View source for Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

{{Short description|Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948}}
{{distinguish|Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Wilhelmina
| image        = Jacob Merkelbach, Afb 010164033120.jpg
| caption      = Formal portrait, {{c.}} 1948
| succession   = [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Queen of the Netherlands]]
| reign        = 23 November 1890 – <br /> 4 September 1948
| coronation   = 6 September 1898
| cor-type     = [[Inauguration of the Dutch monarch|Inauguration]]
| predecessor  = [[William III of the Netherlands|William III]]
| successor    = [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]]
| reg-type     = Regents
| regent       = [[Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Queen Emma]] (1890–1898)<br />[[Juliana of the Netherlands|Princess Juliana]] (1947–1948)
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]|1901|1934|end=d}}
| issue        = [[Juliana of the Netherlands]]
| house        = [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]]
| father       = [[William III of the Netherlands]]
| mother       = [[Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont]]
| birth_name   = Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria of Orange-Nassau
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|df=yes|1880|08|31}}
| birth_place  = [[Noordeinde Palace]], The Hague, Netherlands
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1962|11|28|1880|08|31}}
| death_place  = [[Het Loo Palace]], Apeldoorn, Netherlands
| burial_date  = 8 December 1962
| burial_place = [[Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)|Nieuwe Kerk]], [[Delft]], Netherlands
| occupation   = 
| signature    = Wilhelmina signature.svg
| module       = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Radio de Brandaris 15 03 1942 Rede van Koningin Wilhelmina na de val van Bandoeng.wav|title=Queen Wilhelmina's voice|type=speech|description=Queen Wilhelmina (third voice heard in recording) while in exile speaks to the Dutch people under Nazi occupation<br>(recorded 16 March 1942)}}
| religion     = [[Dutch Reformed Church]]
}}
'''Wilhelmina''' ({{IPA|nl|ʋɪlɦɛlˈminaː|-|Nl-Wilhelmina.ogg}}; Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was [[List of monarchs of the Netherlands|Queen of the Netherlands]] from 1890 until her abdication in 1948. She reigned for nearly 58 years, making her the longest-reigning monarch in Dutch history, as well as the [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|longest-reigning female monarch]] outside the [[United Kingdom]]. Her reign encompassed [[World War I]], the [[Great Depression in the Netherlands|Dutch economic crisis of 1933]] and [[World War II]]. Had she reigned until her death, her reign would have been the second-longest in history, surpassed only by that of [[Louis XIV]].

The only surviving child of King [[William III of the Netherlands]] and [[Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont]], Wilhelmina ascended the throne at the age of 10 after her father's death in 1890, under her mother's [[regent|regency]]. After taking charge of government, Wilhelmina became generally popular for maintaining Dutch neutrality during the First World War and solving many of her country's industrial problems. By that time, her business ventures had made her the world's first female [[billionaire]] as measured by U.S. dollars.<ref name="NYT1962"/>

Following the German [[Battle of the Netherlands|invasion of the Netherlands]] in 1940, Wilhelmina fled to Britain and took charge of the [[Dutch government-in-exile]]. She frequently spoke to the nation over radio and came to be regarded as a symbol of the [[Dutch resistance]].<ref name="NYT1962">[https://www.nytimes.com/1962/11/28/archives/wilhelmina-of-netherlands-dies-former-queen-reigned-50-years.html "Wilhelmina of Netherlands Dies" (UPI)], ''The New York Times'', 28 November 1962. pp. A1–A39.</ref> By 1948, she had returned to the liberated Netherlands and was the only survivor of the 17 European monarchs who were reigning at the time of her inauguration.<ref>{{cite magazine | title = Queen Wilhelmina | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1UcEAAAAMBAJ | magazine = [[Life (magazine)|Life]] | date = 16 August 1948 | volume = 25 | issue = 7 | page = 83 | issn = 0024-3019}}</ref> Increasingly beset by poor health, Wilhelmina abdicated in favour of her daughter [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]] in September 1948 and retired to [[Het Loo Palace]], where she died in 1962.

Largely due to her status as a symbol of the Resistance, she remains reasonably popular in the Netherlands, even among the [[Republicanism in the Netherlands|Dutch Republican movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitzwilliams|first=Richard|title=What Dutch 'Bicycling Royals' Can Teach World's Royals|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/30/opinion/dutch-monarchy-lessons|website=Cable News Network (CNN)|date=30 April 2013}}</ref>

==Youth==
[[File:Queen of Holland 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Queen Wilhelmina in the 1890s]]

Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria of [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]] was born on 31 August 1880, in [[Noordeinde Palace]], [[The Hague]], Netherlands. She was the only child of [[William III of the Netherlands|King William III]] and [[Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Queen Emma]]. Her childhood was characterised by a close relationship with her parents, especially with her father, who was 63 years old when she was born. In her memoir, ''Lonely But Not Alone'', Wilhelmina wrote that she recalled her father riding horses.

Under the [[Semi-Salic]] system of inheritance that was in place in the Netherlands until 1887, Wilhelmina was third in line to the throne from birth. Her father had had three sons with his first wife, [[Sophie of Württemberg]], but two of them had died before Wilhelmina's birth. The only other surviving male relatives from the House of Orange were Wilhelmina's great-uncle [[Prince Frederick of the Netherlands|Frederick]], who died in 1881 when Wilhelmina was one year old, and her half-brother [[Alexander, Prince of Orange|Alexander]], who died before she turned four. By 1887, the 70-year-old King finally abandoned the 'hope of a son' with his young wife and made the pragmatic decision to settle the throne upon his only surviving child.

