View source for William Spottiswoode

{{Short description|English mathematician and physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = William Spottiswoode
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|size=100%}}
|image             = William_Spottiswoode.jpg
|birth_date        = {{birth date|1825|1|11|df=y}}
|birth_place       = London, England
|death_date        = {{death date and age|1883|6|27|1825|1|11|df=y}}
|death_place       = London, England
|nationality       = British
|ethnicity         = 
|field             = [[Mathematics]], [[physics]]
|work_institutions = 
|alma_mater        = [[Laleham]]<br/>[[Eton College]]<br/>[[Harrow School]]<br/>[[Balliol College]]
|doctoral_advisor  = 
|doctoral_students = 
|known_for         = 
|influences        = 
|influenced        = 
|prizes            = 
}}

'''William H. Spottiswoode''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} H[[FRSE]] LLD (11 January 1825 – 27 June 1883){{Sfn|''General Index''. 2nd Quarter,|1883|p=298}} was an [[English people|English]] [[mathematician]], [[physicist]] and partner in the printing and publishing firm [[Eyre & Spottiswoode]]. He was president of the [[Royal Society]] from 1878 to 1883.{{Sfn|Rix,|1898|p=53}}{{Sfn|O'Connor & Robertson, February|2005|p=}}

== Biography==

===Early life===
Spottiswoode was born in London on 11 January 1825, the son of [[Andrew Spottiswoode]] and his wife, Mary Longman. His father was descended from an ancient Scottish family, represented [[Colchester]] in parliament for some years, and in 1831 became junior partner in the firm of [[Eyre & Spottiswoode]], printers.

William was educated at Laleham Lea School, [[Eton College]], and [[Harrow School]]. He then studied Mathematics and Physics at [[Balliol College]], [[Oxford]].{{Sfn|"Spottiswoode",|1888|p=85 [1337]}} His talent for science showed itself while he was still a schoolboy, and indeed his removal from Eton to Harrow is said to have been occasioned by an accidental explosion which occurred whilst he was performing an experiment for his own amusement. At Harrow he obtained a Lyon scholarship in 1842, and at Oxford in 1845 a first-class in mathematics, in 1846 the junior and in 1847 the senior university mathematical scholarship.

===Family===
On 27 November 1861 at [[Bexley]] in [[Kent]], he married Elisa ("Lise") Taylor Arbuthnot (1837–1894), daughter of [[William Urquhart Arbuthnot]] (son of [[Sir William Arbuthnot, 1st Baronet]]).

Their children included [[Hugh Spottiswoode|William Hugh Spottiswoode]] (1864–1915){{Sfn|''Who's Who'',|1905|p=1515}}{{Sfn|McQuilkin, October|1915|p=}} and Cyril Andrew Spottiswoode (1867–1915).{{Sfn|Letters,|1877}}

==Career==
In 1846 he left Oxford to take his father's place in the business, in which he was engaged until his death.

In 1847 Spottiswoode issued five pamphlets entitled ''Meditationes Analyticae'', that explored complex mathematical ideas through analytic methods, particularly focusing on functions and calculus. These pamphlets, among other things, exhibited advanced mathematical analytics and solutions to complex equations that examined the behavior of mathematical functions more deeply and precisely. These were his first publications of original mathematical work. From then on, he published new research almost every year.

In 1856 Spottiswoode travelled in eastern [[Russia]], and in 1860 in [[Croatia]] and [[Hungary]]; of the former expedition he has left a record, ''A Tarantasse Journey through Eastern Russia in the Autumn of 1856'' (London, 1857).

In 1870 he was elected president of the [[London Mathematical Society]]. In 1871 he began to turn his attention to experimental physics, his earlier researches bearing upon the light [[Polarization (waves)|polarization]] and his later work upon the electrical discharge in rarefied gases. He wrote a popular treatise on the former subject for the ''Nature Series'' in 1874. In 1878 he was elected president of the [[British Association]] and in the same year president of the [[Royal Society]], of which he had been a fellow since 1853.

