View source for William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper

{{short description|17th- and 18-century English politician and first Lord Chancellor of Great Britain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix   = [[The Right Honourable]]
|name               = The Earl Cowper
|honorific-suffix   = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|PC|KC|FRS}}
|image              = William Earl Cowper LC by Jonathan Richardson.jpg
|imagesize          = 
|alt                = 
|caption            = Portrait by [[Jonathan Richardson]]
|order              = [[Lord Chancellor]]<br>{{small|[[Lord High Steward]] for the trials of:{{Collapsible list|[[James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater|The Earl of Derwentwater]]|[[William Widdrington, 4th Baron Widdrington|The Lord Widdrington]]|[[William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale|The Earl of Nithsdale]]|[[Robert Dalzell, 5th Earl of Carnwath|The Earl of Carnwath]]|[[William Gordon, 6th Viscount of Kenmure|The Viscount of Kenmure]]|[[William Murray, 2nd Lord Nairne|The Lord Nairne]]|[[George Seton, 5th Earl of Winton|The Earl of Winton]]|[[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer|The Earl of Oxford and Mortimer]]}}}}
|office             = 
|term_start         = 4 May 1707
|term_end           = 23 September 1710
|monarch            = [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]
|predecessor        = himself<br>{{small|as [[Lord Keeper of the Great Seal|Lord Keeper]]}}
|successor          = ''In Commission''
|term_start1        = 21 September 1714
|term_end1          = 15 April 1718
|monarch1           = {{unbulleted list|[[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]|[[George I of Great Britain|George I]]}}
|predecessor1       = [[Simon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt|The Lord Harcourt]]
|successor1         = ''In Commission''
|order2             = [[Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England]]
|term_start2        = 11 October 1705
|term_end2          = 4 May 1707
|monarch2           = [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]
|predecessor2       = [[Sir Nathan Wright]]
|successor2         = himself<br>{{small|as Lord Chancellor}}
|birth_date         = {{circa|1665}}
|birth_place        = 
|death_date         = 10 October 1723
|death_place        = Panshanger, [[Hertfordshire]]<br/>[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
|restingplace       = 
|restingplacecoordinates = 
|children           = {{plainlist|
*[[William Clavering-Cowper, 2nd Earl Cowper|William Clavering-Cowper]]
*[[Spencer Cowper (priest)|Spencer Cowper]]
}}
|mother             = [[Sarah Cowper]]
|father             = [[William Cowper, 2nd Baronet|William Cowper]]
|relatives          = {{plainlist|
*[[Spencer Cowper]] (brother)
*[[Judith Madan]] (niece)
}}
}}
[[File:William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper by Jonathan Richardson.jpg|thumb|The Earl Cowper.]]
'''William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|PC|KC|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|uː|p|ər}} {{respell|KOO|pər}}; {{circa|1665}}{{snd}}10 October 1723) was an [[Kingdom of England|English]] politician who became the first [[Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain]]. Cowper was the son of Sir William Cowper, 2nd Baronet, of Ratling Court, [[Kent]], a [[British Whig Party|Whig]] member of parliament of some mark in the two last Stuart reigns.

==Career and titles==
Cowper was educated at [[St Albans School (Hertfordshire)|St Albans School]] in Hertfordshire, and was later to acquire a country estate in the county and represent the county town in Parliament.
He was admitted to [[Middle Temple]] on 18 March 1681/82, was [[called to the bar]] on 25 May 1688, and built up a large practice. He gave his allegiance to the [[William III of England|Prince of Orange]] on his landing in England in 1688, and was made [[King's Counsel]] and [[Recorder (judge)|recorder]] of [[Colchester]] in 1694.

Cowper had the reputation of being one of the most effective parliamentary orators of his generation. He lost his seat in parliament in 1702 owing to the unpopularity caused by the trial of his brother [[Spencer Cowper]] on a charge of murder.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Cowper, William Cowper, 1st Earl |volume=7 |pages=348–349 }}</ref>

===Lord Keeper of the Great Seal===
On 11 October 1705 he was sworn to the [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Privy Counsellors 1679 – 1835|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/pcouncil/pcouncil1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607022452/http://leighrayment.com/pcouncil/pcouncil1.htm|archive-date=7 June 2008|publisher=leighrayment.com|url-status=usurped|access-date=16 January 2011}}</ref> was appointed [[Lord Keeper of the Great Seal]], and took his seat on the [[woolsack]] without a peerage. In the following year he conducted the negotiations between the English and Scottish commissioners for arranging the union with Scotland. In November of that year he succeeded to his father's baronetcy, and on 14 December 1706, he was raised to the peerage as '''Baron Cowper''' of Wingham, Kent.<ref name="EB1911"/> He was the youngest Lord Keeper for many years: the Queen, who had taken a great liking to him, joked that "she had given the Seals to a boy" and suggested that in future he should wear a wig to lend him gravity.<ref>Gregg, Edward ''Queen Anne'' Yale University Press 2001 p. 206</ref>

