View source for Winchester Model 1897

{{Short description|Pump-action shotgun}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Winchester Model 1897
| image              = Repeterhagelgevär - Livrustkammaren - 98434 (cropped).jpg
| image_size         = 
| caption            = 
| origin             = United States
| type               = [[Pump-action]] [[Combat shotgun|combat]] [[shotgun]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1897–present
| used_by            = See ''[[Winchester Model 1897#Users|Users]]''
| wars               = {{Plain list|
* [[Philippine–American War]]
* [[Banana Wars]]
* [[Border War (1910–1919)|Mexican–American Border War]]
* [[World War I]]
* [[Irish War of Independence]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[Korean War]]
* [[Vietnam War]]
}}
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[John Browning]], Matthew Browning{{efn|name="Designer"|In that they designed the original prototype, which was bought by Winchester. The final production version of Model 1897 and its predecessor were further redesigned by Winchester's in-house engineers.<ref>{{cite book |last= Trevelyan|first= Laura |date= 2016|title= The Winchester: Legend of the West|url=  https://books.google.com/books?id=dBKMDwAAQBAJ|publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|page= 75, 91|isbn=9780857728395}}</ref>}}
| design_date        = 
| manufacturer       = {{Plain list|
* [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company]]
* [[Norinco]]
* [[Cimarron Firearms]]<ref>MidwayUSA. (n.d.). Cimarron Firearms 1897 12 GA Pump Action Shotgun 20 barrel blued. https://www.midwayusa.com/product/1020659496?pid=158995</ref>
}}
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1897–1957
| number             = 1,024,700
| variants           = <!-- General specifications -->
| weight             = {{convert|8|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| length             = {{convert|39.25|in|mm|abbr=on}}
| part_length        = {{convert|20|in|mm|abbr=on}}
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = 
| crew               = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge          = 
| caliber            = [[12-gauge shotgun|12 gauge]], [[16 gauge]]
| action             = [[Pump-action]]
| rate               = 
| velocity           = 
| range              = 
| max_range          = 
| feed               = 5 rounds [[magazine (firearms)#Tubular|tubular magazine]] +1 in battery(Total 6 rounds)
| sights             = 
| breech             = Linear bolt travel, tilting locking block
}}

The '''Winchester Model 1897''', also known as the '''Model 97''', '''M97''', '''Riot Gun''', or '''Trench Gun''', is a [[Pump action|pump-action]] [[shotgun]] with an external hammer and tube magazine manufactured by the [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company]]. The Model 1897 was an evolution of the [[Winchester Model 1893]] designed by [[John Browning]]. From 1897 until 1957, over one million of these shotguns were produced. The Model 1897 was offered in numerous barrel lengths and grades, chambered in 12 and 16 [[gauge (bore diameter)|gauge]], and as a solid frame or takedown. The 16-gauge guns had a standard barrel length of {{convert|28|in|cm|abbr=on}}, while 12-gauge guns were furnished with {{convert|30|in|cm|abbr=on}} barrels. Special length barrels could be ordered in lengths as short as {{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} or as long as {{convert|36|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Since the time the Model 1897 was first manufactured, it has been used to great effect by American military personnel,{{sfn|Davis|2006}} law enforcement officers,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sportsmanslegacy.com/firearm/winchester-model-97-riot-12-omaha-police-department-storied-aluminum-stock-from-the-collection-of-soldier-of-fortunes-robert-k-brown/ | title=Winchester Model 97 Riot 12, Omaha Police Department, storied aluminum stock, from the collection of Soldier of Fortune's Robert K. Brown }}</ref>{{sfn|Williamson|1952|p=158}} and hunters.{{sfn|Williamson|1952|p=158}}