[[File:VictoriaWilhelmina1895.jpg|thumb|[[Queen Victoria]] and Queen Wilhelmina in a montage photo (1895)]]
King William III died on 23 November 1890 and 10-year-old Wilhelmina became Queen of the Netherlands, though her mother was named [[regent]]. In 1895, Wilhelmina visited [[Queen Victoria]] of the United Kingdom, who penned an evaluation in [[Queen Victoria's journals|her diary]]: "The young Queen ... still has her hair hanging loose. She is very slight & graceful, has fine features, & seems to be very intelligent & a charming child. She speaks English extremely well & has very pretty manners."<ref>Queen Victoria's Journals, Friday 3 May 1895</ref>

[[File:Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Schwartze_013.jpg|thumb|Formal portrait of Wilhelmina after her [[Inauguration of the Dutch monarch|inauguration]]]]

Wilhelmina turned 18 on 31 August 1898, and was thus entitled to exercise the [[royal prerogative]] in her own right. Six days later, on 6 September, she was [[Inauguration of the Dutch monarch|sworn-in]] at the [[Nieuwe Kerk, Amsterdam|Nieuwe Kerk]] in Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite web | title = Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: ''Wilhelmina'' | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w8/wilhelmina.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040314001456/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w8/wilhelmina.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 14 March 2004 | publisher = [[United States Navy]] | access-date = 10 October 2009}}</ref> She was well aware what was expected by the elected representatives, but was a strong-willed, forceful woman who spoke and acted her mind. She "hated" politicians and instead stated a love for the people. Reflecting popular opinion in the Netherlands at the time, Wilhelmina expressed a level of disdain towards the British for their [[annexation]]s of the [[Transvaal Republic]] and the [[Orange Free State]] in the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]]. The [[Boer]]s were descended from Dutch colonists who migrated to the region while it was a [[Dutch Cape Colony|Dutch colony]], and the Dutch people, Wilhelmina included, felt a close level of affinity towards them. In one conversation with her former governess, the Briton Elisabeth Saxton Winter, Wilhelmina referred to the Boer [[commando]]s as "excellent shots."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/38693076 | title=Queen Wilhelmina and the Boers, 1899–1902 | date=January 2018 | last1=Picard | first1=Emile }}</ref> During the war, Wilhelmina ordered the Dutch cruiser [[HNLMS Gelderland (1898)|HNLMS ''Gelderland'']] to [[Portuguese East Africa]] to evacuate [[Paul Kruger]], the president of the [[South African Republic]].<ref>Cees Fasseur, Wilhelmina: De jonge koningin, 1998, {{ISBN|9050185045}}{{page needed|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==Marriage==
[[File:Queen Wilhelmina & Juliana.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Queen Wilhelmina and her daughter [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]], circa 1914]]
On 7 February 1901 in The Hague, Queen Wilhelmina married [[Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]. Although she was devoted to her spouse at the time of their wedding, it proved in the long run to be an unhappy marriage that did little more than meet its obligation by producing an heir. Prince Henry was known to have had numerous extra-marital affairs, at least one of which resulted in illegitimate offspring. On 9 November, nine months after her marriage, Wilhelmina suffered a miscarriage. On 4 May 1902, she gave birth to a premature [[stillborn]] son. This may have been an abortion, needed to save her life after a [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]] infection.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/5379059/wilhelmina-abortus-juliana-tyfus-infectie-bevalling |title=Hoogleraar heeft aanwijzingen voor abortus bij Wilhelmina: 'Monarchie hing aan zijden draadje'|trans-title=Professor has indication for abortion Wilhelmina: Monarchy was hanging by a thread|website=[[RTL Nieuws]]|date=19 April 2023 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.letterenfonds.nl/en/book/1603/egg-foetus-baby |title=Egg Foetus Baby, A New History of Pregnancy |first=Trudy|last=Dehue |website=Dutch foundation for literature |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317003500/https://www.letterenfonds.nl/en/book/1603/egg-foetus-baby |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her next pregnancy ended in another miscarriage on 23 July 1906.<ref name="geocities.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/henrivanoene/gennetherlands.html|title=Genealogy of the Royal Family of the Netherlands|publisher=Geocities.com|access-date=4 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011024926/http://www.geocities.ws/henrivanoene/gennetherlands.html|archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> During this time Wilhelmina's [[heir presumptive]] was her first cousin once removed [[William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]. Next in line was her cousin [[Princess Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Marie Alexandrine of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]].

As it was assumed that the former would renounce his claim to the Dutch throne and that the latter was too elderly at 57 to become queen, Marie Alexandrine's eldest son, German [[Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz]], stood in line to succeed Wilhelmina if she had no surviving children. Prince Heinrich had close associations with the German Imperial family and military, so there were fears that were the Queen to remain childless, the Dutch Crown "was bound to pass into the possession of a German prince, whose birth, training, and affiliations would naturally have led him to bring Holland [sic] within the sphere of the German Empire, at the expense of its independence, both national and economic", according to one contemporary publication.<ref name=wp1>{{Citation
| title      = Were A Monarch To Fall Dead
| newspaper  = The Washington Post
| date       = 7 May 1905
}}</ref> The birth of Princess [[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]], on 30 April 1909, was met with great relief after eight years of her childless marriage.<ref>[http://www.rnw.nl/obituary/en/html/juliana.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114172147/http://www.rnw.nl/obituary/en/html/juliana.html|date=14 January 2006}}</ref> Wilhelmina, who formed a close relationship with her daughter, suffered two further miscarriages on 23 January and 20 October 1912.<ref name="geocities.com"/> Wilhelmina and Juliana would be the last Dutch royal babies to survive childbirth until Juliana's daughter [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Beatrix]] was born in 1938.

