View source for William Camden

{{Short description|English antiquarian (1551–1623)}}
{{about|the 16th- and 17th-century antiquarian|the 18th-century merchant|William Camden (merchant)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
|name      = William Camden
|image     = William Camden by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger.jpg
|caption   = William Camden
|birth_date = 2 May 1551
|birth_place= London, England
|death_date = {{death date and age|1623|11|9|1551|5|2|df=y}}
|death_place= [[Chislehurst]], England
|occupation= Antiquarian, historian, topographer
}}

'''William Camden''' (2 May 1551 – 9 November 1623) was an English [[antiquarian]], historian, [[Topography|topographer]], and [[herald]], best known as author of ''Britannia'', the first [[Chorography|chorographical]] survey of the islands of Great Britain and Ireland that relates landscape, geography, antiquarianism, and history, and the ''Annales'', the first detailed historical account of the reign of [[Elizabeth I]].

== Early years ==
William Camden was born in London. His father Sampson Camden was a member of The [[Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers]]. He attended [[Christ's Hospital]] and [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]], and in 1566 entered [[Oxford University|Oxford]] ([[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]], [[Pembroke College, Oxford|Broadgates Hall]], and finally [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]). At Christ Church, he became acquainted with [[Philip Sidney]], who encouraged Camden's antiquarian interests. He returned to London in 1571 without a degree. In 1575, he became Usher of [[Westminster School]], a position that gave him the freedom to travel and pursue his antiquarian researches during school vacations.

==''Britannia''==
[[File:Britannia by William Camden Title page.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Hand-coloured frontispiece and title page of the 1607 edition of ''Britannia'']]
In 1577, with the encouragement of [[Abraham Ortelius]], Camden began his great work ''Britannia'', a topographical and historical survey of all of Great Britain and Ireland. His stated intention was to "restore antiquity to Britaine, and Britain to his antiquity".<ref>{{cite book |first=William |last=Camden |translator-first=Philemon |translator-last=Holland |translator-link=Philemon Holland |title=Britain, or a Chorographicall Description of the most flourishing Kingdomes, England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Ilands adjoyning, out of the depth of Antiquitie |chapter=The Author to the Reader |place=London |year=1610 |url=http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/fronteng.html }}</ref> The first edition, written in [[Latin]], was published in 1586. It proved very popular, and ran through five further Latin editions, of 1587, 1590, 1594, 1600 and 1607, each greatly enlarged from its predecessor in both textual content and illustrations.<ref>Levy 1964.</ref><ref name="Piggott">Piggott 1976.</ref> The 1607 edition included for the first time a full set of English county maps, based on the surveys of [[Christopher Saxton]] and [[John Norden]], and engraved by William Kip and [[William Hole (engraver)|William Hole]] (who also engraved the fine frontispiece). The first [[English language|English-language]] edition, translated by [[Philemon Holland]], appeared in 1610, again with some additional content supplied by Camden.<ref>Harris 2015.</ref>

''Britannia'' is a county-by-county description of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a work of [[chorography]]: a study that relates landscape, geography, antiquarianism, and history. Rather than write a history, Camden wanted to describe in detail the Great Britain of the present, and to show how the traces of the past could be discerned in the existing landscape. By this method, he produced the first coherent picture of [[Roman Britain]].

He continued to collect materials and to revise and expand ''Britannia'' throughout his life. He drew on the published and unpublished work of [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]] and [[William Lambarde]], among others, and received the assistance of a large network of correspondents with similar interests. He also travelled throughout Great Britain to view documents, sites, and artefacts for himself: he is known to have visited East Anglia in 1578, Yorkshire and Lancashire in 1582, Devon in 1589, Wales in 1590, Salisbury, Wells and Oxford in 1596, and Carlisle and Hadrian's Wall in 1599.<ref>Dates of excursions based on DeMolen 1984, p. 328; the date of the northern trip corrected from 1600 to 1599 based on Hepple 1999.</ref> His fieldwork and firsthand research set new standards for the time. He even learned [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[Old English]] for the task: his tutor in Old English was [[Laurence Nowell]].

