View source for Windsor, Ontario

{{Short description|City in Ontario, Canada}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Windsor
| official_name      = City of Windsor
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities in Ontario|City]] ([[List of municipalities in Ontario#Single-tier municipalities|single-tier]])
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border                 = infobox
| total_width            = 300
| image_style            = border:1;
| perrow                 = 1/2/2
| image1 = Windsor, Ontario (aerial view).jpg
| image2 = Ambassador_bridge_evening.jpg
| image3 = WFCU_3577-2.jpg
| image4 = Dillon_Hall.jpg
| image5 = Caesars Windsor riverfront view 2022.jpg

}}
| imagesize          = 300px
| image_caption      = From top, left to right: Downtown Windsor skyline, [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[WFCU Centre]], Dillon Hall at [[University of Windsor]], and [[Caesars Windsor]]
| image_flag         = Flag-Ca-On-Windsor.svg
| flag_size          = 
| image_shield       = <noinclude>Coat of arms of Windsor, Ontario.svg</noinclude>
| shield_size        = 
| image_blank_emblem = City of Windsor Vertical Logo.svg
| nickname           = [[List of city nicknames in Canada#Ontario|"The City of Roses", "Automotive Capital of Canada"]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Windsor |url=http://www.uwindsor.ca/history/332/history-windsor |access-date=24 July 2018 |website=uwindsor.ca |publisher=University of Windsor Department of History |df=mdy-all |archive-date=July 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724213653/http://www.uwindsor.ca/history/332/history-windsor |url-status=live }}</ref>
| named_for          = [[Windsor, Berkshire]], England
| motto              = The river and the land sustain us. - "The Place to Be."{{force singular}}
| image_map          = Windsor locator, Detroit, 2021.svg
| map_caption        = Location in the [[Detroit–Windsor]] region
| pushpin_map        = Canada Southern Ontario#Ontario#Canada
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within southern Ontario##Location within Ontario##Location within Canada
| coordinates        = {{coord|42|18|08|N|82|59|37|W|region:CA-ON_type:city|name=Windsor|notes=<ref name=cgndbwin>{{Cite cgndb|FDEGT|Windsor}}</ref>|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = Canada
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of Ontario census divisions|Census division]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Ontario]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Essex County, Ontario|Essex]]
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = 1749
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2  = 1854
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="SC06">{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2012 |title=Windsor (city) community profile |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=CD&Code2=3537&Data=Count&SearchText=windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2012-02-08 |website=[[Canada 2011 Census|2011 Census data]] |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527042021/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=CD&Code2=3537&Data=Count&SearchText=windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SC06-ca">{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2007 |title=Windsor (census metropolitan area) community profile |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=559&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2011-04-04 |website=[[Canada 2006 Census|2006 Census data]] |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521201806/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=559&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_km2     = 146.32
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_urban_km2     = 175.77
| area_metro_km2     = 1022.84
| elevation_m        = 190 <!-- at the airport -->
| population_total   = 236,789 ([[List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population|23rd]])
| population_as_of   = 2022
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 306,519 ([[List of the largest population centres in Canada|16th]])
| population_metro   = 422,630 ([[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|16th]])
| population_demonym = Windsorite
| population_note    = <!-- GDP -------------->
| demographics_type2 = Gross Metropolitan Product
| demographics2_title1 = Windsor {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}}
| demographics2_info1 = [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]16.4{{nbsp}}billion (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |title=Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000) |date=January 27, 2017 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=April 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801 |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| postal_code_type   = [[Canadian postal code#Forward sortation areas|Forward sortation area]]
| postal_code        = [[List of N postal codes of Canada|N8N to N8Y, N9A to N9K]]
| area_codes         = [[Area codes 519 and 226|519, 226 and 548]]
| unemployment_rate  = 
| website            = [http://www.citywindsor.ca/ www.citywindsor.ca]
| footnotes          = <nowiki>*</nowiki>&nbsp;[[List of Ontario separated municipalities|Separated municipalities]]
| government_type    = [[Council-Manager]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = [[Drew Dilkens]]
| leader_title1      = Governing body
| leader_name1       = [[Windsor City Council]]
| leader_title2      = [[House of Commons of Canada|MPs]]
| leader_name2       = [[Harb Gill]]&nbsp;([[Conservative Party of Canada|CPC]]),<br />[[Kathy Borrelli]]&nbsp;([[Conservative Party of Canada|CPC]])
| leader_title3      = [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario|MPPs]]
| leader_name3       = [[Lisa Gretzky]]&nbsp;([[Ontario New Democratic Party|NDP]]),<br />[[Andrew Dowie]]&nbsp;([[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|PC]])
| timezone           = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset         = −05:00
| timezone_DST       = [[Daylight saving time in Canada|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST     = −04:00
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| blank_emblem_size  = 
}}

'''Windsor''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|n|d|z|ɚ}} {{respell|WIND|zer}}) is a city in [[southwestern Ontario]], Canada. It is situated on the south bank of the [[Detroit River]] directly across from the U.S city of [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]. Geographically located within but administratively independent of [[Essex County, Ontario|Essex County]], it is the southernmost city in Canada and marks the southwestern end of the [[Quebec City–Windsor Corridor]]. The city's population was 229,660 at the [[2021 Canadian Census|2021 census]], making it the third-most populated city in Southwestern Ontario, after [[London, Ontario|London]] and [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]]. This represents a 5.7 percent<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographics {{!}} City of Windsor |url=https://www.citywindsor.ca/residents/planning/plans-and-community-information/about-windsor/demographics |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=www.citywindsor.ca |language=en}}</ref> increase from Windsor's 2016 population census of 217,188. 

The [[Detroit–Windsor]] urban area is North America's most populous trans-border [[conurbation]].  Linking the [[Great Lakes Megalopolis]], the [[Ambassador Bridge]] border crossing is the busiest commercial crossing on the [[Canada–United States border]], carrying about one-quarter of the two countries' trade volume.

Windsor is a major contributor to [[Automotive industry in Canada|Canada's automotive industry]] and is culturally diverse. Known as the "Automotive Capital of Canada", Windsor's industrial and manufacturing heritage is responsible for how the city has developed through the years.

==History==
{{See also|Neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ontario}}
[[File:Mackenzie Hall, Windsor, Ontario, 2025-06-03 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mackenzie Hall]]]]

===Early settlement===
At the time when the first Europeans arrived in the 17th century, the Detroit River region was inhabited by the [[Huron people|Huron]], [[Odawa]], [[Potawatomi]] and [[Iroquois]] [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]].<ref name="teasdale">{{Cite journal |last=Teasdale |first=Guillaume |date=2012 |title=Old Friends and New Foes: French Settlers and Indians in the Detroit River Border Region |journal=Michigan Historical Review |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=35–62 |doi=10.5342/michhistrevi.38.2.0035}}</ref> The land along the Detroit River was part of the [[Council of Three Fires|Three Fires Confederacy]] between the [[Ojibwe]], Potawatomi, and Odawa and was referred to as ''Wawiiatanong'' or ''Wawiiatanong Ziibi'' meaning "where the river bends" in [[Anishinaabemowin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Sandwich |url=https://www.citywindsor.ca/residents/historyofwindsor/history-of-sandwich/Pages/default.aspx#:~:text=Before%20Europeans%20arrived%2C%20the%20land,%2C%20and%20Odawa%20(Ottawa) |access-date=2022-02-21 |website=Citywindsor.ca |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926230044/https://citywindsor.ca/residents/historyofwindsor/history-of-sandwich/Pages/default.aspx#:~:text=Before%20Europeans%20arrived%2C%20the%20land,%2C%20and%20Odawa%20(Ottawa) |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Israelson |first=David |date=February 9, 2021 |title=Transforming a 70s law school to reflect changing student and social demographics |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/industry-news/property-report/article-transforming-a-70s-law-school-to-reflect-changing-student-and-social/ |access-date=February 21, 2022|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|publisher=Theglobeandmail.com |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214174437/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/industry-news/property-report/article-transforming-a-70s-law-school-to-reflect-changing-student-and-social/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Later settlement===
A French agricultural settlement was established at the site of Windsor in 1749. It is the oldest continually inhabited European-founded settlement in Canada west of [[Montreal]]. The area was first named ''la Petite Côte'' ("Little Coast"—as opposed to the longer coastline on the Detroit side of the river). Later it was called ''La Côte de Misère'' ("Poverty Coast") because of the sandy soils near [[LaSalle, Ontario|LaSalle]].

Windsor's [[French Canadian|French-Canadian]] heritage is reflected in French street names such as Ouellette, Drouillard, Pelissier, François, Pierre, Langlois, Marentette, and Lauzon. The current street system (a grid with elongated blocks) reflects the ''Canadien'' method of agricultural land division, where the farms were long and narrow, fronting along the river. Today, the name of the north–south street often shows the name of the family that farmed the land where the street is today. The street system of outlying areas is consistent with the British system for granting land [[concession road|concessions]]. There is a sizeable French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding area, particularly in the [[Lakeshore, Ontario|Lakeshore]], [[Tecumseh, Ontario|Tecumseh]] and [[LaSalle, Ontario|LaSalle]] areas.

[[File:Duff Baby House.jpg|thumb|left|[[Duff-Baby House]]]]
In 1797, after the [[American Revolution]], the settlement of "Sandwich" was established. It was later renamed Windsor, after the [[Windsor, Berkshire|town in Berkshire, England]]. The Sandwich neighbourhood on Windsor's west side is home to some of the city's oldest buildings, including [[Mackenzie Hall]], originally built as the Essex County Courthouse in 1855. Today, this building is a community centre. The city's oldest building is the [[Duff-Baby House]], built in 1792. It is owned by [[Ontario Heritage Trust]] and houses government offices.

===19th century===
[[File:Sandwich Township in 1881, Essex County Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|Windsor as depicted in an 1881 map of East and West Sandwich Township. From the ''Illustrated atlas of the Dominion of Canada''.]]

The [[François Baby House]] in downtown Windsor was built in 1812 and houses [[Windsor's Community Museum]] dedicated to local history.

Windsor was the site of [[Battle of Windsor|a battle]] during the 1838 [[Upper Canada Rebellion]]. It was attacked by a band of 400 Americans and rebels from Detroit who burned a steamboat and two or three houses before being routed by the local militia.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Wm. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit |title=Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting All Parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West |date=1846 |publisher=H. & W. Rowsell |location=Toronto |page=[https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit/page/221 221]}}</ref> Later that year, Windsor also served as a theatre for the [[Patriot War]].

