View source for William Dunbar

{{short description|Scottish court poet (1459/60 ~ 1530) }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{about other people|the Scottish poet}}
[[File:Statue of William Dunbar, Scottish National Portrait Gallery.jpg|thumb|Statue of William Dunbar, Scottish National Portrait Gallery]]
[[File:Goldyn Targe.gif|250px|thumb|Title page of Dunbar's ''The Goldyn Targe'' in the Chepman and Myllar Prints of 1508. ([[National Library of Scotland]]).]]
'''William Dunbar''' (1459 or 1460 – by 1530) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[makar]], or court poet, active in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. He was closely associated with the court of [[James IV of Scotland|King James IV]]<ref name="ALHTS">[https://archive.org/details/accountsoflordhi03scot Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland]</ref> and produced a large body of work in [[Scots language|Scots]] distinguished by its great variation in themes and literary styles. He was probably a native of [[East Lothian]], as assumed from a satirical reference in ''[[The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie]]''.<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie">[[W. Mackay Mackenzie]], ''The Poems of William Dunbar'', The Mercat Press, Edinburgh,1990.</ref><ref name="Flyting">[http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/dunfrm4.htm The full text of ''The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy'' with notes at TEAMS]</ref> His surname is also spelt ''Dumbar''.

==Biography==
Dunbar first appears in the historical record in 1474 as a new student or ''determinant'' of the Faculty of Arts at the [[University of St Andrews]].<ref name="St. andrews">J.M. Anderson, ''Early records of the University of St Andrews: the graduation roll 1413–1579 and the matriculation roll 1473–1579'', Scottish History Society, Edinburgh, 1926</ref><ref name="Faculty of Arts">A.I. Dunlop, Acta facultatis artium Universitatis Sanctandree, 1413–1588, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1964</ref> Since the customary age for entering a Scottish university at this time was fourteen, a birth-date of 1459 or 1460 has been assumed. At St Andrews, he obtained a bachelor's degree in 1477 and a master's degree in 1479.<ref name="St. andrews"/><ref name="Faculty of Arts"/> Details from his later life suggest that he was ordained as a priest at some point, but the date is unknown.

In 1491 and 1492, Dunbar accompanied an embassy to [[Denmark–Norway|Denmark]] and France in an unknown capacity.<ref name="Nicholson">Ranald Nicolson, ''The Edinburgh History of Scotland'' Volume 2, 'The Later Middle Ages', Mercat Press, Edinburgh, 1974</ref> In 1501 and 1502, he participated in an embassy to England in the staff of [[Andrew Forman]], Bishop of Moray.<ref name="Nicholson"/>

From 1500 the poet was employed at the court of King James in a role for which he received an annual pension.<ref name="ALHTS"/> His duties are not recorded; he is referred to only as a {{lang|sco|servitour}} or servant; but it is to this period that the bulk of his poetry can be dated.
Several of Dunbar's poems were included in the [[Chepman and Myllar Press|Chepman and Myllar prints]] of 1508, the first books to be printed in Scotland.<ref name="C and M">[http://digital.nls.uk/firstscottishbooks/ The Chepman and Myllar Prints]</ref>

In 1510, his pension was set at the substantial annual sum of eighty [[Pound Scots|pounds Scots]].<ref name="ALHTS"/> In comparison, Dunbar's contemporary [[Hector Boece]] received an annual salary of £26 13s for his role as Principal of [[King's College, Aberdeen]].<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/>

The last reliable reference to Dunbar is in the Treasurer's Accounts for May 1513,<ref name="ALHTS"/> where he is recorded receiving payment of his pension. James died at [[Battle of Flodden|Flodden]] in September of the same year. In the dislocation that followed, the Treasurer's accounts cease for a period and, when resumed in 1515, Dunbar is no longer recorded as being employed by the crown.

A poem, ''Quhen the Governour Past in France'', describing the departure of the [[John Stewart, Duke of Albany|Regent Albany]] for France in 1517, is attributed to Dunbar in the [[Maitland Manuscripts]],<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/> suggesting that he was still active at the time. But in Sir [[David Lyndsay]]'s work ''The Testament and Complaynt of the Papyngo'' of 1530, Dunbar is referred to as being deceased.<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/> The exact date of his death remains unknown.