[[File:Funeral procession of Elizabeth I William Camden Clarenceux 1603.jpg |thumb|left|Camden at centre as [[Clarenceux King of Arms]] in the funeral procession of Queen [[Elizabeth I]], 1603]]
In 1593 Camden became headmaster of [[Westminster School]]. He held the post for four years, but left when he was appointed [[Clarenceux King of Arms]]. By this time, largely because of the ''Britannia''{{'}}s reputation, he was a well-known and revered figure, and the appointment was meant to free him from the labour of teaching and to facilitate his research. The [[College of Arms]] at that time was not only a centre of [[genealogical]] and [[heraldry|heraldic]] study, but also a centre of antiquarian study. The appointment, however, roused the jealousy of [[Ralph Brooke]], [[York Herald]], who, in retaliation, published an attack on ''Britannia'', charging Camden with inaccuracy and plagiarism. Camden successfully defended himself against the charges in subsequent editions of the work.

''Britannia'' was recognised as an important work of Renaissance scholarship, not only in England, but across the European "[[Republic of Letters]]". Camden considered having the 1586 ''Britannia'' printed in the [[Low Countries]], and although that did not happen, the third edition of 1590, in addition to its London printing, was also published the same year in [[Frankfurt]], and reprinted there in 1616. In 1612 parts were condemned by the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. An abridgement was published in Amsterdam in 1617 and reprinted in 1639; and versions of the text were also included in [[Joan Blaeu]]'s ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum'' (published in Amsterdam in 1645) and in [[Jan Janssonius]]'s ''Novus Atlas'' (again published in Amsterdam, in 1646).<ref>Harris 2015, pp. 281–3.</ref>

== ''Annales'' ==
[[File:CamdenHistoryElizabeth1675.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Frontispiece and title page of a 1675 edition of the ''Annales'']]
In 1597, [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley]] suggested that Camden write a history of Queen Elizabeth's reign. The degree of Burghley's subsequent influence on the work is unclear: Camden only specifically mentions [[John Fortescue of Salden]], Elizabeth's last [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], and [[Henry Cuffe]], [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex]]'s secretary, as sources.<ref>Adams pp. 53, 64.</ref> Camden began his work in 1607. The first part (books 1–3) of the ''Annales rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha, ad annum salutis M.D. LXXXIX'', covering the reign up to 1588, appeared in 1615. The second part (book 4, covering 1589–1603) was completed in 1617, but was not published until 1625 (Leiden edition), and 1627 (London edition), following Camden's death. The first translation into English of books 1–3 appeared in 1625, done by Abraham Darcie or Darcy ({{fl.|1625}}).<ref name="Kenyon p. 10">Kenyon p. 10.</ref> Book 4 was translated into English by [[Thomas Browne (Canon of Windsor)|Thomas Browne, canon of Windsor]], in 1629.

The ''Annales'' were not written in a continuous narrative, but in the style of earlier annals, giving the events of each year in a separate entry. Sometimes criticised as being too favourably disposed towards Elizabeth and [[James VI and I|James I]], the ''Annales'' are one of the great works of English [[historiography]] and had a great impact on the later image of the [[Elizabethan age]]. [[Hugh Trevor-Roper]] said about them: "It is thanks to Camden that we ascribe to Queen Elizabeth a consistent policy of ''via media'' rather than an inconsequent series of unresolved conflicts and paralysed indecisions."<ref name="Kenyon p. 10"/>

