View source for William Sancroft

{{Short description|Archbishop of Canterbury from 1677 to 1690}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = {{pre-nominal styles|size=100%|MRevd|&RHPC}}
| name = William Sancroft
| honorific-suffix = 
| archbishop_of = [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
| image = AbpWilliamSancroft.jpg
| imagesize = 
| alt = 
| caption = Portrait by [[Bernard Lens II]]
| province = 
| church = [[Church of England]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of Canterbury|Canterbury]]
| see = 
| term = 1677–1690
| predecessor = [[Gilbert Sheldon]]
| successor = [[John Tillotson]]
| ordination = 
| consecration = 27 January 1677
| consecrated_by = [[Henry Compton (bishop)|Henry Compton]]
| other_post = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date|1617|1|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ufford Hall, Suffolk|Ufford Hall]], [[Fressingfield]], [[Suffolk]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1693|11|24|1617|1|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ufford Hall, Suffolk|Ufford Hall]], [[Fressingfield]], [[Suffolk]], [[England]]
| buried = Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, [[Fressingfield]]
| nationality = [[English people|English]]
| religion = [[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
| residence = 
| parents = Francis Sandcroft<br>Margaret Butcher
| spouse = 
| children = 
| occupation = 
| profession = 
| alma_mater = [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
| signature = 
| education = [[King Edward VI School, Bury St Edmunds|King Edward VI School]]
}}
[[File:Arms WilliamSancroft ArchbishopOfCanterbury MereworthChurch.png|thumb|Arms of William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, [[St Lawrence's Church, Mereworth]] in Kent. 1740s glass by William Price the Younger in imitation of Elizabethan/Jacobean style<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vidimus.org/issues/issue-55/panel-of-the-month/|title=Panel of the Month &#124; Vidimus}}</ref>]] 	
'''William Sancroft''' (30 January 1617{{snd}}24 November 1693) was the 79th [[Archbishop of Canterbury]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/about/history/famous/?id=6|title=William Sancroft (1617 - 1693) &#124; Famous Members &#124; History & Archives &#124; About &#124; Emmanuel College, Cambridge|website=www.emma.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> and was one of the [[Seven Bishops]] imprisoned in 1688 for [[seditious libel]] against [[James II of England|King James II]], over his opposition to the king's [[Declaration of Indulgence (1687)|Declaration of Indulgence]]. Deprived of his office in 1690 for refusing to swear allegiance to [[William III of England|William]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary]], he later enabled and supported the consecration of new nonjuring bishops leading to the [[nonjuring schism]].

== Life ==
[[File:Emmanuel College Chapel, Cambridge by Loggan 1690 - sanders 6176.jpg|thumb|The chapel of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]; engraving by [[David Loggan]] (1690)]]
Sancroft was born at [[Ufford Hall, Suffolk|Ufford Hall]] in [[Fressingfield]], Suffolk, son of Francis Sandcroft (1580–1647) and Margaret Sandcroft née Butcher (1594–1631). He was educated at the [[King Edward VI School (Bury St Edmunds)|Bury St Edmunds free grammar school]] before being admitted to [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]], in September 1633<ref>"A History of Emmanuel College, Cambridge" Sarah Bendall,S; Brooke,C; Collinson, P: Woodbridge, Boydell, 2000 {{ISBN|0851153933}}</ref> and matriculating there in 1634.<ref>{{acad|id=SNDT633W|name=Sancroft, William}}</ref> His uncle [[William Sancroft the Elder]] was then master of the college. He graduated [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1638, [[Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)|M.A.]] in 1641 and became a fellow in 1642,<ref>[[Alumni Cantabrigienses|Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900]], [[John Venn]]/[[John Archibald Venn]] [[Cambridge University Press]] [https://archive.org/stream/p1alumnicantabri04univuoft#page/12 > (10 volumes 1922 to 1953) Part I. 1209–1751 Vol. iv. Saal – Zuinglius, (1927) p12]</ref> but was ejected in 1649 for refusing to accept the "[[Engagement controversy|Engagement]]".{{cn|date=March 2021}} He remained abroad till the [[English Restoration|Restoration]], after which he was chosen one of the university preachers, and was elected [[Master (college)|Master]] of his ''alma mater'' Emmanuel College in 1662, serving until 1665. He began fundraising for a new chapel for the college in 1663 and contributed largely towards the cost. He continued to play a role in college affairs and the chapel was completed in 1667 to a design by [[Christopher Wren]].<ref>'Emmanuel College', in An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of Cambridge (London, 1959), pp. 61-71. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/cambs/pp61-71 [accessed 11 March 2021].</ref> 

In 1663 he was nominated to the [[Dean of York|deanery of York]]. He became [[Dean of St Paul's]] in 1664, greatly assisting with the rebuilding of [[St Paul's Cathedral]] after the [[Great Fire of London]],<ref name="William Sancroft">{{cite web|url=http://www.onesuffolk.co.uk/FressingfieldPC/Villagehistory/WilliamSancroft.htm|title=William Sancroft|access-date=5 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706225733/http://www.onesuffolk.co.uk/FressingfieldPC/Villagehistory/WilliamSancroft.htm|archive-date=6 July 2007}}</ref> towards which he contributed £1400. He also rebuilt the deanery, and improved its revenue.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He was criticized for leaving London during the [[Great Plague of 1665]], though in his defence virtually all of the upper class did the same.