==Dunbar's poetry==
William Dunbar's poetry contained a wide variety of subjects, moods and [[Metre (poetry)|metres]]. He wrote many devout religious works and noble courtly pieces but he also produced comic pieces which often made use of scurrilous elements and uninhibited language.

===Commemorative and occasional works===
Some of Dunbar's poems were clearly commissioned to mark public events. His allegory ''[[The Thrissil and the Rois]]'' commemorated the marriage of [[Margaret Tudor|Margaret of England]] to King James in 1503 while the ''Eulogy to Bernard Stewart, Lord of Aubigny'' welcomed the arrival of [[Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny|a distinguished Franco-Scottish soldier]] as the French ambassador in 1508. Local events were also marked such as the visit of Queen Margaret to the '{{lang|sco|italic=no|blyth and blissful burgh of [[Aberdeen|Aberdein]]}}' in 1511.<ref name="Bawcutt">P. Bawcutt, ''The Poems of William Dunbar'', Association for Scottish Literary Studies, Glasgow, 1999.</ref>

The poem "In Honour of the City of London", of the [[List of literary descriptions of cities (before 1550)|medieval urban description]] genre, was made into a [[In Honour of the City of London|cantata of the same name]] by [[William Walton]] in 1937.<ref name=Fulton>{{citation |jstor=40732051 |title=The Encomium Urbis in Medieval Welsh Poetry |author=Helen Fulton |journal=Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium |volume=26/27 |pages=54–72 |year=2006–2007  }}</ref><ref>Joyce Kennedy, Michael Kennedy and Tim Rutherford-Johnson (eds.), "In Honour of the City of London", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Music'', 6th ed. (Oxford University Press, 2012).</ref>

===Religious and moral works===
Dunbar was an [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|ordained priest]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church in Scotland]] and several of his works have religious subject matter. ''Rorate Celi Desuper'', ''Of the Passioun of Christ'' and ''Done is a Battell on the Dragon Blak'' deal with the [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]], [[Passion of Jesus|Passion]] and [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] respectively. ''Ane Ballat of Our Lady'' is a hymn in praise of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|the Blessed Virgin]]. ''The Table of Confession'' discusses [[sin]] and [[Sacrament of Penance|confession]].<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/><ref name="Bawcutt"/>

Poems with a secular moral theme also occur in his work such as ''Of Deming'' and the trilogy of short pieces ''Of Discretioun in Asking'', ''Of Discretioun in Geving'' and ''Of Discretioun in Taking''.<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/><ref name="Bawcutt"/>

Dunbar's poems The ''Tabill Of Confessioun'', ''Rorate Celi Desuper'' and ''Done Is A Battell On The Dragon Blak'' were included in the "Ballatis of Theologie" section of the [[Bannatyne Manuscript]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bannatyne|first=George|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7034966M/The_Bannatyne_manuscript|title=The Bannatyne manuscript|date=1896|publisher=Printed for the Hunterian Club|location=[Glasgow]|ol=7034966M}}</ref>

===Court entertainment===
Many of the poet's pieces appear to provide entertainment for the King, the Queen and his fellow [[courtier]]s with comic elements as a recurring theme. The well known ''[[Ane Dance in the Quenis Chalmer]]'' is a comic satire of court life. The notorious [[The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie|flyting with Kennedy]] was an exchange of outrageous poetic insults with his fellow makar [[Walter Kennedy (poet)|Walter Kennedy]] while ''The Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins'' is a series of comic scenes set in [[Hell]].<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/><ref name="Bawcutt"/>

Poems in the tradition of [[courtly love]] are represented in Dunbar's work including a short lyric ''Sweit Rois of Vertew'' and the extended allegory ''The Goldyn Targe''.<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/><ref name="Bawcutt"/>

