View source for William IV

{{Short description|King of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1837}}
{{other people|named=titled}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image        = William IV in 1833 by Shee cropped.jpg
| caption      = ''[[Portrait of William IV (Archer Shee)|Portrait of William IV]]'' (1833)
| alt          = William in Garter Robes with his right hand on his sword and St Edward's Crown and sceptre beside him.
| succession   = [[King of the United Kingdom]] and [[King of Hanover|Hanover]]
| reign        = 26 June 1830 – {{awrap|20 June 1837}}
| coronation   = 8 September 1831
| cor-type     = [[Coronation of William IV and Adelaide|Coronation]]
| predecessor  = [[George IV]]
| successor    = '''[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]''':<br>[[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]<br>'''[[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]]''':<br>[[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen]]|11 July 1818}}
| issue        = {{indented plainlist |
* [[George FitzClarence, Earl of Munster]]
* [[Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley]]
* [[Lady Mary Fox]]
* [[Lord Frederick FitzClarence]]
* [[Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll]]
* [[Lord Adolphus FitzClarence]]
* [[Lady Augusta Gordon]]
* [[Lord Augustus FitzClarence]]
* [[Amelia Cary, Viscountess Falkland]]
* [[Princess Elizabeth of Clarence]]
  }}
| issue-link   = #Issue
| issue-pipe   = more...
| full name    = William Henry
| house        = [[House of Hanover|Hanover]]
| father       = [[George III]]
| mother       = [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1765|8|21|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]], London, England
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1837|6|20|1765|8|21|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Windsor Castle]], Berkshire, England
| burial_date  = 8 July 1837
| burial_place = Royal Vault, [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]]
| religion     = [[Protestantism in the United Kingdom|Protestant]]
| signature    = William IV Signature.svg
| signature_alt = Cursive signature of William IV
| module       = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
  | allegiance    = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]<!--No flags per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG-->
  | branch        = [[Royal Navy]]
  | serviceyears  = 1779–1790
  | serviceyears_label = Years of active service
  | rank          = [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear admiral]] (active service)
  | servicenumber = <!-- Do not use data from primary sources such as service records -->
  | unit          =
  | commands      = {{plainlist|
* {{HMS|Valiant|1759|6}}
* {{HMS|Andromeda|1784|6}}
* {{HMS|Pegasus|1779|6}}}}
  | battles_label =
  | battles       = [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]]
  | awards        = }}
}}

'''William IV''' (William Henry; 21 August 1765&nbsp;– 20 June 1837) was [[King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] and [[King of Hanover]] from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of [[George&nbsp;III]], William succeeded his elder brother [[George&nbsp;IV]], becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of the United Kingdom's [[House of Hanover]].

William served in the [[Royal Navy]] in his youth, spending time in [[British North America]] and the [[Caribbean]], and was later nicknamed the "Sailor King". In 1789, he was created [[Duke of Clarence and St Andrews]]. Between 1791 and 1811, he cohabited with the actress [[Dorothea Jordan]], with whom he had ten children. In 1818, he married [[Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen]]. In 1827, he was appointed Britain's [[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral]], the first since 1709. 

As his two elder brothers died without leaving [[Legitimacy (family law)|legitimate]] issue, William [[inherited the throne]] when he was 64 years old. His reign saw several reforms: the [[English Poor Laws|Poor Law]] was updated, [[child labour]] restricted, [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|slavery abolished]] in nearly all of the [[British Empire]], and the electoral system refashioned by the [[Reform Act 1832]]. Although William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, he was the last British monarch to appoint a prime minister contrary to the will of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. He granted [[Kingdom of Hanover|his German kingdom]] a short-lived liberal constitution. William had no surviving legitimate children at the time of his death, so he was succeeded by his niece [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] in the United Kingdom and his brother [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]] in Hanover, ending the 123-year [[personal union]] between the two countries.

== Early life ==
[[File:Prince William and Prince Edward 1778.jpg|thumb|upright|left|William (left), aged thirteen, and his younger brother [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|Edward]], painted by [[Benjamin West]], 1778]]
William was born in the early hours of the morning on 21 August 1765 at [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]], the third child and son of King [[George&nbsp;III]] and [[Queen Charlotte]].<ref>Ziegler, p. 12.</ref> He had two elder brothers, [[George IV|George, Prince of Wales]], and [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|Prince Frederick]] (later [[Duke of York and Albany]]), and was not expected to inherit the Crown. He was baptised in the Great Council Chamber of [[St James's Palace]] on 20 September 1765. His godparents were the King's siblings: [[Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh]]; [[Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn|Prince Henry]] (later [[Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn]]); and [[Princess Augusta of Great Britain|Princess Augusta]], Hereditary Duchess of [[Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]].<ref name=":0">{{London Gazette|issue=10558|page=1|date=21 September 1765}}</ref>

William spent most of his early life in [[Richmond, London|Richmond]] and at [[Kew Palace]], where he was educated by private tutors.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 13–19.</ref> At the age of thirteen, he joined the [[Royal Navy]] as a [[midshipman]],<ref>Ziegler, pp. 23–31.</ref> in Admiral [[Robert Digby (admiral)|Robert Digby]]'s squadron. For four years the lieutenant of his watch was [[Richard Goodwin Keats]], with whom he formed a life-long friendship and whom he described as the one to whom he owed all his professional knowledge.<ref name="Hannah">{{cite book |last1=Hannah |first1=P |title=Keats, A Treasure to the Service |date=2021 |publisher=Green Hill |location=Adelaide |isbn=978-1-922629-73-9 |pages=14–18}}</ref> He was present at the [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)|Battle of Cape St Vincent]] in 1780,<ref>Allen, p. 29 and Ziegler, p. 32.</ref> when the ''San Julián'' struck her colours to his ship.<ref name="Hannah" /> His experiences in the navy seem to have been little different from those of other midshipmen, though in contrast to other sailors he was accompanied on board ship by a tutor. He did his share of the cooking<ref>Ziegler, p. 29.</ref> and got arrested with his shipmates after a drunken brawl in [[Gibraltar]]; he was hastily released from custody after his identity became known.<ref>Ziegler, p. 33.</ref>

