View source for White Sands Missile Range

{{Short description|Military testing area in New Mexico, US}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<!-- Except for sortable table -->
{{Use American English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = [[File:White Sands Missile Range logo.jpg|20px]]White Sands Missile Range (1960)<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/whsa/adhi/adhit.htm |title=White Sands Administrative History|access-date=26 November 2022|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> <br />New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range (1947)<br />White Sands Proving Ground (1945)<br />{{nowrap|	Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range (1941){{r|WSAH4}}	}}
|partof = [[United States Army Test and Evaluation Command]]
|location = Located in the [[San Andres Mountains]], the [[Oscura Mountains]], the [[San Augustin Mountains]], the [[Tularosa Basin]], and the [[Chupadera Mesa]] in [[New Mexico]]
|image=Tularosa-Basin-NM-USGS-map opaque.gif
|image_size=300px
|caption = Most of the northern [[Tularosa Basin]] (blue) is used for the WSMR (area within dashed perimeter), which encloses numerous areas that are not military land (e.g., the [[National Park Service|NPS's]] [[White Sands National Park]]), as well as [[United States Air Force]] facilities.
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|coordinates = {{Coord|32|20|08|N|106|24|21|W|type:airport_source:dewiki|display=title, inline|notes=<ref name=GNIS>{{Cite gnis |2444053|Condron Army Airfield (2444053) |access-date=2014-05-28}} (Doña Ana county—entered in the GNIS on 20 March 2011)</ref> Condron Army Airfield}} near the southernmost WSMR point
|code =
|built             = 1948-07-09 cantonment completed{{r|AuthorTBD}}<br />1957-02:  Launch Complex 37 completed
|builder           = [[United States Army Ordnance Corps|Ordnance Corps]]{{r|AuthorTBD}}
|materials =
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|ownership =
|open_to_public    = 
|controlledby      = [[United States Army]]
|garrison        = 
|current_commander = [[Brigadier General|BG]] [[Eric D. Little]] (2021–present)<ref>{{cite web|title=Leadership White Sands Missile Range|url =https://home.army.mil/wsmr/index.php/about/leadership|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210405114059/https://home.army.mil/wsmr/index.php/about/leadership|url-status =dead|archive-date =5 April 2021|publisher=U.S. Army|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
|past_commanders = {{plainlist|
*BG David C. Trybula (2019–2021)
*BG Gregory J. Brady (2018–2019)
*BG Eric L. Sanchez (2016–2018)
*BG [[Timothy R. Coffin]] (2014–2016)
*[[Major General|MG]] [[Gwen Bingham]] (2012–2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ausa.org/people/ltg-gwen-bingham|title=LTG Gwen Bingham|website=Association of the United States Army|date=28 March 2017 |access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
*BG John G. Ferrari (2011–2012)
*BG David L. Mann (2008–2009)
*BG Richard L. McCabe (2007–2008)}}
|occupants         = 
|battles =
|events            =
|image2            =White Sands Missile Range location.gif
|image2_size       =300px
|caption2          = WSMR location
|website = {{URL|www.wsmr.army.mil}}
}}

'''White Sands Missile Range''' ('''WSMR''') is a [[United States Army]] military testing area and firing range located in the US state of [[New Mexico]]. The range was originally established in 1941 as the '''Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range''', where the [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity]] test site lay at the northern end of the Range, in [[Socorro County, New Mexico|Socorro County]] near the towns of [[Carrizozo, New Mexico|Carrizozo]] and [[San Antonio, New Mexico|San Antonio]]. It then became the '''White Sands Proving Ground''' on 9{{nbsp}}July 1945. 

[[White Sands National Park]] founded in the 1930s is located within the range.