Other court entertainments were more personal. ''[[Of James Dog]]'' and its sequel ''[[He Is Na Dog, He Is a Lam]]'' describe the poet's dealings with the keeper of the Queen's wardrobe.<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/><ref name="Bawcutt"/>

===Satires and commentary on public life===
A recurring theme in Dunbar's work is [[satire]]. He satirised colleagues of whom he disapproved such as in ''[[The Fenyeit Freir of Tungland]]'' and he urged the burgesses of [[Edinburgh]] to show greater civic pride in ''To the Merchantis of Edinburgh''. ''Tydings Fra The Sessioun'' criticised corruption in the [[Court of Session]].<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/><ref name="Bawcutt"/> In ''The Treatise of Mr. Andro Kennedy,'' he directs satire at a member of the court of [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Edward|date=1994|title=The Testament of the Buck' and the Sociology of the Text|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/8330410|journal=Review of English Studies|volume=45|pages=416–438|id={{ProQuest|8330410}}}}</ref>

Some of Dunbar's satirical poems are preserved in the Bannatyne Manuscript, including ''[[The Dregy Of Dunbar|The Dregy of Dunbar]]'', ''[[The Twa Cummeris]]'', and ''[[The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie]]'' to name a few.<ref name=":0" />

===Petitions to the King and personal affairs===
William Dunbar was willing to reveal his personal affairs in his poetry and a number of his works are petitioned to the King asking for personal advancement. He often requested to be appointed to an office in the church, which he refers to as a ''benefice''.<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/> A typical example is ''Quone Mony Benefices Vakit''. On other occasions, his requests were more modest. In ''[[The Petition of The Gray Horse, Auld Dunbar]]'' the poet asked the King for a new suit of clothes to mark Christmas.<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/><ref name="Bawcutt"/> The poem ''Schir, Ye Have Mony Servitouris'' makes clear his comparative value to the king and country.<ref>10</ref>

Elsewhere, Dunbar seemed to reveal other aspects of his private life. His famous [[Memento mori]] poem ''[[Lament for the Makaris]]'' eulogised his fellow Scottish poets who had died. ''[[Meditatioun In Wyntir]]'' considers ageing and the poet's frustrated ambitions while ''[[On His Heid-Ake]]'' is apparently an attempt to excuse a lack of productivity by recounting a [[migraine]].<ref name="Mackay Mackenzie"/><ref name="Bawcutt"/>

==Work and influence==
{{Moresources|section|date=January 2023}}
Dunbar's reputation among his immediate successors was considerable. By later criticism, stimulated in some measure by [[Walter Scott|Scott]]'s eulogy that he is "unrivalled by any which Scotland has produced", he has held the highest place among the makars.

One hundred and one poems have been ascribed to Dunbar. Of these at least ninety are generally accepted as his; of the eleven attributed to him, it would be hard to say that they should not be considered authentic. Most doubt has clung to his verse tale ''The Freiris of Berwik'', so much so that it seems unlikely that he was the author. The only copy manuscript of this text is in French, and although the style is very close to that of Dunbar's, it is unlikely that he was the author of this anonymous text.<ref>''The Mercat Anthology of Scottish Literature 1375–1707'', The Mercat Press, Edinburgh, 1997.</ref>

Dunbar's chief allegorical poems are ''The Goldyn Targe'' and ''The Thrissil and the Rois''. The motif of the former is the poet's futile endeavour, in a dream, to ward off Dame Beauty's arrows by Reason's "scheld of gold." When wounded and made prisoner, he discovers the true beauty of the lady: when she leaves him, he is handed over to Heaviness. The noise of the ship's guns, as the company sails off, wakes the poet to the real pleasures of a May morning. Dunbar works on the same theme in a shorter poem, known as ''Beauty and the Prisoner''. The ''Thrissil and the Rois'' is a [[wikt:prothalamium|prothalamium]] in honour of King James and Queen Margaret.

The greater part of Dunbar's work is [[occasional poetry|occasional]] – personal and social satire, complaints, [[wikt:orison|orison]]s and pieces of a humorous character. His best-known orison, usually remembered as ''[[Timor mortis conturbat me]]'' which is repeated as the fourth line of each verse, is titled ''[[Lament for the Makaris]]'' and takes the form of prayer in memory of the medieval Scots poets.