==History==
The Winchester Model 1897 was designed by American firearms inventor [[John Moses Browning]]. The Model 1897 was first listed for sale in the November 1897 Winchester catalog as a 12 gauge solid frame.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Winchester Model 1897: A Look Back|url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2020/7/15/the-winchester-model-1897-a-look-back|access-date=2021-04-05|website=American Rifleman |language=en}}</ref> The 12 gauge [[Takedown gun|takedown]] model was added in October 1898, and the 16 gauge takedown model in February 1900.{{sfn|Henshaw|1993|p=49}} Originally produced as a tougher, stronger and more improved version of the [[Winchester Model 1893]], itself an improvement on the early [[Spencer 1882]] pump-action shotgun, the 1897 was identical to its forerunner, except that the receiver was thicker and allowed for use of smokeless powder shells, which were not common at the time.  The 1897 introduced a "take down" design, where the barrel and magazine tube could easily be separated from the receiver for cleaning or transportation, the ease of removal of the barrel becoming a standard in pump shotguns made today, like the [[Remington 870]] and [[Mossberg 500]] series. Over time, "the model 97 became the most popular shotgun on the American market and established a standard of performance by which other kinds and makes of shotguns were judged, including the most expensive imported articles".{{sfn|Williamson|1952|p=158}} The Winchester Model 1897 was in production from 1897 until 1957. It was in this time frame that the "modern" [[hammerless]] designs became common, like the [[Winchester Model 1912]], the [[Ithaca 37|Ithaca Model 1937]], and the [[Remington 870]]. The Model 1897 was superseded by the Winchester Model 1912.{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=694}} However, the gun can still be found today in regular use.

===Improvements from the 1893===
While designing the new Model 1897, many of the weaknesses present in the earlier Model 1893 were taken into account and remedied.{{sfn|Henshaw|1993|p=49}} These improvements included:

* The frame was strengthened and made longer to handle the newer [[smokeless powder]] 12 gauge {{frac|2|3|4}} inch shell, as well as the older and shorter [[black powder]] {{frac|2|5|8}} inch shell.{{sfn|Henshaw|1993|p=49}}
* The top of the frame was covered so that the ejection of the fired shell was entirely from the side.{{sfn|Henshaw|1993|p=49}} This added a lot of strength to the frame of the gun and it allowed the use of a {{frac|2|3|4}} inch shell without the danger of the gun constantly jamming.{{sfn|Farrow|1904|p=335}}
* The action could not be opened until a slight forward movement of the slide handle released the action slide lock. In firing, the recoil of the shotgun gave a slight forward motion to the slide handle and released the action slide lock which enabled the immediate opening of the action. In the absence of any recoil, the slide handle had to be pushed forward manually in order to release the action slide lock.{{sfn|Henshaw|1993|p=49}}
* A movable cartridge guide was placed on the right side of the carrier block to prevent the escape of the shell when the shotgun was turned sideways in the act of loading.{{sfn|Henshaw|1993|p=49}}
* The stock was made longer and with less drop.{{sfn|Henshaw|1993|p=49}}

Of these improvements, the slide lock is the one that made the Model 1897 into a safe firearm. This improved slide lock kept the shotgun locked until actual firing occurred which prevented it from jamming in the case of a misfire. The slide lock "stands in such a relation to the body of the [[firing pin]] as will prevent the [[firing pin]] reaching the [[Primer (firearm)|primer]] until the pin has moved forward a sufficient distance to insure locking of the breech bolt".{{sfn|Smith|1911|p=5}} This prevents the action sleeve "from being retracted by the hand of the gunner until after firing, and hence rendering the firearm more safe".{{sfn|Smith|1911|p=4}}

==Description==
[[File:Action open.JPG|thumb|right|Open action on an 1897 portraying the long slide that projects from the receiver.]]

The Winchester Model 1897 and the [[Winchester Model 1893]] were both designed by John Browning. The Model 1897 is an [[Hammer (firearm)|external hammer]] shotgun that is lacking a [[trigger disconnector]]. This means that the user can hold the trigger down while cycling the shotgun and once the action is returned to battery the shotgun fires.{{sfn|Hager|2005a}}{{fv|date=January 2023}} The firearm itself is classified as a slide action pump shotgun. It was the first truly successful pump-action shotgun produced. Throughout the time period the Model 1897 was in production, over a million of the type were produced in various grades and barrel lengths. 16-gauge guns had a standard barrel length of {{convert|28|in|cm|abbr=on}}, while 12-gauge guns were furnished with {{convert|30|in|cm|abbr=on}} length barrels. Special length barrels could be ordered in lengths as short as {{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and as long as {{convert|36|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Along with various grades and barrel lengths, the Model 1897 came in two different chamberings. One was the 12 gauge and the other was the 16 gauge.{{sfn|Hager|2005a}} The shells should be of the {{frac|2|5|8}} inch or {{frac|2|3|4}} inch models.{{sfn|Henshaw|1993|p=49}} Any shells larger are not recommended. An average Model 1897 can hold 5 or 6 shotgun shells in the magazine tube.<ref>{{cite web|title=Winchester Model 97 Take-down model|date=Oct 29, 2016|author=hickok45|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OukmFnhUCM| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211116/_OukmFnhUCM| archive-date=2021-11-16 | url-status=live|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> When working the action of the Model 1897 the forend (fore grip) is pulled back, forcing the breech bolt to the rear which extracts and then ejects the spent shell while simultaneously cocking the external hammer by pushing it to the rear. When the forend is slid forward again, the breech bolt pushes a fresh shell into the gun's chamber and locks into place.