[[File:Underground Railroad Monument - Windsor, Ontario.JPG|thumb|right|Underground Railroad Monument]]
In 1846, Windsor had a population of about 300. Two steamboats offered service to Detroit. The barracks were still in operation. There were various tradespeople and other occupations, including bank agencies and post offices.<ref name="auto" /> The city's access to the Canada–US border made it an essential stop for refugee enslaved people gaining freedom in the northern United States along the [[Underground Railroad]]. Many went across the Detroit River to Windsor to escape pursuit by slave catchers.<ref name="Chadwick">{{Cite book |last=Chadwick |first=Bruce |url=https://archive.org/details/travelingundergr00chad/page/272 |title=Traveling the underground railroad: a visitor's guide to more than 300 sites |publisher=Carol Pub. Group |year=1999 |isbn=0806520930 |location=Secaucus, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/travelingundergr00chad/page/272 272] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Woodford">{{Cite book |last=Woodford, Arthur M. |title=This is Detroit 1701–2001 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-8143-2914-4}}</ref> There were estimated to be 20,000 to 30,000 African-American refugees who settled in Canada,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Underground Railroad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzzBPR0DxdwC |publisher=US Department of Interior |date=September 1995 |page=168 |isbn=9780788146572 |access-date=August 11, 2022 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027141703/https://books.google.com/books?id=zzzBPR0DxdwC |url-status=live }}</ref> with many settling in [[Essex County, Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Daniel G. |title=The freedom-seekers: Blacks in early Canada |date=1981 |publisher=Book Society of Canada |isbn=0772552835 |location=Agincourt, Canada |page=48 |oclc=8114887}}</ref><ref name="Switala">{{Cite book |last=Switala |first=William |title=Underground railroad in New Jersey and New York |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2006 |isbn=9780811746298 |location=Mechanicsburg, PA |page=144}}</ref><ref name="Chadwick" />

Windsor was incorporated as a village in 1854 (the same year the village was connected to the rest of Canada by the [[Grand Trunk Railway]]/[[Canadian National Railway]]), then became a town in 1858, and gained city status in 1892.

The [[Windsor Police Service]] was established on July 1, 1867.

A fire consumed much of Windsor's downtown core on October 12, 1871, destroying over 100 buildings.<ref name="Timeline">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=The Timeline: Fire of 1871 |url=http://209.202.75.197/digi/chi/timeline.asp?Lang=english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026073802/http://209.202.75.197/digi/chi/drawpage.asp?RelationID=fire |archive-date=2007-10-26 |access-date=2008-03-14 |website=Settling Canada's South: How Windsor Was Made |publisher=[[Windsor Public Library]]}}</ref>

The ''Windsor Star'' Centennial Edition in 1992 covered the city's past, its success as a railway centre, and its contributions to [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] fighting efforts. It also recalled the naming controversy in 1892 when Windsor aimed to become a city. The most popular names listed in the naming controversy were ''South Detroit'', ''The Ferry'' (from the ferries that linked Windsor to Detroit), ''Windsor'', and Richmond (the runner-up in popularity). ''Windsor'' was chosen to promote the heritage of new English settlers in the city and to recognize [[Windsor Castle]] in Berkshire, England. However, ''Richmond'' was a popular name used until World War II, mainly by the local post office.

===20th century===
[[Sandwich, Ontario|Sandwich]], [[Ford City, Ontario|Ford City]] and [[Walkerville, Ontario|Walkerville]] were separate legal entities (towns) until 1935. They are now historic [[Neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ontario|neighbourhoods of Windsor]]. Ford City was incorporated as a village in 1912; it became a town in 1915 and a city in 1929. Walkerville was incorporated as a town in 1890. Sandwich was established in 1817 as a town with no municipal status. It was incorporated as a town in 1858 (the same year as neighbouring Windsor).

Windsor annexed these three towns in 1935. The nearby villages of [[Neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ontario#Ojibway|Ojibway]] and [[Neighbourhoods of Windsor, Ontario#Riverside|Riverside]] were incorporated in 1913 and 1921, respectively. Both were annexed by Windsor in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Windsor |url=https://citywindsor.ca/residents/historyofwindsor/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=July 24, 2018 |website=Citywindsor.ca |publisher=City of Windsor |df=mdy-all |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003037/https://citywindsor.ca/residents/historyofwindsor/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 1920s, alcohol prohibition was enforced in Michigan while alcohol was legal in Ontario. [[Rum-running in Windsor]] was a common practice then.

On October 25, 1960, a massive gas explosion destroyed the building housing the [[Metropolitan Stores|Metropolitan Store]] on Ouellette Avenue. Ten people were killed, and at least one hundred were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2007 |title=1960 Explosion Remembered |url=http://www.windsorfire.com/1960-explosion-remembered/ |access-date=2017-12-02 |publisher=Windsor Fire and Rescue Services |archive-date=December 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153856/http://www.windsorfire.com/1960-explosion-remembered/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Windsor Star]]'' commemorated the 45th anniversary of the event on October 25, 2005.

==Climate==
{{See also|Weather records in Windsor, Ontario}}

{{climate chart
| Windsor
|-7.1|-0.0|70.8
|-6.4| 1.3|60.0
|-2.1| 6.8|71.0
| 3.5|14.0|92.2
| 9.8|20.7|97.3
|15.5|26.0|82.9
|18.0|28.3|99.3
|17.1|27.0|75.7
|13.0|23.1|88.3
| 6.9|16.1|73.9
| 1.4| 8.9|73.2
|-3.5| 2.7|69.2
|float=left
|clear=none
|source=<ref name="climate" />
}}