===Lord High Chancellor===
When the union with Scotland came into operation in May 1707 the Queen in Council named Cowper [[Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain]], he being the first to hold this office. He presided at the trial of [[Henry Sacheverell|Dr Sacheverell]] in 1710, but resigned the seal when [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Harley]] and [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Bolingbroke]] took office in the same year.<ref name="EB1911"/> Queen Anne, who had high regard for him, "begged him with tears in her eyes" not to resign,<ref>Gregg, p.323</ref> and though she was reluctantly persuaded to accept his resignation, continued to consult him unofficially for the remainder of her reign.<ref>Gregg p.331</ref> On the death of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]], [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] appointed Cowper one of the Lords Justice for governing the country during the king's absence, and a few weeks later he again became Lord Chancellor.<ref name="EB1911"/>

===Lord High Steward===
A paper which Cowper drew up for the guidance of the new king on constitutional matters, entitled ''An Impartial History of Parties'', marks the advance of English opinion towards party government in the modern sense. It was published by Lord Campbell in his ''Lives of the Lord Chancellors''. Cowper supported the impeachment of [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Lord Oxford]] for [[high treason]] in 1715, and in 1716 presided as [[Lord High Steward]] at the trials of the peers charged with complicity in the [[Jacobite rising of 1715|Jacobite rising]], his sentences on whom have been censured as unnecessarily severe. He warmly supported the [[Septennial Bill]] in the same year.<ref name="EB1911"/>

===Viscount Fordwich and Earl Cowper===
On 18 March 1718 he was created '''Viscount Fordwich''' and '''Earl Cowper''', and a month later he resigned office on the plea of ill-health, but probably in reality because George I accused him of espousing the [[George II of Great Britain|Prince of Wales]]'s side in the prince's quarrel with the king. Taking the lead against his former colleagues, Cowper opposed the proposed [[Peerage Bill]] brought forward in 1719 to limit the number of peers, and also opposed the [[bill of attainder]] against [[Francis Atterbury|Atterbury]] in 1723. Cowper was not a great lawyer, but Burnet says that he managed the [[Court of Chancery]] with impartial justice and great despatch; the most eminent of his contemporaries agreed in extolling his oratory and his virtues.<ref name="EB1911"/> It is notable that Queen Anne, despite her prejudice against the [[Whig (British political party)|Whigs]] in general, came to have great respect and liking for Cowper, and continued to seek his advice even after he left office as Lord Chancellor.

==Trial of Spencer Cowper==
His younger brother, [[Spencer Cowper]] (1669–1728), was tried for the murder of Sarah Stout in 1699, but was acquitted; the lady, who had allegedly fallen in love with Cowper, having committed [[suicide]] on account of his inattention—at least according to Cowper's lawyers. Spencer was one of the managers of the impeachment of [[Henry Sacheverell]], was Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales (1714), [[Chief Justice of Chester]] (1717), and [[Court of Common Pleas (England)|Judge of the Common Pleas]] (1727). He was great uncle of [[William Cowper]], the poet.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Personal life==

===Marriages===
William Cowper was twice married: first, in about 1686, to Judith, daughter and heiress of Sir Robert Booth, a London merchant; and secondly, in 1706, to [[Mary Cowper|Mary]], daughter of John Clavering, of Chopwell, Durham. The latter marriage seems to have been based on Cowper's admiration of her beauty although he demanded to see her undressed before the wedding.<ref name=parl>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/cowper-william-1665-1723 William Cowper], History of Parliament, Retrieved 12 February 2017</ref> The 1st Earl left two sons and two daughters by his second wife:

* Lady Sarah Cowper (1707–1758)
* [[William Clavering-Cowper, 2nd Earl Cowper|William Clavering-Cowper]] (1709–1764), succeeded as 2nd Earl
* [[Spencer Cowper (priest)|Spencer Cowper]] (1713–1774), [[Dean of Durham]]
* Lady Anne Cowper (died 1750), married [[James Colleton (died 1790)|James Colleton]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MP}}

===Mistress===
Elizabeth Culling was the mistress of William Cowper, and bore him two children. She was the daughter of John Culling of Hertingfordbury Park, who died in 1687/8, and was buried in [[St Helen's, Bishopsgate]]. Her brother John died in January 1702/3 without issue, and Elizabeth inherited the estate. She died on 27 November 1703, and was buried at [[Hertingfordbury]]. Of her children, William, born on 14 November 1697, died in Paris on 31 October 1719. Mary, born on 10 September 1700, lived to maturity, and married one Robert Isaacson.