==World War I==
[[File:Statue of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Amsterdam]]

Before the First World War began, Wilhelmina visited the powerful German [[Emperor Wilhelm II]]. The emperor thought he could impress the ruler of a relatively small country by telling her, "My guards are seven feet tall and yours are only shoulder-high to them." The queen smiled politely and replied, "Quite true, Your Majesty, your guards are seven feet tall. But when we [[Flood control in the Netherlands#Flooding as military defense|open our dikes]], the water is ten feet deep!"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829617,00.html |title=Caged no more |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=7 December 1962 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214194028/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,829617,00.html |archivedate=14 December 2008}}</ref> She was very wary of a German attack, especially in the beginning. Partly due to her political influence, the Netherlands remained neutral during [[World War I]]. However, the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] included the Netherlands in their blockade of Germany, intercepting all Dutch ships and severely restricting Dutch imports to ensure that [[goods]] could not be passed on to Germany. Furthermore, the [[Russian Revolution]] by the [[Bolsheviks]] in 1917 cost the queen almost 20% of her [[financial assets]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Being a woman, Wilhelmina could not be the supreme commander {{why|date=July 2024}}, but still used every opportunity she had to inspect the Crown forces. She appeared without prior notice on many occasions to see reality instead of a prepared show. She wanted a small but well-trained and equipped army and was very unhappy with most of her governments, which were always eager to cut the military [[budget]]. On 6 September 1916 Wilhelmina was aboard the Dutch submarine [[HNLMS O 3|''O 3'']] while it performed underwater exercises.<ref name="HGJune2013">{{cite magazine |last=Horneman |first=Gerard |date=June 2013 |title=Koningin Wilhelmina en de onderzeedienst.|url=https://www.klaarvooronderwater.nl/kvo/Kvo-124.pdf |magazine=Klaar Voor Onderwater |location=Den Helder |publisher=Onderzeedienst Reünistenvereniging |issue=124|volume=36 |pages=13–17 |language=Dutch}}</ref> This made Wilhemina the second head of state, after the American president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] who was the first, to sail and dive aboard a submarine.<ref name="HGJune2013" /> She was also the first woman to go underwater aboard a submarine.<ref name="HGJune2013" /> In June 1917, Wilhelmina returned from a two-day visit to [[Zaltbommel]] on the [[Houten train accident|train that derailed at Houten]], but remained unharmed and helped to take care of the injured.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oudhouten.nl/recente-tijd/ontsporing-koninklijke-trein/ |title=Ontsporing koninklijke trein |trans-title=Royal train derailment |publisher=Oudhouten |language=nl}}</ref>

Civil unrest gripped the Netherlands after the war, spurred by the end of the Russian Empire. Instead of a violent revolution, Socialist leader [[Pieter Jelles Troelstra]] wanted to abolish the existing government and the monarchy by winning control of [[States General of the Netherlands|Parliament]] in an election with the support of the working class.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} However, Wilhelmina's popularity helped restore confidence in the government. She brought about a mass show of support by riding alongside her daughter through the crowds in an open carriage.

At the end of World War I, Kaiser Wilhelm fled to the Netherlands, where he was granted [[political asylum]], partly owing to his [[Prince of Orange|familial links]] with the royal family. In response to Allied efforts to get their hands on the deposed Kaiser, Wilhelmina called the Allies' ambassadors to her presence and lectured them on the [[Rights of asylum seekers|rights of asylum]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,762871,00.html |title=Worried Queen |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=27 November 1939 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308061643/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,762871,00.html |archivedate=8 March 2008}}</ref>

==Interwar period==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
[[File:Dupont KBS-FRB(9).jpg|thumb|205px|Medal depicting Queen Wilhelmina]]

Wilhelmina had a keen understanding of business matters.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} She used her personal wealth inherited from her family to make several investments in the United States, which eventually made her the world's richest woman and first female billionaire in [[dollars]]. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Netherlands began to emerge as an [[Industrial sector|industrial]] power with the help of the Queen's [[funds]]. Engineers reclaimed vast amounts of land that had been under water by building the [[Zuiderzee Works]], the largest [[hydraulic]] engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the 20th century. Its main purposes were to improve [[flood protection]] and create additional land for agriculture.

In 1939, the government proposed a refugee camp near the city of [[Apeldoorn]] for German Jews fleeing the [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] regime. However, Wilhelmina intervened because she felt the planned location was "too close" to the royal family's summer residence. Indeed if spies were to be among the fugitives, they would be within walking distance of [[Het Loo Palace]]. After long discussions, the camp was finally erected about 10&nbsp;km from the village of [[Westerbork (village)|Westerbork]].

Aside from economical and security matters, Queen Wilhelmina used most of the 1930s to find a suitable husband for Juliana. This was a difficult task since she was very religious and insisted that her daughter's husband would be a [[Protestant]] of royal birth. Many prospects from the United Kingdom and Sweden either declined or were turned down by Juliana. Finally, mother and daughter found a suitable match in German [[Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld]]. Wilhelmina had her lawyers draft a very detailed [[prenuptial agreement]] that specified exactly what her future son-in-law could and could not do.