==Significant events==
*The missile range was originally established in 1941 as the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range.
*On 16 July 1945, the first [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]] (code named [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity]]) was test detonated at Trinity Site near the northern boundary of the range, seven days after the White Sands Proving Ground was officially established,<ref>{{cite web|title=White Sands Missile Range|url=http://www.astronautix.com/w/whitesands.html|access-date=26 November 2022|publisher=Astronautix.com}}</ref> near the towns of [[Carrizozo, New Mexico|Carrizozo]] and [[San Antonio, New Mexico|San Antonio]]. ({{Coord|33|40.636|N|106|28.525|W|region:US-NM_type:landmark_scale:60000|display=inline}}).<ref name="wsmr">{{cite web |title=Trinity Site |publisher=White Sands Missile Range |url=http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/TrinitySite/trinst.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806045224/http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/TrinitySite/Trinst.htm |archive-date=August 6, 2007 |access-date=July 16, 2007 |quote=GPS Coordinates for obelisk (exact GZ) =&nbsp;N33.40.636 W106.28.525}}</ref>
*After the conclusion of [[World War II]], 100 long-range German [[V-2 rocket]]s that were captured by U.S. military troops were brought to WSMR. Of these, 67 were test-fired between 1946 and 1951 from the [[White Sands V-2 Launching Site]]. (This was followed by the testing of American rockets, which continues to this day, along with testing other technologies.)
* On 15 May, 1947, a V-2 rocket fired from WSMR veered off course and landed {{convert|4|miles}} northeast of Alamogordo, New Mexico.<ref name="15May1947">Jim Eckles [https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/life/2022/05/15/1947-rockets-launched-white-sands-landed-alamogordo-juarez/9740356002/ (15 May 2022) Two crashes in two weeks: In 1947, rockets launched from White Sands landed in Alamogordo, Juárez]</ref>  
* Exactly two weeks later, on May 29, 1947, a modified [[V-2 sounding rocket]] veered off course and crashed on top of a rocky knoll about {{convert|3.5|miles}} south of the [[Ciudad Juárez|Juárez]] business district, leaving a {{convert|24|feet}} deep by {{convert|50|feet}} wide crater.<ref name="15May1947" /><ref name="29May1947">{{cite web |title=Remember the time we bombed Mexico with German rockets? |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/remember-the-time-we-bombed-mexico-with-german-rockets-5909476 |website=Gizmodo|date=11 May 2012}}</ref> 
* On 11 July 1970, the [[United States Air Force]] launched an Athena sounding rocket, equipped with re-entry vehicle V-123-D, from the [[Green River Launch Complex]] in [[Utah]]. While its intended target was inside of WSMR, the rocket instead flew south and impacted {{convert|180|–|200|miles}} south of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] border in the [[Mapimí Silent Zone|Mapimi Desert]] in the northeastern corner of the Mexican state of [[Durango]].<ref>{{cite news |title=USAF Accidentally Launched Rocket into Mexico's Mapimi Desert 45 Years Ago |url=https://unredacted.com/2015/07/13/usaf-accidentally-launched-rocket-into-mexicos-mapimi-desert-45-years-ago/ |publisher=Unredacted|first=Michael |last=Barclay|date=July 13, 2015|access-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref>
*On 30 March 1982 [[NASA]]'s [[Space Shuttle Columbia]] landed on the Northrop Strip at WSMR as the conclusion to mission [[STS-3]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/multimedia/imagegallery/Shuttle/EC82-18507.html|title = STS-3 Columbia Lands at the White Sands Missile Range, NM|date =30 March 1982|access-date=26 November 2022|publisher=NASA}}</ref> This was the only time that NASA used WSMR as a landing site for the space shuttle.

[[File:Trinity Test Fireball 16ms.jpg|thumb|200px|Image of the 1945 [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity explosion]] at the WSMR.]]

==Geography==
{{For|the geography and ecology of the WSMR area|White Sands, New Mexico|Basin and Range Province}}
As the largest military installation in the [[United States]], WSMR encompasses almost {{convert|3200|sqmi|abbr=on}} including parts of [[Doña Ana County|Doña Ana]], [[Otero County, New Mexico|Otero]], [[Socorro County|Socorro]], [[Sierra County, New Mexico|Sierra]], and [[Lincoln County, New Mexico|Lincoln]] counties in southern [[New Mexico]]. 

===Nearby military bases===
[[Holloman Air Force Base]] borders WSMR to the east; and WSMR borders the {{convert|600000|acre|km2|adj=on}}  [[McGregor Range Complex]] at [[Fort Bliss]] to the south (southeast [[Tularosa Basin]] and on [[Otero Mesa]]) making them contiguous areas for military testing.{{r|Rubenson}}<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Army Fort Bliss Training Center|url=https://wrpinfo.org/media/1191/fort-bliss-training-center-wrp-mal-final-2016.pdf|date=2016|access-date=26 November 2022|publisher=Western Regional Partnership}}</ref>

===Nearby cities===
WSMR is located between [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]] to the west,  [[Alamogordo, New Mexico]] 40 miles to the east, and [[Chaparral, New Mexico]] and [[El Paso, Texas]] to the south.

===National park and wildlife refuge===
[[White Sands National Park]] and the [[San Andres National Wildlife Refuge]] are federally-protected natural areas contained within the borders of WSMR.

==Transportation==
===Major highways===
[[New Mexico State Road 213]] enters the range from the south from [[Chaparral, New Mexico]] and terminates at [[U.S. Highway 70]], which traverses the southern part of the range in a west-northeast direction and is subject to periodic road closures during test firings at the range. [[U.S. Highway 380]] runs east-west along the northern edge of WSMR between [[San Antonio, New Mexico|San Antonio]] and [[Carrizozo, New Mexico|Carrizozo]], and is also subject to periodic closures during test firings. [[New Mexico State Road 525]] provides access from U.S. Highway 380 to the north end of WSMR near [[Stallion Army Airfield]].

===Nearby airports===
[[El Paso International Airport]] is the nearest airport with regularly scheduled commercial flights. There have been no regularly scheduled commercial passenger flights from [[Las Cruces International Airport]] since 25 July 2005, when Westward Airways ceased operations; general aviation, New Mexico Army National Guard (4 UH-72 Lakota Helicopters), private charters and CAP, among others, still use the airport. Regularly scheduled commercial flights are also available at the [[Albuquerque International Sunport]], which is located {{convert|200|mi|km}} north of White Sands Missile Range's main base, but is closer to the northern test ranges than El Paso.