The Chinese company Norinco has made an effort to reproduce this firearm. The Norinco 97 is an almost exact copy of the Winchester 1897, produced in both Trench and Riot grades, yet lacking in the fit and finish of the originals.{{sfn|Davis|2006}}

===Grades of the Model 97===
[[File:97 and Norinco.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|right|Model 1897 (trench grade) and the reproduced Norinco (riot grade)]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Grades of the Model 1897{{sfn|Wilson|2008|pp=214–219}}
! Grade !! Gauge !! Barrel (inches) !! Production dates !! Remarks
|-
| Standard
| 12,16 ||{{convert|30|in|cm|abbr=on}}, {{convert|28|in|cm|abbr=on}} || 1897–1957{{sfn|Miller|2006|p=98}}||Plain walnut stock with steel buttplate
|-
| Trap
| 12,16 || {{convert|30|in|cm|abbr=on}}, {{convert|28|in|cm|abbr=on}} ||1897–1931{{sfn|Miller|2006|p=98}} ||Fancy walnut with checkering
|-
| Pigeon
| 12,16 || {{convert|28|in|cm|abbr=on}} || 1897–1939{{sfn|Miller|2006|p=98}}||Same as Trap, but hand-engraved receiver
|-
| Tournament
| 12 || {{convert|30|in|cm|abbr=on}} || 1910–1931{{sfn|Miller|2006|p=99}}||Select walnut; receiver top matte to reduce glare
|-
| Brush
| 12,16 || {{convert|26|in|cm|abbr=on}} || 1897–1931{{sfn|Miller|2006|p=98}}||Shorter magazine, plain walnut without checkering, solid frame
|-
| Brush Takedown
| 12,16 || {{convert|26|in|cm|abbr=on}} ||1897–1931{{sfn|Miller|2006|p=98}}|| Same as above, but with takedown frame
|-
| Riot
| 12 || {{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} || 1898–1935{{sfn|Miller|2006|p=98}}|| Plain walnut, solid or with takedown frame
|-
| Trench
| 12 || {{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} || 1917–1945{{sfn|Wilson|2008|p=220}}||Same as riot gun but with heat shield, bayonet lug, and sling swivels
|}

===Original prices===
When the Model 1897 was first introduced, the price depended upon what grade was being purchased and what features were being added to that specific shotgun. To purchase a plain finished shotgun would cost the buyer $25 ({{Inflation|US|25|1897|fmt=eq}}), whereas an engraved receiver with checkered and finer wood included cost $100 ({{Inflation|US|100|1897|fmt=eq}}).{{sfn|Hager|2005a}} The more expensive grades of the Model 1897 were the standard, trap, pigeon, and tournament grades. These were the grades that were normally equipped with an engraved receiver and with checkered, finer wood.{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=694}}{{sfn|Carmichel|1986|pp=78-79}} The less expensive and plainer grades were the Brush, Brush Takedown, Riot, and Trench. These grades were not given the higher valued wood or special designs.{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=694}}{{sfn|Carmichel|1986|pp=78-79}} This is because these guns were designed and built for hard abuse. These grades stood a higher chance of being badly damaged so there was no need to put extra money into them for appearance purposes. As the functions that were performed with these grades required them to be lightweight, it was not beneficial to use heavy and expensive wood when designing them. Most often, when these grades were purchased, they were purchased in high numbers. By designing these grades with standard wood and finish, it kept the prices at a lower level.{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=694}}{{sfn|Carmichel|1986|pp=78-79}} They were also sold in German catalogues for prices comparable to luxury [[double-barreled shotgun]]s.<ref>Alpha-Catalogue 1911: ''Winchester Model 1897'' (variants, details and sales prices in German-Mark (1911)), Page 302, [https://archive.org/details/AlfaWaffenkatalog1911/page/n177 archive.org].</ref>