==World War II==
[[File:Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|upright|Queen Wilhelmina in 1942]]
On 10 May 1940, [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] [[Battle of the Netherlands|invaded the Netherlands]]. Despite her hostility towards the British, the almost sixty-year-old Queen Wilhelmina and her family fled The Hague and boarded [[HMS Hereward (H93)|HMS ''Hereward'']], a British destroyer sent by King [[George VI]] to take them across the North Sea. There is an ongoing debate about the royal family's departure. Some{{who|date=December 2021}} say that an evacuation to the United Kingdom had been planned some time in advance, since at least the end of 1939.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nanda |last=van der Zee |title=Om erger te voorkomen. De voorgeschiedenis en uitvoering van de vernietiging van het Nederlandse jodendom tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog |trans-title=To avoid worse. The history and implementation of the destruction of Dutch Jewry during the Second World War |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Meulenhoff |date=1997 |language=nl |isbn=978-90-290-7338-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historischnieuwsblad.nl/nl/artikel/5628/een-droevig-boek.html |first=Hans |last=Blom |title=Een droevig boek. RIOD-directeur vindt Om erger te voorkomen totaal mislukt |trans-title=A sad book. RIOD director finds 'To prevent worse' completely unsuccessful |work=Historisch Nieuwsblad |issue=2 |date=1997 |language=nl}}</ref> Others{{who|date=December 2021}} say the queen boarded the destroyer with the intent of going to the Dutch province of [[Zeeland]], which had not yet been conquered. However, along the journey, it became clear that due to advancing German forces, Zeeland was not safe either, forcing the destroyer to sail for the United Kingdom. In any case, she arrived in the United Kingdom on 13 May, planning to return to the Netherlands as soon as possible.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reston |first=James R. |url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20912FB3A54107A93C6A8178ED85F448485F9 |title=Queen Wilhelmina goes to England |work=The New York Times |date=14 May 1940}}</ref> The [[Armed forces of the Netherlands|Dutch armed forces]] in the Netherlands, apart from those in Zeeland, surrendered on 15 May.

In Britain, Queen Wilhelmina took charge of the [[Dutch government in exile]], setting up a chain of command and immediately communicating a message to her people. Relations between the new Dutch government and the queen were tense, with mutual dislike growing as the war progressed. She went on to be the most prominent figure, owing to her experience and knowledge, which earned her respect and support among the other leaders of the world. On the other hand, the new Dutch government did not have a parliament to back them and had few employees to assist them. The Dutch prime minister, [[Dirk Jan de Geer]], believed the Allies would not win and intended to open negotiations with Germany for a separate peace. Therefore, Wilhelmina sought to remove De Geer from power. With the aid of minister [[Pieter Gerbrandy]], she succeeded.

During the war, Queen Wilhelmina's photograph was a sign of resistance against the Germans. Like [[Winston Churchill]], Wilhelmina broadcast messages to the Dutch people over [[Radio Netherlands#Broadcasting in exile (1940-1945)|Radio Oranje]]. She called [[Adolf Hitler]] "the arch-enemy of mankind". Her late-night broadcasts were eagerly awaited by her people, who had to hide to listen to them illegally. An anecdote published in her ''New York Times'' obituary illustrates how she was valued by her subjects during this period:

{{blockquote|Although celebration of the Queen's birthday was forbidden by the Germans, it was commemorated nevertheless. When churchgoers in the small fishing town of [[Huizen]] rose and sang one verse of the Dutch national anthem, ''[[Wilhelmus van Nassauwe]],'' on the Queen's birthday, the town paid a fine of 60,000 guilders.<ref name="NYT1962"/>}}

[[File:Koningin Wilhelmina spreekt het Amerikaans congres toe (cropped).jpg|thumb|Queen Wilhelmina speaking to the US Congress, 1942]]
Queen Wilhelmina visited the United States from 24 June to 11 August 1942 as a guest of the U.S. government. She vacationed in [[Lee, Massachusetts]], and visited [[New York City]], [[Boston]], and [[Albany, New York]]. In Albany, she attended the 300th anniversary celebration of the [[First Church in Albany (Reformed)|First Church in Albany]], established by [[Dutch colonization of the Americas|Dutch settlers]] in the 17th century. She addressed the U.S. Congress on 5 August 1942 and was the first queen to do so. Shortly afterwards, Wilhelmina went to Canada in 1943 to attend the christening of her new granddaughter [[Princess Margriet of the Netherlands|Margriet]] on 29 June 1943 in [[Ottawa]] and stayed a while with her family before returning to the United Kingdom.

During [[Operation Steinbock]], Queen Wilhelmina was almost killed by a [[bomb]] that took the lives of several of her guards and severely damaged her residence near [[South Mimms]] in England. In 1944, Wilhelmina became the first woman since the 15th century, other than queens of the United Kingdom, to be inducted into the [[Order of the Garter]]. Churchill described her as "the only real man among the governments-in-exile" in London.<ref name=Hicks>{{cite book |last=Hicks |first=Pamela |title=Daughter of Empire: My Life as a Mountbatten |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=2012 |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-4767-3382-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNGKBAAAQBAJ&q=wilhelmina+only+real+man&pg=PA146}}</ref>{{rp|146}}<ref name=State>{{cite book |last=State |first=Paul F. |title=A Brief History of the Netherlands |publisher=Infobase |date=2008 |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4381-0832-2 |url={{GBurl|5CTlTZlWU0IC|page=193}}}}</ref>{{rp|193}}

In England, Queen Wilhelmina developed ideas about a new political and social life for the Dutch after the liberation, wanting to create a strong cabinet formed by people active in the resistance. She dismissed De Geer and installed a new prime minister with the approval of other Dutch politicians. When the Netherlands was liberated in 1945, the queen was disappointed to see the same political factions taking power as before the war. In mid-March 1945, she travelled to the liberated areas of the southern Netherlands, visiting the region of [[Walcheren]] and the city of [[Eindhoven]] where she received a rapturous welcome from the local population.<ref>{{cite book |first=Henri A. |last=van der Zee |title=The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–1945 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-8032-9618-3 |pages=200–203}}</ref> On 2 May 1945, she went to stay in a small country estate called [[Anneville (Ulvenhout)|Anneville]] located just south of [[Breda]] with Juliana and adjuncts [[Peter Tazelaar]], [[Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema]] and fellow [[Engelandvaarder]] Rie Stokvis.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hazelhoff |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema |title=In Pursuit of Life |location=Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire |publisher=Sutton |year=2003 |page=188 |isbn=978-0-7509-3281-3}}</ref> Anneville was the scene of a number of processions where the residents of Breda and the surrounding communities came to greet their Queen. She remained there for a little over six weeks.