He died in London of [[typhoid fever]] on 27 June 1883 and was buried in the south transept{{Sfn|Hall,|1966|p=58}} of [[Westminster Abbey]].{{Sfn|Spottiswoode's Gravestone}}

As a mathematician, he occupied himself with many branches of his favorite science, more especially with higher algebra, including the theory of [[determinant]]s, with the general calculus of symbols, and with the application of analysis to geometry and mechanics.

The following brief review of his mathematical work is quoted from the obituary notice which appeared in the ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]]'' (xxxviii. 34):
{{PortalSection|width=80em|body="The interesting series of communications on the contact of curves and surfaces which are contained in the ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|Philosophical Transactions]]'' of 1862 and subsequent years would alone account for the high rank he obtained as a mathematician". {{nowrap|...}} "The mastery which he had obtained over the mathematical symbols was so complete that he never shrank from the use of expressions, however complicated nay, the more complicated they were the more he seemed to revel in them provided they did not sin against the ruling spirit of all his work — symmetry".<br>
{{space|5}}"To a mind imbued with the love of mathematical symmetry, the study of [[determinants]] had naturally every attraction. In 1851 Mr. Spottiswoode published in the form of a pamphlet an account of some elementary theorems on the subject. This had fallen out of print, permission was sought by the editor of ''[[Crelle's Journal]]'' to reproduce it in the pages of that journal. Mr. Spottiswoode granted the request and undertook to revise his work. The subject had, however, been so extensively developed in the interim that it proved necessary not merely to revise it but entirely to rewrite the work, which became a memoir of 116 pages. To this, the first elementary treatise on determinants, much of the rapid development of the subject is due. The effect of the study on Mr. Spottiswoode's own methods was most pronounced; there is scarcely a page of his mathematical writings that does not bristle with determinants".{{Sfn|A.B.K., June 18,|1885|p=xxxv}}}}

His papers, numbering over 100, were published principally in the ''Philosophical Transactions'', ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society]]'', ''[[Quarterly Journal of Mathematics]]'', ''[[Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society]]'' and ''Crelle's Journal'', and one or two in the ''[[Comptes Rendus]]'' of the Paris Academy; a list of them, arranged according to the several journals in which they originally appeared, with short notes upon the less familiar memoirs, is given in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', xxvii, 599.

== Publications ==
{{hanging indent|text='''As author'''}}
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
<!--1850s-->
* {{cite book |date=1851 |title=Elementary Theorems Relating to Determinants |url={{GBurl|dmmmBakgqVUC|pg=PR1}} |location=London |publisher=[[Longman|Longman, Brown, Green, & Longman]] }} Retrieved October 22, 2013. {{OCLC|6652565|show=all}}.
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<li>{{cite book |title=''Via University of Michigan'' |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ABZ4818.0001.001 }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|dmmmBakgqVUC|pg=PR1}} |type=[[University of Michigan|Michigan]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>

* {{cite book |date=1857 |title=A Tarantasse Journey Through Eastern Russia in the Autumn of 1856 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b533017&seq=7 |location=London |publisher=[[Longman|Longman, Brown, Green, & Longman]] }} Retrieved March 13, 2013. {{OCLC|2925190|show=all}}.
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<li>{{cite book |title=''Via HathiTrust'' | date=1857 | publisher=Longmans, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b533017&seq=7 |type=[[Cal Berkeley]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>

<!--1870s-->
* {{cite book |date=1879 |title=''Lecture I: "Polarised Light"'' |series=Science Lectures at South Kensington |url={{GBurl|LVguAAAAYAAJ |pg=PA1}} |volume=2 (of 2) |pages=1–14 |location=London |publisher=[[Macmillan & Company]] }} Retrieved August 31, 2023. {{OCLC|2311950|show=all}} (publication); {{OCLC|60765129|show=all}} (article).
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<li>{{cite book |date=1879 |title=''Vol 2'' |url={{GBurl|LVguAAAAYAAJ|pg=PA1}} |via=Google Books [[Harvard]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>