Windsor has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfa'') which closely borders a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfa'') using the {{convert|-3|C}} isotherm for the Riverside weather station due to a January mean temperature being right about that temperature, with four distinct seasons.<ref name="Peel">{{Cite journal |author=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson, B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free |access-date=September 22, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="windsorclimate">{{Cite web |title=Living in Windsor |url=http://www1.uwindsor.ca/studentexchange/living-in-windsor |access-date=22 September 2015 |publisher=University of Windsor |archive-date=July 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711233844/http://www1.uwindsor.ca/studentexchange/living-in-windsor |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among cities in Ontario, Windsor has the warmest climate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate |url=https://www.citywindsor.ca/business/physician-recruitment/Live/Pages/Climate.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617153004/https://www.citywindsor.ca/business/physician-recruitment/Live/Pages/Climate.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=17 June 2019 |publisher=City of Windsor}}</ref> The mean annual temperature is {{convert|10.1|°C|°F|0}} at the Airport, {{convert|10.8|°C|°F|0}} Downtown, among the warmest in Canada primarily due to its hot summers. Some locations in coastal and lower mainland [[British Columbia]] have a slightly higher mean annual temperature due to milder winter conditions there. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Windsor was {{convert|-32.8|°C|°F}} on January 29, 1873,<ref name="Windsor Riverside">{{Cite web|title=Windsor Riverside|url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=451000000&dispBack=0 |access-date=9 Oct 2024 |website=Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020 |publisher=Environment Canada}}</ref> and the warmest was {{convert|40.2|°C|°F}} on June 25, 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2011 |title=Windsor A, Ontario |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=4716&lang=e&dCode=1&province=ONT&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12 |access-date=September 28, 2013 |website=Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000 |publisher=Environment Canada |archive-date=October 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002141043/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=4716&lang=e&dCode=1&province=ONT&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Riverfrontwalk windsor.jpg|thumb|right]]Winters in Windsor are cold. The January mean temperature averages  {{convert|-3.6|°C|°F}} Airport, {{convert|-2.9|°C|°F}} Downtown.<ref name=climate/> Occasional bitter cold outbreaks do occur, often accompanied by [[wind chill]]s exacerbating the feel to exposed skin, these tend to be short-lived. The city occasionally sees lake-effect snow that originates from distant Lake Michigan. Snow cover is intermittent throughout the winter; on average, there are 46 days each year with at least some measurable snow falling. There are typically three to five major snowfalls each winter.
Summers are very warm to hot and humid,<ref name=windsorclimate/> with a July mean temperature of {{convert|23.2|°C|°F|0}} Airport, {{convert|23.8|°C|°F|0}} Downtown (with the highest climatological Summer mean temperature average in Canada). 
The humidex (combined feel of temperature and humidity) reaches {{convert|30|°C|°F}} or higher on over 70 days in an average summer; the highest recorded humidex in Ontario of {{convert|52.1|°C|°F}}, occurred on June 20, 1953 in Windsor. Thunderstorms are common during summer and occur on average 32 days per year, some of them severe with high winds, heavy rainfall, flooding, intense lightning, hail and less often, tornadic activity<ref name=windsorclimate/><ref name="climate" /> Windsor has the highest number of days per year with lightning, haze, and daily maximum humidex over {{convert|30|°C|°F}} of cities in Canada.<ref name="weatherwinners">{{Cite web|title=Weather Winners|url=https://www.weatherstats.ca/winners.html?location=windsor;category=14|access-date=April 26, 2020|publisher=Environment Canada|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414162620/https://www.weatherstats.ca/winners.html?location=windsor;category=14|url-status=live}}</ref> Windsor has Canada's warmest climatological Fall season, with the highest mean temperatures for September, October and November.<ref name=weatherwinners/>  Precipitation is generally well-distributed throughout the year, on average driest in February, wettest in July. There are 2,261 sunshine average sunshine hours per year, or 52% of possible.<ref name="LIC">{{Cite web |date=2006-12-03 |title=The Climate and Weather of Windsor, Ontario |url=http://www.livingin-canada.com/climate-windsor.html |access-date=April 29, 2013 |publisher=Livingin-canada.com |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128021135/http://www.livingin-canada.com/climate-windsor.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = [[Windsor Airport]], 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1940−present
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
| Jan maximum humidex = 18.1
| Feb maximum humidex = 22.5
| Mar maximum humidex = 32.3
| Apr maximum humidex = 35.7
| May maximum humidex = 42.3
| Jun maximum humidex = 52.1
| Jul maximum humidex = 50.9
| Aug maximum humidex = 47.5
| Sep maximum humidex = 46.9
| Oct maximum humidex = 39.2
| Nov maximum humidex = 28.1
| Dec maximum humidex = 24.1
|year maximum humidex = 52.1
| Jan record high C = 17.8
| Feb record high C = 21.4
| Mar record high C = 28.4
| Apr record high C = 31.1
| May record high C = 34.0
| Jun record high C = 40.3
| Jul record high C = 38.3
| Aug record high C = 37.7
| Sep record high C = 37.2
| Oct record high C = 32.2
| Nov record high C = 26.1
| Dec record high C = 19.6
|year record high C = 40.2
| Jan high C =  0.0
| Feb high C =  1.3
| Mar high C =  6.8
| Apr high C = 14.0
| May high C = 20.7
| Jun high C = 26.0
| Jul high C = 28.3
| Aug high C = 27.0
| Sep high C = 23.1
| Oct high C = 16.1
| Nov high C =  8.9
| Dec high C =  2.7
|year high C = 14.6
| Jan mean C = −3.6
| Feb mean C = −2.6
| Mar mean C =  2.4
| Apr mean C =  8.8
| May mean C = 15.3
| Jun mean C = 20.8
| Jul mean C = 23.2
| Aug mean C = 22.1
| Sep mean C = 18.1
| Oct mean C = 11.6
| Nov mean C =  5.2
| Dec mean C = −0.4
|year mean C = 10.1
| Jan low C = −7.1
| Feb low C = −6.4
| Mar low C = −2.1
| Apr low C =  3.5
| May low C =  9.8
| Jun low C = 15.5
| Jul low C = 18.0
| Aug low C = 17.1
| Sep low C = 13.0
| Oct low C =  6.9
| Nov low C =  1.4
| Dec low C = −3.5
|year low C =  5.5
| Jan record low C = −29.1
| Feb record low C = −26.7
| Mar record low C = −22.0
| Apr record low C =  −9.5
| May record low C =  −2.8
| Jun record low C =   2.8
| Jul record low C =   5.6
| Aug record low C =   5.2
| Sep record low C =  −1.1
| Oct record low C =  −5.0
| Nov record low C = −15.6
| Dec record low C = −23.4
|year record low C = −29.1
| Jan chill = −42.4
| Feb chill = −36.0
| Mar chill = −27.5
| Apr chill = −18.0
| May chill =  −7.5
| Jun chill =   0.0
| Jul chill =   0.0
| Aug chill =   0.0
| Sep chill =   0.0
| Oct chill = −11.0
| Nov chill = −25.2
| Dec chill = −35.3
|year chill = −42.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 70.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 60.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 71.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 92.2
| May precipitation mm = 97.3
| Jun precipitation mm = 82.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 99.3
| Aug precipitation mm = 75.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 88.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 73.9
| Nov precipitation mm = 73.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 69.2
|year precipitation mm = 953.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 39.1
| Feb rain mm = 34.3
| Mar rain mm = 50.9
| Apr rain mm = 86.5
| May rain mm = 97.7
| Jun rain mm = 83.7
| Jul rain mm = 99.3
| Aug rain mm = 75.7
| Sep rain mm = 88.0
| Oct rain mm = 72.2
| Nov rain mm = 70.6
| Dec rain mm = 47.2
|year rain mm = 845.2
|snow colour = green
| Jan snow cm = 43.4
| Feb snow cm = 33.2
| Mar snow cm = 22.5
| Apr snow cm =  5.6
| May snow cm =  0.0
| Jun snow cm =  0.0
| Jul snow cm =  0.0
| Aug snow cm =  0.0
| Sep snow cm =  0.0
| Oct snow cm =  0.2
| Nov snow cm =  5.0
| Dec snow cm = 29.9
|year snow cm = 139.8
| unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 16.7
| Feb precipitation days = 12.7
| Mar precipitation days = 13.0
| Apr precipitation days = 13.8
| May precipitation days = 13.2
| Jun precipitation days = 11.5
| Jul precipitation days = 11.5
| Aug precipitation days = 10.3
| Sep precipitation days = 10.2
| Oct precipitation days = 11.8
| Nov precipitation days = 11.8
| Dec precipitation days = 14.7
|year precipitation days =151.1
| unit rain days = 0.2 mm
| Jan rain days =  7.3
| Feb rain days =  5.4
| Mar rain days =  8.9
| Apr rain days = 13.0
| May rain days = 13.1
| Jun rain days = 11.7
| Jul rain days = 11.5
| Aug rain days = 10.3
| Sep rain days = 10.0
| Oct rain days = 11.8
| Nov rain days = 10.2
| Dec rain days =  8.4
|year rain days =121.6
| unit snow days = 0.2 cm
| Jan snow days = 13.3
| Feb snow days = 10.1
| Mar snow days =  6.9
| Apr snow days =  2.0
| May snow days =  0.0
| Jun snow days =  0.0
| Jul snow days =  0.0
| Aug snow days =  0.0
| Sep snow days =  0.0
| Oct snow days =  0.26
| Nov snow days =  2.9
| Dec snow days = 10.4
|year snow days = 45.8
|time day = 1500
| Jan humidity = 70.2
| Feb humidity = 65.6
| Mar humidity = 59.3
| Apr humidity = 53.2
| May humidity = 54.1
| Jun humidity = 53.0
| Jul humidity = 53.9
| Aug humidity = 57.5
| Sep humidity = 56.2
| Oct humidity = 57.6
| Nov humidity = 64.0
| Dec humidity = 70.8
|year humidity = 59.6
| Jan sun = 105.4
| Feb sun = 124.3
| Mar sun = 167.4
| Apr sun = 198.0
| May sun = 260.4
| Jun sun = 270.0
| Jul sun = 294.5
| Aug sun = 257.3
| Sep sun = 210.0
| Oct sun = 170.5
| Nov sun = 123.0
| Dec sun =  80.6
|year sun = 2261.4
| Jand sun = 3.4
| Febd sun = 4.4
| Mard sun = 5.4
| Aprd sun = 6.6
| Mayd sun = 8.4
| Jund sun = 9.0
| Juld sun = 9.5
| Augd sun = 8.3
| Sepd sun = 7.0
| Octd sun = 5.5
| Novd sun = 4.1
| Decd sun = 2.6
|yeard sun = 6.2
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name="climate">{{Cite web |title=Windsor A, Ontario |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=217000000&dispBack=0 |access-date=Jun 11, 2024 |website=Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020 |publisher=Environment Canada }}</ref><ref name="CCN2">{{Cite FTP |title=Windsor Airport, Ontario |url=ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/ONT/ONT_WATE-WOOL_ENG.csv |server=Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=April 3, 2016 }}</ref>
|source 2 = (sunshine hours only)<ref name = LIC/>
|date=February 2012}}

{{Weather box
|location = Windsor ([[Riverside, Ontario|Riverside]]), 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1866–present
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 19.4
| Feb record high C = 22.0
| Mar record high C = 28.5
| Apr record high C = 32.2
| May record high C = 35.0
| Jun record high C = 36.7
| Jul record high C = 39.0
| Aug record high C = 38.5
| Sep record high C = 38.3
| Oct record high C = 32.5
| Nov record high C = 25.5
| Dec record high C = 21.0
|year record high C = 39.0
| Jan high C =  0.5
| Feb high C =  2.3
| Mar high C =  7.8
| Apr high C = 14.8
| May high C = 21.5
| Jun high C = 27.0
| Jul high C = 29.2
| Aug high C = 28.0
| Sep high C = 24.3
| Oct high C = 17.0
| Nov high C =  9.5
| Dec high C =  3.2
|year high C = 15.4
| Jan mean C = -2.9
| Feb mean C = −1.6
| Mar mean C =  3.1
| Apr mean C =  9.4
| May mean C = 15.8
| Jun mean C = 21.5
| Jul mean C = 23.8
| Aug mean C = 22.9
| Sep mean C = 19.1
| Oct mean C = 12.4
| Nov mean C =  5.7
| Dec mean C =  0.2
|year mean C = 10.8
| Jan low C = −6.3
| Feb low C = −5.6
| Mar low C = −1.6
| Apr low C =  4.0
| May low C = 10.1
| Jun low C = 16.0
| Jul low C = 18.4
| Aug low C = 17.8
| Sep low C = 13.9
| Oct low C =  7.7
| Nov low C =  1.9
| Dec low C = −2.9
|year low C =  6.1
| Jan record low C = −32.8
| Feb record low C = −29.4
| Mar record low C = −24.4
| Apr record low C = -13.3
| May record low C =  −3.3
| Jun record low C =   2.8
| Jul record low C =   4.4
| Aug record low C =   5.0
| Sep record low C =  −1.1
| Oct record low C =  −7.2
| Nov record low C = −18.9
| Dec record low C = −29.4
|year record low C = −32.8
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 70.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 61.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 65.1
| Apr precipitation mm = 88.1
| May precipitation mm = 94.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 80.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 86.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 90.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 93.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 69.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 70.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 64.8
|year precipitation mm = 935.1
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 37.3
| Feb rain mm = 35.4
| Mar rain mm = 48.9
| Apr rain mm = 83.5
| May rain mm = 94.0
| Jun rain mm = 80.3
| Jul rain mm = 86.5
| Aug rain mm = 90.7
| Sep rain mm = 93.6
| Oct rain mm = 69.1
| Nov rain mm = 65.7
| Dec rain mm = 43.4
|year rain mm = 828.4
|snow colour = green
| Jan snow cm = 32.9
| Feb snow cm = 26.3
| Mar snow cm = 16.2
| Apr snow cm =  4.6
| May snow cm =  0.2
| Jun snow cm =  0.0
| Jul snow cm =  0.0
| Aug snow cm =  0.0
| Sep snow cm =  0.0
| Oct snow cm =  0.0
| Nov snow cm =  5.0
| Dec snow cm = 21.4
|year snow cm = 106.7
| unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 15.7
| Feb precipitation days = 12.3
| Mar precipitation days = 11.9
| Apr precipitation days = 13.2
| May precipitation days = 13.9
| Jun precipitation days = 11.2
| Jul precipitation days = 10.8
| Aug precipitation days = 10.0
| Sep precipitation days =  9.7
| Oct precipitation days = 11.2
| Nov precipitation days = 11.6
| Dec precipitation days = 14.4
|year precipitation days = 145.9
| unit rain days = 0.2 mm
| Jan rain days =  6.4
| Feb rain days =  5.1
| Mar rain days =  8.3
| Apr rain days = 12.5
| May rain days = 13.9
| Jun rain days = 11.2
| Jul rain days = 10.8
| Aug rain days = 10.0
| Sep rain days =  9.7
| Oct rain days = 11.2
| Nov rain days =  9.7
| Dec rain days =  7.9
|year rain days =116.6
| unit snow days = 0.2 cm
| Jan snow days = 10.9
| Feb snow days =  8.6
| Mar snow days =  4.9
| Apr snow days =  1.4
| May snow days =  0.07
| Jun snow days =  0.0
| Jul snow days =  0.0
| Aug snow days =  0.0
| Sep snow days =  0.0
| Oct snow days =  0.0
| Nov snow days =  2.4
| Dec snow days =  8.1
|year snow days = 36.2
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name="Windsor Riverside" />
}}