William served in New York during the [[American War of Independence]], making him the only member of the [[British royal family]] to visit America up to and through the [[American Revolution]]. While William was in America, [[George Washington]] approved a plot to kidnap him, writing:
<blockquote>
The spirit of enterprise so conspicuous in your plan for surprising in their quarters and bringing off the Prince William Henry and Admiral Digby merits applause; and you have my authority to make the attempt in any manner, and at such a time, as your judgment may direct. I am fully persuaded, that it is unnecessary to caution you against offering insult or indignity to the persons of the Prince or Admiral...<ref>George Washington writing to Colonel Ogden, 28 March 1782, quoted in Allen, p. 31 and Ziegler, p. 39.</ref>
</blockquote>
The plot did not come to fruition; the British heard of it and assigned guards to William, who had until then walked around New York unescorted.<ref>Allen, p. 32 and Ziegler, p. 39.</ref> In September 1781, William held court at the [[Manhattan]] home of Governor [[James Robertson (British Army officer)|James Robertson]]. In attendance were Mayor [[David Mathews]], Admiral Digby, and General [[Oliver De Lancey (American loyalist)|Oliver De Lancey]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Historical Memoirs of William Smith |publisher=Arno Press |date=1956 |editor-last=Sabine |editor-first=William H. W. |volume=III |location=New York |pages=446–447}}</ref>
[[File: Gainsborough - Prince William, 1782.jpg|thumb|right|Prince William at the age of 17, by [[Thomas Gainsborough]], {{circa|September 1782}}]]
William became a lieutenant in 1785 and [[Captain (naval)|captain]] of {{HMS|Pegasus|1779|6}} the following year,<ref>Ziegler, pp. 54–57.</ref> during which he [[Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador#History|spent time in the colonies of Newfoundland]] and [[Monarchy in Nova Scotia#History|Nova Scotia]]. Later in 1786, he was stationed in the [[West Indies]] under [[Horatio Nelson]], who wrote of William, "in his professional line, he is superior to two-thirds, I am sure, of the [naval] list; and in attention to orders, and respect to his superior officer, I hardly know his equal."<ref>Ziegler, p. 59.</ref> The two were great friends, and dined together almost nightly. At Nelson's wedding, William insisted on giving [[Frances Nelson|the bride]] away.<ref>Somerset, p. 42.</ref> After [[Monarchy in Quebec#The American Revolution|touring Quebec]] in 1787, he was, the next year, given command of the frigate {{HMS|Andromeda|1784|6}} and promoted to [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|rear-admiral]] while commanding {{HMS|Valiant|1759|6}} in 1790.<ref>
{{cite book|last1=Syrett|first1=David|last2=DiNardo|first2=R. L.|year=1994|title=The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy 1660–1815|location=Aldershot|publisher=Scolar Press|isbn=1-85928-122-2|page=82}}; {{cite book |last=Winfield |first=Rif|title=British Warships in the Age of Sail 1817–1863: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|publisher=Seaforth|year=2014|isbn=978-1-84832-169-4|page=240}}</ref>

William sought to be made a [[duke]] like his elder brothers, and to receive a similar parliamentary grant, but his father was reluctant. To put pressure on him, William threatened to stand for the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]] for the constituency of [[Totnes (UK Parliament constituency)|Totnes]] in Devon. Appalled at the prospect of his son making his case to the voters, the King created him [[Duke of Clarence and St Andrews]] and [[Earl of Munster]] on 19 May 1789,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13097 |date=19 May 1789 |page=377}}</ref><ref>Ziegler, p. 70.</ref> supposedly saying: "I well know it is another vote added to the Opposition."<ref>Memoirs of [[Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, 1st Baronet]], p. 154 quoted in Ziegler, p. 89.</ref> William's political record was inconsistent and, like many politicians of the time, cannot be ascribed to a single party. However, he allied himself publicly with the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]], as did his elder brothers, who were known to be in conflict with the political positions of their father.<ref>Allen, p. 46 and Ziegler, pp. 89–92.</ref>

== Naval career ==
[[File:William IV by Sir Martin Archer Shee.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Portrait of the Duke of Clarence|Portrait in dress uniform]] by [[Martin Archer Shee]], c. 1800]]
William ceased his active service in the Royal Navy in 1790.<ref name="rh">{{cite web |date=15 January 2016 |title=William IV |url=https://www.royal.uk/william-iv-r-1830-1837 |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=Official web site of the British monarchy |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001850/https://www.royal.uk/william-iv-r-1830-1837 |url-status=live}}</ref> When Britain declared war on France in 1793, he was eager to serve his country and expected to be given a command but was not, perhaps at first because he had broken his arm by falling down some stairs drunk, but later perhaps because he gave a speech in the [[House of Lords]] opposing the war.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 91–94.</ref> The following year he spoke in favour of the war, and expected a command after his change of heart; none came. The [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]] did not reply to his request.<ref>Ziegler, p. 94.</ref> He did not lose hope of being appointed to an active post. In 1798 he was made an [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|admiral]], but the rank was purely nominal.<ref>Ziegler, p. 95.</ref> Despite repeated petitions, he was never given a command throughout the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>Ziegler, pp. 95–97.</ref> In 1811, he was appointed to the honorary position of [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]]. In 1813, he came nearest to involvement in actual fighting, when he visited the British troops fighting in the [[Low Countries]]. Watching the bombardment of [[Antwerp]] from a church steeple, he came under fire, and a bullet pierced his coat.<ref>Ziegler, p. 115.</ref>

Instead of serving at sea, William spent time in the House of Lords, where he spoke in opposition to the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition of slavery]], which still existed in the British colonies. Freedom would do the slaves little good, he argued. He had travelled widely and, in his eyes, the living standard among freemen in the [[Highlands and Islands]] of Scotland was worse than that among slaves in the [[West Indies]].<ref>Ziegler, p. 54.</ref> His experience in the Caribbean, where he "quickly absorbed the plantation owners' views about slavery",<ref>Hochschild, p. 186.</ref> lent weight to his position, which was perceived as well-argued and just by some of his contemporaries.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 97–99.</ref> In his first speech before Parliament he called himself "an attentive observer of the state of the negroes" who found them well cared for and "in a state of humble happiness".<ref>Hochschild, p. 187.</ref> Others thought it "shocking that so young a man, under no bias of interest, should be earnest in continuance of the slave trade".<ref>[[Zachary Macaulay]] writing to Miss Mills, 1 June 1799, quoted in Ziegler, p. 98.</ref> In his speech to the House, William insulted [[William Wilberforce]], the leading abolitionist, saying: "the proponents of the abolition are either fanatics or hypocrites, and in one of those classes I rank Mr. Wilberforce".<ref>Fulford, p. 121.</ref> On other issues he was more liberal, such as supporting moves to abolish [[Penal law (Britain)|penal laws]] against [[English Dissenters|dissenting Christians]].<ref>Ziegler, p. 99.</ref> He also opposed efforts to bar those found guilty of adultery from remarriage.<ref>Fulford, pp. 121–122.</ref>

== Relationships and marriage ==
[[File:Lubber's-hole, -alias- the crack'd Jordan (BM 1851,0901.552).jpg|thumb|upright|Cartoon by [[James Gillray]] of William and Mrs. Jordan: A large, cracked [[chamber-pot]] represents Mrs. Jordan, and the Duke has thrust himself into a fissure in the "Jordan".]]
William had an illegitimate son before 1791 whose mother is unknown; the son, also called William, likely drowned off [[Madagascar]] when [[HMS Blenheim (1761)|HMS ''Blenheim'']] sank or foundered in February 1807.<ref>William writing to [[Lord Collingwood]], 21 May 1808, quoted in Ziegler, p. 83.</ref> Caroline von Linsingen, whose father was a general in the Hanoverian infantry, claimed to have had a son, Heinrich, by William in around 1790 but William was not in Hanover at the time that she claims, and the story is considered implausible by historians.<ref>Allen, p. 36 and Ziegler, p. 50.</ref>