Camden heavily revised and self-censored his work to favour his patron. This included pages being overwritten, or passages covered by having pieces of paper stuck on. This made censored passages on hundreds of pages unreadable. In 2023 enhanced imaging technology using transmitted light made the hidden passages readable,  revealing major insights, and confirming that the ''Annales'' were deliberately rewritten to depict Elizabeth's reign in a way favourable to her successor. Amongst new revelations, the Annals reported that Elizabeth, dying, had named James VI of Scotland as her successor. Analysis of the manuscript drafts shows the deathbed scene to be a fabricated addition to support James's succession. [[Pope Pius V]] was reported to have [[excommunication|excommunicated]] Elizabeth due to "secret plots"; this originally had been the more inflammatory "spiritual warfare", and had been toned down. {{As of|2023|7}} the new material was being studied, with the expectation that modern interpretations of Elizabeth and her reign would potentially change.<ref name=alberge>{{cite news | last=Alberge | first=Dalya | title='Heart-stopping': censored pages of history of Elizabeth I reappear after 400 years |newspaper=The Guardian | date=14 July 2023 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/jul/14/heart-stopping-censored-pages-of-history-of-elizabeth-i-reappear-after-400-years}}</ref>

==''Remaines Concerning Britain''==
Camden's ''Remaines of a Greater Worke, Concerning Britaine'' was a collection of themed historical essays, conceived as a more popular companion to ''Britannia''. This was the only book Camden wrote in English, and, contrary to his own misleading description of it in the first edition (1605) as being merely the "rude rubble and out-cast rubbish" of a greater and more serious work (i.e. ''Britannia''), manuscript evidence clearly indicates that he planned this book early on and as a quite separate project. ''Remaines'' subsequently ran into many editions. The standard modern edition, edited by R. D. Dunn, is based on the surviving manuscript material and the three editions published in Camden's lifetime (1605, 1614, and 1623).<ref>{{cite book |first=William |last=Camden |editor-first=R. D. |editor-last=Dunn |title=Remains Concerning Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/remainsconcerni02camdgoog |publisher=University of Toronto Press |place=Toronto |year=1984 |isbn=0-8020-2457-2}}</ref> Editions published after 1623 are unreliable and contain unauthentic material, especially the [[bowdlerized]] edition of 1636 by [[John Philipot]]. [[Thomas Moule]]'s edition of 1870, of which many copies survive, is based on Philipot's 1674 edition.

Camden's ''Remaines'' is often the earliest or sole usage cited for a word in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''; and further significant early usages (including new words and antedatings) have since been identified.<ref>{{cite journal |first=R. D. |last=Dunn |title=Additions to ''OED'' from William Camden's ''Remains'' 1605, 1614, 1623 |journal=[[Notes and Queries]] |volume=231 |issue=4 |year=1986 |pages=451–460 }}</ref> ''Remaines'' also contains the first-ever alphabetical list of [[English proverbs]], since heavily exploited by the editors of the principal modern dictionaries of proverbs (including those of [[Burton Egbert Stevenson|Burton Stevenson]] (1949), M. P. Tilley (1950) and the third edition of the ''Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs'', edited by [[F. P. Wilson]] (1970)). Scattered through the book are a number of additional proverbs not recorded elsewhere.<ref>{{cite journal |first=R. D. |last=Dunn |title=English Proverbs from William Camden's ''Remains Concerning Britain'' |journal=[[Huntington Library Quarterly]] |volume=49 |issue=3 |year=1986 |pages=271–275 |doi=10.2307/3817125 |jstor=3817125 }}</ref>

==''Reges, reginae''==
In 1600 Camden published, anonymously, ''Reges, reginae, nobiles et alii in ecclesia collegiata B. Petri Westmonasterii sepulti'', a guidebook to the many [[English church monuments|tomb monuments]] and [[epitaph]]s of [[Westminster Abbey]]. Although slight, this was a highly innovative work, predating [[John Weever]]'s ''Ancient Funerall Monuments'' by over thirty years. It proved popular with the public, and two expanded editions appeared in 1603 and in 1606.

