 2025 |title=White House East Wing will be torn down fully to make way for Trump ballroom |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/white-house-east-wing-will-be-torn-down-fully-make-way-trump-ballroom-official-2025-10-22/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> 

=== Layout and amenities ===
The current group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex.
{{multiple image
| align             = center
| direction         = horizontal
| perrow            = 3
| image1            = WH-OSM.png
| width1            = 68
| caption1          = Layout of entire site
| image2            = WHComplex (cropped) (2025).svg
| width2            = 300
| caption2          = White House Complex since 2025
| image3            = White House West Wing FloorPlan1.svg
| width3            = 168
| caption3          = [[West Wing]]
| image4            = WHground.svg
| width4            = 150
| caption4          = Ground floor
| image5            = White House State Floor.svg
| width5            = 153
| caption5          = State floor
| image6            = White House FloorPlan2.svg
| width6            = 150
| caption6          = Second floor (residence)
}}

=== Executive Residence ===
{{Main|Executive Residence}}
[[File:White-house-floor1-cross-Hall.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Cross Hall]], which connects the [[State Dining Room]] and the [[East Room]] on the State Floor]]

The original residence is in the center, including six stories and 55,000 square feet (5,100&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>) of floor space.{{r|XEjY4}} Two [[colonnade]]s{{snd}}one on the east and one on the west{{snd}}designed by Jefferson, were added later to connect the East and West Wings to the residence. The [[Executive Residence]] houses the president's dwelling, as well as rooms for ceremonies and official entertaining. It has 132 rooms, 35 bathrooms, 412 doors, 147 windows, 28 fireplaces, eight staircases, three elevators,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The White House Building |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-white-house/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> and five full-time chefs.{{r|WH facts}}

The State Floor of the residence building includes the [[East Room]], [[Green Room (White House)|Green Room]], [[Blue Room (White House)|Blue Room]], [[Red Room (White House)|Red Room]], [[State Dining Room]], [[Family Dining Room]], [[Cross Hall]], [[Entrance Hall]], and [[Grand Staircase (White House)|Grand Staircase]].{{r|OwkS5}} The Ground Floor is made up of the [[Diplomatic Reception Room]], [[Map Room (White House)|Map Room]], [[China Room]], [[Vermeil Room]], [[White House Library|Library]], the main kitchen, and other offices.{{r|8vyYA}}

The second floor family residence includes the [[Yellow Oval Room]], [[East Sitting Hall|East]] and [[West Sitting Hall]]s, the White House Master Bedroom, [[President's Dining Room]], the [[Treaty Room]], [[Lincoln Bedroom]] and [[Queens' Bedroom]], as well as two additional bedrooms, a smaller kitchen, and a private dressing room.{{r|S4zYx}} The third floor consists of the White House Solarium, Game Room, Linen Room, a Diet Kitchen, and another sitting room (previously used as President George W. Bush's workout room).{{r|gqDUm}}

=== West Wing ===
{{Main|West Wing}}

The West Wing houses the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States|president's office]] (the [[Oval Office]]) and offices of his senior staff, with room for about 50 employees. It includes the [[Cabinet Room (White House)|Cabinet Room]], where the president conducts business meetings and where the [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] meets,{{r|kzExn}} as well as the [[White House Situation Room]], [[James S. Brady Press Briefing Room]], the [[Roosevelt Room]],{{r|cQOP2}} and [[White House swimming pool|a swimming pool]].{{r|WH facts}} In 2007, work was completed on renovations of the press briefing room, adding [[Optical fiber|fiber optic]] cables and [[LCD]] screens for the display of charts and graphs.{{r|press room2}} The makeover took 11 months and cost of $8{{spaces}}million, of which news outlets paid $2{{spaces}}million.{{r|press room2}} In September 2010, [[White House Big Dig|a two-year project]] began on the West Wing, creating a multistory underground structure.{{r|vyYFd}} 

Some members of the president's staff are located in the adjacent [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]], which was, until 1999, called the Old Executive Office Building and was historically the State, War, and Navy building.{{r|press room2}}

The Oval Office, Roosevelt Room, and other portions of the West Wing were partially replicated on a [[sound stage]] and used as the [[Setting (narrative)|setting]] for ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' television show.{{r|wKroZ}}

=== East Wing ===
{{Main|East Wing}}
[[File:White House ballroom after completion.svg|thumb|An interpretation of the White House with the planned new East Wing]]
The [[East Wing]] was first built in 1902 as a guest entrance. It was heavily renovated in 1942 to add a second floor, which concealed the construction of an underground bunker, the [[Presidential Emergency Operations Center]].