From 1791, William lived with an Irish actress, [[Dorothea Bland]], better known by her stage name Mrs Jordan,<ref name="rh"/> the title "Mrs" being assumed at the start of her stage career to explain an inconvenient pregnancy<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 51.</ref> and "Jordan" because she had "crossed the water" from Ireland to Britain.<ref>Allen, p. 49 and Ziegler, p. 76.</ref> He appeared to enjoy the domesticity of his life with Mrs. Jordan, remarking to a friend: "Mrs Jordan is a very good creature, very domestic and careful of her children. To be sure she is absurd sometimes and has her humours. But there are such things more or less in all families."<ref>{{cite book|last=Pocock|first=Tom|title=The Sailor King: The Life of William IV|edition=ebook|pages=979–980|publisher=Lume Books|year=2020|orig-date=1991|isbn=978-1-85619-075-6}}</ref> The couple, while living quietly, enjoyed entertaining, with Mrs. Jordan writing in late 1809: "We shall have a full and merry house this Christmas, 'tis what the dear Duke delights in."<ref>Fulford, p. 125.</ref> The King was accepting of his son's relationship with the actress (though recommending that he halve her allowance);<ref>Ziegler, pp. 80–81.</ref> in 1797, he created William the Ranger of [[Bushy Park]], which included a large residence, [[Bushy House]], for William's growing family.<ref>Somerset, p. 68.</ref> William used Bushy as his principal residence until he became king.<ref>Allen, pp. 52–53 and Ziegler, p. 82.</ref> His London residence, [[Clarence House]], was constructed to the designs of [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]] between 1825 and 1827.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Royal Residences: Clarence House |url=https://www.royal.uk/royal-residences-clarence-house |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=Official web site of the British monarchy |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328155336/https://www.royal.uk/royal-residences-clarence-house |url-status=live}}</ref>

The couple had ten illegitimate children—five sons and five daughters—nine of whom were named after William's siblings; each was given the surname "[[FitzClarence]]".<ref>Ziegler, p. 296.</ref><ref name="weir">Weir, pp. 303–304.</ref> Their affair lasted for twenty years before ending in 1811. Mrs Jordan had no doubt about the reason for the break-up: "Money, money, my good friend, has, I am convinced made HIM at this moment the most wretched of men", adding, "With all his excellent qualities, his domestic ''virtues'', his love for his ''lovely'' children, what must he not at this moment suffer?"<ref>Somerset, pp. 78–79.</ref> She was given a financial settlement of £4,400 ({{Inflation|UK|4400|1811|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{inflation-fn|UK}} per year and custody of her daughters on condition that she did not resume the stage. When she resumed acting in an effort to repay debts incurred by the husband of one of her daughters from a previous relationship, William took custody of the daughters and stopped paying the £1,500 ({{Inflation|UK|1500|1814|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{inflation-fn|UK}} designated for their maintenance. After Mrs Jordan's acting career began to fail, she fled to France to escape her creditors and died, impoverished, near Paris in 1816.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 108–109.</ref>

[[File:TheDisconsolateSailor.jpg|thumb|280px|"The Disconsolate Sailor", 1811: a cartoon by Charles Williams about Catherine Tylney-Long's choice between the Duke of Clarence (right) and [[William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, 4th Earl of Mornington|William Wesley-Pole]] (left)]]
Deeply in debt, William made several attempts at marrying a wealthy heiress, such as [[Catherine Tylney-Long]], but his suits were unsuccessful.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 99–100.</ref> Following the death of William's niece [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]], then second-in-line to the British throne, in 1817, George&nbsp;III was left with twelve children but no legitimate grandchildren. The race was on among his sons, the [[royal duke]]s, to marry and produce an heir. William had great advantages in this race—his two older brothers were both childless and estranged from their wives, who were both beyond childbearing age anyway, and William was the healthiest of the three.<ref>Ziegler, p. 118.</ref> If he lived long enough, he would almost certainly ascend the British and Hanoverian thrones and have the opportunity to sire the next monarch. William's initial choices of potential wives either met with the disapproval of his eldest brother, the Prince of Wales, or turned him down. His younger brother [[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge]], was sent to Germany to scout out the available Protestant princesses; he came up with [[Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel]], but her father, [[Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel|Frederick]], declined the match.<ref>Letter from Hesse to the Duke of Cambridge, 1 March 1818, quoted in Ziegler, p. 121.</ref> Two months later Adolphus married Augusta himself. Eventually, however, a princess was found who was amiable, home-loving and willing to accept (even enthusiastically welcome) William's nine surviving children, several of whom had not yet reached adulthood.<ref>Ziegler, p. 121.</ref> In the Drawing Room at [[Kew Palace]] on 11 July 1818, William married [[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen]].<ref>''The Times'', Monday, 13 July 1818 p. 3 col.A</ref>

William's marriage, which lasted almost twenty years until his death, was a happy one. Adelaide took both William and his finances in hand. For their first year of marriage the couple lived in economical fashion in Germany. William's debts were soon on the way to being paid, especially since Parliament had voted him an increased allowance, which he reluctantly accepted after his requests to have it increased further were refused.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 121–129.</ref> William is not known to have had mistresses after his marriage.<ref name="ma">{{cite book |last=Ashley |first=Mike |title=The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens |publisher=Robinson |date=1998 |isbn=978-1-84119-096-9 |location=London |pages=686–687}}</ref><ref name="dnb">{{Cite ODNB |last=Brock |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Brock |date=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29451 |title=William IV (1765–1837) |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/29451 |access-date=6 July 2007}}</ref><ref>Allen, p. 87.</ref> The couple had two short-lived daughters and Adelaide suffered two miscarriages.<ref name="Ziegler, p. 136">Ziegler, p. 136.</ref> Despite this, false rumours that she was pregnant persisted into William's reign—he dismissed them as "damned stuff".<ref>Ziegler, p. 268.</ref>

== Lord High Admiral ==
[[File:WilliamIVWhileLordHighAdmiral.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait as Lord High Admiral. Print by William James Ward, after [[Abraham Wivell]]'s painting, first published in 1827]]
William's eldest brother, the Prince of Wales, had been [[Prince Regent]] since 1811 because of the mental illness of their father. In 1820, George&nbsp;III died and the Prince Regent became George&nbsp;IV. William was now second in the line of succession, preceded only by his brother [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany]]. Reformed since his marriage, William walked for hours, ate relatively frugally, and the only drink he imbibed in quantity was [[barley water]] flavoured with lemon.<ref>Ziegler, p. 130.</ref> Both of his older brothers were unhealthy, and it was considered only a matter of time before he became king.<ref>Molloy, p. 9.</ref> When Frederick died in 1827, William, then more than 60 years old, became [[heir presumptive]]. Later that year, the incoming prime minister, [[George Canning]], appointed him to the office of [[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral]], which had been in commission (that is, exercised by a board rather than by a single individual) since 1709. While in office, William had repeated conflicts with [[Lord High Admirals Council|his Council]], which was composed of [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] officers. Things finally came to a head in 1828 when, as Lord High Admiral, he put to sea with a squadron of ships, leaving no word of where they were going, and remained away for ten days. The King requested his resignation through the prime minister, [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]]; he complied.<ref name="dnb"/>