* {{cite journal |date=January 1877 |title=Description of a Large Induction-Coil |url={{GBurl|_a9JAAAAYAAJ |pg=PA30}} |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine|The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=15 |pages=30–34 }} Retrieved April 20, 2019. {{LCCN|2003249007}}; {{ISSN|1478-6435}} (print), {{ISSN|1478-6443}} (online); {{OCLC|476300855|show=all}}.
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<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|_a9JAAAAYAAJ |pg=PA30}} |type=[[Princeton]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>

<!--1880s-->
* {{cite book |date=1881 |last1=Spottiswoode |first1=William, D.C.L., LL.D., President of the Royal Society |title=A Lecture on the Electrical Discharge, Its Forms and Its Functions |series=Delivered before the British Association at York, on 5th September 1881 |location=London |publisher=[[Longman|Longmans, Green, and Co.]] |page=46 }} {{OCLC|49580559}}.
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     <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|OMU5AQAAMAAJ|pg=PA1}} |type=[[Cornell University|Cornell]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>
<div style="margin-left:6.5em">{{hanging indent|text={{cite book |title=''The lecture was also published as two instalments in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]}}</div>}}
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     <li>{{cite magazine |date=October 6, 1881 |last1=Part I |title=The Electrical Discharge, Its Forms and Its Functions |url={{GBurl|JrUaaFchEZMC|pg=546}} |magazine=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=24 |issue=623 |pages=546–551 |via=Google Books [[Deutsches Museum]]}} {{free access}}</li>
     <li>{{cite magazine |date=October 13, 1881 |last1=Part II |title=The Electrical Discharge, Its Forms and Its Functions |url={{GBurl|0EoW6aNQP0IC|pg=569}} |magazine=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=24 |issue=624 |pages=569–573 |via=Google Books [[Bavarian State Library|BSB]]}} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol></ol>

{{refend}}

{{hanging indent|text='''As publisher'''}}
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

* {{cite book |date=1878 |title=Patents for Inventions. Abridgements of Specifications Relating to Photography |location=London |publisher=Printed by [[Eyre & Spottiswoode|George Edward Eyre]] (1804–1887) and William Spottiswoode (1825–1883)}} {{OCLC|23009418|show=all}}, {{OCLC search link|1331441231}}, {{OCLC search link|86023087}}, and 1979 Re-Print by [[Arno Press]] → {{LCCN|76023063}}; {{ISBN|0-4050-9626-7|978-0-4050-9626-6}}; {{OCLC|862997550}}.
<div style="margin-left:6em">(Abridgements = Summaries or Shortened Versions of the Original Patents).</div>
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<ol type="i" start="1">

<li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Photography Patents: Part 1,|1861|p=}} |title=''Part 1 → 1839–1859''}}</li>
<ol type="a" start="1">
<li>{{cite book |date=1861 |title=''Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nrUcAAAAMAAJ/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |date=1861 |title=''Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|e1cazwEACAAJ|pg=PR1}} |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |date=1861 |title=''Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|nrUcAAAAMAAJ|pg=PR1}} |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol>

<li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Photography Patents: Part 2,|1872|p=}} |title=''Part 2 → 1860–1866'' |edition=2nd}}</li>
<ol type="a" start="1">
<li>{{cite book |date=1872 |title=''Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nrUcAAAAMAAJ/page/n197/mode/2up?view=theater |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |date=1872 |title=''Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|e1cazwEACAAJ|pg=PA171}} |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |date=1872 |title=''Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|nrUcAAAAMAAJ|pg=PA171}} |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol>

<li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Photography Patents: Part 3,|1861|p=}} |date=1873 |title=''Part 3 → 1867–1876''}}</li>
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<li>{{cite book |title=''Via HathiTrust'' | publisher=Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027743676&seq=423 |type=[[University of Michigan|Michigan]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Internet Archive'' | date=1861 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nrUcAAAAMAAJ/page/n411/mode/2up?view=theater |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|e1cazwEACAAJ|pg=RA2-PR1}} |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|nrUcAAAAMAAJ|pg=RA2-PR1}} |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol>