Among its uses, the East Wing has intermittently housed the offices and staff of the [[First Lady of the United States|first lady]] and the White House Social Office. In 1977, [[Rosalynn Carter]] became the first to place her personal office in the East Wing and to formally call it the "Office of the First Lady".

In July 2025, the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] announced plans for [[White House State Ballroom|a new ballroom]] on White House grounds.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-15 |title=Trump starts construction on long-held dream: A White House ballroom |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/09/15/trump-ballroom-tree-removal/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Superville |first=Darlene |date=2025-10-22 |title=What to know about the $250 million ballroom Trump is adding to the White House |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-ballroom-east-wing-white-house-844ddefd00c2323cf9419e5ba9635daf |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The existing East Wing was demolished in October 2025 to make way for a "modernized" East Wing including the ballroom.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-25 |title=What is the White House East Wing and why has it been torn down in Trump’s renovation plans? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/oct/25/what-is-the-white-house-east-wing-and-why-has-it-been-torn-down-in-trumps-renovation-plans |access-date=2025-10-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The White House has stated that the costs of construction would be completely covered by private donations.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

=== Grounds ===
The White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres (about 7.3 hectares). Before the construction of the North Portico, most public events were entered from the [[South Lawn (White House)|South Lawn]], the grading and planting of which was ordered by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the [[North Lawn (White House)|North Lawn]] that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue. During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger [[greenhouse]]s were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located. During this period, the North Lawn was planted with ornate carpet-style flowerbeds.

The general layout of the White House grounds today is based on the 1935 design by [[Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.]] of the [[Olmsted Brothers]] firm, commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the Kennedy administration, the [[White House Rose Garden]] was redesigned by [[Rachel Lambert Mellon]]. The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade. Bordering the East Colonnade is the [[Jacqueline Kennedy Garden]], which was begun by [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] but completed after her husband's assassination. The grounds include a [[White House tennis court|a tennis court]], a jogging track, and a putting green.{{r|WH facts}}

On the weekend of June 23, 2006, a century-old [[American Elm]] (''Ulmus americana'' L.) tree on the north side of the building came down during one of the [[2006 Mid-Atlantic United States flood|many storms amid intense flooding]]. Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias (''[[Magnolia grandiflora]]'') planted by [[Andrew Jackson]], including the Jackson Magnolia, reportedly grown from a sprout taken from the favorite tree of Jackson's recently deceased wife, the sprout planted after Jackson moved into the White House. The tree stood for over 200 years. In 2017, having become too weak to stand on its own, it was decided it should be removed and replaced with one of its offspring.{{r|CcD01}}{{r|KpnOF}}

[[Michelle Obama]] planted the White House's first [[organic garden]] and installed beehives on the [[South Lawn]] of the White House, which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings.{{r|U4C8Y}} In 2020, First Lady [[Melania Trump]] redesigned the Rose Garden.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Kate |title=Your guide to Melania Trump's Rose Garden renovations |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/02/politics/melania-trump-rose-garden-redesign |website=CNN |date=August 2, 2020 |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref> In 2025, President [[Donald Trump]] oversaw the installation of [[Flags at the White House|an 88-foot flagpole]] on each lawn and a patio to replace the grass lawn of the Rose Garden.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mansfield |first1=Erin |last2=Garrison |first2=Joey |title=Trump installs pair of 88-foot-tall new flag poles at the White House |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/06/18/trump-flag-poles-white-house/84257902007/ |date=June 16, 2025 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=June 19, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mansfield |first1=Erin |last2=Garrison |first2=Joey |date=18 June 2025 |title=Trump installs pair of 88-foot-tall new flag poles at the White House |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/06/18/trump-flag-poles-white-house/84257902007/ |access-date=19 June 2025 |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mphofe |first=Sylvia |date=18 June 2025 |title=Construction begins on Trump's plan to pave over Rose Garden grass, add flagpoles to lawns |url=https://www.fox5dc.com/news/construction-begins-trumps-plan-pave-over-rose-garden-grass-add-flagpoles-lawns |access-date=19 June 2025 |work=[[WTTG|Fox 5 Washington DC]]}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:WhSouthLawn.JPEG|[[Marine One]] prepares to land on the South Lawn, where [[State Arrival Ceremony|State Arrival Ceremonies]] are held
File:White House, Blue Sky.jpg|A view from the south, with the south fountain
File:1122-WAS-The White House.JPG|A view from the north, with the north fountain
</gallery>

== Public access and security ==
{{Further|White House Visitors Office|List of White House security breaches}}
[[File:Tourists by WH.JPG|thumb|For security reasons, the section of [[Pennsylvania Avenue]] on the north side of the White House is closed to all vehicular traffic except that of government officials.]]

The White House receives up to 30,000 visitors each week.{{r|bumiller200901}} The [[White House Chief Usher|chief usher]] coordinates day to day household operations.