Despite the difficulties William experienced, he did considerable good as Lord High Admiral. He abolished the [[cat o' nine tails]] for most offences other than mutiny, attempted to improve the standard of naval gunnery, and required regular reports of the condition and preparedness of each ship. He commissioned the first steam warship and advocated the construction of more.<ref>Ziegler, p. 141.</ref> Holding the office permitted him to make mistakes and learn from them—a process that might have been far more costly if he had not learnt before becoming king that he should act only with the advice of his councillors.<ref name="dnb"/><ref>Ziegler, p. 133.</ref>

William spent much of his remaining time during his brother's reign in the House of Lords. He supported the [[Catholic Emancipation]] Bill against the opposition of his younger brother [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland]], describing the latter's position on the Bill as "infamous", to Ernest's outrage.<ref name="Ziegler143">Ziegler, p. 143.</ref> George&nbsp;IV's health was increasingly bad; it was obvious by early 1830 that he was near death. The King took his leave of William at the end of May, stating, "God's will be done. I have injured no man. It will all rest on you then."<ref>Fulford, p. 137.</ref> William's genuine affection for his older brother could not mask his rising anticipation that he would soon be king.<ref name=Ziegler143/><ref>Allen, pp. 77–78.</ref>{{Clear}}

== Reign ==

=== Early reign ===
[[File:WilliamIVbyLonsdale.jpg|thumb|Portrait by [[James Lonsdale (painter)|James Lonsdale]], 1830. William wears Masonic insignia.]]
When George IV died on 26 June 1830 without surviving legitimate issue, William succeeded him as William&nbsp;IV. Aged 64, he was the oldest person at that point to assume the British throne,<ref>Ashley, p. 3.</ref> a distinction he would hold until surpassed by [[Charles III]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rayner|first=Gordon|title=Prince of Wales will be oldest monarch crowned|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10320264/Prince-of-Wales-will-be-oldest-monarch-crowned.html|access-date=19 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=19 September 2013|archive-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130920192835/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-charles/10320264/Prince-of-Wales-will-be-oldest-monarch-crowned.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II dies aged 96 at Balmoral |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/09/08/queen-dead-age-96-royal-family-balmoral-buckingham-palace/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref>

Unlike his extravagant brother, William was unassuming, discouraging pomp and ceremony. In contrast to George&nbsp;IV, who tended to spend most of his time in [[Windsor Castle]], William was known, especially early in his reign, to walk, unaccompanied, through London or [[Brighton]]. Until the [[Reform Crisis]] eroded his standing he was very popular among the people, who saw him as more approachable and down-to-earth than his brother.<ref>Allen, pp. 83–86; Ziegler, pp. 150–154.</ref>

The King immediately proved himself a conscientious worker. The prime minister, the Duke of Wellington, stated that he had done more business with King William in ten minutes than he had with George&nbsp;IV in as many days.<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 179.</ref> [[Lord Brougham]] described him as an excellent man of business, asking enough questions to help him understand the matter—whereas George&nbsp;IV feared to ask questions lest he display his ignorance and George&nbsp;III would ask too many and then not wait for a response.<ref>Somerset, p. 122.</ref>

The King did his best to endear himself to the people. [[Charlotte Williams-Wynn (diarist)|Charlotte Williams-Wynn]] wrote shortly after his accession: "Hitherto the King has been indefatigable in his efforts to make himself popular, and do good natured and amiable things in every possible instance."<ref>Somerset, p. 110.</ref> [[Emily Eden]] noted: "He is an immense improvement on the last unforgiving animal, who died growling sulkily in his den at Windsor. This man at least ''wishes'' to make everybody happy, and everything he has done has been benevolent."<ref>Van der Kiste, p. 178.</ref>

William dismissed his brother's French chefs and German band, replacing them with English ones to public approval. He gave much of George&nbsp;IV's art collection to the [[National Gallery]] and halved the royal [[Stud (animal)|stud]]. George had begun an extensive (and expensive) renovation of [[Buckingham Palace]]; William refused to reside there and twice tried to give the palace away, once to the [[British Army|Army]] as a barracks and once to Parliament after the [[Houses of Parliament]] [[Burning of Parliament|burned down in 1834]].<ref>Somerset, pp. 110–122.</ref> His informality could be startling: when in residence at the [[Royal Pavilion]] in Brighton, he used to send to the hotels for a list of their guests and invite anyone he knew to dinner, urging guests not to "bother about clothes. The Queen does nothing but embroider flowers after dinner."<ref>Somerset, pp. 119f.</ref>

Upon taking the throne, William did not forget his nine surviving illegitimate children, creating his eldest son, [[George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster|George]], [[Earl of Munster]] and granting the other children the precedence of a daughter or a younger son of a marquess. Despite this his children importuned for greater opportunities, disgusting elements of the press who reported that the "impudence and rapacity of the FitzJordans is unexampled".<ref>''Morning Post'' quoted in Ziegler, p. 158.</ref> The relationship between William and his sons "was punctuated by a series of savage and, for the King at least, painful quarrels" over money and honours.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 158–159.</ref> His daughters, on the other hand, proved an ornament to his court, as "They are all, you know, pretty and lively, and make society in a way that real princesses could not."<ref>Somerset, p. 117.</ref>

=== Reform crisis ===
At the time, the [[Demise of the Crown|death of the monarch]] caused fresh Parliamentary elections and, in the [[1830 United Kingdom general election|general election of 1830]], Wellington's [[Tories (British political party)|Tories]] lost ground to the Whigs under [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|Lord Grey]], though the Tories still had the largest number of seats. With the Tories bitterly divided, Wellington was defeated in the House of Commons in November, and Lord Grey formed a government. Grey pledged to reform the electoral system, which had seen few changes since the fifteenth century. The inequities in the system were great; for example, large towns such as [[Manchester]] and [[Birmingham]] elected no members (though they were part of county constituencies), while small boroughs, known as [[rotten borough|rotten]] or [[pocket borough]]s—such as [[Old Sarum (UK Parliament constituency)|Old Sarum]] with just seven voters—elected two members of Parliament each. Often, the rotten boroughs were controlled by great aristocrats, whose nominees were invariably elected by the constituents—who were, most often, their tenants—especially since the secret ballot was not yet used in Parliamentary elections. Landowners who controlled seats were even able to sell them to prospective candidates.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 177–180.</ref>
[[File:Reformact1832cartoon.jpg|thumb|left|Political cartoon supporting the Reform Act: King William sits above the clouds, surrounded by Whig politicians; below [[Britannia]] and the British Lion cause the Tories to flee.]]