In 1668 he was admitted [[List of Archdeacons of Canterbury|Archdeacon of Canterbury]] upon the king's presentation, but he resigned the post in 1670. In 1677, being now prolocutor of the [[Convocation of the English Clergy]], he was unexpectedly advanced to the archbishopric of Canterbury, at the express wish of the King, who trusted in his moderation.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} So unwilling was he to accept that the King only persuaded him by explaining that he had already appointed the new Dean of St Paul's. He attended [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] upon his deathbed, and "made to him a very weighty exhortation, in which he used a good degree of freedom".  He [[Coronation of James II and VII and Mary|crowned King James II in 1685]].<ref name="William Sancroft" /> Sancroft wrote with his own hand the petition presented in 1688 against the reading of the [[Declaration of Indulgence (1687)|Declaration of Indulgence]], which was signed by himself and six of his suffragans (collectively known as the [[Seven Bishops]]). For this, they (of whom Sancroft was oldest, at 71) were all committed to the [[Tower of London]], but were acquitted.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

===Nonjuring schism===
{{Main|Nonjuring schism}}
Upon the withdrawal of [[James II of England|James II]], Sancroft concurred with the [[House of Lords|Lords]] in a declaration to [[William III of England|William III]] for a free parliament, and due indulgence to the Protestant [[dissenters]]. But, when William and his wife (James's daughter) [[Mary II of England|Mary]] were declared king and queen, he [[Nonjuring schism|refused to take the oath]] to them, and was accordingly suspended and deprived in 1690.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}<ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.onesuffolk.co.uk/FressingfieldPC/Villagehistory/WilliamSancroft.htm
 |title       = William Sancroft
 |access-date  = 5 July 2007
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070706225733/http://www.onesuffolk.co.uk/FressingfieldPC/Villagehistory/WilliamSancroft.htm
 |archive-date = 6 July 2007}}</ref> In August 1690 [[John Tillotson]] took over his duties. In April 1691 Tillotson officially became Sancroft's successor.

Many years after it was composed, [[John Overall (bishop)|John Overall]]'s ''Convocation Book'' was published by Sancroft, to justify the principles of his Nonjuring party. The book was "on the subject of Government, the divine institution of which was very positively asserted". It consisted partly of canons and partly of introductory and explanatory dissertations on the matter of the canons and had been duly sanctioned in the Convocation of 1610. It was, however, a strange oversight in Sancroft's party to publish the book, as there are several canons in it which clearly lay down that a de facto government is, when completely established, to be held in the light of a de jure government; and it was upon the very grounds set forth in this book that [[William Sherlock]] took the oaths to King William.<ref name="king">''King's Handbook to the Cathedrals of England'', by [[Richard John King]], published by John Murray, Albemarle Street, Oxford, 1862, p166.</ref>

Sancroft was a patron of [[Henry Wharton (writer)|Henry Wharton]] (1664–1695), the divine and church historian, to whom on his deathbed he entrusted his manuscripts and the remains of [[William Laud|Archbishop Laud]] (published in 1695).{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Sancroft provided financial support to [[Mary Astell]] and an introduction to her future publisher; Astell later dedicated a collection of poetry to him.<ref name=henderson>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecrownchronicles.co.uk/history/mary-astell-the-first-feminist/|title=Mary Astell: the first feminist? • The Crown Chronicles|last=Henderson-Bryan|first=Bethanie|date=2018-05-12|website=The Crown Chronicles|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>

From 5 August 1691 until his death two years later, he lived a very retired life in his native village of Fressingfield. He died at his family home, [[Ufford Hall, Suffolk|Ufford Hall]], and was buried in the churchyard of Fressingfield, where there is a Latin epitaph to his memory.<ref name="William Sancroft" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
*{{Annotated link|Harleston Sancroft Academy}}

==Bibliography==
*''Fur praedestinatus'' (1651)
*''Modern Policies'' (1652)
*''Three Sermons'' (1694)
*''Nineteen Familiar Letters to Mr North'' (afterwards Sir Henry North) published in 1757
*[https://archive.org/details/lifewilliamsanc01slatgoog ''The Life of William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury'', Volume I] by [[George D'Oyly]] (1821)
*[https://archive.org/details/lifewilliamsanc00slatgoog ''The Life of William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury'', Volume II] by George D'Oyly (1821)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{EB1911|wstitle = Sancroft, William|volume=24|page=128}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle = Sancroft, William |volume=50|first=William Holden |last=Hutton}}
*{{cite ODNB|first=R. A. P. J. |last=Beddard|title = Sancroft, William (1617–1693)|id=24610}}
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{{s-aca}}
{{succession box
|before= [[William Dillingham (academic)|William Dillingham]] 
|title = [[List of Masters of Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Master]] of [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
|years = 1662–1665
|after = [[John Breton (academic)|John Breton]]
}}
{{S-rel|en}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Richard Marsh (priest)|Richard Marsh]]
| title=[[Dean of York]]
| after=[[Robert Hitch]]
| years=Jan.&ndash;Nov. 1664}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[John Barwick]]
| title=[[Dean of St Paul's]]
| after=[[Edward Stillingfleet]]
| years=1664&ndash;1678}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Gilbert Sheldon]]
| title=[[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
| after=[[John Tillotson]]
| years=1678&ndash;1691}}
{{S-end}}

{{Masters of Emmanuel College, Cambridge}}
{{Deans of York}}
{{St Paul's Cathedral}}
{{Archbishops of Canterbury}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sancroft, William}}
[[Category:1617 births]]
[[Category:1693 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Anglican archbishops]]
[[Category:Anglican liturgists]]
[[Category:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Canterbury]]
[[Category:Deans of St Paul's]]
[[Category:Deans of York]]
[[Category:Masters of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of England]]
[[Category:People educated at King Edward VI School, Bury St Edmunds]]
[[Category:People from Fressingfield]]
[[Category:Participants in the Savoy Conference]]
[[Category:English nonjuror clergy]]
[[Category:Burials in Suffolk]]
[[Category:17th-century Anglican theologians]]