Shortly after the war, Queen Wilhelmina wanted to give an award to the [[Polish Parachute Brigade]] for their actions during [[Operation Market Garden]] and wrote the government a request. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, [[Eelco van Kleffens]], opposed the idea because he thought an award for the Poles would upset relations with the [[Allies of World War II|'Big Three']] and harm national interests.<ref>{{cite book |title=Belevenissen II 1940–1958 |trans-title=Experiences II 1940–1958 |last=Van Kleffens |first=Eelco |author-link=Eelco van Kleffens |year=1983 |location=Alphen aan de Rijn |pages=115–117 |isbn=978-90-218-3095-7 |language=nl}}</ref> Eventually the Polish Parachute Brigade were awarded the [[Military Order of William]] on 31 May 2006, 61 years after Operation Market Garden.

==Later years==
[[File:Statue of Queen Wilhelmina in Noordwijk in 2008.jpg|thumb|Statue of Queen Wilhelmina in [[Noordwijk]]]]
[[File:Driekwart miljoen handtekeningen voor HM de koningin Weeknummer 48-34 - Open Beelden - 86010.ogv|thumb|Collecting signatures for the queen, 1948]]

Following the end of World War II, Queen Wilhelmina made the decision not to return to her palace but to move into a mansion in The Hague, where she lived for eight months. She travelled through the countryside to motivate people, sometimes using a bicycle instead of a car. However, in 1947, while the country was still recovering, the [[Indonesian War of Independence|nationalist rebellion]] in the oil-rich [[Dutch East Indies]] saw the sharp criticism of the queen by the Dutch economic elite.

Around the same time, Queen Wilhelmina's health started failing, forcing her to cede her monarchial duties to Princess Juliana temporarily towards the end of 1947 (14 October – 1 December). She considered abdication, but her daughter pressed her to stay on for the stability of the nation. Wilhelmina had every intention of doing so, but exhaustion forced her to relinquish monarchial duties to Juliana again on 12 May 1948, which left the princess to deal with the early elections caused by the [[Indonesian National Revolution|ceding of the Indonesian colonies]].

Dismayed by the return to pre-war politics and the pending loss of Indonesia, Wilhelmina abdicated on 4 September 1948 after a reign of 57 years and 286 days due to advancing age and illness. She passed the crown to Juliana and was hence forward styled "Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands". Since then, the influence of the Dutch monarchy continued to decline but the country's love for its royal family continued.{{Attribution needed|date=November 2024}}

No longer queen, Wilhelmina retreated to [[Het Loo Palace]], making few public appearances until the country was devastated by the [[North Sea flood of 1953]]. Once again, she travelled around the country to encourage and motivate the Dutch people. During her last years, she wrote her autobiography, entitled ''Eenzaam, maar niet alleen'' (''Lonely but Not Alone''), in which she gave her account of the events in her life and revealed her strong religious feelings.

Wilhelmina died of cardiac arrest in Het Loo Palace at the age of 82 on 28 November 1962. She was buried in the Dutch royal family crypt in the [[Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)|Nieuwe Kerk]] in [[Delft]], on 8 December. At her request and contrary to protocol, the funeral was completely in white to give expression to her belief that earthly death was the beginning of eternal life.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wilhelmina |title=Eenzaam maar niet alleen |trans-title=Lonely but Not Alone |page=251 |language=nl |date=1959}}</ref>{{clarify|date=August 2024}}

In addition to being the last male-line descendant of the House of Orange-Nassau, she was also the last great-grandchild of [[Paul I of Russia|Emperor Paul I of Russia]].

==In popular culture==
* Queen Wilhelmina appears in two videogames: as the leader in ''[[Sid Meier's Civilization VI]]'' in the ''Rise and Fall'' expansion,<ref>[https://www.pcgamer.com/queen-wilhelmina-leads-the-netherlands-into-civilization-6-rise-and-fall/ Queen Wilhelmina Leads the Netherlands Into Civilization VI: Rise & Fall]. PCGamer. Retrieved 17 December 2020.</ref> and as leader of the Netherlands in ''[[Hearts of Iron IV]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keengamer.com/articles/news/hoi4-netherlands-focus-tree-announced/ | title=HOI4 Netherlands Focus Tree Announced | work=KeenGamer | date=30 September 2018 | last1=Ulyatt | first1=Jack }}</ref>
* She was portrayed by [[Andrea Domburg]] in [[Paul Verhoeven]]'s 1977 film ''[[Soldier of Orange]]''.<ref>Bas Agterberg, George Sluizer & Daniel Biltereyst. ''The Cinema of the Low Countries''. Wallflower Press, 2004. p. 142</ref>

==Titles, styles and honours==
===Titles and styles===
[[File:Royal Monogram of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.svg|thumb|130px|Monogram of Queen Wilhelmina]]
* 31 August 1880 – 21 June 1884: ''Her Royal Highness'' Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau<ref name=Parlement>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlement.com/9291000/biof/10010 |title=H.M. (koningin Wilhelmina) koningin Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, koningin der Nederlanden, prinses van Oranje-Nassau – Parlement & Politiek |publisher=Parlement.com |access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref>
* 21 June 1884 – 23 November 1890: ''Her Royal Highness'' Princess Wilhelmina of Orange-Nassau<ref name=Parlement/>
* 23 November 1890 – 4 September 1948: ''Her Majesty'' Queen Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau<ref name=Parlement/>
* 4 September 1948 – 28 November 1962: ''Her Royal Highness'' Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands<ref name=Parlement/>