When the First Reform Bill was defeated in the House of Commons in 1831, Grey's ministry urged William to dissolve Parliament, which would lead to a new general election. At first, William hesitated to exercise his prerogative powers to dissolve Parliament because elections had just been held the year before and the country was in a state of high excitement which might boil over into violence. He was, however, irritated by the conduct of [[His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition|the Opposition]], which announced its intention to move the passage of an Address, or resolution, in the House of Lords, against dissolution. Regarding the Opposition's motion as an attack on his prerogative, and at the urgent request of Lord Grey and his ministers, the King prepared to go in person to the House of Lords and [[legislative session#Procedure in Commonwealth realms|prorogue]] Parliament.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 182–188.</ref> The monarch's arrival would stop all debate and prevent passage of the Address.<ref name="Ziegler188">Ziegler, p. 188.</ref> When initially told that his horses could not be ready at such short notice, William is supposed to have said, "Then I will go in a [[hackney cab]]!"<ref name=Ziegler188/> Coach and horses were assembled quickly and he immediately proceeded to Parliament. Said ''[[The Times]]'' of the scene before William's arrival, "It is utterly impossible to describe the scene&nbsp;... The violent tones and gestures of noble Lords&nbsp;... astonished the spectators, and affected the ladies who were present with visible alarm."<ref>Grant, p. 59, quoting ''The Times''</ref> [[Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry|Lord Londonderry]] brandished a whip, threatening to thrash the Government supporters, and was held back by four of his colleagues. William hastily put on the crown, entered the Chamber, and dissolved Parliament.<ref>Allen, pp. 121–122 and Ziegler, p. 189.</ref> This forced [[1831 United Kingdom general election|new elections for the House of Commons]], which yielded a great victory for the reformers. But although the Commons was clearly in favour of parliamentary reform, the Lords remained implacably opposed to it.<ref>Allen, pp. 124–127; Ziegler, pp. 190f.</ref>

The crisis saw a brief interlude for the celebration of the [[Coronation of William IV and Adelaide|King's coronation]] on 8 September 1831. At first, William wished to dispense with the coronation entirely, feeling that his wearing the crown while proroguing Parliament answered any need.<ref>Allen, pp. 124, 130; Ziegler, pp. 189, 192.</ref> He was persuaded otherwise by traditionalists. He refused, however, to celebrate the coronation in the expensive way his brother had—the 1821 coronation had cost £240,000, of which £16,000 was merely to hire the jewels. At William's instructions, the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] budgeted less than £30,000 for the coronation.<ref>Molloy, pp. 72–73.</ref> When traditionalist Tories threatened to boycott what they called the "[[Half crown (British coin)|Half Crown]]-nation",<ref>Allen, p. 130 and Ziegler, p. 193.</ref> the King retorted that they should go ahead, and that he anticipated "greater convenience of room and less heat".<ref>[[Herbert Taylor (British Army officer)|Herbert Taylor]], the King's secretary, writing to Lord Grey, 15 August 1831, quoted in Ziegler, p. 194.</ref>

After the rejection of the Second Reform Bill by the House of Lords in October 1831, agitation for reform grew across the country; demonstrations grew violent in so-called "Reform Riots". In the face of popular excitement, the [[Whig government, 1830–1834|Grey ministry]] refused to accept defeat, and re-introduced the Bill, despite the continued opposition of peers in the House of Lords. Frustrated by the Lords' obdurate attitude, Grey suggested that the King create a sufficient number of new peers to ensure the passage of the Reform Bill. The King objected—though he had the power to create an unlimited number of peers, he had already created 22 new peers in his [[1831 Coronation Honours|Coronation Honours]].<ref>Allen, p. 132.</ref> William reluctantly agreed to the creation of the number of peers sufficient "to secure the success of the bill".<ref>Correspondence of [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]], with William&nbsp;IV and Sir Herbert Taylor, edited by [[Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey]], (1867) 2.102, 113, quoted in Brock</ref> However, the King, citing the difficulties with a permanent expansion of the [[peerage]], told Grey that the creations must be restricted as much as possible to the eldest sons and collateral heirs of existing peers, so that the created peerages would for the most part be absorbed as subsidiary titles. This time, the Lords did not reject the bill outright, but began preparing to change its basic character through amendments. Grey and his fellow ministers decided to resign if the King did not agree to an immediate and large creation to force the bill through in its entirety.<ref>Allen, pp. 137–141; Ziegler, pp. 196–212.</ref> The King refused, and accepted their resignations. The King attempted to restore the Duke of Wellington to office, but Wellington had insufficient support to form a ministry and the King's popularity sank to an all-time low. Mud was slung at his carriage and he was publicly hissed. The King agreed to reappoint Grey's ministry, and to create new peers if the House of Lords continued to pose difficulties. Concerned by the threat of the creations, most of the bill's opponents abstained and the [[Reform Act 1832]] was passed. The mob blamed William's actions on the influence of his wife and brother, and his popularity recovered.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 214–222.</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
William distrusted foreigners, particularly anyone French,<ref>Allen, p. 205; Ziegler, p. 223.</ref> which he acknowledged as a "prejudice".<ref>Sir Herbert Taylor writing to Lord Grey, 1 May 1832, quoted in Ziegler, p. 224.</ref> He also felt strongly that Britain should not interfere in the internal affairs of other states, which brought him into conflict with the interventionist [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|foreign secretary]], [[Lord Palmerston]].<ref>Ziegler, p. 225.</ref> William supported [[Belgian independence]] and, after unacceptable [[William II of the Netherlands|Dutch]] and [[Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours|French candidates]] were put forward, favoured [[Leopold I of Belgium|Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], the widower of his niece Charlotte, as a candidate for the newly created Belgian throne.<ref>Ziegler, p. 227.</ref>

Though he had a reputation for tactlessness and buffoonery, William could be shrewd and diplomatic. He foresaw that the potential construction of a [[Suez Canal|canal at Suez]] would make good relations with [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]] vital to Britain.<ref>William writing to Palmerston, 1 June 1833, quoted in Ziegler, p. 234.</ref> Later in his reign, he flattered the American ambassador at a dinner by announcing that he regretted not being "born a free, independent American, so much did he respect that nation, which had given birth to [[George Washington]], the greatest man that ever lived".<ref>Ziegler, p. 292.</ref> By exercising his personal charm, William assisted in the repair of Anglo-American relations, which had been so deeply damaged during the reign of his father.<ref>Allen, p. 229.</ref>

=== King of Hanover ===
Public perception in Germany was that Britain dictated [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanoverian]] policy. This was not the case. In 1832, [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] chancellor [[Klemens von Metternich]] introduced laws that curbed fledgling liberal movements in Germany. Lord Palmerston opposed this, and sought William's influence to cause the Hanoverian government to take the same position. The Hanoverian government instead agreed with Metternich, much to Palmerston's dismay, and William declined to intervene. The conflict between William and Palmerston over Hanover was renewed the following year when Metternich called a conference of the German states, to be held in [[Vienna]], and Palmerston wanted Hanover to decline the invitation. Instead, William's brother [[Prince Adolphus]], Viceroy of Hanover, accepted, backed fully by William.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 230f.</ref> In 1833, William signed a new constitution for Hanover, which empowered the middle class, gave limited power to the lower classes, and expanded the role of the parliament. The constitution would later be revoked by his brother and successor in Hanover, [[King Ernest Augustus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brophy |first=James M. |date=2010 |title=Hanover and Göttingen, 1837 |journal=Victorian Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |doi=10.1353/vcr.2010.0041 |jstor=41039097 |s2cid=153563169}}</ref>