==Military use==
[[File:WncsterCatMod97trench.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Winchester Model 1897 trench gun]]

The Model 1897 was issued to American soldiers during the [[Philippine–American War]] of 1899. This first major use of issued shotguns by the United States military involved 200 weapons procured and sent to the Philippines in 1900. They were employed in countering [[Moro people|Moro]] tribesmen who engaged the Americans in close-quarter combat using knives and swords.<ref>{{cite web |last=Miskimon |first=Christopher |title=The Short-range Shotgun |url=http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-short-range-shotgun/ |date=3 June 2016 |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092141/http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-short-range-shotgun/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (''See: [[juramentado]]'')

[[File:Winch M97 M12 trench guns.jpg|thumb|Winchester M97 and M12 trench guns]]
During the [[Pancho Villa Expedition|punitive expedition in Mexico]], some US soldiers were also equipped with M97s.{{sfn|Thompson|2013|p=34}} When the United States entered World War I, there was a need for more service weapons to be issued to the troops. It became clear to the United States just how brutal [[trench warfare]] was, and how great the need was for a large amount of close-range firepower while fighting in a [[trench]], after they had observed the war for the first three years.{{sfn|Davis|2006}} The Model 1897 Trench grade was an evolution of this idea. The pre-existing Winchester Model 1897 was modified by adding a perforated steel [[heat shield]] over the barrel which kept the soldier's hands off a hot barrel,{{sfn|Lewis|Campbell|Steele|2007|p=162}} and an adapter with [[bayonet lug]] for affixing an [[M1917 bayonet]].{{sfn|Davis|2006}}

[[File:Bayonet Mount.JPG|thumb|left|Model 1897 adapter that allowed the attachment of the M1917 bayonet]]
This model was ideal for close combat and was efficient in trench warfare due to its 20-inch cylinder bore barrel. Buckshot ammunition was issued with the trench grade during the war. Each round of this ammunition contained nine 00 (.33-caliber) buckshot pellets. This gave considerable firepower to the individual soldier by each round that was fired.{{sfn|Williamson|1952|p=158}}

It has been said that American soldiers who were skilled at [[trap shooting]] were armed with these guns and stationed where they could fire at enemy hand grenades in midair.{{sfn|Williamson|1952|p=158}}

Unlike most modern [[pump-action shotguns]], the Winchester Model 1897 (versions of which were type classified as the Model 97 or M97 for short) fired each time the action closed with the trigger depressed (that is, it lacks a [[trigger disconnector]]). Coupled with its five-shot capacity, this characteristic allowed troops to fire the whole magazine with great speed by simply keeping the trigger held and running the action as quickly as possible, known as "[[Slamfire|slam-firing]]". This made it extremely effective in close combat, such that troops referred to it as the "trench-sweeper" or "trench broom". Shortly before the end of the war, the German government protested the use of shotguns in combat, claiming it to cause unnecessary suffering.<ref name="state1918">{{cite web|title=Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States|date=19 September 1918|website=Office of the Historian-Dept. of State |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1918Supp02/d911 |access-date=6 February 2022 }}</ref>{{sfn|Parks|1997}} The Model 1897 was used again in World War II by the [[United States Army]] and [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], where it was used alongside the similarly militarized version of the hammerless [[Winchester Model 1912|Model 1912]].{{sfn|Thompson|2013|pp=55-56}} Some were still in service during the [[Korean War]]{{sfn|Thompson|2013|p=58}} and the [[Vietnam War]].{{sfn|Thompson|2013|p=62}}

=== World War I protests ===

The Winchester Model 1897 shotgun was widely used by American forces during World War I, particularly in trench warfare. Its effectiveness in close-quarters combat led to a formal protest by the German government on 19 September 1918. Germany claimed that the use of shotguns violated the laws of war, specifically citing Article 23(e) of the 1907 Hague Convention, which prohibits weapons causing unnecessary suffering. The protest threatened that any U.S. soldier captured with a shotgun or its ammunition would be subject to execution.  In response, the U.S. government, through Secretary of State Robert Lansing and Acting Judge Advocate General Brigadier General Samuel T. Ansell, rejected the German protest. They argued that the shotgun was a lawful weapon of war, comparable to other accepted weapons like shrapnel shells and machine guns. The U.S. warned that any execution of American prisoners would result in reprisals.<ref>[https://www.historynet.com/the-1918-shotgun-protest/mhqp-200100-laws-shotgun-03 The 1918 Shotgun Protest]</ref>