=== Flooding and other emergencies===
Windsor experienced historic flooding in 2016, 2017 and 2019. In 2016, the mayor of Windsor, Drew Dilkens, declared a state of emergency because of the disastrous flooding that occurred.<ref>{{Cite news |last3=2016 |title='Never seen anything that intense': Storms lead to state of emergency in Windsor, Tecumseh, Ont. |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/state-of-emergency-windsor-1.3784575 |access-date=2019-01-25 |language=en |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229113712/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/state-of-emergency-windsor-1.3784575 |url-status=live }}</ref> In spring of 2019 Windsor applied for disaster mitigation funding following widespread flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevor Wilhelm |date=2019-07-30 |title=Windsor to apply for disaster funding after recent flooding |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsor-to-apply-for-disaster-funding-after-recent-flooding |access-date=2019-09-03 |website=Windsor Star |language=en |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903151312/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsor-to-apply-for-disaster-funding-after-recent-flooding |url-status=live }}</ref>

A previous state of emergency in Windsor was called in 2013 when a fire broke out at a [[plastic recycling]] warehouse. This state of emergency was called due to [[Air pollution|poor air quality]] caused by the fire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-30 |title=Windsor, Tecumseh declare states of emergency due to flooding |language=en-US |newspaper=Toronto Sun |url=https://torontosun.com/2016/09/30/windsor-tecumseh-declare-states-of-emergency-due-to-flooding/wcm/7e4978e6-59d9-45a8-a27a-0e638e70dbbe |access-date=2018-11-10 |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110081826/https://torontosun.com/2016/09/30/windsor-tecumseh-declare-states-of-emergency-due-to-flooding/wcm/7e4978e6-59d9-45a8-a27a-0e638e70dbbe |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, Windsor was noted on Environment Canada's top 10 list of weather events. In late August 2017, Windsor faced a storm that left {{convert|285|mm}} of rain in 32 hours.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-21 |title=Windsor flooding makes list of Top 10 weather events in 2017 |language=en-US |work=Windsor Star |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsor-makes-list-of-top-10-weather-events-in-2017 |access-date=2018-11-10 |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110081957/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsor-makes-list-of-top-10-weather-events-in-2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Tornadoes===
As the Canadian city with the highest number of days that experience severe [[thunderstorms]] and [[lightning]], Windsor has historically been subject to [[tornadoes]] and severe weather. Notably, Windsor is located in the middle of "Tornado Alley".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's 'Tornado Alley' runs through Windsor and Essex County |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/canadas-tornado-alley-runs-through-windsor-and-essex-county |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=windsorstar |language=en-CA |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521210515/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/canadas-tornado-alley-runs-through-windsor-and-essex-county/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The strongest and deadliest tornado to touch down in Windsor was an [[Windsor - Tecumseh, Ontario Tornado of 1946|F4]] in 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Deadly skies: Canada's most destructive tornadoes |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/environment/extreme-weather/deadly-skies-canadas-most-destructive-tornadoes/1946-windsor-tornado.html |access-date=2014-05-02 |publisher=CBC Digital Archives |archive-date=January 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101174236/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/environment/extreme-weather/deadly-skies-canadas-most-destructive-tornadoes/1946-windsor-tornado.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Windsor was the only Canadian city to experience a tornado during the [[1974 Super Outbreak]], an F3 which killed nine people when it destroyed the Windsor Curling Club. The city was grazed by the [[1997 Southeast Michigan tornado outbreak]], with one tornado (an F1) forming east of the city. Tornadoes have been recorded crossing the [[Detroit River]] (in 1946 and 1997), and [[waterspouts]] are regularly seen over [[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]], especially in autumn.

On April 25, 2009, an F0 tornado briefly touched down in the eastern part of the city, causing minor damage to nearby buildings, most notably a [[CUPE]] [[Trade union|union hall]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-06 |title=Environment Canada |url=http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/warnings/SWS_bulletins_e.html?prov=on |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030230915/http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/warnings/SWS_bulletins_e.html?prov=on |archive-date=October 30, 2012 |access-date=2012-01-02 |website=Weatheroffice.gc.ca |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Two tornadoes (an F1 and an F2) touched down in the evening of August 24, 2016, causing damage in parts of Windsor as well as LaSalle.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taekema |first=Dan |date=25 August 2016 |title=Tornado Alert: Probable tornado touches down on E.C. Row near Central; major damage in LaSalle |work=The Windsor Star |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/possible-tornado-touch-down-in-lasalle?__lsa=4e66-ffc0 |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-date=March 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311173727/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/possible-tornado-touch-down-in-lasalle/?__lsa=4e66-ffc0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cityscape==
[[File:WindsorAmbassadorPlaza.JPG|thumb|right|Windsor's Riverside Drive looking west and [[Riverfront Bike Trail]] from [[Dieppe Gardens]]]]
{{Main|Parks in Windsor, Ontario}}

Ouellette Avenue is the historic main commercial street in downtown Windsor. It runs north–south, perpendicular to the Detroit River, and divides the city into east and west sections. Roads that cross Ouellette Avenue include the directional components East and West after their names. Address numbers on east–west roads in Windsor increase by 100 for each block travelled away from Ouellette Avenue and address numbers on north–south roads increase by 100 for each block travelled away from the Detroit River. In areas where the river curves, some numbers on north–south roads are skipped. For consistency across the city, all address numbers on north–south roads reset at either 600 for streets west of Walker Road or 800 for those to the east, where the road crosses Wyandotte Street (which roughly parallels the Detroit River).
[[File:Downtown Windsor Ontario.JPG|thumb|right|Downtown Windsor looking north along Ouellette Avenue toward Detroit]]

Windsor's Department of Parks and Recreation<ref name="ParksANDrec">{{Cite web |title=Parks and Facility Operations |url=http://www.citywindsor.ca/000052.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311090146/http://www.citywindsor.ca/000052.asp |archive-date=March 11, 2007 |access-date=January 21, 2007 |publisher=City of Windsor |df=mdy-all}}</ref> maintains {{convert|3000|acre|ha|order=flip}} of green space, 180 parks, {{convert|40|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} of trails, {{convert|22|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} of sidewalks, 60 parking lots, vacant lands, natural areas and forest cover within the city of Windsor. The largest park is Mic Mac Park, which can accommodate many activities, including baseball, soccer, biking, and sledding. Windsor has numerous bike trails, the largest being the Ganatchio Trail on the city's far east side. In recent years, the city council has pushed for adding bicycle lanes on city streets to provide links throughout the existing trail network.

The Windsor trail network is linked to the [[LaSalle, Ontario|LaSalle]] Trail in the west end and is to eventually be connected to the [[Chrysler Canada Greenway]] (part of the [[Trans Canada Trail]]). The current greenway is a {{convert|42|km|abbr=on}} former railway corridor converted into a multi-use recreational trail, underground utility corridor and natural green space. It begins south of Oldcastle and continues south through McGregor, Harrow, Kingsville, and Ruthven. The Greenway is a fine trail for hiking, biking, running, birding, cross-country skiing and, in some areas, horseback riding. It connects natural areas, rich agricultural lands, historically and architecturally significant structures, and award-winning wineries. A separate {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} landscaped trail traverses the riverfront between downtown and the Ambassador Bridge. Part of this trail winds through Windsor Sculpture Park, which displays various modern and post-modern sculptures. Families of elephants (see picture), penguins, horses, and many other themed sculptures are found in the park. Some other popular exhibits include the Chicken and Egg, Consophia, and Eve's Apple.

==Economy==
Windsor's economy is primarily based on manufacturing, tourism, education, and government services.

The city is one of Canada's major automobile manufacturing centres and is home to the headquarters of [[Stellantis Canada]]. Automotive facilities include the Stellantis Canada minivan [[Windsor Assembly|assembly plant]], two [[Ford Motor Company]] engine plants, and several [[tool and die]] and automotive parts manufacturers. As of 2025, automotive manufacturing industries accounted for 7.3% of total jobs in the Windsor [[Quebec City – Windsor Corridor|–]] Sarnia Corridor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lothian |first=Robert |date=2025-02-12 |title=U.S. tariffs expose Windsor's vulnerabilities |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/windsor/article/us-tariffs-expose-windsors-vulnerabilities/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref> The city's leaders warned the public of potential "catastrophic" repercussions to the economy, due to its reliance on the auto sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Near 'catastrophic': How Windsor's mayor says tariffs could hit - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/11019614/donald-trump-tariffs-supply-chain-windsor-ontario-impact/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref> 

Windsor has a well-established tourism industry. [[Caesars Windsor]], one of the largest casinos in Canada, ranks as one of the largest local employers. It has been a significant draw for U.S. visitors since opening in 1994 (as Casino Windsor). Further, the {{convert|1150|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[Quebec City – Windsor Corridor]] contains 18&nbsp;million people, with 51% of the Canadian population and three out of the five [[List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada|largest metropolitan areas]], according to the [[Canada 2011 Census|2011 Census]].

The city has an extensive riverfront parks system and fine restaurants, such as those on Erie Street in Windsor's Little Italy, "Via Italia". This is another popular tourist destination. The Lake Erie North Shore Wine Region in [[Essex County, Ontario|Essex County]] has enhanced tourism in the region.

Both the [[University of Windsor]] and [[St. Clair College]] are significant local employers and have enjoyed substantial growth and expansion in recent years. A full-program satellite medical school of the [[University of Western Ontario]] at the University of Windsor opened in 2008. In 2013, the university completed construction of a $112 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=112000000|start_year=2013}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) facility for its Faculty of Engineering.

Windsor is the headquarters of Hiram Walker & Sons Limited, now owned by [[Pernod Ricard]]. [[Hiram Walker]] founded its historic [[distillery]] in 1858 in what was then [[Walkerville, Ontario]].