=== Later reign and death ===
[[File:King William IV by Sir David Wilkie.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait by Sir [[David Wilkie (artist)|David Wilkie]], 1837]]
For the remainder of his reign, William interfered actively in politics only once, in 1834, when he became the last British sovereign to choose a prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament. In 1834, the ministry was facing increasing unpopularity and Lord Grey retired; the [[home secretary]], [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]], replaced him. Melbourne retained most [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] members, and his ministry retained an overwhelming majority in the House of Commons. Some members of the Government, however, were anathema to the King, and increasingly left-wing policies concerned him. The previous year Grey had already pushed through [[Church Temporalities Act 1833|legislation]] reforming the Protestant [[Church of Ireland]]. The Church collected [[tithe]]s throughout Ireland, supported multiple bishoprics and was wealthy. However, barely an eighth of the Irish population belonged to the Church of Ireland. In some parishes, there were no Church of Ireland members at all, but there was still a priest paid for by tithes collected from the local Catholics and [[Presbyterians]], leading to charges that idle priests were living in luxury at the expense of Irish people living at the level of subsistence. Grey's Act had reduced the number of bishoprics by half, abolished some of the sinecures and overhauled the tithe system. Further measures to appropriate the surplus revenues of the Church of Ireland were mooted by the more radical members of the Government, including [[Lord John Russell]].<ref>Ziegler, pp. 242–255.</ref> The King had an especial dislike for Russell, calling him "a dangerous little Radical."<ref>Molloy, p. 326.</ref>

[[File:William4coin.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Half crown (British coin)|Half-Crown]] of William IV, 1836. The inscription reads GULIELMUS IIII D(EI) G(RATIA) BRITANNIAR(UM) REX [[Fidei defensor|F(IDEI) D(EFENSOR)]] (William IV by the Grace of God King of the Britains, [[Fidei defensor#Modern usage|Defender of the Faith)]]]]
In November 1834, the [[leader of the House of Commons]] and [[chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[Lord Althorp]], inherited a peerage, thus removing him from the Commons to the Lords. Melbourne had to appoint a new Commons leader and a new Chancellor (who by long custom, must be drawn from the Commons), but the only candidate whom Melbourne felt suitable to replace Althorp as Commons leader was Lord John Russell, whom William (and many others) found unacceptable due to his radical politics. William claimed that the ministry had been weakened beyond repair and used the removal of Lord Althorp—who had previously indicated that he would retire from politics upon becoming a peer<ref>Somerset, p. 187.</ref>—as the pretext for the dismissal of the entire ministry. With Lord Melbourne gone, William chose to entrust power to a Tory, Sir [[Robert Peel]]. Since Peel was then in Italy, the Duke of Wellington was provisionally appointed prime minister.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 256–257.</ref> When Peel returned and assumed leadership of the ministry for himself, he saw the impossibility of governing because of the Whig majority in the House of Commons. Consequently, Parliament was dissolved to force [[1835 United Kingdom general election|fresh elections]]. Although the Tories won more seats than in the [[1832 United Kingdom general election|previous election]], they were still in the minority. Peel remained in office for a few months but resigned after a series of parliamentary defeats. Melbourne was reappointed as prime minister, remaining there for the rest of William's reign, and the King was forced to accept Russell as Commons leader.<ref>Ziegler, pp. 261–267.</ref>

The King had a mixed relationship with Lord Melbourne. Melbourne's government mooted more ideas to introduce greater democracy, such as the devolution of powers to the [[Legislative Council of Lower Canada]], which greatly alarmed the King, who feared it would eventually lead to the loss of the colony.<ref>Ziegler, p. 274.</ref> At first, the King bitterly opposed these proposals. William exclaimed to [[Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford|Lord Gosford]], Governor General-designate of Canada: "Mind what you are about in Canada&nbsp;... mind me, my Lord, the Cabinet is not my Cabinet; they had better take care or by God, I will have them impeached."<ref>Somerset, p. 202.</ref> When William's son [[Lord Augustus FitzClarence|Augustus]] enquired of his father whether the King would be entertaining during [[Royal Ascot|Ascot week]], William gloomily replied, "I cannot give any dinners without inviting the ministers, and I would rather see the devil than any one of them in my house."<ref name="Somerset200">Somerset, p. 200.</ref> Nevertheless, William approved the Cabinet's recommendations for reform.<ref>Allen, pp. 221–222.</ref> Despite his disagreements with Melbourne, the King wrote warmly to congratulate the prime minister when he triumphed in the adultery case brought against him concerning [[Caroline Norton]]—he had refused to permit Melbourne to resign when the case was first brought.<ref>Somerset, p. 204.</ref> The King and Lord Melbourne eventually found a ''modus vivendi'', with Melbourne applying tact and firmness when called for and William realising that his prime minister was far less radical in his politics than the King had feared.<ref name=Somerset200/>

Both the King and Queen were fond of their niece, [[Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent]]. Their attempts to forge a close relationship with the girl were frustrated by the conflict between the King and Victoria's widowed mother, the [[Duchess of Kent and Strathearn]]. The King, angered at what he took to be disrespect from the Duchess to his wife, took the opportunity at what proved to be his final birthday banquet in August 1836 to settle the score. Speaking to those assembled at the banquet, who included the Duchess and Princess Victoria, William expressed his hope that he would survive until Victoria was 18 so that the Duchess would never be regent. He said, "I trust to God that my life may be spared for nine months longer&nbsp;... I should then have the satisfaction of leaving the exercise of the Royal authority to the personal authority of that young lady, heiress presumptive to the Crown, and not in the hands of a person now near me, who is surrounded by evil advisers and is herself incompetent to act with propriety in the situation in which she would be placed."<ref>Somerset, p. 209.</ref> The speech was so shocking that Victoria burst into tears, while her mother sat in silence and was only with difficulty persuaded not to leave immediately after dinner (the two left the next day). William's outburst undoubtedly contributed to Victoria's tempered view of him as "a good old man, though eccentric and singular".<ref>Allen, p. 225.</ref> William survived, though mortally ill, to the month after Victoria's coming of age. "Poor old man!", Victoria wrote as he was dying, "I feel sorry for him; he was always personally kind to me."<ref>Victoria writing to Leopold, 19 June 1837, quoted in Ziegler, p. 290.</ref>

[[File:William IV in 1837 by his daughter Sophia.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Portrait by his daughter Sophia de L'Isle and Dudley, early 1837]]
William was "very much shaken and affected" by the death of his eldest daughter, [[Sophia, Lady de L'Isle and Dudley]], in childbirth in April 1837.<ref>Sir Herbert Taylor quoted in Ziegler, p. 287.</ref> William and his eldest son, the Earl of Munster, were estranged at the time, but William hoped that a letter of condolence from Munster signalled a reconciliation. His hopes were not fulfilled and Munster, still thinking he had not been given sufficient money or patronage, remained bitter to the end.<ref>Ziegler, p. 287.</ref>