=== Historical accessibility ===
Like the English and Irish country houses it was modeled on, the White House was, from the start, open to the public until the early part of the 20th century.

Inspired by Washington's open houses in New York and Philadelphia, [[John Adams]] began the tradition of the [[White House New Year's Reception]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://issuu.com/whhapubl/docs/whhq_20_2359_strolle |title=White House History Quarterly 59 – Winter Holidays – Strolle by White House Historical Association – Issuu |date=November 6, 2020 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214844/https://issuu.com/whhapubl/docs/whhq_20_2359_strolle |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thomas Jefferson]] permitted public tours of his house, which have continued ever since, except during wartime, and began the tradition of an annual reception on [[Independence Day (United States)|the Fourth of July]].

President Jefferson held an open house for his second inaugural in 1805, and many of the people at his swearing-in ceremony at the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] followed him home, where he greeted them in the [[Blue Room (White House)|Blue Room]]. Those open houses sometimes became rowdy: in 1829, President [[Andrew Jackson]] had to leave for a hotel when roughly 20,000 people celebrated his inauguration inside the White House. His aides ultimately had to lure the mob outside with washtubs filled with a potent cocktail of orange juice and whiskey.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greene |first1=Elizabeth B. |title=Buildings and Landmarks of 19th-Century America: American Society Revealed |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3573-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7GzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214839/https://books.google.com/books?id=J7GzDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |url-status=live}}</ref> The practice continued until 1885, when newly elected [[Grover Cleveland]] arranged for a presidential review of the troops from a grandstand in front of the White House instead of the traditional open house.

Those receptions ended in the early 1930s. President [[Bill Clinton]] briefly revived the New Year's Day open house in his first term.

=== Aviation incidents ===
In February 1974, a stolen [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] helicopter [[1974 White House helicopter incident|landed without authorization]] on the White House's grounds.{{r|bXgDO}} Twenty years later, in 1994, a stolen [[Cessna 150|light plane]] flown by [[Frank Eugene Corder]] crashed on White House grounds, instantly killing him.{{r|JO4kZ}}

During the [[September 11 attacks]], shortly after notice of the plane impacts, the White House staff and other occupants were ordered to evacuate by the [[US Secret Service|U.S. Secret Service]] after a call was made to them from [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] air traffic control staff, stating, "There is an aircraft coming at you," though an aircraft never did show up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 10, 2021 |title=This is what it was like inside the White House on 9/11 |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/09/white-house-staff-member-shares-their-experience-of-9-11/ |access-date=December 19, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref>

On May 12, 2005, as a result of increased security regarding air traffic in the capital, the White House was evacuated after an unauthorized aircraft approached the grounds.{{r|ZScbt}} After being forced to land by two [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 fighter jets]] and a [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|Black Hawk helicopter]] at a small airport nearby, the pilot was identified to be a student pilot who accidentally breached White House grounds without knowledge.<ref name="ZScbt" />

On January 27, 2015, at 3 a.m. an intoxicated man flew a [[quadcopter]] drone from his apartment near the White House but lost control of it, prompting it to crash on the southeast side on White House grounds. The White House was temporarily locked down by the Secret Service shortly after an officer reported witnessing "[a] drone flying at a low altitude." Investigators suspected that the drone accidentally flew and breached into the property because of either wind or trees.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Acosta |first1=Jim |last2=Diamond |first2=Jeremy |title=U.S. intel worker blamed for White House drone crash |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/01/26/politics/white-house-device-secret-service/index.html |date=January 26, 2015 |department=Politics |website=CNN |language=en |access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shear |first1=Michael D. |last2=Schmidt |first2=Michael S. |date=January 27, 2015 |title=White House Drone Crash Described as a U.S. Worker's Drunken Lark |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/28/us/white-house-drone.html |access-date=December 18, 2023 |website=New York Times}}</ref>

In June 2023, fighter jets moved to [[2023 Virginia plane crash|intercept a light aircraft that violated Washington DC airspace]] near the White House, before it crashed in Virginia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yang |first=Maya |date=June 4, 2023 |title=US jets pursue light aircraft over Washington DC before it crashes in Virginia |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/04/sonic-boom-from-us-military-aircraft-rattles-washington-dc-residents |access-date=July 5, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705054446/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/04/sonic-boom-from-us-military-aircraft-rattles-washington-dc-residents |url-status=live}}</ref> All occupants in the intrusion aircraft were killed.

=== Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue ===
[[File:U.S. Secret Service Agent.jpg|upright|thumb|A uniformed [[United States Secret Service|U.S. Secret Service]] agent on [[Pennsylvania Avenue]]]]

On May 20, 1995, primarily as a response to the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] of April 19, 1995, the [[United States Secret Service]] closed off Pennsylvania Avenue to vehicular traffic in front of the White House, from the eastern edge of Lafayette Park to 17th Street. Later, the closure was extended an additional block to the east to 15th Street, and East Executive Avenue, a small street between the White House and the [[Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)|Treasury Building]].

After [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], this change was made permanent, in addition to closing E Street between the South Portico of the White House and [[the Ellipse]].{{r|VuiCP}} In response to the [[Boston Marathon bombing]], the road was closed to the public in its entirety for a period of two days.

The Pennsylvania Avenue closure has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington, D.C. They argue that the closing impedes traffic flow unnecessarily and is inconsistent with the well-conceived historic plan for the city. As for security considerations, they note that the White House is set much farther back from the street than numerous other sensitive federal buildings are.{{r|F17OZ}}

Prior to its inclusion within the fenced compound that now includes the [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]] to the west and the Treasury Building to the east, this sidewalk{{clarify|reason=which sidewalk?|date=December 2020}} served as a queuing area for the daily public tours of the White House. These tours were suspended in the wake of the September 11 attacks. In September 2003, they resumed on a limited basis for groups making prior arrangements through their Congressional representatives or embassies in Washington for foreign nationals and submitting to background checks, but the White House remained closed to the public.{{r|6Dutd}} Due to budget constraints, White House tours were suspended for most of 2013 due to [[United States budget sequestration in 2013|sequestration]].{{r|1xVao}} The White House reopened to the public in November 2013.{{r|msl6S}}

=== Protection ===

The White House Complex is protected by the [[United States Secret Service]] and the [[United States Park Police]].

During the 2005 presidential inauguration, [[NASAMS]] (Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System) units were used to patrol the airspace over Washington, D.C. The same units have since been used to protect the president and all airspace around the White House, which is strictly prohibited to aircraft.{{r|2YCbp}}{{r|D55GA}}

== Births, deaths and weddings at the White House ==

=== Births ===
Eighteen children have been born at the White House, including Grover Cleveland's daughter [[Esther Cleveland|Esther]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |title=Few children have been born in the White House |url=https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/2018/12/10/live-wire-few-children-have-been-born-in-white-house/6730239007/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=The Fayetteville Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Life at the White House Historical Photo Essay |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/photoessays/familylife/01.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref>

Other children born at the White House:

* James Madison Randolph, grandson of Thomas Jefferson<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Madison Randolph |url=https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/james-madison-randolph/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Monticello |language=en}}</ref>
* Asnet Hughes, son of Ursula Granger and Wormley Hughes, enslaved people owned by Jefferson<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Kathy |date=2023-11-01 |title=Every Baby That Was Born In The White House |url=https://www.grunge.com/1434835/every-baby-born-in-white-house/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Grunge |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Slavery and the White House |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/press-room/press-backgrounders/slavery-and-the-white-house |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McLaurin |first=Stewart D. |title=White House history can't be rewritten: How early presidents failed enslaved people |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2023/06/18/white-house-history-presidents-slavery-juneteenth/70329956007/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Two children of Frances Hern and David Hern, enslaved people owned by Jefferson<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Enslaved Household of President Thomas Jefferson |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/slavery-in-the-thomas-jefferson-white-house |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}</ref>
* The Fossett children, four children born to Fanny Fossett and Edith Fossett, enslaved women owned by Jefferson<ref name=":1" />
* Mary Louisa Adams, granddaughter of John Quincy Adams<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Louisa Adams {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/mary-louisa-adams-7641 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=americanart.si.edu |language=en}}</ref>
* Mary Emily, John Samuel, and Rachel Jackson [[Donelson family|Donelson]], grand-nieces and nephew of Andrew Jackson<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Robert P. |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781626373532/html |title=First Ladies of the United States: A Bibliographical Dictionary |date=2001-02-01 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=978-1-62637-353-2 |pages=50–51 |doi=10.1515/9781626373532}}</ref>
* Rebecca Van Buren, granddaughter of Martin Van Buren<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hannah Van Buren Biography :: National First Ladies' Library |url=http://archive.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=8 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=archive.firstladies.org}}</ref>
* Letitia Christian Tyler and Robert Tyler Jones, grandchildren of John Tyler<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letitia Tyler, Mother to the Most Children Living In the White House |url=http://archive.firstladies.org/blog/letitia-tyler-mother-to-the-most-children-living-in-the-white-house/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=archive.firstladies.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uhlarik |first=Jennifer |title=Babies In the White House |url=https://www.hhhistory.com/2024/01/babies-in-white-house.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Julia Grant Cantacuzène]], granddaughter of Ulysses Grant<ref>{{Cite news |date=1975-10-07 |title=Princess Julia Cantacuzene, 99, Grant's Granddaughter, Dead (Published 1975) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/07/archives/princess-julia-cantacuzene-99-grants-granddaughter-dead.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Francis Bowes Sayre Jr.|Francis Bowes Sayre Jr.]], grandson of Woodrow Wilson