Wilhelmina's full regnal title from her accession to her marriage was: "Wilhelmina, ''[[by the Grace of God]], Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Limburg, [[Style of the Dutch sovereign#Full styles|etc.]]''" She adopted her husband's ducal title upon marriage as customary, becoming also a duchess of Mecklenburg.<ref name=archontology>{{cite web|url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/netherlands/01_style.php|title=The Netherlands: Princely and Royal Style: 1813–2013|publisher=Archontology.com |access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref>

===Honours===
* [[Netherlands]]:<ref name="Almanak">''[https://archive.org/details/staatsalmanakvo00nethgoog/page/n27 Staatsalmanak voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden]'', 1921, "Koninkrijk Huis der Nederlanden" p. 1</ref>
** Grand Master of the [[Military William Order]], ''1890''; Grand Cross, ''4 September 1948''<ref name="Military William Order">{{cite web|url=https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1948/09/04/oranje-nassau-wilhelmina-helena-pauline-maria-prinses-van |title=Militaire Willems-Orde: Oranje-Nassau, Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, Prinses van|trans-title=Military William Order: Orange-Nassau, Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria, Princess of|website=Ministerie van Defensie|language=nl|access-date=3 May 2020|date=4 September 1948}}</ref>
** Grand Master of the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]], ''1890''
** Grand Master of the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]], ''1890''
** Joint Grand Master of the [[Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau|Order of the Gold Lion of Nassau]], ''1890''
** Grand Master of the [[Order of the House of Orange]], ''1890''
** Founder of the [[:nl:Johanniter Orde in Nederland|Johanniter Order]], ''1909''