Queen Adelaide attended the dying William devotedly, not going to bed herself for more than ten days.<ref>Ziegler, p. 289.</ref> William died at 2:12{{nbsp}}am on 20 June 1837 at [[Windsor Castle]]. He was buried in the Royal Vault at [[St George's Chapel]] on 8 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/about-st-georges/royal-connection/royal-burials/royal-burials-chapel-since-1805/|title=Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805|work=College of St George – Windsor Castle|accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:King William IV. monument Göttingen.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of William IV erected in [[Göttingen]] in 1837 on the 100th anniversary of [[University of Göttingen|the university's]] foundation]]
As William had no living legitimate issue, the British throne passed to his niece Victoria, the only legitimate child of [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn]], George&nbsp;III's fourth son. Under [[Salic Law]], a woman could not rule [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]] and so the Hanoverian throne went to George&nbsp;III's fifth son, Ernest Augustus. William's death thus ended the [[personal union]] of Britain and Hanover, which had persisted since 1714. The main beneficiaries of his will were his eight surviving children by Mrs Jordan.<ref name="dnb"/> Although William is not the direct ancestor of the later monarchs of the United Kingdom, he has many notable descendants through his illegitimate children with Mrs Jordan, including British prime minister [[David Cameron]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Price |first=Andrew |date=5 December 2005 |title=Cameron's royal link makes him a true blue |work=The Times |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article745903.ece |access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514021758/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article745903.ece |archive-date=14 May 2009}}</ref> TV presenter [[Adam Hart-Davis]], and author and statesman [[Duff Cooper]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barratt |first=Nick |date=5 January 2008 |title=Family detective: Adam Hart-Davis |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/familyhistory/3355487/Family-detective-Adam-Hart-Davis.html |access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111948/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/familyhistory/3355487/Family-detective-Adam-Hart-Davis.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

William IV had a short but eventful reign. In Britain, the Reform Crisis marked the ascendancy of the House of Commons and the corresponding decline of the House of Lords, and the King's unsuccessful attempt to remove the Melbourne ministry indicated a reduction in the political influence of the Crown and of the King's influence over the electorate. During the reign of George&nbsp;III, the king could have dismissed one ministry, appointed another, dissolved Parliament, and expected the electorate to vote in favour of the new administration. Such was the result of a dissolution in 1784, after the dismissal of the [[Fox-North Coalition]], and in 1807, after the dismissal of [[Lord Grenville]]. But when William dismissed the Melbourne ministry, the Tories under Peel failed to win the ensuing elections. The monarch's ability to influence the opinion of the electorate, and therefore national policy, had been reduced. None of William's successors has attempted to remove a government or to appoint another against the wishes of Parliament. William understood that as a constitutional monarch he had no power to act against the opinion of Parliament. He said, "I have my view of things, and I tell them to my ministers. If they do not adopt them, I cannot help it. I have done my duty."<ref>''Recollections'' of [[John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton]], quoted in Ziegler, p. 276.</ref>

During William's reign, the British Parliament enacted major reforms, including the [[Factory Act 1833]] (preventing child labour), the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] (emancipating slaves in the colonies), and the [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834]] (standardising provision for the destitute).<ref name="ma"/> William attracted criticism both from reformers, who felt that reform did not go far enough, and from reactionaries, who felt that reform went too far. A modern interpretation sees him as failing to satisfy either political extreme by trying to find a compromise between two bitterly opposed factions, but in the process proving himself more capable as a constitutional monarch than many had supposed.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=1967 |title=William IV |encyclopedia=Collier's Encyclopedia |last=Fulford |first=Roger |volume=23 |page=493}}</ref><ref>Ziegler, pp. 291–294.</ref>

== Honours and arms ==
'''British and Hanoverian honours'''<ref name="cokayne">[[George Cokayne|Cokayne, G.E.]]; [[Vicary Gibbs (St Albans MP)|Gibbs, Vicary]]; Doubleday, H. A. (1913). ''The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant'', London: St. Catherine's Press, [https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo03coka#page/260/mode/2up Vol. III, p. 261].</ref>
* 5 April 1770: [[Knight of the Thistle]] (KT)
* 19 April 1782: [[Knight of the Garter]] (KG)
* 23 June 1789:  Member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom]] (PC)
* 2 January 1815: [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB)
* 12 August 1815: [[Royal Guelphic Order|Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order]]
* 26 April 1827: [[Royal Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS)

'''Foreign honours'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]]: ''11 April 1814'': [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]]<ref>''Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler'' (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=27 p. 17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213073743/https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10362193_00027.html |date=13 February 2020 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Pavillon royal de France.svg}} [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Kingdom of France]]: ''24 April 1814'': [[Knight of the Holy Spirit]]<ref name=cokayne/>
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ |title=Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817 |publisher=l'Académie Imp. des Sciences |date=1817 |pages=63, 78 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901003308/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
** 9 June 1814: [[Order of St. Andrew|Knight of St. Andrew]]
** 9 June 1814: [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky|Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky]]
* {{flag|Denmark}}: 15 July 1830: [[Knight of the Elephant]]<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jørgen |last=Pedersen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ |title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 |publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag |date=2009 |isbn=978-87-7674-434-2 |page=207 |language=da |access-date=23 March 2016 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205020834/https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Baden}}:<ref name="HandbuchBaden">Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1834), "Großherzogliche Orden" [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1866769 pp. 32] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902073759/https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1866769 |date=2 September 2019 }}, [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1866787 50] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902073755/https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1866787 |date=2 September 2019 }}</ref>
** 1831: [[House Order of Fidelity|Knight of the House Order of Fidelity]]
** 1831: [[Order of the Zähringer Lion|Knight Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion]]
* {{flag|Spain|1785}}: ''21 February 1834'': [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Knight of the Golden Fleece]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000936054&search=&lang=en |title=Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1835 |publisher=En la Imprenta Nacional |date=1835 |page=73 |language=es |chapter=Caballeros existentes en la insignie Orden del Toison de Oro |access-date=13 March 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607093308/http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000936054&search=&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Württemberg}}: [[Order of the Württemberg Crown|Knight Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26 |title=Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1831 |publisher=Guttenberg |date=1831 |page=26 |access-date=13 March 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727032424/https://books.google.com/books?id=blsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Arms ===
Before becoming king, William, as a son of the sovereign, was granted the use of the [[royal arms]] (without the electoral [[inescutcheon]] in the Hanoverian [[Quartering (heraldry)|quarter]]) in 1781, differenced by a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] of three points [[argent]], the centre point bearing a cross [[gules]], the outer points each bearing an anchor [[Azure (heraldry)|azure]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |website=Heraldica |access-date=9 June 2008 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317070105/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1801 his arms altered with the royal arms, however [[Cadency labels of the British royal family|the marks of difference]] remained the same.