==National Historic Landmarks==
On 21 December 1965, the [[Trinity Site]], selected in November 1944 for the [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity nuclear test]] conducted on 16 July 1945{{r|nmsu}}, was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] district,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwood |first1=Richard |date=14 January 1975  |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Trinity Site |url={{NHLS url|id=66000493}} |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2009-06-21}} and {{NHLS url|id=66000493|title=''Accompanying 10 photos, from 1974.''|photos=y}}&nbsp;{{small|(3.37&nbsp;MB)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trinity Site |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=351&resourceType=District |work=National Historic Landmarks |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=2008-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215133823/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=351&ResourceType=District |archive-date=15 February 2008}}</ref> and added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on 15 October 1966.<ref>{{NRISref|2007a|refnum=66000493|name=Trinity Site}}</ref>  

The [[White Sands V-2 Launching Site]] used for a V-2 static test firing on 15 March 1946, and for the first US [[List of V-2 launches in the United States|V-2 launch]] on 16 April 1946, received landmark designation on 3 October 1985.<ref>{{cite web|title=White Sands Missile Range Fact Sheet|url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/449089main_White_Sands_Missile_Range_Fact_Sheet.pdf|publisher=NASA|access-date=November 26, 2022|archive-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224060917/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/449089main_White_Sands_Missile_Range_Fact_Sheet.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Current operations==
[[File:The Night Watchmen (3388916).jpeg|thumb|Ground-based electro-optical deep-space surveillance telescopes performing [[space surveillance]] mission.]]
The [[White Sands Test Center]], headquartered at the WSMR post area, has branches for tactical systems and electromagnetic radiation, and conducts missile testing and range recovery operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897960,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203020303/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897960,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2009|title=Time Magazine, "Recovery at White Sands" | date=29 June 1962}}</ref> "WSMR Main Post" includes several smaller areas such as the housing area, golf course, "Navy Area", and "Technical Area"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arl.army.mil/www/pages/45/VG_WSMR.PDF |title=Welcome to WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE WSMR |access-date=29 May 2014 |archive-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309072935/https://www.arl.army.mil/www/pages/45/VG_WSMR.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref>  The [[:commons:White Sands Missile Range Museum|WSMR Museum]] offers tours and exhibits including a V-2 rocket returned in May 2004 after<!-- being taken to the [[Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center]] in September 2002 for--> restoration.  The White Sands Missile Range Hall of Fame inducts members such as the first range commander, Colonel Harold Turner (1945–1947), in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wsmrmuseum.com/wsmr-historical-foundation-hall-of-fame/|title=White Sands Missile Range Hall of Fame|date=28 January 2021 |access-date=26 November 2022|publisher=White Sands Missile Range Museum}}</ref>  A [[Skeet shooting|recreational shooting range]] just inside the "El Paso gate" on the south is outside of the Post Area.

The 1972 DoD Centers for Countermeasures (CCM) evaluates precision guided munitions and other devices in [[electronic countermeasures|electronic counter-]] and [[electronic counter-countermeasures|counter-countermeasures]] environments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccm.osd.mil/ |title=Center for Countermeasures |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2001 |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20010406000000/http://www.ccm.osd.mil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Other operations on WSMR land include the [[Launch escape system|Launch Abort]] Flight Test Complex for the [[Pad Abort-1]], the [[White Sands Launch Complex 37]] built for [[Nike Hercules]] tests, the [[White Sands Launch Complex 38]] built for [[Nike Zeus]] tests with Launch Control Building now used for [[Patriot missile]] firings, the [[North Oscura Peak]] facility of the [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] Directed Energy Directorate, and the 1963 NASA [[White Sands Test Facility]]'s ground station for [[Tracking and Data Relay Satellite]]s, and the [[Solar Dynamics Observatory|SDO]] ground station with two {{convert|18|m|ft|0|adj=on|sp=us|abbr=on}} antennas.

==Chronology==
*1930: [[Robert Goddard]] began rocket testing in New Mexico.
*1941-04-13: US World War II preparations established{{r|nmsu}} the [[Holloman Air Force Base|Army Air Base, Alamogordo]]<ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground, 1941-1965|url=https://wsmrmuseum.com/2020/09/21/a-brief-history-of-white-sands-proving-ground-1941-1965/2/|date=September 21, 2020|access-date=26 November 2022|publisher=WSMR Museum}}</ref> 
*1942: [[Biggs Army Airfield]] construction began near El Paso (1947 Biggs AFB, 1973 Biggs AAF)--the region's nearby Deming Army Air Field, Ft Sumner Army Air Field, and South Aux Fid #1 transferred to "Army Div Engrs" in 1946.{{r|Mueller}}
*1940s: When the range was formed, ranchers' land was leased and eventually condemned by [[eminent domain]] 
*In the 1970s, more land was taken permanently to expand the area available for testing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gibbs|first1=Jason|title=WSMR, DOD may take control of range's Northern Extension Area|url=http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-news/ci_26180573/wsmr-dod-may-take-control-ranges-northern-extension|access-date=30 July 2014|work=Las Cruces Sun-News|publisher=The Las Cruces Sun-News|date=19 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053149/http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-news/ci_26180573/wsmr-dod-may-take-control-ranges-northern-extension|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===USAAF ranges===
*1941-12: Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range established near [[Army Air Forces Bombardier School|the "West Texas Bombardier Triangle"]].
*1941-12: Executive Order No. 9029 canceled grazing leases on the newly established Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range.{{r|WSAH4}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Order 9029: Withdrawing Public Lands for Use of the War Department as a General Bombing Range; New Mexico|date=15 August 2016 |url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1942.html|publisher=National Archives|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
*1942-07: [[Robert H. Goddard|Goddard]]'s rocket research group moved from [[Roswell, New Mexico]], to [[Annapolis, Maryland]]. 
*1944-02: <!--Major General Gladeon M Barnes, chief of the Technical Division of the Office of Chief of Ordnance in Washington, sent teams--> [[United States Department of War|War Department]] and the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers']] Ordnance Department teams looked for a US missile test site.<ref name=Ordway>{{cite book |last=Ordway |first=Frederick I III|author-link=Frederick I. Ordway III |author2=Sharpe, Mitchell R |year=1979 |title=The Rocket Team|series= Apogee Books Space Series |number=36 |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell|location=New York|isbn=1-894959-00-0 |pages=290, 389}}</ref><!--{{Rp|389}}-->
*1945-07-13: [[McDonald Ranch House]], [[Manhattan Project]] location for the final assembly of the prototype [[Fat Man]] [[plutonium]] bomb.
*1945-07-16: [[Trinity test]] of the plutonium bomb, the first nuclear weapon tested in the world.