<li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Photography Patents: Part 3b,|1885|p=}} |date=1885 |title=''Part 3a → 1877–1883''}}</li>
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<li>{{cite book |title=''Internet Archive'' | date=1861 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nrUcAAAAMAAJ/page/n575/mode/2up?view=theater |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|e1cazwEACAAJ|pg=RA3-PR1}} |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|nrUcAAAAMAAJ|pg=RA3-PR1}} |type=[[Columbia University|Columbia]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol></ol>
{{refend}}

==Gallery==
<br />
<gallery caption="" mode="packed" heights="200" style="text-align:center">
File:Large Apps-Spottiswoode induction coil.png | <small>'''An [[induction coil]] built in 1876 by British electrical instrument maker Alfred Apps (1839–1913) for Spottiswoode. Among the largest of its kind, this coil could generate a spark 42 inches (106&nbsp;cm) long, equating to an approximate voltage of 1.2 million volts. It was powered by 30 quart size liquid batteries and a separate interrupter.'''</small>
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of presidents of the Royal Society]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-npo|pro}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Joseph Dalton Hooker]]}}
{{s-ttl|order=33rd|title=[[Royal Society|President of the Royal Society]]|years=1878–1883}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Henry Huxley]]}}
{{s-end}}

==Bibliography==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|25em}}

===References===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
<!--A-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|A.B.K., June 18,|1885|p=xxxv}} |date=June 18, 1885 |last1=A.B.K. |title=''Obituary: "William Spottiswoode".'' Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedings3818841885roya/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |volume=38 |location=London |publisher=Harrison and Sons |pages=xxxiv–xxxix }} Retrieved November 16, 2024.
     <ol type="i" start="1">
     <ol type="i" start="1">
     <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' | date=1855 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedings3818841885roya/page/n51/mode/2up?view=theater |type=[[Smithsonian Libraries]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>

<!--F-->
* {{cite book |date=1888 |editor1-last=Foster |editor1-first='''Joseph''' (1844–1905) |editor1-link=Joseph Foster (genealogist) |title=Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886; Their Parentage, Birthplace and Year of Birth, With a Record of Their Degrees |type=Original ed.: 4 Vols.; Later Series, 2 Vols. |series=Being the Matriculation Register of the University |location=Oxford and London |publisher=[[John Henry Parker (writer)|Parker & Co.]]}} {{LCCN|07015031}}; {{OCLC|3195599|show=all}} (Vol. 1).
<ol type="i" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
:''See [[Alumni Oxonienses]]''
<li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|"Spottiswoode",|1888|p=85 [1337]}} |date=1888 |chapter=Spottiswoode, William |title=''Vol. 4: Original ed. — "Sabin" to "Zouch"'' |page=85 [1337]}}</li>
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<li>{{cite book |title=''Via HathiTrust'' | date=1888 | publisher=Joseph Foster |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924026125876&seq=109 |type=[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] }} {{free access}}<li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|WAQVAAAAQAAJ|pg=PA1337|dq=spottiswoode}} |type=[[University of Oxford|Oxford]] }} {{free access}}<li></ol>
<li>{{cite book |date=1891 |chapter='''Spottiswoode''', '''William''' |title=''Vol. 4: Later Series — "Sabin" to "Zouch"'' |page=85 [1337]}}</li>
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<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' | date=1888 | publisher=Oxford, Parker |url=https://archive.org/details/alumnioxonienses04univuoft/page/n115/mode/2up?view=theater |type=[[Robarts Library]], [[University of Toronto]] }} {{free access}}<li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|q-otAAAAIAAJ|pg=PA1337|dq=spottiswoode}} |type=[[Stanford]] }} {{free access}}<li></ol></ol></ol>
<!--G-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''General Index''. 2nd Quarter,|1883|p=298}} |last1=General Index |title=Deaths Registered in England and Wales |url=https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/8914/images/ons_d18834az-0403 |url-access=subscription |series=London: Printed by [[Eyre & Spottiswoode|George Edward Eyre]] (1804–1887) and William Spottiswoode (1825–1883), Printers to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty. For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. [[General Register Office for England and Wales|General Register Office]] — Brydges Powell Henniker (1835–1906), Registrar General (Microfilm: Film No. "95". England No. "51". ''Civil Registration Death Index, 1837–1915''. Office of Population Census & Surveys, [[Titchfield]], [[Hampshire]] England. Genealogical Society. Photographer → "L. Hudson". Date → "18 July 1974") |via=[[Ancestry.com]] }} Retrieved January 14, 2008. {{OCLC|276732822|220906707}}, {{OCLC|223571446|show=all}}, {{OCLC|271864311}}.
<div style="margin-left:7em">
{{cite book |title=''→ Resource Information'' |work=FamilySearch Wiki |date=11 December 2024 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/England_and_Wales,_Death_Registration_Index_-_FamilySearch_Historical_Records |via=[[FamilySearch]]}} {{free access}}</div>
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<li>{{cite book |title=''April, May, and June 1883. "A–Z"'' |type=Name → "Spottiswoode, William". Age → "58". District → "[[St George Hanover Square]]". Volume → "1a". Page → "303"  |page=298 (print ed.) }}
<ol type="a" start="1">
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Ancestry.com'' |url=https://www.ancestry.com/imageviewer/collections/8914/images/ONS_D18834AZ-0703 |url-access=subscription |series=Digital image: 23 (of 32) }}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via FamilySearch'' |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2J69-XNK |url-access=registration |series=No image (transcript only) |via=[[Findmypast]] }}</li>
</ol></ol></ol><!--Janus website was retired in 2020. Janus had been an online catalog for archives and manuscript collections at various colleges and institutions of the University of Cambridge-->