Since Wilhelmina received no Dutch honours before ascending the throne aged ten and resigned the position of grand master when she abdicated in 1948, she was in the unusual position of being a Dutch princess and former queen who did not hold a Dutch honour. Her daughter and successor therefore appointed her Grand Cross of the Military William Order in her first act as Queen. This was the only Dutch honour she ever held in her life in a personal capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hethuisvanoranje.nl/08%20Orden%20en%20Onderscheidingen/GeschiedenisMilitaireWillemsOrde.html|title=De Huizen van Oranje en Nassau -Geschiedenis Militaire Willems Orde|access-date=9 December 2018|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927034311/http://hethuisvanoranje.nl/08%20Orden%20en%20Onderscheidingen/GeschiedenisMilitaireWillemsOrde.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koninklijkeverzamelingen.nl/mediabank/detail/b676415b-3d6e-5ecc-bfa5-0bac1e850b2e/media/9a741e4e-fa40-ca82-8ed4-b664bd09a1ab|title=Militaire Willems-Orde voor prinses Wilhelmina, 7 oktober 1948|website=www.koninklijkeverzamelingen.nl|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809194136/https://www.koninklijkeverzamelingen.nl/mediabank/detail/b676415b-3d6e-5ecc-bfa5-0bac1e850b2e/media/9a741e4e-fa40-ca82-8ed4-b664bd09a1ab|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Foreign====
[[File:Coat of Arms of the Monarch of the Netherlands as a Stranger Member of the Order of the Garter.svg|thumb|210x210px|Garter-encircled Royal Arms of Queen Wilhelmina displayed on her Order of the Garter placard on display in St. George's Hall, Windsor Castle]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine|Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Family]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Elizabeth]], ''1901''<ref name="osterreich">{{citation|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=702&size=45|chapter=Elisabeth-orden|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1918|location=Vienna|publisher=Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei|page=328}}</ref>
* [[Belgium]]:
** Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] (civil), ''August 1898''<ref>{{citation|title=Almanach Royale Belgique|year=1899|chapter=Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold|language=French|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105238356&view=1up&seq=82&skin=2021 74]|location=Bruxelles|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** [[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de Guerre Medal]]
* [[Brazil]]: [[Order of the Southern Cross|Grand Cross of the Southern Cross]]
* [[Czechoslovakia]]: [[Order of the White Lion|Collar of the White Lion]], ''1929''<ref>[http://www.vyznamenani.net/?p=1053 "Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech"] (in Czech), ''Czech Medals and Orders Society''. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</ref>
* [[Denmark]]: [[Order of the Elephant|Knight of the Elephant]], ''5 September 1922''<ref>{{cite book|author=Jørgen Pedersen|title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=467}}</ref>
* [[Solomonic dynasty|Ethiopian Imperial Family]]: Collar of the [[Order of Solomon]]
* [[Finland]]: [[Order of the White Rose of Finland|Collar of the White Rose]], with Star, ''1932''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritarikunnat.fi/index.php/fi/64-ritarikunnat/palkitut/216-suomen-valkoisen-ruusun-ritarikunnan-suurristin-ketjuineen-saajat-ulkomaalaiset|title=Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun Suurristi Ketjuineen|website=ritarikunnat.fi|language=fi|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[French Third Republic|France]]: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]], ''April 1898''<ref>{{cite book| author = M. & B. Wattel | title = Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers |location= Paris |date = 2009 |publisher= Archives & Culture | pages = 21, 500, 598 | isbn = 978-2-35077-135-9}}</ref>
* [[House of Hohenzollern|German Imperial and Royal Family]]: Dame of the [[Order of Louise]], 1st Division, ''30 May 1901''<ref name="prus2">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|chapter=Luisen-orden|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025921423&view=1up&seq=799&skin=2021 193]|language=German|location=Berlin|year=1895|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** [[House of Mecklenburg|Mecklenburg Grand Ducal Family]]: [[House Order of the Wendish Crown|Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown]], with Bronze Crown, ''7 February 1901''<ref name="Almanak"/>
** [[House of Holstein-Gottorp|Oldenburg Grand Ducal Family]]: [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig]]<ref name="Almanak"/>
* [[Greek Royal Family]]: [[Order of the Redeemer|Grand Cross of the Redeemer]]<ref name="Almanak"/>
* [[Guatemala]]: [[Order of the Quetzal|Grand Cross of the Quetzal]]
* [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]: [[Order of the Precious Crown|Grand Cordon of the Precious Crown]], ''8 August 1899''<ref>{{cite book|author=刑部芳則|title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926095849/http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2020 |url-status=live|year=2017|publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要|language=ja|page=157}}</ref>
* [[Luxembourg]]:
** [[Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau|Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau]]
** [[Order of the Oak Crown|Grand Cross of the Oak Crown]]<ref name="Almanak"/>
* [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Military Order of Malta]]: Dame of Honour and Devotion<ref name="Almanak"/>
* [[Norway]]: [[Order of St. Olav|Grand Cross of St. Olav]], with Collar, ''15 September 1922''<ref name="norges1">{{citation|title=Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1930|language=Norwegian|year=1930|pages=995–996|chapter-url=https://runeberg.org/norkal/1930/0560.html|chapter=Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden|location=Oslo|publisher=Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard)|via=runeberg.org}}</ref>
* [[Qajar dynasty|Persian Imperial Family]]: [[Order of Aftab|Order of the Sun]], 1st Class<ref name="Almanak"/>
* [[Peru]]: [[Order of the Sun of Peru|Grand Cross of the Sun of Peru]], in Diamonds, ''1922''
* [[Poland]]: [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Knight of the White Eagle]]<ref>Kawalerowie i statuty Orderu Orła Białego 1705–2008, 2008, s. 299</ref>
* [[Portuguese Royal Family]]:
** Dame of the [[Order of Saint Isabel|Order of Queen Saint Isabel]]<ref name="Almanak"/>
** Grand Cross of the [[Sash of the Three Orders]], ''7 February 1901''<ref name="Agraciamentos">{{cite journal |last1=Bragança |first1=Jose Vicente de |date=2014 |title=Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota |url=https://www.academia.edu/10576008 |language=pt |trans-title=Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |journal=Pro Phalaris |volume=9–10 |pages=11–12 |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152639/https://www.academia.edu/10576008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[House of Romania|Romanian Royal Family]]:
** [[Order of the Star of Romania|Grand Cross of the Star of Romania]]<ref name="Almanak"/>
** Grand Collar of the [[Order of Carol I]]
* [[Russian Imperial Family]]: [[Order of St. Catherine|Grand Cross of St. Catherine]]<ref name="Almanak"/>
* [[Siam]]: Dame of the [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]], ''7 September 1897''<ref name='Loos'>{{cite journal |author=Royal Thai Government Gazette |author-link=Royal Thai Government Gazette |date=7 May 1899 |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/006/82_1.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195543/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/006/82_1.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่ประเทศยุโรป (ต่อแผ่นที่ ๕ หน้า ๖๔)|language=th |access-date=8 May 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Spanish Royal Family]]:
** Dame of the [[Order of Queen Maria Luisa]], ''22 December 1890''<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000958908&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real Orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1893|access-date=21 March 2019|page=159|language=es}}</ref>
** Dame of the Collar of the [[Order of Charles III]]
** Dame of the Collar of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
* [[Sweden]]: Member of the [[Order of the Seraphim]], ''9 September 1922''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1925|page=808|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1925/0814.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=6 January 2018|language=sv}}</ref>
* [[House of Osman|Turkish Imperial Family]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charity (Ottoman Empire)|Order of Charity]]<ref name="Almanak"/>
* [[United Kingdom]]:
** [[Royal Order of Victoria and Albert]], 1st Class, ''1898''<ref name="dbnl">{{cite web|url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/worm007goud01_01/worm007goud01_01_0001.php|title=Piet Worm, Het gouden prentenboek 1898–1948 · dbnl|publisher=dbnl.org|access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref>
** [[Venerable Order of St John|Associate Dame Grand Cross of St. John]], ''19 June 1941''<ref name="StJGazette">{{London Gazette |issue=35203 |date=27 June 1941 |page=3673 }}</ref>
** [[Order of the Garter|Stranger Lady Companion of the Garter]], ''24 September 1944''<ref name="google">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19440925&id=s5ExAAAAIBAJ&pg=2443,3740022&hl=en|title=St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search|access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/garterlist.htm List of Knights of the Garter – 1348 to present] – via heraldica.org.</ref>
* [[Yugoslavian Royal Family]]: [[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)|Grand Cross of the White Eagle]]<ref name="Almanak"/>
}}