==Other writings==
Among Camden's other works were the ''Institutio Graecae grammatices compendiaria in usum regiae scholae Westmonasteriensis'' (1595), a Greek grammar which remained a standard school textbook for over a century; ''Actio in Henricum Garnetum, Societatis Jesuiticae in Anglia superiorem'' (1607), a Latin translation of the trial of the [[Gunpowder Plot]]ters, aimed at an international readership; an unpublished essay on printing;<ref>{{cite journal |title=Fragment of an Unpublished Essay on Printing by William Camden |editor-first=R. D. |editor-last=Dunn |journal=British Library Journal |volume=12 |year=1986 |pages=145–9 }}</ref> and a number of Latin poems.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Poems by William Camden: with notes and translations from the Latin |editor-first=George Burke |editor-last=Johnston |journal=Studies in Philology |volume=72 |issue=5 |year=1975 |pages=1–143  |oclc=6478930}}</ref>

==Final years==
[[File:William Camden.png|thumb|Camden (by [[Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger]], 1609)]]
In 1609 Camden moved to [[Chislehurst]] in Kent, now south-east London.<ref name=odnb>Herendeen 2008.</ref> Though often in ill health, he continued to work diligently. In 1622 he founded an endowed lectureship in history at Oxford – the first in the world – which continues to this day as the [[Camden Professor of Ancient History]].<ref name=odnb/> That same year he was struck with [[paralysis]].<ref name=odnb/> He died at Chislehurst on 9 November 1623, and was buried at [[Westminster Abbey]], where his monument, incorporating a demi-figure of Camden holding a copy of the ''Britannia'', can still be seen in the south transept ("[[Poets' Corner]]").<ref name=odnb/>

Camden left his books to his former pupil and friend [[Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington|Sir Robert Cotton]], the creator of the [[Cotton library]].<ref name=odnb/> His circle of friends and acquaintances included [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|Lord Burghley]], [[Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke|Fulke Greville]], [[Philip Sidney]], [[Edmund Spenser]], [[John Stow]], [[John Dee (mathematician)|John Dee]], [[Jacques de Thou]] and [[Ben Jonson]], who was Camden's student at Westminster and who dedicated an early edition of ''[[Every Man in His Humour]]'' to him.<ref name=odnb/><ref>Levy 1964.</ref><ref>Herendeen 2007, pp. 97, 294–303, 496.</ref>

==Legacy==
Camden's ''Britannia'' remained a standard and highly regarded authority for many years after his death. A lightly revised edition of Holland's 1610 translation was published in 1637. A new and greatly expanded translation, edited by [[Edmund Gibson]], was published in 1695, and was reissued in revised editions in 1722, 1753 and 1772. Yet another new and further expanded translation by [[Richard Gough (antiquarian)|Richard Gough]] was published in 1789, followed by a second edition in 1806.<ref name="Piggott"/><ref>Harris 2015, p. 281.</ref> In an address given in 1986, marking the original publication's 400th anniversary, George Boon commented that the work "still fundamentally colours the way in which we, as antiquaries, look at our country".<ref>Boon 1987, p. 1.</ref>

Hitherto hidden censored passages in the ''Annales'' which became readable in 2023 may significantly change modern interpretations of Queen Elizabeth's reign.<ref name=alberge/>

[[File:The William Camden Pub, Bexleyheath.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|The William Camden, a pub in [[Bexleyheath]], several miles from [[Chislehurst]], Kent, where Camden lived in later life]]

The lectureship in history at Oxford endowed by Camden survives as the [[Camden Professor of Ancient History]]. Since 1877 it has been attached to [[Brasenose College]], and since 1910 has been limited to Roman history.

The [[Camden Society]], named after Camden, was a [[text publication society]] founded in 1838 to publish early historical and literary materials. In 1897 it was absorbed into the [[Royal Historical Society]], which continues to publish texts in what are now known as the Camden Series.

The [[Cambridge Camden Society]], which also took its name from Camden, was a learned society founded in 1839 by undergraduates at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] to promote the study of [[Gothic (architecture)|Gothic architecture]]. In 1845 it moved to London, where it became known as the Ecclesiological Society, and was highly influential in the development of the 19th-century [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic revival]].

After Camden's death, his former home at Chislehurst became known as Camden Place. In the 18th century, it was acquired by Sir [[Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden|Charles Pratt]], [[Chief Justice of the Common Pleas]] and later [[Lord Chancellor]], who in 1765 was elevated to the peerage with the title Baron Camden, of Camden Place. In 1786 he was created Earl Camden, and in 1812 his son became [[Marquess Camden]]. The family owned and developed land to the north of London, and so, by this circuitous route, William Camden's name survives in the names of [[Camden Town]] and the [[London Borough of Camden]].