<!--H-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hall,|1966|p=58}} |date=1966 |last1=Hall |first1='''Alfred Rupert''' (1920–2009) |author1-link=A. Rupert Hall |title=The Abbey Scientists |location=London |page=58 |publisher=Roger & Robert Nicholson}} Retrieved September 21, 2020. {{OCLC|2553524|show=all}}, {{OCLC search link|5894395595}}, {{OCLC search link|1221799850}}.

<!--L-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Lee,|1885–1900|p=}} |editor1-last=Lee |editor1-first='''Sidney''', FSA FBA (1859–1926) |editor1-link=Sidney Lee |date=1885–1900 |title=[[Dictionary of National Biography]]  |location=London |publisher=[[Smith, Elder & Co.]] }}
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<li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Rix,|1898|p=53}} |date=1898 |last1=Rix |first1='''Herbert''' (1850–1906) |author1-link=s:Author:Herbert Rix |title=''"Spottiswoode, William"'' |volume=53: "Smith – Stanger" |page=418}}
<ol type="a" start="1">
<li>{{cite book |title=''[[s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Spottiswoode, William|Via Wikisource]]'' |type=[[University of Michigan|Michigan]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' | date=1898 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.163971/page/n423/mode/2up?view=theater |type=[[Asafia State Library]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|d7XQAAAAMAAJ|pg=PA417 |dq=spottiswoode}} |type=[[University of Michigan|Michigan]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol></ol>

* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Letters,|1877}} |date=1877 |last1=Letters|title=''CLIF (collection): "Papers of W.K. Clifford, 1860s–1970s" A1 (section): "Letters to Family Members"''  |url=https://archives.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php/papers-of-w-k-clifford |series=Clifford Collection → Spottiswoode, Cyril Andrew (1867–1915), son of William Spottiswoode |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] }} Retrieved March 13, 2014. Re-Retrieved November 13, 2024.
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<li>{{cite book |title=''CLIF/A2/2 (Item 2): "Letter From W.K. Clifford to Lucy Lane, March 1877?"'' |url=https://archives.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php/letter-from-w-k-clifford-to-lucy-clifford}} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''CLIF/A2/4 (Item 4): "Letter from W.K. Clifford to Lucy Clifford, March 1877?'' |url=https://archives.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php/letter-from-w-k-clifford-to-lucy-clifford-3}} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>