Despite the controversy, there are no known instances of German forces executing American soldiers for possessing shotguns. However, the U.S. military reportedly censored photographs of trench guns in combat to avoid further diplomatic issues and to prevent negative perceptions among Allied nations.<ref>[https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/the-trouble-with-trench-guns The Trouble With Trench Guns]</ref>

During the First World War, both the French and British high commands evaluated shotguns for trench warfare but declined to adopt them, chiefly because ammunition performance was unreliable in damp conditions and reload rates were slower than those of rifles.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Why did no one else use Shotguns in the World Wars? {{!}} SpaceBattles | url=https://forums.spacebattles.com/threads/why-did-no-one-else-use-shotguns-in-the-world-wars.817802/ | access-date=2025-08-04 | website=forums.spacebattles.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=The Truth About “Trench Guns” {{!}} An Official Journal Of The NRA | url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/content/the-truth-about-trench-guns/ | access-date=2025-08-04 | website=www.americanrifleman.org}}</ref>

==Other uses==
After the war, a shorter-barrelled version of the Model 1897 was marketed by Winchester as a riot gun. Messengers of The [[American Express]] Company were armed with this weapon as were various police departments throughout the US.{{sfn|Williamson|1952|p=158}}  The differences between this riot version and the trench version were that the riot version lacked the heat shield and bayonet lug,{{sfn|Davis|2006}} and all trench guns were equipped with sling swivels, whereas most riot guns were not.{{sfn|Hager|2005a}}

==Users==
* {{flag|Canada|1907}} : Used by [[Royal Canadian Navy]] Beach Commandos, and other RCN boarding parties in WWII.
* {{flag|Iran}}<ref>{{cite news |title=بازی موبایلی نوهد رونمایی شد |url=https://ana.ir/fa/news/314450/بازی-موبایلی-نوهد-رونمایی-شد |access-date=9 October 2025 |work=fa |date=30 September 2018 |language=fa}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ireland}}: 698 reported in service in late 1940.<ref>{{cite web |author=Michael Kennedy, Victor Laing |year=2011 |title=THE IRISH DEFENCE FORCES 1940–1949 The Chief of Staff's Reports |url=https://www.irishmanuscripts.ie/product/the-irish-defence-forces-1940-1949-the-chief-of-staffs-reports/?attachment_id=6185&download_file=q17mc9vbcohc5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314161526/https://www.irishmanuscripts.ie/product/the-irish-defence-forces-1940-1949-the-chief-of-staffs-reports/?attachment_id=6185&download_file=q17mc9vbcohc55 |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |access-date=March 14, 2022 |publisher=Irish Manuscripts Commission |page=21}}</ref>
* {{flag|Philippines|1936}}{{sfn|Thompson|2013|p=11}}
* {{flag|South Korea|1949}}:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/bbs/view.html?b_bbs_id=10159&pn=0&num=14166|title=[Re]UDT/SEAL|language=ko|website=chosun.com}}</ref> Used by [[Republic of Korea Navy Special Warfare Flotilla|UDT/SEAL]].
* {{flag|United States}}:
**[[US Armed Forces]]
**[[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]]
**[[Detroit Police Department]]
**[[Illinois State Police]]
**[[U.S. Border Patrol]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Leroy |author-link= |date=16 February 2024 |title=Greenhill Military Manuals |url= |location= |publisher=Greenhill Books |page=86-87 |isbn=978-1-85367-515-7}}</ref>    
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}: Used by the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firearms of the Irish Civil Wars: Part 2 the Republicans: their Unionist opponents had a much better quantity and variety of arms, but the Republicans put theirs to a lot more use. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Firearms+of+the+Irish+Civil+Wars:+Part+2+the+Republicans:+their...-a0207048671 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maxwell |first=Nick |date=2020-02-27 |title=Weapons of the Royal Irish Constabulary (1822–1922) |url=https://www.historyireland.com/weapons-of-the-royal-irish-constabulary-1822-1922/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=History Ireland}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces]]
* [[List of shotguns]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
<references>
{{sfn|Parks|1997}}
{{sfn|Williamson|1952|p=158}}
</references>