==Arms==
{{Infobox coat of arms wide
| name = William Camden
| image = Arms of William Camden.svg
| imagesize = 
| notes = 
| year_adopted = 
| crest = ''An equilateral triangle pierced or charged with 3 estoiles gules.''
| escutcheon = ''Or, a fess engrailed between 6 crosses crosslet fitchy sable.''<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/bk16/pp74-101 |title=Clarenceux King of Arms {{!}} British History Online |website= www.british-history.ac.uk |language=en |access-date= 2018-11-20}}</ref>
| motto = ''Pondere non Numero''
| orders = 
| bannerimage = 
| banner = 
| badgeimage =
| badge = 
| symbolism =
| previous_versions = 
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Simon |year=2002 |title=Leicester and the Court: Essays on Elizabethan Politics |place=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=0719053242 }}
*{{Cite journal |first=G. C. |last=Boon |title=Camden and the ''Britannia'' |journal=[[Archaeologia Cambrensis]] |volume=136 |year=1987 |pages=1–19 }}
*{{Cite journal |first=Patrick |last=Collinson |title=One of us? William Camden and the making of history |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |series=6th ser. |volume=8 |year=1998 |pages=139–63 |doi=10.2307/3679292|jstor=3679292 |s2cid=162157376 }}
*{{cite book |last=Copley |first=Gordon J. |year=1977 |chapter=Introduction |title=Camden's Britannia: Surrey and Sussex |place=London |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |isbn=0091220009 }}
*{{Cite journal |first=R. L. |last=DeMolen |title=The Library of William Camden |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=128 |year=1984 |pages=326–409 }}
*{{cite journal |first=Oliver D. |last=Harris |title=William Camden, Philemon Holland and the 1610 translation of ''Britannia'' |journal=[[Antiquaries Journal]] |volume=95 |year=2015 |pages=279–303 |doi=10.1017/s0003581515000189|s2cid=163181232 }}
*{{Cite journal |first=Leslie W. |last=Hepple |title=Sir Robert Cotton, Camden's ''Britannia'', and the early history of Roman Wall studies |journal=Archaeologia Aeliana |series=5th ser.|volume=27 |year=1999 |pages=1–19 }}{{doi|10.5284/1061018}}
*{{Cite odnb|first=Wyman H. |last=Herendeen |title=Camden, William (1551–1623) |origyear=2004 |year=2008 |id=4431 }}
*{{Cite book|first=Wyman H. |last=Herendeen |title=William Camden: a life in context |location=Woodbridge |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |year=2007 |isbn=9781843831266 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=H. Stuart |year=1943 |title=The Foundation and History of the Camden Chair |journal=Oxoniensia |volume=8-9 |pages=169–92 |url=http://oxoniensia.org/volumes/1943-4/jones.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727161245/http://oxoniensia.org/volumes/1943-4/jones.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |author-link=John Phillipps Kenyon |last=Kenyon |first=John |year=1983 |title=The History Men: The Historical Profession in England since the Renaissance |url=https://archive.org/details/historymenhistor0000keny |url-access=registration |place=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=0-297-78254-1 }}
*{{cite book |last=Kunst |first=Christiane |year=1995 |chapter=William Camden's ''Britannia'': history and historiography |editor1-first=M. H. |editor1-last=Crawford |editor1-link=Michael Crawford (historian) |editor2-first=C. R. |editor2-last=Ligota |title=Ancient History and the Antiquarian: essays in memory of Arnaldo Momigliano |series=Warburg Institute Colloquia |volume=2 |place=London |publisher=Warburg Institute |pages=117–31 |isbn=0854810951 }}
*{{Cite journal |first=F. J. |last=Levy |title=The Making of Camden's ''Britannia'' |journal=Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance |volume=26 |year=1964 |pages=70–97 }}
*{{Cite book|first=F. J. |last=Levy |title=Tudor Historical Thought |location=San Marino |publisher=Huntington Library|year=1967 }}
*{{cite journal |first=Peter J. |last=Lucas |title=William Camden, seventeenth-century atlases of the British Isles and the printing of Anglo-Saxon |journal=[[Antiquaries Journal]] |volume=98 |year=2018 |pages=219–44 |doi=10.1017/S000358151800015X |s2cid=165970970 }}