=== Deaths ===
Two presidents, [[William Henry Harrison]] and [[Zachary Taylor]], and three first ladies, [[Letitia Christian Tyler|Letitia Tyler]], [[Caroline Harrison]], and [[Ellen Axson Wilson|Ellen Wilson]], have died at the White House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Death in the White House |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-1600-sessions/death-in-the-white-house |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Have any presidents or first ladies died at the White House? |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/questions/who-has-died-in-the-white-house |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}</ref> Others who have died at the White House include Rebecca Van Buren, granddaughter of [[Martin Van Buren]].<ref name=":2" />

=== Weddings ===
There have been nineteen documented weddings and four separate wedding receptions at the White House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many weddings have been held at the White House? |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/questions/how-many-weddings-have-been-held-at-the-white-house |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=White House Weddings and Receptions |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/white-house-weddings-and-receptions |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}</ref> [[Wedding of Grover Cleveland and Frances Folsom|The only president to marry in the White House was Grover Cleveland]], who married [[Frances Cleveland|Frances Folsom]] on June 2, 1886, in the Blue Room.

The children of sitting presidents who married in the White House are [[Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur|Maria Hester Monroe Gouveneur]] (1820), [[John Adams II]] (1828), [[Elizabeth Tyler (1823-1850)|Elizabeth Tyler]] (1842), [[Nellie Grant]] (1874), [[Alice Roosevelt Longworth]] (1906), [[Jessie Wilson Sayre]] (1913), [[Eleanor Wilson McAdoo]] (1914), and [[Tricia Nixon Cox]] (1971). [[Luci Baines Johnson|Luci Johnson]] (1967) and [[Jenna Bush Hager]] (2008) held their receptions at the White House.<ref name=":3" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="180">
File:The First Presidential Mansion.jpg|The first presidential mansion, [[Samuel Osgood House]] in [[Manhattan]], occupied by [[George Washington|Washington]] from April 1789{{snd}}February 1790
File:New York Second Presidential Mansion.jpg|The second presidential mansion, [[Alexander Macomb House]], in Manhattan, occupied by Washington from February–August 1790
File:Dessin de Palladio - Projet villa des comtes Francesco et Lodovico de Trissini.jpg|[[Andrea Palladio]]'s illustration, ''Project for Francesco et Lodovico de Trissini'', from the book ''[[I&nbsp;quattro libri dell'architettura]]'', published in 1570
File:White House North Side Comparison2.jpg|The North Portico of the White House compared to [[Leinster House]]
File:White House South Side Comparison.jpg|The [[Château de Rastignac]] compared to the South Portico of the White House, {{circa|1846}}
File:PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg|The third presidential mansion, [[President's House (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)|President's House]] in [[Philadelphia]], occupied by Washington from November 1790{{snd}}March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797{{snd}}May 1800
File:The Government House, New York 1650665.jpg|[[Government House (New York City)|Government House]] in Manhattan, built in 1790–1791, was designed to be the permanent presidential mansion, but [[United States Congress|Congress]] moved the national capital to Philadelphia before its completion.
File:House intended for the President Birch's Views Plate 13 (cropped).jpg|[[President's House (Ninth Street)|President's House]] in Philadelphia (built in the 1790s), was not used by any president after the presidential mansion, known as the White House, was moved from Philadelphia to the new national capital of Washington, D.C.
File:White House 1846.jpg|The earliest known photograph of the White House, taken {{Circa|1846}} by [[John Plumbe]] during the administration of [[James K. Polk]]
File:WhiteHouseProposedAddition.jpg|Additions proposed by architect Frederick D. Owen in 1890<ref name=":4">{{cite web | url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/north-and-south-views-of-proposed-additions | title=North and South Views of Proposed Additions }}</ref>
File:US $20 Series 2006 Reverse.jpg|The building's north front has been on the reverse of the [[United States twenty-dollar bill|U.S. $20 bill]] since 1998; an illustration of the south side was used for 70 years prior to its issuance.
File:The White House logo under Trump 2.0.jpg|[[Logo]] of the White House under [[Donald Trump|President Donald J. Trump.]]
</gallery>
{{clear}}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Architecture of Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Art in the White House]]
* [[Camp David]]
* [[Pedro Casanave]]
* [[Germantown White House]]
* [[Graphics and Calligraphy Office]]
* [[List of largest houses in the United States]]
* [[List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.]]
* [[List of the oldest buildings in Washington, D.C.]]
* [[List of residences of presidents of the United States]]
* [[Number One Observatory Circle]], residence of the vice president
* [[Replicas of the White House]]
* [[Reportedly haunted locations in the District of Columbia#White House|Reported White House ghosts]]
* [[White House Acquisition Trust]]
* [[White House Chief Calligrapher]]
* [[White House Chief Floral Designer]]
* [[White House Christmas tree]]
* [[White House Communications Agency]]
* [[White House Endowment Trust]]
* [[White House Executive Chef]]
* [[White House Fellows]]
* ''[[White House History]]''
* [[White House Social Secretary]]
* [[:Category:Rooms in the White House]]
* [[White House COVID-19 outbreak]]
{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
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<ref name="France?">{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Michael |title=Our White House in France? |url=http://www.thecolumnists.com/johnson/johnson103.html |date=May 10, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704080203/http://www.thecolumnists.com/johnson/johnson103.html |archive-date=July 4, 2011 |website=TheColumnists.Com |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="johnson">{{cite journal |title=A chateau fit for a president |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/15/opinion/15iht-edjohnson.html |author=Johnson, Michael |date=September 15, 2006 |journal=New York Times|access-date=June 1, 2011|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225130535/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/15/opinion/15iht-edjohnson.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="epstein">{{cite journal |title=The East and West Wings of the White House |author=Epstein, Ellen Robinson |date=1971–1972 |journal=Records of the Columbia Historical Society}}</ref>