== General and cited references ==
* {{cite book | last =Boorman | first = Dean K. | title = History of Winchester Firearms| publisher = The Lyons Press| year = 2001| isbn =978-1-58574-307-0}}
* {{cite book | last = Carmichel | first = Jim | title = Guns and Shooting, 1986 | publisher = Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated, Book Division | year = 1986 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/gunsshooting19861986jimc/page/78 78–79] | isbn = 978-0-943822-58-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/gunsshooting19861986jimc/page/78 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Lewis | first1 = Jack | author-link = Jack Lewis (screenwriter) | first2 = Robert K. | last2 = Campbell | first3 = David | last3 = Steele | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P75lJjon9yoC&pg=PA162 | title = The Gun Digest Book of Assault Weapons | publisher = Krause Publications | year = 2007 | edition = 7th | access-date = 2010-04-20 | page = 162 | isbn = 9780896894983 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{citation |last=Hager |first=Michael C |title=A Timeline History of Winchester | website=The Winchester Collector |publisher= Winchester Arms Collectors Association |date=25 Jan 2005a |accessdate=20 Jan 2009 |url=http://www.winchestercollector.org/guns/w-history.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130092414/http://www.winchestercollector.org/guns/w-history.shtml |archivedate=2009-01-30}}
*{{citation |last=Hager |first=Michael C |title=Model 1897 Shotguns |website=The Winchester Collector |publisher= Winchester Arms Collectors Association |date=9 Jan 2005b |accessdate=23 Jan 2009 |url=http://www.winchestercollector.org/guns/1897shot.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204032557/https://winchestercollector.org/guns/1897shot.shtml |archivedate=2009-02-04}}
* {{cite book | last = Miller | first = David | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Th_O1NSZWVoC&pg=PA98 | title = The History of Browning Firearms | publisher = First Lyons Press Edition | year = 2006 | access-date = 2010-04-19 | pages = 98–99 | isbn = 9781592289103 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | last = Miller | first = David | title = The Illustrated Directory of Guns | publisher = Collin Gower Enterprises Ltd. | year = 2005 | page = 694 | isbn = 0-681-06685-7}}
* {{cite web | last = Davis | first = Phil | url = http://sangamoncorifleassociation.org/phildavis/Winchestermodel1897.html | title = Sangamon County Rifle Association Winchester Model 1897 | date = 2006-08-07 | access-date = 2010-01-23 | archive-date = 4 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090204115521/http://sangamoncorifleassociation.org/phildavis/Winchestermodel1897.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite book | last = Farrow | first = Edward S. | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8NKEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA315| title = American Small Arms | publisher = The Bradford Company | location = New York | year = 1904 | access-date = 2010-04-20 | pages = 335–337}}
* {{cite book | last = Henshaw | first = Thomas | title = The History of Winchester Firearms | publisher = Winchester Press |date=1993 | edition = 6th | pages = 48–50}}
* {{cite web|last=Parks|first=W. Hays|url=http://lawofwar.org/Parks_Combat_Shotguns.htm|title=October 1997 The Army Lawyer|year=1997|access-date=2010-04-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040702170844/http://lawofwar.org/Parks_Combat_Shotguns.htm|archive-date=2004-07-02}}
* {{cite web | last = Smith | first = Morris F. | url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US1077103 | title = United States Patent Office | publisher = PIBEABM Patent Search | date = 1911-12-14 | access-date = 2010-03-20 | pages = 4–5}}
* {{cite book|title=US Combat Shotguns|series=Weapon 29|first=Leroy |last=Thompson|date=2013|isbn=978-1-78096-014-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnGICwAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]}}
* {{cite book | last = Williamson |first = Harold F. | author-link= Harold F. Williamson |title = Winchester | url = https://archive.org/details/gunthatwonwest0000unse | url-access = registration |location  =Washington DC |publisher = Combat Forces |year = 1952 | edition = 1st | pages = [https://archive.org/details/gunthatwonwest0000unse/page/158 158]–159}}
* {{cite book | last = Wilson | first = R. L. | title = Winchester: An American Legend | publisher = Book Sales, Inc| year = 2008| location = New York | pages = 214–220| isbn =978-0-7858-1893-9}}

{{John Browning}}
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[[Category:Firearms by John Browning]]
[[Category:Pump-action shotguns]]
[[Category:Shotguns of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps equipment]]
[[Category:Weapons of the Philippine Army]]
[[Category:Winchester Repeating Arms Company firearms]]
[[Category:World War I infantry weapons of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II firearms of the United States]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1898]]