*{{Cite book|first=Graham |last=Parry |title=The Trophies of Time: English antiquarians of the seventeenth century |year=1995 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0198129629 }}
*{{Cite book |first=Stuart |last=Piggott |author-link=Stuart Piggott |title=Ruins in a Landscape: essays in antiquarianism |year=1976 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ruinsinlandscape00pigg/page/33 33–53] |chapter=William Camden and the ''Britannia'' |isbn=0852243030 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ruinsinlandscape00pigg/page/33 }}
*{{Cite journal |first=R. C. |last=Richardson |title=William Camden and the Re-Discovery of England |journal=Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society |volume=78 |year=2004 |pages=108–23 |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/05Vol78-Richardson.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925014200/http://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/05Vol78-Richardson.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-25 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite journal |first=William |last=Rockett |title=The Structural Plan of Camden's ''Britannia'' |journal=Sixteenth Century Journal |volume=26 |year=1995 |issue=4 |pages=829–41 |doi=10.2307/2543789|jstor=2543789 }}
*{{Cite book|first=H. R. |last=Trevor-Roper |author-link=Hugh Trevor-Roper |title=Queen Elizabeth's First Historian: William Camden and the beginnings of English "civil history" |location=London |year=1971 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Trevor-Roper |first=H. R. |author-link=Hugh Trevor-Roper |title=William Camden: ''Remains Concerning Britain'', edited by R. D. Dunn [review] |journal=[[Times Literary Supplement]] |date=14 June 1985 |pages=671–2 }}
*{{cite journal |first=Angus |last=Vine |title=Copiousness, conjecture and collaboration in William Camden's ''Britannia'' |journal=Renaissance Studies |volume=28 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=225–41 |doi=10.1111/rest.12051 |s2cid=153425402 }}
*{{Cite book|first=D. R. |last=Woolf |author-link=Daniel Woolf |title=The Idea of History in Early Stuart England |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1990 |isbn=0802058620 }}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q364239|commons=Category:William Camden|s=Author:William Camden|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|mw=no|m=no|species=no|wikt=no}}
* Jokinen, Anniina (2001): [http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/camden.htm "William Camden."]
* [https://www.exclassics.com/camden/camdenintro.htm Camden's Britannia.] Multiple formats with illustrations, notes and translations at Exclassics.com.
* [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/cambrit/ ''Britannia'' (1607) with English translation by Philemon Holland.]
* The full text of [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/text/contents_page.jsp?t_id=Camden Holland's translation of ''Britannia''], on ''A Vision of Britain through Time'', with links to places mentioned.
*{{cite book|author=William Camden|title=Remaines of a Greater Work, Concerning Britaine: The Inhabitants Thereof, Their Languages, Names, Surnames, Empreses, Wise Speeches, Poësies, and Epitaphs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aogyAQAAMAAJ|year=1605|publisher=G.E.}} 
* [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/camden/ ''Annales'' (1615 and 1625) with introduction and English translation.]
* [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/smith/ Thomas Smith's ''Life of Camden'' (1691) in Latin and English.]
* Withers, Charles W. J. [http://maps.nls.uk/atlas/blaeu/vision_of_scotland.html "A Vision of Scotland: Joan Blaeu and the ''Atlas novus''"].
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* [https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_CAM Parliamentary Archives, Papers of William Camden]
*[https://digital.sciencehistory.org/catalog?search_field=all_fields&q=britannia&range%5Byear_facet_isim%5D%5Bbegin%5D=&range%5Byear_facet_isim%5D%5Bend%5D= Select engravings from volumes 1, 3, and 4 of Camden's ''Britannia''] at Science History Institute Digital Collections

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Camden, William}}
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