Tory writers satirised Lord Cowper as a bigamist. In ''[[The New Atalantis]]'' by [[Delarivier Manley]], the married Hernando eloquently persuades an impressionable young woman that double marriage is lawful, seducing her with a sham marriage ceremony.<ref>{{cite book|author-last=Manley|author-first=Delarivier|title=Secret Memoirs and Manners of Several Persons of Quality, of both Sexes, From The New Atalantis|year=1709|pages=218–229|url=https://archive.org/details/secretmemoirsman00manl/page/218/mode/2up|access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> [[Jonathan Swift]] referred to Cowper as "Will Bigamy".<ref>{{cite wikisource|author-last=Swift|author-first=Jonathan|year=1710|title=The Examiner, No. 17|wslink=The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift/Volume 3/The Examiner, Number 17}}</ref> In his diary, [[Thomas Hearne (antiquarian)|Thomas Hearne]] recorded that Cowper was "well known to have had two wives at a time".<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Bliss|editor-first=Philip|title=Reliquiae Hearnianae: The Remains Of Thomas Hearne|year=1869|orig-year=1705|volume=1|page=43|publisher=John Russell Smith |url=https://archive.org/details/reliquiaehearnia028618mbp/page/n53|access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> The rumours may have gained traction because Elizabeth Culling was of a station in life that perhaps would, in other circumstances, have led to her becoming Cowper's wife, rather than his mistress. In her will, she acknowledges that the children are her natural children, and the children were also acknowledged by Lord Cowper and his second wife, as will be seen from the correspondence.<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=046-dep_3&cid=-1#-1 National Archives]</ref>

==Later years and death==
In his last years Cowper was accused, but probably without reason, of active sympathy with the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]]s. He died at his residence, Cole Green near [[Panshanger]] in [[Hertfordshire]] on 10 October 1723. Mary, who was devastated by his death, outlived him by only a few months.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Relatives==
{{Cowper family tree|collapsed=yes}}

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = [[File:Coronet of a British Earl.svg|centre|150px]] [[File:Cowper Escutcheon.png|centre|200px]]
|escutcheon = Argent three martlets Gules on a chief engrailed of the last three annulets Or.
|crest = A lion's jamb erased Or holding a cherry branch Vert fructed Gules.
|supporters = Two dun horses close cropped (except a tuft on the withers) and docked a large blaze down the face a black list down the back and three white feet viz both hind and the near fore foot.
|motto = Tuum Est (It Is Thine) <ref>{{cite book|title=Debrett's Peerage |date=1869}}</ref>}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*''Private Diary of Earl Cowper'', edited by [[Edward Craven Hawtrey|E. C. Hawtrey]] for the [[Roxburghe Club]] (Eton, 1833)
*''The Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper'', edited by the Hon. Spencer Cowper (London, 1864)
*Lord Campbell, ''Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal'' (8 vols, London, 1845–1869)
*[[Edward Foss]], ''The Judges of England'' (9 vols, London, 1848–1864)
*[[Gilbert Burnet]], ''History of his Own Time'' (6 vols, Oxford, 1833)
*T. B. Howell, ''State Trials'', vols xii–xv. (33 vols, London, 1809–1828)
*[[George Cokayne|George E. Cokayne]], ''Complete Peerage'' (London, 1889).{{volume needed|date=October 2020}}{{pages needed|date=October 2020}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper}}
* {{DNB|prescript=|wstitle=Cowper, William (d.1723)|volume=12|ref=none}}
* {{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6511|title=Cowper, William, first Earl Cowper (1665–1723)|last=Treasure|first=Geoffrey|date=January 2009|volume=1|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6511}} 
* [https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_COW UK Parliamentary Archives, The Cowper Books of Standing Orders]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|en}}
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{{s-end}}

{{Lord chancellors}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cowper, William Cowper, 1st Earl}}
[[Category:1660s births]]
[[Category:1723 deaths]]
[[Category:Earls Cowper]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Lord Keepers of the Great Seal]]
[[Category:Lord chancellors of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Lord High Stewards]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:People from St Albans]]
[[Category:People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:17th-century King's Counsel]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of England]]
[[Category:English MPs 1695–1698]]
[[Category:English MPs 1698–1700]]
[[Category:English MPs 1701]]
[[Category:English MPs 1701–1702]]
[[Category:English MPs 1702–1705]]
[[Category:Peers of England created by Queen Anne]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of England for Bere Alston]]
[[Category:People from Wingham, Kent]]
[[Category:18th-century King's Counsel]]