===White Sands Proving Ground===
{{For|additional events (e.g., USAF launches) at sites not on WSPG but that later became part of WSMR|Air Force Missile Development Center}}
*1945-02-20:  The [[Secretary of War]] approved establishment of WSPG.<ref name=Ley>{{cite book |last=Ley|first=Willy|author-link=Willy Ley|title=Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel|orig-year=1944|year=1958|edition=revised|publisher=The Viking Press|location=New York|pages=246, 253}}</ref>{{Rp|246}}{{r|Ordway}}<!--{{Rp|290}}-->
*1945-04-01: The first [[Private (missile)|Private F]] launch<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/files/universe/un940715.txt|title=Von Karman, Malina laid the groundwork for the future JPL | first = John | last = Bluth|publisher=JPL}}</ref> was at WSPG. (Not Fort Bliss's [[Antiaircraft and Guided Missile Center]], which was established 6 July 1946.)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=John A |title=Blazing skies: Air Defense Artillery on Fort Bliss, 1940-2009 |publisher=Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pz7CijIZnAC&q=white+sands&pg=PA85 |format="[[Google eBook]]" of [[Government Printing Office]] document |access-date=2014-05-29 |quote= Special Orders No. 143, Headquarters, Army Ground Forces, dated 6 July 1946, [established] the Antiaircraft and Guided Missile Center [from] the remnants of the Antiaircraft Artillery School, the Antiaircraft Replacement Training Center, Army Ground Forces Board No. 4,<sup>13</sup> 1st AAA Guided Missile Battalion, the 1852nd Area Service Unit, and remaining antiaircraft units, including three automatic weapons battalions and one gun battalion placed in the Army General Reserve.|isbn=9780160869495}}</ref>
*1945-06-25: WSPG construction began with drilling of water wells.{{r|nmsu}}
*1945-07: First of 300 railroad cars of German [[V-2]] components began to arrive at [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]].<ref name=Ley/>{{Rp|246}} 
*1945-09: The blockhouse at Army Launch Area 1 (later Launch Complex 33) was completed.{{r|nmsu}}
*1945-09-16: First [[WAC Corporal]] test firing.<ref name=Ley/>{{Rp|253}}
*1945-11: [[General Electric|GE]] contractors began to identify, sort, and reassemble V-2 components in Building 1538 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pz7CijIZnAC&q=white+sands&pg=PA84 Assembly Building 1).] 
*1946: 35 of the [[Operation Paperclip]] scientists [[Peenemunde Army Research Center#Evacuation|from Germany]] were working at WSPG.<ref name=McCleskey>{{cite web |last=McCleskey |first=C. |author2=D. Christensen |title=Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf |page=35 |access-date=2008-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103545/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2008}}</ref>
*1946-05-29: [[List of V-2 launches in the United States|The 4th U.S. V-2 launch]] was tracked by two White Sands based [[AN/MPQ-2]] stations.<ref>{{cite report|date=29 May 1946 |title=Upper Air Rocket Summary: V-2 Number 4 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/b957191.pdf|number=ADA957191 |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center|access-date=26 November 2022|page=332}}</ref>
*1946 summer:  New WSPG quarters were completed and the Medical Detachment and 3 batteries moved from Ft Bliss.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pz7CijIZnAC&q=white+sands&pg=PA108 |last=Hamilton |first=John A. |title=Blazing skies: Air Defense Artillery on Fort Bliss, 1940-2009 |publisher=Government Printing Office |quote=three officers and fifty-five enlisted men...worked closely with the German rocket scientists who were located in a six-acre ordnance area on the north side of the Fort Bliss cantonment. [The [[1st AAA Guided Missile Battalion|military unit]] went to WSPG] to provide the manpower to build the [V-2] missiles and erect them on test stands.|isbn=9780160869495 }}</ref>
*1946-09: First static firing of a [[Nike missile]] was at WSPG.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://srmsc.org/pdf/W006.pdf|title=Fort Bliss Main Post Early Cold War BASOPS Building Inventory and Evaluation, 1951-63|page=37|date=December 2006|publisher=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers|access-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref>