<!--M-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|McQuilkin, October|1915|p=}} |date=October 1915 |editor1-last=McQuilkin |editor1-first='''Albert H'''. |title=The Inland Printer |url={{GBurl|mz8_AQAAMAAJ |pg=PA30}} |volume=56, N° 1 }} Retrieved March 13, 2014. {{ISSN|0073-8042}}; {{OCLC|956742269|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{cite book |title=''"William Hugh Spottiswoode"'' |url={{GBurl|mz8_AQAAMAAJ |pg=PA108 |dq=william hugh spottiswoode}} |page=108 |via=Google Books ([[Cal Berkeley]]) }} {{free access}}<br>
''[[The Inland Printer|See: The Inland Printer]]''.</li></ol></ol>

<!--O-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|O'Connor & Robertson, February|2005|p=}} |date=February 2005 |last1='''O'Connor''' |first1='''John Joseph, PhD''' (born 1945) |last2=Robertson |first2='''Edmund Frederick, PhD''' (born 1943) |author2-link=Edmund Frederick Robertson |title=''"William Spottiswoode"'' |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Spottiswoode/ |location=[[Scotland]] |publisher=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive]], [[University of St Andrews]]}} Retrieved March 13, 2014. {{OCLC|48076503|show=all}}.

<!--S-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Spottiswoode's Gravestone}} |last1='''Spottiswoode's Gravestone''' |title=''"Our History" → "Famous People" → "William Spottiswoode"'' |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/william-spottiswood/ |type=image of grave memorial and short commemorative article |via=[[The Dean and Chapter of the Collegiate Church of St. Peter]], Westminster }} Retrieved March 13, 2014.

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* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Who's Who'',|1905|p=1515}} |date= |others=Editors → (i) '''1849–1850''': [[Henry Robert Addison]] (1805–1876); (ii) '''1851–1864''': Charles Henry Oakes (1810–1864); (iii) '''1865–1896''': William John Lawson; (iv) '''1897–1899''': [[Douglas Sladen|Douglas Brooke Wheelton]] (1856–1947); (v) '''1900–19??''': ''Anonymous'' |title='''Who's Who''' |url={{GBurl|iEVLAAAAMAAJ|pg=PP5}} |series=An Annual Biographical Dictionary |location=London |publisher=[[Adam and Charles Black]]. New York: [[The Macmillan Company]] }} Retrieved March 13, 2014. {{LCCN|04016933}}; {{ISSN|0083-937X}}; {{OCLC|1171380274|show=all}}, {{OCLC|56431030|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{cite book |date=1905 |title=''Part II: "Spottiswoode, William Hugh"'' |volume=57 |page=1515 }}<br>
''[[Who's Who (UK)|See: Who's Who]]''.</li>
<ol type="a" start="1">
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via HathiTrust'' | date=1849 | publisher=A. & C. Black etc. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433082214168&seq=1571&q1=spottiswoode |type=[[New York Public Library|NYPL]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via HathiTrust'' | date=1849 | publisher=A. & C. Black etc. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010694548&seq=1537&q1=spottiswoode |type=[[University of Michigan|Michigan]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' | date=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoyearbook00unkngoog/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater |type=[[University of Michigan|Michigan]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|vDsJAAAAIAAJ|pg=PA1515|dq=spottiswoode}} |type=[[Stanford]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|Za5LAAAAMAAJ|pg=PA1515|dq=spottiswoode}} |type=[[University of Michigan|Michigan]] }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|iEVLAAAAMAAJ|pg=PA1515|dq=spottiswoode}} |type=[[University of Michigan|Michigan]] }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol></ol>
{{refend}}

{{wikisource|works=or}}

{{Royal Society presidents 1800s}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spottiswoode, William}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English mathematicians]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:English physicists]]
[[Category:19th-century British physicists]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]
[[Category:Spottiswoode family|William]]