The diversifying economy is also represented by companies involved in [[pharmaceuticals]], alternative energy, insurance, internet, and software. Windsor is also home to the [[Windsor Salt Mine]] and the Great Lakes Regional office of the [[International Joint Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Lakes Regional Office Staff |url=http://www.ijc.org/en_/Great_Lakes_Regional_Office_Staff |access-date=2018-07-22 |website=Ijc.org |language=en |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712174859/http://www.ijc.org/en_/Great_Lakes_Regional_Office_Staff |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Technology===

There are a few established tech companies that have been in the region for years. Among them are Cypher Systems Group, a computer-based hardware wholesaler and software developer;<ref>{{Cite news |author=Craig Pearson |date=2018-07-27 |title=Cypher Systems selling insurance division to Hub International |newspaper=Windsor Star |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/cypher-systems-sells-insurance-division-to-hub-international |access-date=2019-07-29 |language=en |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141505/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/cypher-systems-sells-insurance-division-to-hub-international |url-status=live }}</ref> AlphaKor Group, a technology company that provides IT services, custom software and mobile apps;<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-18 |title=BEA 2017: Innovation Award finalists |newspaper=Windsor Star |url=https://windsorstar.com/special-features-3/bea-2017-innovation-award-finalists |access-date=2019-07-29 |language=en |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141510/https://windsorstar.com/special-features-3/bea-2017-innovation-award-finalists |url-status=live }}</ref> and Red Piston, a media solutions company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-26 |title=Windsor tech company goes international |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/windsor/article/windsor-tech-company-goes-international/ |access-date=2019-07-29 |website=Windsor |language=en |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141504/https://windsor.ctvnews.ca/windsor-tech-company-goes-international-1.1255774 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also a few successful startups in area, including [[Sirved]], a tech company that is building a restaurant discovery app;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirved launches visual menu database app |url=https://www.restaurantdive.com/news/sirved-launches-visual-menu-database-app/553736/ |access-date=2019-07-29 |website=Restaurant Dive |language=en-US |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141508/https://www.restaurantdive.com/news/sirved-launches-visual-menu-database-app/553736/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Hackforge, a tech company that has built an app to compare hospital drive times,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Battagello |first1=Dave |date=2019-02-26 |title=Local group develops app to compare mega-hospital drive times |newspaper=Windsor Star |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/local-group-develops-app-to-compare-megahospital-drive-times |access-date=2019-07-29 |language=en |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141507/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/local-group-develops-app-to-compare-megahospital-drive-times |url-status=live }}</ref> and has hosted a variety of tech-focused community events, such as a Wikipedia Hackathon.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Dalson |date=2016-10-30 |title=Windsor's Hackforge holds hackathon on WIFF 2016 data |newspaper=Windsor Star |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsors-hackforge-holds-hackathon-on-film-festival-data |access-date=2019-07-29 |language=en |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141507/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsors-hackforge-holds-hackathon-on-film-festival-data |url-status=live }}</ref>

The non-profit [[WEtech Alliance]] provides startups and local entrepreneurs with resources to get new technology companies started in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Mary Caton |date=2017-02-23 |title=WEtech Alliance: New home, same mission |newspaper=Windsor Star |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/wetech-alliance-new-home-same-mission |access-date=2019-07-29 |language=en |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141507/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/wetech-alliance-new-home-same-mission |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, [[Dan Gilbert]] and [[Quicken Loans]] bought a building in Windsor with a plan to restore it. Once completed, Quicken Loans will employ 50–100 people, mainly in the technology sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Battagello |first1=Dave |date=2018-10-15 |title=Detroit businessman Gilbert, Quicken Loans moving into Windsor |newspaper=Windsor Star |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/detroit-billionaire-gilbert-quicken-loans-move-into-windsor |access-date=2019-07-29 |language=en |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141505/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/detroit-billionaire-gilbert-quicken-loans-move-into-windsor |url-status=live }}</ref>&nbsp;Many are hoping that this is a catalyst for more companies to establish tech business in Windsor.

LG and [[Stellantis]] have broken ground on a new alternative energy plant called Nextstar Energy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NEXTSTAR ENERGY {{!}} Nextstar Energy |url=https://nextstar-energy.com/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Largest private-sector employers===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title=Top Employers |url=https://www.investwindsoressex.com/en/site-selection-and-data/top-employers.aspx |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.investwindsoressex.com |language=en |archive-date=January 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106223202/https://www.investwindsoressex.com/en/site-selection-and-data/top-employers.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

*[[Stellantis Canada]] (approx. 3,500 employees)<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCA US Media - Windsor Assembly Plant |url=https://media.fcanorthamerica.com:8480/newsrelease.do?id=344&mid= |access-date=2019-07-22 |website=media.fcanorthamerica.com }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Caesars Windsor]] (approx. 2,100 employees)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Dalson |date=2015-05-19 |title=More than 50 layoff notices issued by Caesars Windsor |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/more-than-50-people-laid-off-at-caesars-windsor |access-date=2019-07-22 |website=Windsor Star |language=en |archive-date=July 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722185435/https://windsorstar.com/news/more-than-50-people-laid-off-at-caesars-windsor |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Ford Motor Company of Canada|Ford Motor Company]] (approx. 1,880 employees)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Windsor Engine |url=https://corporate.ford.com/company/plant-detail-pages/windsor-engine.html |access-date=2019-07-22 |website=Ford Corporate |archive-date=July 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722185430/https://corporate.ford.com/company/plant-detail-pages/windsor-engine.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Sutherland Group Canada (approx. 1,350 employees)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sutherland Global Services Hiring Students to Fill Over 300 New Jobs! |website=Windsor Essex Economic Development Corporation |url=http://choosewindsoressex.com/node/1280 |access-date=2019-07-22 |archive-date=July 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722185449/http://choosewindsoressex.com/node/1280 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*AP Plasman Corp. (Build a Mold) (approx. 950 employees)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Local Companies |url=http://choosewindsoressex.com/companies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722185439/http://choosewindsoressex.com/companies |archive-date=July 22, 2019 |access-date=2019-07-22 |website=Windsor Essex Economic Development Corporation}}</ref>

===Poverty===

Due to a strong reliance on the manufacturing sector, Windsor has experienced high levels of poverty and unemployment—the highest in Southwestern Ontario. According to a study by an advocacy organization, Windsor West (one of Windsor's electoral districts) ranks 13th highest in poverty rates amongst the 338 federal ridings of Canada and 33% of its children live below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/child-poverty-rates-in-windsor-west-among-the-worst-in-canada-says-report | title=Child poverty rates in Windsor West among the worst in Canada, says report | access-date=June 28, 2022 | archive-date=October 20, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020025027/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/child-poverty-rates-in-windsor-west-among-the-worst-in-canada-says-report | url-status=live }}</ref> Another researcher reported that Wards 2 (Sandwich/University District/West End) and 3 (City Centre) register some of the highest poverty rates at 44.65% and 44.94%, while wards 4 (Walkerville) and 8 (East Windsor) also register high poverty rates at 28.78% and 28.74% respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gingerpolitics.com/2018/04/25/know-your-ward-ward-10/ | title=Know Your Ward: Summary | date=April 25, 2018 | access-date=June 28, 2022 | archive-date=May 25, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525011438/https://gingerpolitics.com/2018/04/25/know-your-ward-ward-10/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|title       = Historical populations
|type        = Canada
|align       = right
|width       =
|state       =
|shading     =
|percentages =
|footnote    =
|1871|4253
|1881|6561
|1891|10322
|1901|12153
|[[Canada 1911 Census|1911]]|17829
|1921|38591
|1931|63108
|1941|104415
|1951|120049
|1961|114367
|1971|203300
|1981|192083
|1991|191435
|[[Canada 1996 Census|1996]]|197694
|[[Canada 2001 Census|2001]]|208402
|[[Canada 2006 Census|2006]]|216473
|[[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]|210891
|[[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]|217188
|[[Canada 2021 Census|2021]]|229660
}}
In the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], Windsor had a population of {{val|229660|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|94273|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|99803|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:229660-217188}}|217188|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|217188|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|146.02|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|229660|146.02|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name="2021census">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=March 27, 2022 |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512141434/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the [[census metropolitan area]] (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Windsor CMA had a population of {{val|422630|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|165665|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|174072|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:422630-398718}}|398718|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|398718|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|1803.17|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|422630|1803.17|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name="2021censusCMA">{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |access-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-date=March 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327085922/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Windsor attracts many immigrants from around the world. In 2016, in the city, 27.7% of the population was foreign-born, while in the metropolitan area, 22.9% was foreign-born; this is the fourth-highest proportion for a Canadian metropolitan area. [[Visible minorities]] makeup 25.7% of the population, making it the most diverse city in [[Ontario]] outside of the [[Greater Toronto Area]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-06 |title=Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CSD&Code=35&Table=1&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page&CSDFilter=5000 |access-date=2012-01-02 |publisher=2.statcan.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Visible Minorities and Ethnicity in Ontario |url=http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/economy/demographics/census/cenhi6.html |access-date=2012-01-02 |publisher=Fin.gov.on.ca |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112140032/https://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/economy/demographics/census/cenhi6.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Windsor's population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. Children under 15 accounted for 16.3% of the city population compared to 16.6% for Canada. Persons of age 65 years and over accounted for 17.6% of the population in Windsor compared to 16.9% for Canada. The median age in Windsor is 41.4 years compared to 41.2 years for Canada.<ref name="2016Census">{{Cite web |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Windsor, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Essex, County [Census division], Ontario |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=CD&Code2=3537&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 |access-date=2017-10-28 |website=12.statcan.gc.ca | date=February 8, 2017 |publisher=Government of Canada, Statistics |language=en |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123151755/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=CD&Code2=3537&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#8899aa;"
! colspan= "3" |Demographic Group, 2021<ref name=2021censusb>{{Cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census - Windsor, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Essex, County [Census division], Ontario |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=windsor&DGUIDlist=2021A00053537039&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=12.statcan.gc.ca | date=February 9, 2022 |publisher=Government of Canada, [[Statistics Canada]] |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028063643/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=windsor&DGUIDlist=2021A00053537039&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center; background:#abc;"
|Group
|Population
|% of Pop.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[European Canadian|White]]
|150,455
|65.5%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Arab Canadians|Arab]]
|21,360
|9.3%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[South Asian Canadian|South Asian]]
|16,135
|7.0%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Black Canadian|Black]]
|13,275
|5.8%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]]
|6,825
|3.0%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]]
|4,810
|2.1%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[West Asian]]
|3,975
|1.7%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Southeast Asia]]n
|3,720
|1.6%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Filipino Canadian|Filipino]]
|3,500
|1.5%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Latin American Canadian|Latin American]]
|3,205
|1.4%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Mixed visible minority
|2,590
|1.1%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Métis in Canada|Métis]]
|2,035
|0.9%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Other visibile minority
|870
|0.4%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Korean Canadian|Korean]]
|430
|0.2%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Japanese Canadians|Japanese]]
|120
|0.1%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bcd;"
|'''''Total population'''''
|'''''229,660'''''
|'''''100%'''''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#8899aa;"
! colspan= "2" | Ethnic Origin, 2021<ref name=2021censusb/>
|- style="text-align:center; background:#abc;"
|Origin
|Percentage
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[French people|French]]
|15.6%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[English people|English]]
|14.3%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Irish people|Irish]]
|11.1%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Canadian ethnicity|Canadian]]
|11.1%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]
|11.0%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Italians|Italian]]
|8.1%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Germans|German]]
|7.0%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Indian people|Indian]]
|3.4%
|- style="text-align:center;
|[[Polish people|Polish]]
|3.3%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Lebanese people|Lebanese]]
|3.2%
|- style="text-align:center;
|[[Chinese people|Chinese]]
|3.0%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Iraqis|Iraqi]]
|3.4%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian]]
|2.4%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#bcd;"
| colspan="2" |''multiple responses included''
|}
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ [[Panethnicity|Panethnic]] groups in the City of Windsor (2001−2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[Panethnicity|Panethnic]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name=2021censusb/>
! colspan="2" |2016<ref name="2016census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=CD&Code2=3537&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=June 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607012232/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=CD&Code2=3537&SearchText=windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2011<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27 |title=NHS Profile |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125185219/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2006<ref name="2006census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20 |title=2006 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205180752/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="2001census">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02 |title=2001 Community Profiles |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113085214/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3537039&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[European Canadians|European]]{{efn|Statistic includes all persons that did not makeup part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.|name="euro"}}
| 143,870
| {{Percentage | 143870 | 226460 | 2 }}
| 150,815
| {{Percentage | 150815 | 213985 | 2 }}
| 155,605
| {{Percentage | 155605 | 208015 | 2 }}
| 165,235
| {{Percentage | 165235 | 214255 | 2 }}
| 167,655
| {{Percentage | 167655 | 205865 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Middle Eastern Canadians|Middle Eastern]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.|name="MiddleEastern"}}
| 25,335
| {{Percentage | 25335 | 226460 | 2 }}
| 17,405
| {{Percentage | 17405 | 213985 | 2 }}
| 13,090
| {{Percentage | 13090 | 208015 | 2 }}
| 10,700
| {{Percentage | 10700 | 214255 | 2 }}
| 8,485
| {{Percentage | 8485 | 205865 | 2 }}
|-
| [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]]
| 16,135
| {{Percentage | 16135 | 226460 | 2 }}
| 9,640
| {{Percentage | 9640 | 213985 | 2 }}
| 8,020
| {{Percentage | 8020 | 208015 | 2 }}
| 8,765
| {{Percentage | 8765 | 214255 | 2 }}
| 5,655
| {{Percentage | 5655 | 205865 | 2 }}
|-
| [[African-Canadian|African]]
| 13,275
| {{Percentage | 13275 | 226460 | 2 }}
| 10,675
| {{Percentage | 10675 | 213985 | 2 }}
| 9,480
| {{Percentage | 9480 | 208015 | 2 }}
| 8,400
| {{Percentage | 8400 | 214255 | 2 }}
| 7,150
| {{Percentage | 7150 | 205865 | 2 }}
|-
| [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.|name="EastAsian"}}
| 7,375
| {{Percentage | 7375 | 226460 | 2 }}
| 7,765
| {{Percentage | 7765 | 213985 | 2 }}
| 6,610
| {{Percentage | 6610 | 208015 | 2 }}
| 7,415
| {{Percentage | 7415 | 214255 | 2 }}
| 5,520
| {{Percentage | 5520 | 205865 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Southeast Asia]]n{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.|name="SoutheastAsian"}}
| 6,925
| {{Percentage | 6925 | 226460 | 2 }}
| 6,325
| {{Percentage | 6325 | 213985 | 2 }}
| 6,370
| {{Percentage | 6370 | 208015 | 2 }}
| 5,360
| {{Percentage | 5360 | 214255 | 2 }}
| 5,005
| {{Percentage | 5005 | 205865 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]]
| 6,585
| {{Percentage | 6585 | 226460 | 2 }}
| 5,565
| {{Percentage | 5565 | 213985 | 2 }}
| 4,735
| {{Percentage | 4735 | 208015 | 2 }}
| 3,960
| {{Percentage | 3960 | 214255 | 2 }}
| 2,860
| {{Percentage | 2860 | 205865 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]]
| 3,500
| {{Percentage | 3500 | 226460 | 2 }}
| 2,670
| {{Percentage | 2670 | 213985 | 2 }}
| 2,255
| {{Percentage | 2255 | 208015 | 2 }}
| 2,650
| {{Percentage | 2650 | 214255 | 2 }}
| 2,135
| {{Percentage | 2135 | 205865 | 2 }}
|-
| Other/[[Multiracial people|Multiracial]]{{efn|Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|not included elsewhere}}" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.|name="Other"}}
| 3,460
| {{Percentage | 3460 | 226460 | 2 }}
| 3,125
| {{Percentage | 3125 | 213985 | 2 }}
| 1,850
| {{Percentage | 1850 | 208015 | 2 }}
| 1,775
| {{Percentage | 1775 | 214255 | 2 }}
| 1,385
| {{Percentage | 1385 | 205865 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 226,460
! {{Percentage | 226460 | 229660 | 2 }}
! 213,985
! {{Percentage | 213985 | 217188 | 2 }}
! 208,015
! {{Percentage | 208015 | 210891 | 2 }}
! 214,255
! {{Percentage | 214255 | 216473 | 2 }}
! 205,865
! {{Percentage | 205865 | 208402 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 229,660
! {{Percentage | 229660 | 229660 | 2 }}
! 217,188
! {{Percentage | 217188 | 217188 | 2 }}
! 210,891
! {{Percentage | 210891 | 210891 | 2 }}
! 216,473
! {{Percentage | 216473 | 216473 | 2 }}
! 208,402
! {{Percentage | 208402 | 208402 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses}}
|}