===New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range===
*1947 (late): AMC shifted Army Air Force guided missile programs to Alamogordo in March 1947 and established inter-service New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range at the end of the year<ref name=MuellerR>{{Cite report |last=Mueller |year=1982 |chapter=Holloman Air Force Base |title=Air Force Bases as of 1982 |chapter-url=https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330255/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-026.pdf|access-date=26 November 2022|page=248|publisher=USAF Office of Air Force History}}</ref>
*1947-11-14: The USAF's Alamogordo Guided Missile Test Base (AGMTB) had its first [[ramjet]]-configured [[Boeing Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft|GAPA missile]] launch (39th for GAPA).<ref name=Bushnell>{{Cite report |last=Bushnell |first=David |date=1986-08-25 |title=GAPA: Holloman's First Missile Program |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/122033495/GAPA-Holloman-s-First-Missile-Program-1947-1950 |format=Scribd.com image |publisher=Air Force Missile Development Center: Historical Branch |id=IRIS 00169113 |access-date=2013-08-11 |quote=[1st ramjet GAPA] "was launched 14 November 1947 and the initial liquid-fuel variety 12 March 1948.<sup>8</sup>... The last of the GAPAs, number 114, was launched 15 August 1950, and the project officially terminated at Holloman the following month.<sup>11</sup>}}</ref>
*1948–05-13 to 1949-04-21: First six flight attempts for the [[RTV-G-4 Bumper|Project ''Bumper'']] two-stage V-2 SRBM/WAC Corporal two-stage research vehicles as the world's first "high-speed" [[multistage rocket]]s to be launched.<ref>{{cite web | title = Bumper Project | work = White Sands History – Fact Sheets and Articles | publisher = US Army | url = http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/FactSheets/bump.htm | access-date = 2007-12-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110163113/http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/FactSheets/bump.htm | archive-date =2008-01-10 }}</ref>
*1948-07: USAF Project MX–774 commenced with the first [[RTV-A-2 Hiroc]] launch (from Launch Complex 33)<ref name=nmsu/>
*1949-03: [[Holloman Air Force Base|Holloman's]] [[Air Force Missile Development Center#Alamogordo Guided Missile Test Base|2754th Air Force Base]] unit gained "control of [the WSPG] support airfield, Condron Field…from [[Biggs Army Air Field]] at Fort Bliss."{{r|nmsu}}
*1949: German scientists transferred from New Mexico [[Redstone Arsenal|to Alabama]] ([[Ernst Steinhoff]] transferred [http://www.wsmr-history.org/HallOfFame39.htm from WSPG to Holloman's Air Development Center.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222192458/http://wsmr-history.org/HallOfFame39.htm |date=22 December 2010 }}
*1949-07: The range's [[Four Bits Peak Instrumentation Annex]] was assigned to the air force base (disposed on 30 September 1960).{{r|Mueller}}
*1951-07:  The AGMTB became a sub-base of Florida's [[Air Force Missile Test Center]] until 31 August 1952.<ref name=Association>	{{cite web |url=http://spacemedicineassociation.org/timeline/1941-1948/History%20of%20Holloman%20AFB%20Space%20Biology%20.pdf |title=History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics at the Air Force Missile Development Center Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico 1946-1958 |via=Space Medicine Association |access-date=2014-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518205113/http://spacemedicineassociation.org/timeline/1941-1948/History%20of%20Holloman%20AFB%20Space%20Biology%20.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2014}}	test installation</ref>
*1951-08-22: Broomstick Scientists in a unit of the [[9393 Technical Service Unit]] conducted their first launch: the "TF-1" V-2 rocket.<ref name=Kennedy>{{cite book |last=Kennedy|first= Gregory P.|title=Vengeance Weapon 2: The V-2 Guided Missile|year=1983 |publisher= Smithsonian Institution Press|location= Washington DC|page=62}}</ref><ref name=Egermeier>{{Cite journal |last1=Egermeier |first1=Robert P. |date=September 2001 |title=Former "Broomstick Scientist" |journal=Aerospace America |page=7  }}</ref> (Broomstick Sweepings publication ended after a 22 January 1952 general order transferred "1st Ord. GMS Bn." soldiers to Detachment No. 1, Station Complement.)<ref>{{cite news |last=Koppenshaver |first=James T. |date=30 January 1951 |title=Broomstick Sweepings |url=http://www.wsmrhistoric.com/files/1952%20Wind%20and%20Sand%20V2%20Issue%2028.pdf |newspaper=Wind and Sand |pages=1, 6|access-date=2014-05-27 |quote=late 1950…Fort White Sands…early in 1951}}</ref>
*1952-05-27: An aggregated 2,394,384 acres (4,680 sq miles) was set aside for the "Alamogordo bombing range, White Sands proving ground, and the Fort Bliss antiaircraft range".<ref>{{cite report|title=Federal Register|chapter=Public Land Order 833|date=May 27, 1952|chapter-url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1952-05-27/pdf/FR-1952-05-27.pdf#page=1|page=4822|access-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref>
*1952-09-01: Merger of Holloman bombing range and smaller White Sands Proving Grounds (WSPG) into WSPG<ref>''Integration of the Holloman-White Sands Ranges, 1947-1952'' (2nd Edition, 1957)</ref><ref name=MuellerR/>
*1952-11: The range's [[Red Butte Instrumentation Annex]] was assigned to Holloman AFB (disposed on 22 November 1963).{{r|Mueller}}
*1953-06: [[USS Desert Ship (LLS-1)]] (Launch Complex 35) was built to test the Navy [[RIM-8 Talos]] missile.{{r|nmsu}}
*1957-02: The 9393rd Technical Unit, Ordnance, became the U.S. Army Garrison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wsmrhistoric.com/files/1957%20Wind%20and%20Sand%20V7%20Issue%2044.pdf#search=9393rd|title=W S P G Military Units Have New Designations|newspaper=Wind and Sand|date=8 February 1957|via=www.wsmrhistoric.com|access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> 
*1957-03-13:  [[Nike Hercules]] satisfactory launch from White Sands<ref>{{cite web|title=Nike Hercules|url=http://www.astronautix.com/n/nikehercules.html|access-date=26 November 2022|publisher=Astronautix.com}}</ref><ref name=LeonardV2>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Barry |year=c. 1986 |title=History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956-1972 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV2.pdf |access-date=2012-09-01 |page=308|archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216135402/https://history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===White Sands Missile Range===
{{External media|image1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pz7CijIZnAC&q=white+sands&pg=PA83 1945 WSPG] |video1=[https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.2569727 196x Big Picture: Tularosa Frontier] |video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-jJjvHd6jM Short Notice Annual Practice (minute 16:50)]|video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcCTkIiLJxs Countdown at White Sands]}}
[[File:STS-3 landing.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[STS-3|1982 Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] landing at [[Northrop Strip]]]]