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<ref name="CBSFeb12">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jackie-kennedys-devotion-to-white-house-revealed/ |title=Jackie Kennedy's devotion to White House revealed |date=February 14, 2012 |work=CBS News|access-date=April 7, 2015|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020151802/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jackie-kennedys-devotion-to-white-house-revealed/|url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="Burdick">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/27/white-house-solar-panels_n_160575.html |work=Huffington Post |title=White House Solar Panels: What Ever Happened To Carter's Solar Thermal Water Heater? |format=video |date=January 27, 2009|access-date=January 31, 2010 |first=Dave |last=Burdick|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323093356/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/27/white-house-solar-panels_n_160575.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="WH facts">{{cite web |title=White House Facts |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/facts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403153000/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/facts.html |archive-date=April 3, 2009 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="bumiller200901">{{cite news |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2009/01/president/bumiller-text | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222192839/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2009/01/president/bumiller-text | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 22, 2008 |title=Inside the Presidency |work=National Geographic |date=January 2009 | access-date=June 24, 2012 |author=Bumiller, Elizabeth}}</ref>

<ref name="press room2">{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2007/07/white-house-press-room-to-reopen-004819 |last=Allen |first=Mike |publisher=Politico |title=White House Press Room to reopen |date=July 7, 2007 |access-date=November 12, 2008 |archive-date=November 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112165212/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0707/4819.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="jYAHg">{{cite web |work=History.com |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-adams-moves-into-white-house |title=John Adams moves into White House|date=November 16, 2009 |access-date=January 22, 2015|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226114626/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-adams-moves-into-white-house|url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="1AvjX">to the [[Empire State Building]]</ref>

<ref name="6ylva">{{cite book |last=Miller |first=John |title=Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation |year=2003 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=0-7658-0551-0 |page=251}}</ref>

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<ref name="eYnQA">William Seale, "James Hoban: Builder of the White House" in ''White House History'' no. 22 (Spring 2008), pp. 8–12.</ref>

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<ref name="KQzqy">Haas, Irvin. ''Historic Homes of the American Presidents.'' New York: Dover Publishing, 1991, p. 30.</ref>

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<ref name="MqIIY">{{cite news |url=http://cuatower.com/2019/10/catholic-university-could-have-been-the-white-house/ |title=Catholic University Could Have Been The White House |date=October 17, 2019 | access-date = October 18, 2019 |newspaper=The Tower |first=Claire |last=Prudhomme | archive-date = October 29, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201029013901/http://cuatower.com/2019/10/catholic-university-could-have-been-the-white-house/ | url-status = live}}</ref>

<ref name="bFjvZ">{{cite web |title=The Grand Illumination: Sunset of the Gaslight Age, 1891 |url=http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_exhibits/waddell_white-house-past/tiffany-glass-painting.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507020213/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_exhibits/waddell_white-house-past/tiffany-glass-painting.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 7, 2011 |publisher=The White House Historical Association|access-date=December 12, 2013}}</ref>