=== Language ===
The population of Windsor is primarily English-speaking, with 88.5% of residents knowing only English and 8.8% of residents knowing both English and French.<ref name="2016Census" />

=== Religion ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin:0 1em 1em 0; border:1px #bbb solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#8899aa;"
! colspan= "2" | Religion, 2021<ref name=2021censusb/>
|- style="text-align:center; background:#abc;"
|Religion
|Percentage
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Catholic
|32.1%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|[[Irreligion|No religion]]
|26.9%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Protestant
|19.4%
|- style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
|Muslim
|11.2%
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Christian Orthodoxy|Orthodox]]
|3.3%
|}
{{Clear}}

==Crime==
Windsor has a low violent crime rate and one of the lowest murder rates in Canada. In 2017, the Crime Severity Index for the Windsor Metropolitan Area was 71.7, compared to the Canadian national rate of 72.9.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2018 |title=Table 3: Police-reported Crime Severity Index and crime rate, by census metropolitan area |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/180723/t003b-eng.htm |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |archive-date=October 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021164003/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/180723/t003b-eng.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>  Of the five safest communities in Canada, four of them are in the Windsor Metropolitan Area (Amherstburg, LaSalle, Tecumseh, and Lakeshore).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-24 |title=Table Crime Severity Index values for 239 police services policing communities over 10,000 population, 2011 |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2012001/article/11692/tbl/csivalue-igcvaleurs-2011-eng.htm |access-date=2012-10-28 |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |archive-date=May 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517232459/http://statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2012001/article/11692/tbl/csivalue-igcvaleurs-2011-eng.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>  Windsor has made national headlines for its lack of homicides.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-27 |title=Windsor murder free for 2 years - Windsor - CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/windsor-murder-free-for-2-years-1.1050349 |access-date=2012-10-28 |publisher=Cbc.ca |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808191818/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/story/2011/09/27/wdr-windsor-murder-free.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There were no homicides in the city for a 27-month period ending in November 2011. Since 2016, reports of sexual assaults within Windsor, have increased by 20%, reports of robbery by 23%, reports of breaking and entering by 3% and reports of motor vehicle theft by 13%.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Crime on the rise in Windsor, according to Stats Can |work=CBC News |language=en-US |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/crime-rising-windsor-2016-to-2017-1.4757606 |access-date=2018-11-03 |archive-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803065156/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/crime-rising-windsor-2016-to-2017-1.4757606 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<!--
Potential refs for this section:
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:y5oKOrQKGlgJ:www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2011001/article/11523-eng.pdf+violent+crime+rates+in+canada+by+city+windsor&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShoIg3fRIJWu4hIYMwpR8px426D1bryHEc_qyx8K0oRTfRPeBmyE8HeoFp2wt0JPQmgnF9yjPjx_DqBectrPcdfeM250Et93P-njptPbBAR8UA8muUu6LW0HKH1ylGWLE-63LlJ&sig=AHIEtbQRcEbC7a8IcsjKSG1n4pJhFkE_8Q
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/story/2011/09/27/wdr-windsor-murder-free.html
http://www2.macleans.ca/crime-chart/
http://www2.macleans.ca/national-crime-rankings/
http://www2.macleans.ca/2009/03/04/the-most-dangerous-cities-in-canada-overall-crime-score%E2%80%94by-rank/
-->