As king, William used the [[royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]] undifferenced: Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions [[passant guardant]] in [[Pale (heraldry)|pale]] [[Or (heraldry)|Or]] ([[Royal Arms of England|for England]]); II Or a lion [[rampant]] within a [[tressure]] flory-counter-flory Gules ([[Royal coat of arms of Scotland|for Scotland]]); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ([[Coat of arms of Ireland|for Ireland]]); overall an escutcheon [[Division of the field|tierced per pale and per chevron]] (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a [[semy]] of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse [[Attitude (heraldry)#Courant|courant]] Argent ([[Coat of arms of Lower Saxony|for Westphalia]]), overall an inescutcheon Gules charged with the crown of Charlemagne Or, the whole escutcheon surmounted by a crown.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pinches |first1=John Harvey |title=The Royal Heraldry of England |last2=Pinches, Rosemary |publisher=Hollen Street Press |date=1974 |isbn=978-0-900455-25-4 |series=Heraldry Today |location=Slough, Buckinghamshire |pages=232–233}}</ref>

{| border="0"  style="margin:auto; width:70%;"
|-
!width=33% |[[File:Coat of Arms of William Henry, Duke of Clarence.svg|center|200px]]
!width=33% |[[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1816-1837).svg|center|200px]]
!width=33% |[[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland (1816-1837).svg|center|200px]]
|-
|style="text-align: center;" |Coat of Arms from 1801 to 1830 as Duke of Clarence and St Andrews
|style="text-align: center;" |Coat of arms of King William IV
|style="text-align: center;" |Coat of arms of King William IV (in Scotland)
|}

== Issue ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! Birth !! Death !! Notes
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;" |'''Unknown mother'''
|-
| William  || before 1791 || 1807 || Drowned at sea.
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;" |'''By [[Dorothea Jordan]]'''
|-
| [[George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of Munster]] || 29 January 1794 || 20 March 1842 || Married Mary Wyndham, had issue. Committed suicide, aged 48.
|-
| Henry FitzClarence || 27 March 1795 || September 1817 || Died unmarried, aged 22.
|-
| [[Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley|Sophia FitzClarence]] || August 1796 || 10 April 1837 || Married [[Philip Sidney, 1st Baron De L'Isle and Dudley]], had issue.
|-
| [[Mary FitzClarence]] || 19 December 1798 || 13 July 1864 || Married [[Charles Richard Fox]], no issue.
|-
| [[Lord Frederick FitzClarence]] || 9 December 1799 || 30 October 1854 || Married Lady Augusta Boyle, had one surviving daughter.
|-
| [[Elizabeth FitzClarence]] || 17 January 1801 || 16 January 1856 || Married [[William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll]], had issue.
|-
| [[Lord Adolphus FitzClarence]] || 18 February 1802 || 17 May 1856 || Died unmarried.
|-
| [[Augusta FitzClarence]] || 17 November 1803 || 8 December 1865 || Married twice, had issue.
|-
| [[Lord Augustus FitzClarence]] || 1 March 1805 || 14 June 1854 || Married Sarah Gordon, had issue.
|-
| [[Amelia Cary, Viscountess Falkland|Amelia FitzClarence]] || 21 March 1807 || 2 July 1858 || Married [[Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland]], had one son.
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFFCC;" |'''By [[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen]]'''
|-
| Princess Charlotte Augusta Louisa of Clarence|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 27 March 1819 || Died a few hours after being baptised, in [[Hanover]].<ref name="weir"/>
|-
| Stillborn child || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 5 September 1819 || Born dead at [[Calais]]<ref name="Ziegler, p. 136"/> or [[Dunkirk]].<ref name="weir"/>
|-
| [[Princess Elizabeth of Clarence|Princess Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide of Clarence]] || 10 December 1820 || 4 March 1821 || Born and died at [[St James's Palace]].<ref name="weir"/>
|-
| Stillborn twin boys || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 8 April 1822 || Born dead at [[Bushy Park]].<ref>Ziegler, pp. 136–137.</ref>
|}

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|width=100%|align=center|collapsed=yes
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''William IV of the United Kingdom'''
| 2 = 2. [[George III of the United Kingdom]]
| 3 = 3. [[Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 4 = 4. [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
| 5 = 5. [[Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha]]
| 6 = 6. [[Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
| 7 = 7. [[Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
| 8 = 8. [[George II of Great Britain]]<ref name="weir2">Weir, pp. 277–278.</ref><ref name="irnstiel">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5 |title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans |publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel |date=1768 |location=Bourdeaux |page=5 |language=fr |trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112040248/https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA5 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 9 = 9. [[Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]<ref name="weir2"/><ref name=irnstiel/>
| 10 = 10. [[Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]<ref name="weir2"/><ref name=irnstiel/>
| 11 = 11. [[Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst]]<ref name="weir2"/><ref name=irnstiel/>
| 12 = 12. [[Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]<ref name=irnstiel/>
| 13 = 13. Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen<ref name=irnstiel/>
| 14 = 14. [[Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]<ref name=irnstiel/>
| 15 = 15. [[Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach]]<ref name=irnstiel/>
}}

== See also ==
* [[Cultural depictions of William IV]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Allen |first=W. Gore |title=King William IV |date=1960 |publisher=Cresset Press |location=London}}
* {{cite ODNB |last=Brock |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Brock |date=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29451 |title=William IV (1765–1837)" |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/29451 |access-date=6 July 2007}}
* {{cite book |last=Fulford |first=Roger |title=Royal Dukes |date=1973 |publisher=Collins |edition=revised |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Grant |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/randomrecollect00goog |title=Random Recollections of the House of Lords |date=1836 |publisher=Smith, Elder & Co. |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Hochschild |first=Adam |title=Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves |date=2005 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Molloy |first=Fitzgerald |title=The Sailor King: William the Fourth, His Court and His Subjects |date=1903 |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |location=London}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= William IV., King of England | volume= 28 |last= Prothero |first= George Walter |author-link= George Walter Prothero |pages = 664&ndash;665 |short= 1}}
* {{cite book |last=Somerset |first=Anne |title=The Life and Times of William IV |date=1980 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-83225-6 |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Van der Kiste |first=John |title=George III's Children |date=1994 |publisher=Sutton Publishing Ltd. |location=Stroud |author-link=John Van der Kiste}}
* {{cite book |last=Van der Kiste |first=John |title=William IV: The last Hanoverian King of Britain |date=2022 |publisher=Pen & Sword |location=Barnsley |author-link=John Van der Kiste}}
* {{cite book |last=Weir |first=Alison |title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised edition |date=1996 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-0-7126-7448-5 |author-link=Alison Weir (historian)}}
* {{cite book |last=Ziegler |first=Philip |url=https://archive.org/details/kingwilliamiv00zieg/mode/1up |title=King William IV |date=1971 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-211934-4 |location=London |author-link=Philip Ziegler}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/william-iv William IV] at the official website of the [[British monarchy]]
* [https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/william-iv-king-of-the-united-kingdom-1765-1837#/type/subject William IV] at the official website of the [[Royal Collection Trust]]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/william_iv.shtml William IV] at BBC History
* {{NPG name|name=King William IV}}
* [http://gpp.royalcollection.org.uk/Record.aspx?src=Catalog&id=WIV Digitised private and official papers of William IV] at the Royal Collection
* {{Wikisource-inline|Author:William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Hanover]]|21 August|1765|20 June|1837|[[House of Welf]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef | rows = 2 | before = [[George IV]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[King of the United Kingdom]] | years = 26 June 1830&nbsp;– 20 June 1837 }}
{{s-aft | after = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[King of Hanover]] | years = 26 June 1830&nbsp;– 20 June 1837 }}
{{s-aft | after = [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]] }}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville|The Viscount Melville]] | as = [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]| }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral]] | years = 1827–1828 }}
{{s-aft | after = [[Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville|The Viscount Melville]] | as = [[First Lord of the Admiralty]] }}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|The Duke of York and Albany]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Great Master of the Order of the Bath]] | years = 1827–1830 }}
{{s-vac | next = [[Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex|The Duke of Sussex]] }}
{{s-end}}

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