*1958-05-01: The test range was designated "White Sands Missile Range".{{r|nmsu}}
*1958-09-02: The [[Gold Hill Instrumentation Annex]] was assigned to Holloman Air Force Base (disposed on 30 September 1960).{{r|Mueller}}
*1958-10: [[Zeus Acquisition Radar]] site construction at the planned Launch Complex 38 began<ref name=Piland>{{cite news |last=Piland |first=Doyle |title=Way Back When..... |url=http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/WSMR-ZAR-WayBackWhen.pdf |newspaper=WSMR newsletter |access-date=2014-04-11 |quote=Launch Complex 38...Site preparation for the TTR [Target Tracking Radar] began in July 1959.... Site preparation for the Discrimination Radar was started in January 1961.}}</ref> near an airstrip.<ref name=SitePlan>{{Cite map |publisher=Federal Government of the United States |title=Site Plan: Nike Zeus Facilities ALA 5 |number=G-720653 |location=reproduced in WSMR newsletter}}</ref>
*{{circa|lk=no|1959}}: The long-range [[GE AN/FPS-17 Fixed Ground Radar]] at [[Laredo Air Force Station#Laredo Test Site|the Laredo Test Site]] tracked its first WSMR rocket.
*1959: [[Shavetail]] rocket tested.{{Where|date=May 2014}}
*1959: An [[Iconorama]] large screen display as used [[IBM 473L Command and Control System#Complete operational capability|for Pentagon C<sup>2</sup>]] was installed at WSMR.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Device Will Plot All Planes  |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1159495/ |newspaper= Alton Evening Telegraph |date= 20 August 1959 |page=29 |quote=[[Iconorama]] shows almost instantly the positions of aircraft thousands of miles away… Traces made by the planes being tracked are scribed on a coated slide by a moving stylus. … The slide plot measures only one inch square, yet overall error of the projected display is said to be about one part in 1,000. … Iconorama units already have been installed and operated at the [[Pacific Missile Test Center|Pacific Missile Range]], Point Mugu Calififornia; the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico; the [[Atlantic Missile Range]] at [[Cape Canaveral]], Florida, and the [[Naval Research Laboratory]]}}</ref>
*1962-03: Annual Service Practice was being conducted for [[Redstone missile]] crews.<ref>{{Citation |title=Conduct of Redstone Annual Service Practice at White Sands Missile Range New Mexico |publisher=Fort Sill: Headquarters, United States Army Artillery And Missile Center}} (the Artillery and Missile Center at Ft Sill [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/go6906.pdf was redesignated the Field Artillery Center in 1969.)]</ref>
*1963-03: Site preparation began for the [[Multi-function Array Radar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nikemissile.org/ResearchAndDevelopment/pg16.shtml|title=Nike R&D at White Sands, Multi-Function Array Radar, 1954-1970 (page 16)|publisher=Nike Historical Society|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
*1963-06-05: President [[John F. Kennedy]] visited for the MEWS (Missile Exercise White Sands).<ref>{{cite web|title=Remarks Upon Arrival at the Missile Range, White Sands, New Mexico.|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-arrival-the-missile-range-white-sands-new-mexico|date=June 5, 1963|publisher=The American Presidency Project|access-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref>
*1963-08-28: [[Apollo program]] [[Launch escape system|Launch Escape System]] tests with the [[Little Joe II]] began at [[White Sands Launch Complex 36]] (ended 1966).<ref>{{cite report|title=Apollo Experience Report - Launch Escape Propulsion Subsystem|first=Neil A|last=Townsend |chapter=Little Joe Test Program|chapter-url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19730010175/downloads/19730010175.pdf|page=14|date=March 1973|access-date=26 November 2022|publisher=NASA}}</ref>
*1963-11: The [[Loma Instrumentation Annex|Loma]] (assigned December 1952), [[Rose Park Instrumentation Annex|Rose Park]] (5 February 1950), and [[Twin Buttes Instrumentation Annex|Twin Buttes]] (December 1949) instrumentation annexes transferred from [[Holloman Air Force Base]] to the Army.<ref name=Mueller>{{Cite report |last=Mueller |year=1982 |chapter=Holloman Air Force Base |title=Air Force Bases as of 1982 }}</ref>
*1963-11: Cincinnati Ohio area civic leaders visit White Sands Nike Zeus site as part of Operation Understanding<ref>{{cite news|title=Local Men Visit Zeus at White Sands|date=27 Nov 1963|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23241419/nike-missile-operation-understanding/|access-date=26 November 2022|publisher=Wilmington News-Journal}}</ref>
*1964-07-08: The first "successful [[Athena RTV|Athena]]/[[Advanced Ballistic Reentry System|ABRES]] test missile [was] [[Green River Launch Complex|fired from Utah]] into WSMR".<ref name=Alternate>{{cite web |title=Part I. History of ABM Development |url=http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/ABM_Bell/ABM_Pt1.htm |format=transcript at AlternateWars.com |access-date=2014-04-11 |archive-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183154/http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/ABM_Bell/ABM_Pt1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*1965-11:  first [[Sprint missile]] launch <ref>{{cite web|author=Mark Paine |url=http://www.nuclearabms.info/Sprint.html |title=Sprint |publisher=Nuclearabms.info |date= |accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref>
*1967-10-21: Public Law 90-110 authorized $4,781,000 for WSMR construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-81/pdf/STATUTE-81-Pg279.pdf|title=Public Law 90-110-October 21, 1967|publisher=U.S. Congressional Record|access-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref>
*1972: WSMR had 3 [[RCA AN/FPS-16 Instrumentation Radar]]s<ref>{{Cite report |last=Hoihjelle |first=Donald L. |date=February 1972 |title=AN/FPS-16(AX) Radar Modeling and Computer Simulation|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0738167|number=AD0738167 |publisher=WSMR Instrumentation Directorate|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
*1983 thru 30 September 1993 - WSMR hosted the [[Simtel]] collection, the largest collection of [[free software]] and [[freeware]] available to the public on the [[ARPANET]] and [[Internet]]. It began as a copy of an MIT collection of CP/M software, and expanded to collect free software for other operating systems as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cni.org/docs/farnet/story149.NM.html |title=The Story of SIMTEL20 |access-date=2014-10-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111164513/http://www.cni.org/docs/farnet/story149.NM.html |archive-date=11 January 2011 }}</ref>
*1991 (late): Convair [[QF-106 Delta Dart]] drones based at Holloman Air Force Base began operating as [[Full-Scale Aerial Target]]s over WSMR.<ref>{{cite web|title=82nd Aerial Target Squadron QF-106 Drone Pacer Six|url=https://www.f-106deltadart.com/drones.htm|publisher=F-106 Delta Dart Association|access-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref>
*1993-08-18: The first [[McDonnell Douglas DC-X]] flight was from the [[White Sands Space Harbor]]
*2005: [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|AIAA]] named the WSPG a Historic Aerospace Site.<ref name=AIAA>{{cite web|title=White Sands Missile Range AIAA Historic Aerospace Site|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=140621|publisher=the Historical Marker Database|date=6 October 2019|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
*2007-11-14: [[White Sands Launch Complex 32|Launch Complex 32]] groundbreaking for the [[Orion Abort Test Booster]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Building Test Pad at White Sands for New Spacecraft |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1240532/nasa_building_test_pad_at_white_sands_for_new_spacecraft/index.html |publisher=RedOrbit |date=3 February 2008 |access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/main/constellation_workforce.html|title=NASA Constellation Mission Project, Research, and Test Sites Overview|publisher=NASA|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213093136/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/main/constellation_workforce.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2010-05-06: Successful test of [[Pad Abort-1|Orion Pad Abort System]] at Launch Complex 32<ref>{{cite news|title=Orion Pad Abort 1 Test a Spectacular Success|date=May 6, 2010|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/status_reports/orion_pa-1_status_05_06_10.html|publisher=NASA|access-date=November 26, 2022|archive-date=10 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310144319/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/status_reports/orion_pa-1_status_05_06_10.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2022-05-25: [[Boeing Starliner|CST-100 Starliner spacecraft]], traveling from the [[International Space Station]], landed successfully at [[White Sands Space Harbor]] toward the northern portion of White Sands Missile Range<ref>{{cite news|title=Starliner lands on 'bull's-eye' at White Sands Missile Range|first=Leah |last=Romero|date=May 25, 2022|url=https://www.lcsun-news.com/story/news/local/community/2022/05/25/starliner-spacecrafts-lands-bulls-eye-white-sands-missile-range-wsmr-new-mexico-sonic-boom-space/9933864002/|publisher=Las Cruces Sun News}}</ref>