==Government==
[[File:Windsor City Hall ON July2020.jpg|thumb|Windsor City Hall]]
[[File:City of Windsor Logo.svg|thumb|Primary city logo designed in 2004]]
Windsor's history as an industrial centre has given the [[New Democratic Party (Canada)|New Democratic Party (NDP)]] a dedicated voting base. During federal and provincial elections, Windsorites have maintained their local representation in the respective legislatures. The [[Liberal Party of Canada]] also has a solid electoral history in the city. Canada's 21st Prime Minister, [[Paul Martin]], was born in Windsor. His father, [[Paul Martin Sr.]], a federal [[cabinet minister]] in several portfolios through the Liberal governments of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, was first elected to the House of Commons from a Windsor riding in the 1930s. Martin Sr. practised law in the city and the federal building on Ouellette Avenue is named after him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2018 |title=Request for $20M to renovate Paul Martin Building could reintroduce law school option |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/request-for-20m-to-renovate-paul-martin-building-could-reintroduce-law-school-option-1.4509689 |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-date=November 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113165917/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/request-for-20m-to-renovate-paul-martin-building-could-reintroduce-law-school-option-1.4509689 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Eugene Whelan]] was a Liberal cabinet minister and one-time Liberal party leadership candidate elected from Essex County from the 1960s to the early 1980s, as well as [[Mark MacGuigan]] of Windsor-Walkerville riding, who also served as External Affairs, and later Justice minister in the early 1980s. [[Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Herb Gray]] represented Windsor as an MP from 1962 through 2003, winning thirteen consecutive elections, making him the longest-serving MP in Canadian history.<ref>Parliament of Canada (website) [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=R "History of Federal Ridings since 1867"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921030044/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/sites/lop/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=R |date=September 21, 2010 }}. Retrieved July 17, 2007.</ref> A bust of [[Herb Gray]] is at the foot of Ouellette Avenue near Dieppe Park in downtown Windsor. The [[Rt Hon Herb Gray Parkway|Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway]] is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herb grey parkway official website |url=http://www.hgparkway.ca/ |access-date=31 October 2013 |website=Hgparkway.ca |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109205511/http://www.hgparkway.ca/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Current representation===
The current [[List of mayors of Windsor, Ontario|mayor]] of Windsor is [[Drew Dilkens]]. Windsor is governed under the [[Council-Manager]] form of local government and includes the elected [[Windsor City Council|City Council]], mayor, and an appointed Chief Administrative Officer. The city is divided into ten [[ward (country subdivision)|ward]]s, with one councillor representing each ward. The mayor serves as the city's chief executive officer and functions as its ceremonial head. In August 2009, Windsor City Council approved a 10-ward electoral system for the 2010 civic election, with one councillor elected in each ward. Previously, there were two councillors elected in each ward, and there were only five wards.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} The plan doubled the number of wards, which had been unchanged for 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=By-law to redivide the wards in the City of Windsor |url=http://www.citywindsor.ca/DisplayAttach.asp?AttachID=14802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131123/http://www.citywindsor.ca/DisplayAttach.asp?AttachID=14802 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |access-date=2012-01-02 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"
|+'''Past Canadian federal election results'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=ele&dir=pas&document=index&lang=e |title=Past Elections |publisher=Elections Canada |access-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[New Democratic Party|NDP]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Green Party of Canada|Green]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[People's Party of Canada|PPC]]
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative}}|
! [[2025 Canadian federal election|2025]]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 16%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''19,496''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 1%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''865''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 39%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''49,072''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | 43%
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''53,502''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|PPC|background}} style="text-align:right; background:#6f5d9a;color:white;" | 1%
| style="text-align:right; background:#6f5d9a;color:white;"| ''1,381''
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP}}|
! [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021]]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 37%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''39,006''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 1%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''682''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 30%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''31,658''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | 23%
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''24,020''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|PPC|background}} style="text-align:right; background:#6f5d9a;color:white;"| 9%
| style="text-align:right; background:#6f5d9a;color:white;"| ''9,987''
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP}}|
! [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019]]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 36%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''39,217''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 3%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''3,502''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 35%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''37,924''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | 24%
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''25,776''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|PPC|background}} style="text-align:right; background:#6f5d9a;color:white;"| 2%
| style="text-align:right; background:#6f5d9a;color:white;"| ''2,237''
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP}}|
! [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015]]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 47%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''47,300''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 2%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''2,130''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 26%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''26,019''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | 24%
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''24,390''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|PPC|background}} | 
| style="text-align:right; background:#6f5d9a;"| 
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP}}|
! [[2011 Canadian federal election|2011]]
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} | 52%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''43,827''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} | 3%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''2,450''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} | 12%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''10,091''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} | 33%
| style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"| ''27,522''
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|PPC|background}} | 
| style="text-align:right; background:#6f5d9a;"| 
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"
|+'''Past Ontario provincial election results'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://results.elections.on.ca/en/data-explorer?fromYear=1867&toYear=2025 |title=Data Explorer |publisher=Elections Ontario |access-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Ontario New Democratic Party|NDP]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Green Party of Ontario|Green]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|PC]]
! colspan="2" scope="col" | [[New Blue Party of Ontario|New Blue +<br>Ontario]]
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|ON|PC}}|
! [[2025 Ontario general election|2025]]
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|NDP|background}} | 41%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''33,113''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|Green|background}} | 2%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''1,698''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|Liberal|background}} | 8%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''6,337''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|PC|background}} | 45%
| style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"| ''35,950''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|New Blue|background}} style="text-align:right; background:#02478D; color:white;"|  4%
| style="text-align:right; background:#02478D; color:white;"| ''2,966''
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|ON|PC}}|
! [[2022 Ontario general election|2022]] 
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|NDP|background}} | 36%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''24,946''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|Green|background}} | 3%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''1,881''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|Liberal|background}} | 14%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''9,757''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|PC|background}} | 42%
| style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"| ''28,903''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|New Blue|background}} style="text-align:right; background:#02478D; color:white;"| 6%
| style="text-align:right; background:#02478D; color:white;"| ''4,113''
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|ON|NDP}}|
! [[2018 Ontario general election|2018]] 
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|NDP|background}} | 56%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''45,497''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|Green|background}} | 4%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''3,302''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|Liberal|background}} | 11%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''9,235''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|PC|background}} | 28%
| style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"| ''22,750''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|New Blue|background}}| 
| style="text-align:right; background:#02478D;"| 
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|ON|NDP}}|
! [[2014 Ontario general election|2014]] 
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|NDP|background}} | 53%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''37,861''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|Green|background}} | 5%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''3,289''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|Liberal|background}} | 27%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''19,600''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|PC|background}} | 15%
| style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"| ''10,718''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|New Blue|background}} | 
| style="text-align:right; background:#02478D;"| 
|-
| style="width: 0.25em; background-color: {{Canadian party colour|ON|Liberal}}|
! [[2011 Ontario general election|2011]] 
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|NDP|background}} | 32%
| style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"| ''22,772''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|Green|background}} | 3%
| style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"| ''1,881''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|Liberal|background}} | 42%
| style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"| ''30,073''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|PC|background}} | 23%
| style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"| ''16,227''
| {{Canadian party colour|ON|New Blue|background}} | 
| style="text-align:right; background:#02478D;"| 
|-
|}


At the [[Government of Ontario|provincial]] and [[Government of Canada|federal]] levels, Windsor is divided into two ridings: [[Windsor West (federal electoral district)|Windsor West]] and [[Windsor—Tecumseh (federal electoral district)|Windsor—Tecumseh]]. The city is currently represented in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]] by [[New Democratic Party of Ontario|NDP]] [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]] [[Lisa Gretzky]] (Windsor West) and [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] MPP [[Andrew Dowie]] (Windsor—Tecumseh). In federal Parliament, Windsor is currently represented by [[Conservative Party of Canada]] [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP]] [[Harb Gill]] (Windsor West) and [[Conservative Party of Canada]] [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP]] [[Kathy Borrelli]] (Windsor—Tecumseh).

{{See also|:Category:Municipal elections in Windsor, Ontario}}

==Culture and tourism==
[[File:artgallerywindsor.jpg|thumb|right|Art Windsor-Essex gallery overlooking riverfront rock gardens]]
Windsor tourist attractions include the [[Windsor International Film Festival]], [[Caesars Windsor]], a lively downtown club scene, Little Italy, the [[Windsor Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Art Windsor-Essex]] gallery, the [[Odette Sculpture Park]], [[Windsor Light Music Theatre]], [[Adventure Bay Water Park]], and [[Ojibway Park]]. As a border settlement, Windsor was a site of conflict during the [[War of 1812]], a significant entry point into Canada for refugees from slavery via the [[Underground Railroad]] and a significant source of liquor during [[American Prohibition]]. Two sites in Windsor have been designated as [[National Historic Sites of Canada]]: the Sandwich First Baptist Church, a church established by Underground Railroad refugees, and [[François Bâby House]], an important [[War of 1812]] site now serving as [[Windsor's Community Museum]].<ref>{{CRHP|13374|Sandwich First Baptist Church}}</ref><ref>{{CRHP|12401|François Bâby House}}</ref>

The Capitol Theatre in downtown Windsor had been a venue for feature films, plays and other attractions since 1929 until it declared bankruptcy in 2007. The theatre is now used for live orchestral concerts, lectures and dance performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upcoming Events |url=http://www.capitoltheatrewindsor.ca/events/ |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=The Capitol Theatre Windsor |archive-date=November 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215814/http://www.capitoltheatrewindsor.ca/events/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Tea Party (band)|The Tea Party]] is a [[progressive rock]] band which has been based in Windsor since its foundation in 1990.

Windsor's nickname is the "Rose City" or the "City of Roses". The Liebeszauber (Love's Magic) rose has been designated as the City of Windsor Rose.<ref>{{Cite web |title='City of Windsor' Rose |url=http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/pl.php?n=57961&tab=1 |access-date=January 2, 2012 |publisher=Helpmefind.com |archive-date=March 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315165643/http://www.helpmefind.com/rose/pl.php?n=57961&tab=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>  Windsor is noted for the several large parks and gardens found on its waterfront. The Queen Elizabeth II Sunken Garden is at Jackson Park in the central part of the city. A World War II era [[Avro Lancaster]] was displayed on a stand in the middle of Jackson Park for over four decades but has since been removed for restoration. This park is now home to a mounted [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] replica and a [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] replica.
[[File:dcxbuilding.jpg|thumb|right|One Riverside Drive, [[Chrysler]]'s Canada HQ in downtown Windsor, as seen from Dieppe Gardens along the riverfront]]

Of the parks lining Windsor's waterfront, the largest is the {{convert|5|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} stretch overlooking the Detroit skyline. It extends from the [[Ambassador Bridge]] to the [[Hiram Walker]] Distillery. The western portion of the park contains the [[Windsor Sculpture Park]], which features over 30 large-scale contemporary sculptures for public viewing, along with the Canadian Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The central portion contains Dieppe Gardens, Civic Terrace and Festival Plaza, and the eastern portion is home to the [[Bert Weeks]] Memorial Gardens. Further east along the waterfront is [[Coventry Gardens]], across from Detroit's [[Belle Isle Park|Belle Isle]]. The focal point of this park is the [[Charles Brooks (trade unionist)|Charles Brooks]] Memorial Peace Fountain, which floats in the Detroit River and has a coloured light display at night. The fountain is the largest of its kind in North America and symbolizes the peaceful relationship between Canada and the United States.

[[File:Ford Fireworks from Riverside near Pierre, Windsor, Ontario, 2025-06-23 26.jpg|thumb|right|Fireworks at the [[Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival]]]]
Each summer, Windsor co-hosts the two-week-long [[Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival]], which culminates in a gigantic fireworks display that celebrates [[Canada Day]] and the [[Independence Day (US)|Fourth of July]]. The fireworks display is among the world's largest and takes place on the final Monday in June over the Detroit River between the two downtowns. Each year, the event attracts over a million spectators to both sides of the riverfront. Windsor and Detroit also jointly cohost the annual [[Detroit Windsor International Film Festival]]. At the same time, festivals exclusive to Windsor include the Multicultural Council of Windsor and Essex County Carrousel by the River and Carrousel Around the City, [[Bluesfest International Windsor]] and [[Windsor Pride]].