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<ref name="R6fqD">{{cite web |title=Theodore Roosevelt Renovation, 1902 |url=http://www.tysto.com/special/renovation-1902.htm |publisher=The White House Museum|access-date=December 12, 2013|archive-date=April 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425201037/http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/special/renovation-1902.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="oeGVZ">{{cite web |last1=Treese |first1=Joel D. |last2=Phifer |first2=Evan |title=The Christmas Eve West Wing Fire of 1929 |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-christmas-eve-west-wing-fire-of-1929 |date=February 9, 2016 |website=The White House Historical Association |access-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-date=October 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052318/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-christmas-eve-west-wing-fire-of-1929 |url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="nJVBo">{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11145.html |title=Executive Order 11145 – Providing for a Curator of the White House and establishing a Committee for the Preservation of the White House|access-date=November 8, 2007 |publisher=The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration|archive-date=January 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108123654/http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11145.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="t2zEz">{{cite web |last=Caroli |first=Betty Boyd |authorlink=Betty Boyd Caroli |title=Pat Nixon: American first lady |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pat-Nixon |date=January 3, 2008 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115101638/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pat-Nixon |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MF74M">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=38 |title=First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon|access-date=November 8, 2007 |publisher=The National First Ladies Library |year=2005 |quote=For the White House itself, and thus for the American people, Pat Nixon also decided to accelerate the collection process of fine antiques as well as historically associative pieces, adding some 600 paintings and antiques to the White House Collection. It was the single greatest collecting during any Administration.|archive-date=May 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509084238/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=38|url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="wq6cM">{{cite web |url=http://www.unity.edu/news/solar1004.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041206213019/http://www.unity.edu/news/solar1004.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 6, 2004 |title=Maine college to auction off former White House solar panels |date=October 28, 2004|access-date=January 31, 2010}}</ref>

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<ref name="kzExn">{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/life/cabinetroom.html |title=Debates and Decisions: Life in the Cabinet Room|access-date=November 9, 2007|archive-date=July 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718151835/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/life/cabinetroom.html |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="cQOP2">{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/life/video/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129001924/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/life/video/index.html|url-status=live|archive-date=November 29, 2009 |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |title=White House History and Tours |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|access-date=November 9, 2007}}</ref>

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<ref name="wKroZ">{{cite web |title=The West Wing of The West Wing |url=http://www.tysto.com/special/wwtv.htm |website=The White House Museum|access-date=March 14, 2017|archive-date=February 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212235128/http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/special/wwtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="F17OZ">{{cite web |title=Statement of Committee of 100 on the Federal City and The National Coalition to Save Our Mall |url=http://www.savethemall.org/other/pa_ave.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030425145712/http://www.savethemall.org/other/pa_ave.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 25, 2003 |publisher=National Coalition to Save Our Mall, Inc|access-date=November 8, 2007 |year=2004}}</ref>

<ref name="6Dutd">{{cite web |title=Visiting the White House |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/tours/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402204351/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/tours|url-status=live|archive-date=April 2, 2009 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=November 8, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="1xVao">{{cite news |title=White House tours canceled due to federal budget cuts |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-white-house-tours-cancelled-budget-cuts-20130305,0,5471476.story |newspaper=LA Times|access-date=March 6, 2013 |first=Kathleen |last=Hennessey |date=March 5, 2013|archive-date=March 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327102720/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-white-house-tours-cancelled-budget-cuts-20130305,0,5471476.story|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="msl6S">{{cite web |title=White House Tours To Resume In November (With A Catch) |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/white-house-tours-resume-november-catch-1435140 |website=International Business Times |date=October 22, 2013|access-date=April 19, 2014|archive-date=December 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211202543/https://www.ibtimes.com/white-house-tours-resume-november-catch-1435140|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="2YCbp">{{cite web |url=http://www.grunder.no/magasinet/arkiv/okonomisk-rapport-2006/nr-02/rapport/norske-vapen-vokter-presidenten/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801130418/http://www.grunder.no/magasinet/arkiv/okonomisk-rapport-2006/nr-02/rapport/norske-vapen-vokter-presidenten/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2012 |title=Norske våpen vokter presidenten |publisher=Gründer Økonomisk Rapport |date=January 31, 2006 |access-date=August 15, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="D55GA">{{cite news |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2006/03/13/460587.html |title=Norge sikret innsettelsen av Bush – Nyheter |newspaper=Dagbladet |date=March 13, 2006 |access-date=August 15, 2010 |archive-date=November 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117121829/http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2006/03/13/460587.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AbbottRice">{{cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=James A. |last2=Rice |first2=Elaine M. |title=Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration |url=https://archive.org/details/designingcamelot0000abbo|url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |date=1998 |isbn=0-442-02532-7}}</ref>
</references>