The humorous works show Dunbar at his finest. The best specimen of this work, of which the outstanding characteristics are sheer whimsicality and topsy-turvy humour, is ''The Ballad of Kynd Kittok''. This strain runs throughout many of the [[occasional poems]], and is not wanting in odd passages in Dunbar's contemporaries; and it has the additional interest of showing a direct historical relationship with the work of later Scottish poets, and chiefly with that of [[Robert Burns]]. Dunbar's satire often becomes invective. Examples of this type are ''The Satire on Edinburgh'', ''The General Satire'', the ''Epitaph on Donald Owre'', and the powerful vision of ''The Dance of the Sevin Deidlie Synnis''. Two satirical ballads lampoon a colleague at court, the would-be aviator [[John Damian]]. In ''[[The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie|The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy]]'', an outstanding specimen of a favourite northern form, analogous to the continental [[estrif]], or [[tenzone]], he and his rival reach a height of scurrility which is certainly without parallel in English literature. This poem has the additional interest of showing the antipathy between the [[Middle Scots]]-speakers in the [[Lothians]] and the [[Galwegian Gaelic]]-speaking population of [[Carrick, Scotland|Carrick]], in the south of [[Ayrshire]], where [[Walter Kennedy (poet)|Walter Kennedy]] was from.

=="Back to Dunbar"==
For the [[Scottish Renaissance|Scottish Literary Renaissance]] in the mid-twentieth century, Dunbar was a touchstone. Many tried to imitate his style, and "high-brow" subject matter, such as [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] and [[Sydney Goodsir Smith]]. As MacDiarmid himself said, they had to go "back to Dunbar". To make Dunbar more accessible to the modern reader ''Selected Poems of William Dunbar: An Interlinear Translation'' was published by [[Lawrence Siegler]] in 2010.

Dunbar is commemorated in [[Makars' Court]], outside [[The Writers' Museum]], [[Lawnmarket]], [[Edinburgh]].

== Works ==
* [[Ane Dance in the Quenis Chalmer]]
* [[The Dregy Of Dunbar]]
* [[The Fenyeit Freir of Tungland]]
* [[The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie]]
* [[The Twa Cummeris]]
* [[The Goldyn Targe]]
* [[He Is Na Dog, He Is a Lam]]
* [[On His Heid-Ake]]
* [[Of Ane Blak-Moir]]
* [[Of James Dog]]
* [[Lament for the Makaris]] (Timor mortis conturbat me)
* [[Meditatioun In Wyntir]]
* [[The Petition of The Gray Horse, Auld Dunbar]]
* [[Remonstrance to the King]] (Schir, ye have mony servitouris)
* [[The Thrissil and the Rois]]
* [[The Tua Mariit Wemen and the Wedo]]

==See also==
* [[Lament for the Makaris]], in which Dunbar discusses his 'poetic [[Profession|facultie]]'

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Wikisource author-inline}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Dunbar}}
* {{Librivox author |id=8620}}
* [http://imslp.org/wiki/Ode_on_the_Nativity_(Parry%2C_Charles_Hubert_Hastings) Ode on the Nativity]
* [http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/dunint.htm A collection of Dunbar's works] at 'TEAMS Middle English Texts'

{{Scots makars}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunbar, William}}
[[Category:1460s births]]
[[Category:16th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Scots Makars]]
[[Category:Scottish Catholic poets]]
[[Category:Lallans poets]]
[[Category:People from East Lothian]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews]]
[[Category:Court of James IV of Scotland]]
[[Category:15th-century Scottish writers]]
[[Category:16th-century Scottish male writers]]
[[Category:Scottish Renaissance writers]]
[[Category:15th-century Scottish poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Scottish poets]]
[[Category:Middle Scots poets]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of death unknown]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Occasional poets]]
[[Category:15th-century Scottish Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:16th-century Scottish Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Scottish satirical poets]]