== Launch Complexes ==
* White Sands LC32 - Used for Storm-2 and Hera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands LC32 |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandslc32.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* [[White Sands V-2 Launching Site|White Sands LC33]] - Originally Army Launch Area 1. Used to launch [[WAC Corporal]], [[Viking (rocket)|Viking]], [[V-2 sounding rocket|V-2]], [[Project Nike|Nike]], [[FGM-148 Javelin|Javelin]], Hermes, [[MGM-5 Corporal|Corporal]], [[SM-65 Atlas|Atlas]] and Apache.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands LC33 |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandslc33.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* White Sands LC35 - Used to launch Standard-ER, [[Black Brant (rocket)|Black Brant]] and [[Aerobee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands LC35 |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandslc35.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* [[White Sands Launch Complex 36|White Sands LC36]] - Originally Army Launch Area 3, later becoming a NASA facility. Used to launch [[RIM-2 Terrier|Terrier]], [[PGM-11 Redstone|Redstone]], Nike, [[Little Joe II]], [[MGR-1 Honest John|Honest John]], Black Brant, Storm, [[Aries (rocket)|Aries]], and to test the [[Apollo (spacecraft)|Apollo LES]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands LC36 |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandslc36.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* White Sands LC37 - Originally Army Launch Area 3. Used for [[MIM-3 Nike Ajax|Nike Ajax]], [[Nike Hercules]], HIBEX and HEDI KITE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands LC37 |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandslc37.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref> 
* [[White Sands Launch Complex 38|White Sands LC38]] - Originally Army Launch Area 5. Used for [[Nike Zeus]] and [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands LC38 |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandslc38.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* White Sands LC39<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands LC39 |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandslc39.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* White Sands LC50 - Used for Sprint and HIBEX.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands LC50 |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandslc50.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* White Sands LC94 - Used to launch Nike Zeus and Hera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands LC94 |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandslc94.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* White Sands SULF (Speedball Uprange Launch Facility) - Used for Storm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands SULF |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandssulf.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* [[White Sands Space Harbor|White Sands WSSH]] (White Sands Space Harbor)<ref>{{Cite web |title=White Sands WSSH |url=http://astronautix.com/w/whitesandswssh.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Las Cruces Public Schools]] operates White Sands School on the missile range property.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wss.lcps.net/o/wss|title=White Sands School Homepage|publisher=White Sands School|quote=#1  Viking St White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Fallout from the Trinity nuclear test]]
*[[McDonald Ranch House]], location of the final assembly of the world's first nuclear weapon
*[[Kapustin Yar]], the Soviet analog of WSMR
*[[Peenemunde Army Research Center]], WWII German rocket center
*[[Jornada del Muerto]], desert where White Sands Missile Range is located