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Abbott, James A. ''A Frenchman in Camelot: The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin.'' Boscobel Restoration Inc.: 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-9646659-0-3}}.
* Abbott, James A. ''Jansen.'' Acanthus Press: 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-926494-33-6}}.
* Clinton, Hillary Rodham. ''An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History.'' Simon & Schuster: 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-684-85799-2}}.
* {{cite book |author=Frary, Ihna Thayer |title=They Built the Capitol |year=1969 |publisher=Ayer Publishing |page=[https://archive.org/details/theybuiltcapitol0000frar/page/27 27] |isbn=978-0-8369-5089-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/theybuiltcapitol0000frar |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author=Frary, Ihna Thayer |title=They Built the Capitol |year=1969 |publisher=Ayer Publishing |page=[https://archive.org/details/theybuiltcapitol0000frar/page/37 37] |isbn=978-0-8369-5089-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/theybuiltcapitol0000frar |url-access=registration}}
* Garrett, Wendell. ''Our Changing White House.'' [[Northeastern University Press]]: 1995. {{ISBN|978-1-55553-222-2}}.
* Guidas, John. ''The White House: Resources for Research at the Library of Congress.'' Library of Congress, 1992.
* Huchet de Quénetain, Christophe. "De quelques bronzes dorés français conservés à la Maison-Blanche à Washington D.C." in ''La Revue'', Pierre Bergé & associés, n°6, mars 2005 pp.&nbsp;54–55. {{OCLC|62701407}}.
* Kenny, Peter M., Frances F. Bretter and Ulrich Leben. ''Honoré Lannuier Cabinetmaker from Paris: The Life and Work of French'' Ébiniste ''in Federal New York.'' [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York and Harry Abrams: 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-87099-836-2}}.
* Klara, Robert. ''The Hidden White House: Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America's Most Famous Residence.'' Thomas Dunne Books: 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-2500-0027-9}}.
* Kloss, William. ''Art in the White House: A Nation's Pride.'' White House Historical Association in cooperation with the National Geographic Society, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-8109-3965-3}}.
* Leish, Kenneth. ''The White House.'' Newsweek Book Division: 1972. {{ISBN|978-0-88225-020-5}}.
* McKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, et al. ''Report of the {{not a typo|Commission}} on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion.'' Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office: 1952.
* Monkman, Betty C. ''The White House: The Historic Furnishing & First Families.'' Abbeville Press: 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-7892-0624-4}}.
* New York Life Insurance Company. ''The presidents from 1789 to 1908 and the History of the White House.'' New York Life Insurance Company: 1908.
* Penaud, Guy ''Dictionnaire des châteaux du Périgord.'' Editions Sud-Ouest: 1996. {{ISBN|978-2-87901-221-6}}.
* Phillips-Schrock, Patrick. ''The White House: An Illustrated Architectural History'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013) 196 pp.
* Seale, William. ''The President's House.'' White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1986. {{ISBN|978-0-912308-28-9}}.
* {{cite book |author=Seale, William |title=The President's House, A History. Volume II |year=1986 |publisher=White House Historical Association |pages=689.1 |isbn=978-0-912308-28-9}}
* Seale, William, ''The White House: The History of an American Idea.'' White House Historical Association: 1992, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-912308-85-2}}.
* West, J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz. ''Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies.'' Coward, McCann & Geoghegan: 1973. {{ISBN|978-0-698-10546-1}}.
* Wolff, Perry. ''A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy.'' Doubleday & Company: 1962. {{ISBN?}}
* ''Exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834: The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23–26, 1996.'' Sothebys, Inc.: 1996.
* ''The White House: An Historic Guide.'' White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-912308-79-1}}.
* ''The White House. The First Two Hundred Years,'' ed. by Frank Freidel/William Pencak, Boston 1994. {{ISBN?}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.whitehousehistory.org/ The White House Historical Association], with historical photos, online tours and exhibits, timelines, and facts
* [https://www.nps.gov/whho/index.htm President's Park (White House)] part of the [[National Park Service]]
* [http://tysto.com/ The White House Museum], a detailed online tour
** [http://tysto.com/model/index.htm Detailed 3D computer model] of White House and grounds
* Video tours:
** {{cite web |url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Tourwi |title=White House Holiday Tour with Laura Bush |publisher=C-SPAN |date=December 3, 2008}}
** {{cite web |url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/HouseTo |title=White House Tour |publisher=C-SPAN |date=July 7, 1998}}
** {{cite web |url=http://www.c-span.org/search/?sdate=&edate=&searchtype=Videos&sort=Most+Popular&text=0&all%5B%5D=white&all%5B%5D=house&all%5B%5D=tours&tagid%5B%5D=149 |title=Popular video tours |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date= August 1, 2015}}
* {{OSM way|238241022}}
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/the-white-house?hl=en Virtual tour of the White House] provided by [[Google Arts & Culture]]

{{White House|state=collapsed}}
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