===Eponyms===
[[File:WilhelminaBay13.JPG|thumb|[[Wilhelmina Bay]] on the Antarctic Peninsula]] 
* [[Queen Wilhelmina State Park]] in [[Arkansas]], and [[Wilhelmina Bay]] in Antarctica are named for Queen Wilhelmina.
* In 1892, the company Fortuin celebrated its 50th anniversary by producing peppermint candy with the image of the 12-year-old Princess Wilhelmina, which have continued in production since then.<ref>Wilhelmina Mints [http://www.wilhelminamints.com/history "History of Wilhelmina Mints"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118163341/http://www.wilhelminamints.com/history |date=18 January 2015 }}</ref> Among Dutch sweets, these mints have become the "most Dutch of all".<ref>Sweets: A History of Candy [https://books.google.com/books?id=ETluYRHyjKwC&dq=wilhelmina+mint+candy&pg=PA373 "Europe: Wilhelmina Mints"]</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{See also|Dutch monarchs family tree}}
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
|1  = 1. '''Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands'''
|2  = 2. King [[William III of the Netherlands]]
|3  = 3. Princess [[Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont]]
|4  = 4. King [[William II of the Netherlands]]
|5  = 5. Grand Duchess [[Anna Pavlovna of Russia]]
|6  = 6. [[George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont]]
|7  = 7. [[Princess Helena of Nassau]]
|8  = 8. King [[William I of the Netherlands]]
|9  = 9. [[Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands|Princess Wilhelmine of Prussia]]
|10 = 10. Emperor [[Paul I of Russia]]
|11 = 11. [[Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)|Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg]]
|12 = 12. [[George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont]]
|13 = 13. [[Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym]]
|14 = 14. [[William, Duke of Nassau]]
|15 = 15. [[Princess Pauline of Württemberg (1810–1856)|Princess Pauline of Württemberg]]
}}
After Wilhelmina had taken office in 1890, rumours were spread by Socialist satirical magazine ''[[De Roode Duivel]]'' ("The Red Devil") that William III was not her real father, but Emma's confidant, {{ill|Sebastiaan Mattheus Sigismund de Ranitz (1846–1916)|nl}}. This would undermine the legitimacy of the Queen's reign. Although no hard evidence exists for the allegations and the consensus amongst historians is that they are false,<ref name="Wilhelmina 1880-1962">{{Cite web |url=http://www.historici.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/DVN/lemmata/data/Wilhelmina |title=Wilhelmina (1880–1962) |author=Jan Bank |work=Historici.nl |publisher=[[Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands]] |date=2012 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref><ref>Meulen, Dik van der; (2013) 'K''oning'' Willem III 1817–1890', pp. 616–618 (e-book)</ref><ref>{{aut|Cees Fasseur}}, ''De gekroonde republiek'' (2011) p. 56.</ref> the rumours were stubborn and still feature in [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] circulating in republican circles.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/article/detail/2607670/1998/11/14/Zelfgebreide-republikeinen.dhtml |title=Zelfgebreide republikeinen |author=Ruud Verdonck |work=[[Trouw]] |date=14 November 1998 |access-date=24 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Dragstra">{{Cite web |url=http://kloptdatwel.nl/2014/08/26/het-kind-van-de-koning/ |title=Het kind van de koning |author=Laurens Dragstra |work=KloptDatWel.nl |publisher=[[Stichting Skepsis]] |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The royal [[detective fiction|detective]] ''Koningskind'' (2011) by Rob van Hoorn and the [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] ''IV'' (2013) by [[Arjen Lubach]] both revolve around a fictional investigative journalist who tries finding out whether someone other than William III (perhaps De Ranitz) was the actual father of Wilhelmina, which might result in a constitutional crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bol.com/nl/p/koningskind/1001004011298046/ |title=Koningskind. Royal Detective |author=J. van Bree |work=[[Bol.com]] |date=2013 |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.roosendaal24.nl/politiek/3912 |title=Arjen Lubach schrijft adembenemende koninklijke thriller |author=Jaap Pleij |work=Roosendaal24 |date=26 February 2013 |access-date=29 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073435/http://www.roosendaal24.nl/politiek/3912 |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>|group="note"}} The author of the rumour, the later parliamentarian and senator {{ill|Louis Maximiliaan Hermans|nl}}, was sentenced to six months imprisonment for [[lèse-majesté]] in 1895 for a different article and cartoon in ''De Roode Duivel'', mocking the two queens.<ref name=RM>{{Cite news |url=http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010991058:mpeg21:a0019 |title=Rechtzaken Majesteitschennis |work=[[De Tijd (Netherlands)|De Tijd]] |date=12 December 1895 |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010991063:mpeg21:a0010 |title=Zaak-Hermans |work=De Tijd |date=18 December 1895 |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Notes
{{Reflist|group="note"}}

==Sources==
* Hubbard, Robert H. (1977). ''Rideau Hall: An Illustrated History of Government House, Ottawa, from Victorian Times to the Present Day.'' Montreal: [[McGill-Queen's University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-7735-0310-6}}
* Wilhelmina. (1959). ''Eenzaam maar niet alleen.'' Amsterdam: Ten Have Uitgevers Kok. {{ISBN|978-90-259-5146-7}}. Full text (pdf, 8 MB) [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/saveas.php?filename=wilh001eenz01_01.pdf&dir=wilh001eenz01_01&type=pdf online].

==External links==
{{Commons category|Wilhelmina of the Netherlands}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Wilhelmina of the Netherlands}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NnHUqP9q80 Queen Wilhelmina Of The Netherlands Broadcasts In Britain (1940)], royal broadcast in English, on the [[British Pathé]] YouTube Channel
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEZkzThBElU Tribute To Queen Wilhelmina (1962)], Dutch newsreel on [[British Pathé]] YouTube Channel
* [http://www.polishsoldier.nl/chapter-8-the-process-of-polish-rehabilitation-in-2006/ Post-war rehabilitation of the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105044239/http://www.polishsoldier.nl/chapter-8-the-process-of-polish-rehabilitation-in-2006/ |date=5 January 2019 }}
* [http://www.queenwilhelmina.com/ Queen Wilhelmina State Park] near [[Mena, Arkansas]]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/040246}}
* {{Find a Grave|10298|Wilhelmina}}<!-- Has photo of gravestone in the Vault of the Royal Family -->

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Orange-Nassau]]|31 August|1880|28 November|1962|[[House of Nassau]]}}
{{S-reg}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[William III of the Netherlands|William III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Queen of the Netherlands]]|years=1890–1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Juliana of the Netherlands|Juliana]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Monarchs of the Netherlands}}
{{Dutch princesses}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilhelmina Of The Netherlands}}
[[Category:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands| ]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:Burials in the Royal Crypt at Nieuwe Kerk, Delft]]
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[[Category:Heirs presumptive to the Dutch throne]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Child monarchs from Europe]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]
[[Category:Nobility from The Hague]]
[[Category:Protestant monarchs]]
[[Category:Princesses of Orange-Nassau]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:19th-century queens regnant]]
[[Category:20th-century queens regnant]]
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