==References==
{{Reflist |2|refs=

<ref name=AuthorTBD>{{cite web |date=April 1961 |title=Development of the Corporal: the embryo of the army missile program |url=http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/pdf/corporal/corp2.pdf |volume=2 |publisher=Army Ballistic Missile Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327161808/http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/pdf/corporal/corp2.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref>

<ref name=nmsu>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965 |url=http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf |publisher=New Mexico State University |access-date=19 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028154222/http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>

<ref name=WSAH4>{{cite web |title=Chapter Four: Global War at White Sands 1940–1945 |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/whsa/adhi/adhi4.htm |work=White Sands Administrative History |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=26 November 2022 |quote=Executive Order No. 9029}}</ref>

<ref name=Rubenson>{{cite book |last=Rubenson |first=David |year=1998 |author2=Robert Everson |author3=Jorge Munoz |author4=Robert Weissler |title=McGregor Renewal and the Current Air Defense Mission |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSNSAQAAIAAJ&q=largest |page=77 |access-date=26 November 2022 |isbn=978-0-8330-2669-9}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.wsmr-history.org/ White Sands Missile Range Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509074304/http://www.wsmr-history.org/ |date=9 May 2008 }}
*{{HAER |survey=NM-1 |id=nm0138 |title=White Sands Missile Range, White Sands, Dona Ana County, NM |data=128}}
*{{HAER |survey=NM-1-A |id=nm0139 |title=White Sands Missile Range, Trinity Site |photos=106 |dwgs=11 |data=116 |cap=8 |link=no}}
*{{HAER |survey=NM-1-B |id=nm0140 |title=White Sands Missile Range, V-2 Rocket Facilities |photos=72 |dwgs=6 |data=117 |cap=5 |link=no}}

{{United States Space Force}}
{{US Proving Grounds}}
{{Geographic location
|Northwest=NASA [[White Sands Test Facility]] |North =[[White Sands National Park]] |Northeast=[[Holloman Air Force Base]] (25&nbsp;mi)<!--ref name="google1">[http://maps.google.com/maps?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4GWYG_en___US258&q=fort%20bliss&um=1&sa=N&tab=wl fort bliss - Google Maps]. Maps.google.com (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.</ref-->
|West=[[Organ Mountain National Recreation Area]]	|Centre=Main Post, WSMR						|East=[[Spaceport America]]
|Southwest=[[Organ Peak]]				|South =[[Dona Ana Base Camp]][https://maps.google.com/maps?q=32.14643,-106.504084&hl=en&ll=32.145803,-106.500328&spn=0.000018,0.013078&num=1&t=h&z=17&layer=c&cbll=32.145894,-106.500351&panoid=OBYPIMcuKOqAV4RNuRpmrQ&cbp=12,323.54,,0,-6.35]<br />[[Fort Bliss]] (60&nbsp;mi)<!--ref name="google1"/-->	|Southeast=Condron Army Airfield		}}

{{NMMilitary}}

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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:White Sands Missile Range| ]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Doña Ana County, New Mexico]]
[[Category:Historic American Engineering Record in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Military installations in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Research installations of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Tularosa Basin]]<!--"Post Area" (other sites with articles are categorized by their landform, e.g., Oscura Peak)-->
[[Category:Weapons test sites]]
[[Category:Military in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1941]]