Following the 2008 [[Red Bull Air Race World Championship]] in [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], Windsor successfully put in a bid to become the first Canadian city to host the event. [[Red Bull]] touted the 2009 race in Windsor as one of the most exciting in the seven-year history of the Red Bull Air Race World Championship,<ref name="redbullairrace1">{{Cite web |title=Red Bull Air Race |url=http://www.redbullairrace.com/cs/Satellite/en_air/Official-Red-Bull-Air-Race-Homepage/001238611393596 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807120228/http://www.redbullairrace.com/cs/Satellite/en_air/Official-Red-Bull-Air-Race-Homepage/001238611393596 |archive-date=August 7, 2009 |access-date=2012-01-02 |publisher=Red Bull Air Race |df=mdy-all}}</ref> and on January 22, 2010, it was announced Windsor would be a host city for the 2010 and 2011 circuits,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Windsor locks in Red Bull air races for two years |url=https://windsorstar.com/entertainment/Bull+Race+returns+Windsor/2472987/story.html |archive-date=January 23, 2010 |access-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123171337/http://www.windsorstar.com/entertainment/Bull+Race+returns+Windsor/2472987/story.html}}</ref> along with a select group of major international cities that includes [[Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth, Australia]] and New York City. The event attracted 200,000 fans to the [[Detroit River]] waterfront in 2009. The Red Bull air races were cancelled worldwide for 2011.<ref name="redbullairrace1" />

Dubbed the Great Canadian Flag Project, Windsor erected a {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=off|adj=on}} flagpole to fly a 60 feet by {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=off}} by nine metres) Canadian flag in celebration of the [[150th anniversary of Canada]]. Spotlights illuminate the flag at night, with a smaller {{convert|24|by|12|ft|metre|abbr=off}} flag to fly during periods of strong winds. As of January 14, 2017, $300,000 had been raised for the project, including $150,000 from the federal government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Doug |date=14 January 2017 |title=Windsor's biggest flag to help mark Canada's 150th anniversary |work=Windsor Star |url=https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsors-biggest-flag-to-help-mark-canadas-150th-anniversary |access-date=8 February 2017 |archive-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119074437/https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsors-biggest-flag-to-help-mark-canadas-150th-anniversary |url-status=live }}</ref>

Windsor has often been the place where many metro Detroiters find what is forbidden in the United States. With a minimum [[legal drinking age]] of 21 in Michigan and 19 in Ontario, a significant number of 19 and 20-year-old Americans frequent Windsor's bars. The city also became a gambling attraction with [[Caesars Windsor]]'s opening in 1994, five years before casinos opened in Detroit. One can also purchase [[Cuban cigars]], [[Rum|Cuban rum]], less-costly prescription drugs, [[absinthe]], certain imported foods, and other items not available in the United States. In addition, some same-sex couples from the United States chose to marry in Windsor prior to 2015, when [[same-sex marriage]] was legalized in all 50 U.S. states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorman |first=Michele |date=June 26, 2015 |title=Gay Marriage Is Legal in All 50 States: Supreme Court |url=http://www.newsweek.com/supreme-court-gay-marriage-legal-all-50-states-347204 |access-date=23 May 2016 |website=Newsweek |archive-date=May 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514005607/http://www.newsweek.com/supreme-court-gay-marriage-legal-all-50-states-347204? |url-status=live }}</ref>

Windsor is also known for [[Windsor-style pizza|its own style of pizza]], characterized by its thin crust using cornmeal and flour, high-fat cheese, shredded pepperoni, and canned mushrooms.

===Media===
[[File:Windsor Star HQ.jpg|thumb|[[Windsor Star]] headquarters]]
{{Main|Media in Windsor, Ontario}}
Windsor and its surrounding area have been served by the ''[[Windsor Star]]'' since 1888. The regional newspaper is the only daily in Windsor and Essex County and has attracted the highest readership per capita in its circulation range of any Canadian metropolitan newspaper.

The ''Windsor Independent'' is an alternative newspaper published once a month. It features reviews, news, politics, arts, culture, and entertainment.

Windsor is considered part of the Detroit television and radio market for territorial rights. Due to this fact and its proximity to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] and [[Cleveland]], radio and television broadcasters in Windsor are accorded a special status by the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]], exempting them from many of the [[Canadian content]] ("CanCon") requirements most broadcasters in Canada are required to follow. The CanCon requirements are sometimes blamed in part for the decline in popularity of Windsor radio station [[CKLW]], a 50,000-watt AM radio station that in the late 1960s (prior to the advent of CanCon) had been the top-rated radio station not only in Detroit and Windsor but also in Toledo and Cleveland.

Windsor has also been exempt from [[concentration of media ownership]] rules. Except for [[Blackburn Radio]]-owned stations [[CJWF-FM]] and a rebroadcaster of [[Chatham-Kent|Chatham]]'s [[CKUE-FM]] in Windsor, all other current commercial media outlets are owned by a single company, [[Bell Media]].

The city is home to one [[campus radio]] station, [[CJAM-FM]], situated on the [[University of Windsor]] campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CJAM 91.5 Windsor / Detroit Campus Community Radio |url=http://web2.uwindsor.ca/cjam/index2.html |access-date=2012-01-02 |website=Web2.uwindsor.ca |archive-date=September 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926211248/http://web2.uwindsor.ca/cjam/index2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Windsor is also served by a few informational news websites including windsoriteDOTca News, a local news site; Radio Betna, a Middle Eastern community-based web radio station; and YQG Rocks, which is one of the only media to review entertainment shows since the retirement of [[Windsor Star]] critic Ted Shaw.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2015 |title=Ted Shaw's farewell: You get spoiled in this job |url=https://windsorstar.com/arts-2/ted-shaws-farewell-you-get-spoiled-in-this-job |access-date=July 19, 2017 |archive-date=July 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729065410/http://windsorstar.com/arts-2/ted-shaws-farewell-you-get-spoiled-in-this-job |url-status=live }}</ref>

''The Windsor Local'' is a local site and mobile app.

==Education==
Windsor youth attend schools in the [[Greater Essex County District School Board]] (prior to 1998, the [[Windsor Board of Education]]), the [[Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board]], [[Conseil scolaire catholique Providence]] and [[Conseil scolaire Viamonde]]. Independent faith-based schools include Maranatha Christian Academy (JK-12), Canadian Christian Academy (JK-12), [[Académie Ste. Cécile International School]] (JK-12, including [[International Baccalaureate]]), First Lutheran Christian Academy (JK-8), and Windsor Adventist Elementary School. The non-denominational Lakeview Montessori School is a private school as well. The [[Canada South Science City]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada South Science City |url=http://www.cssciencecity.com/ |access-date=2012-01-02 |publisher=Cssciencecity.com |archive-date=January 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113022204/http://www.cssciencecity.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> serves the Elementary School Curriculum's Science and Technology component.

Windsor is home to four [[International Baccalaureate]] recognized schools: [[Assumption College School]] (a Catholic high school), Académie Ste. Cécile International School (a private school), [[École secondaire E.J. Lajeunesse]] (a francophone Catholic high school), and [[Riverside Secondary School (Windsor, Ontario)|Riverside Secondary School]] (a public high school). [[Honourable W.C. Kennedy Collegiate|Kennedy Collegiate Institute]] and [[Vincent Massey Secondary School]] are renowned in Southern Ontario for their notable accomplishments nationally in mathematics and computer science. Kennedy was built in 1929 in the central part of the city next to Jackson Park. It is sometimes called the castle because of the unique architecture of its gymnasium at the rear of the school.

===Post-secondary institutions===
The [[University of Windsor]] is Canada's southernmost university. It is a research-oriented, comprehensive university with a student population of 16,000 full-time graduate and undergraduate students. Now entering its most ambitious capital expansion since its founding in 1963, the University of Windsor recently opened the Anthony P. Toldo Health Education & Learning Centre, which houses the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry. With the help of $40 million in Ontario government funding, the university also has recently finished construction of a {{convert|300000|sqft|m2|adj=on}}, $112-million Centre for Engineering Innovation; a structure that establishes revolutionary design standards across Canada and beyond. The university is just east of the [[Ambassador Bridge]], south of the Detroit River. 

In Spring 2011, it was announced the University of Windsor would move its music and visual art programs downtown to be housed in the historic Armouries building and former Greyhound Bus Depot at Freedom Way and University Ave E. The move intended to bring an additional 500 students into the downtown core daily. The university also brought its School of Social Work to the old Windsor Star buildings on Ferry and Pitt Streets, bringing an additional 1,000 students into the downtown.

Windsor is also home to [[St. Clair College]] that has a student population of 6,500 full-time students. Its main campus is in Windsor, and it also has campuses in Chatham and Wallaceburg. In 2007, St. Clair College opened a satellite campus in downtown Windsor in the former Cleary International Centre. In April 2010, St. Clair College added to its downtown Windsor presence with the addition of its MediaPlex school. Together, they bring over one thousand students into the downtown core daily. The college also opened the TD Student Centre on the corner of Victoria Avenue and University Avenue in 2012. 

[[File:Cleary StClaircollege Windsor.jpg|thumb|right|St. Clair College campus on Riverside Drive]]

More recently, [[Collège Boréal]] opened an access centre and small campus to their Ouellette Avenue location. This small campus offers access to many Collège Boréal programmes as well as immigration and integration assistance for francophones in the area. Collège Boréal is Windsor's only francophone post-secondary institution, providing service for a small but notable population of [[Franco-Ontarian]]s within the Windsor-Tecumseh-Belle River area.

From 1995 to 2001, the city was home to a satellite campus of the defunct francophone [[Collège des Grands-Lacs]].<ref name="hitech">"New college goes hi-tech." ''[[Windsor Star]]'', August 28, 1995.</ref>

===Public libraries===
The [[Windsor Public Library]] offers education, entertainment, and community history materials, programs, and services. The main branch coordinates a [[literacy]] program for adults who need functional literacy upgrading. The local historical archives are here.

==Health systems==
There are two hospitals in Windsor: [[Hôtel-Dieu Grace Healthcare]], formally Hôtel-Dieu Grace Hospital, and [[Windsor Regional Hospital]]. Hôtel-Dieu Grace Healthcare is the result of an amalgamation of Grace Hospital and Hôtel-Dieu in 1994. The merger occurred due to the [[Government of Ontario]]'s province-wide policy to consolidate resources into [[Local Health Integrated Network]]s, or LHINs. This was to eliminate duplicate services and allocate resources more efficiently across the region. The policy resulted in the closure of many community-based and historically important hospitals across the province. At this time, Hotel-Dieu Hospital does not do surgeries, nor does it have emergency room services. Its focus has moved away from traditional hospital services and provides more supportive healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HDGH - Programs & Services |url=http://www.hdgh.org/programsservices |access-date=July 19, 2017 |website=Hdgh.org |archive-date=April 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417142530/http://hdgh.org/programsservices |url-status=live }}</ref>

Windsor Regional Hospital has formal and informal agreements with Detroit-area hospitals. For instance, [[pediatric]] [[neurosurgery]] is no longer performed in Windsor. Leamington District Memorial Hospital in [[Leamington, Ontario]] serves much of [[Essex County, Ontario|Essex County]] and, along with the Windsor institutions, shares resources with the [[Chatham-Kent]] Health Alliance.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Over eighteen thousand Windsor residents are employed in the health care profession.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Government of Canada, Statistics Canada |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Windsor [Census metropolitan area], Ontario and Saskatchewan [Province] |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=559&Geo2=PR&Code2=47&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All |access-date=2018-04-13 |website=12.statcan.gc.ca |date=February 8, 2017 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417214220/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=559&Geo2=PR&Code2=47&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation==
{{see also|Roads in Windsor, Ontario|Bike trails in Windsor, Ontario}}
[[File:Windsor Bus Station.jpg|thumb|right|New bus terminal, opened in 2007]]
[[File:Drive through detroit-windsor tunnel.ogv|right|Video of drive-through tunnel from Windsor to Detroit, in year 2010]]
Windsor is the western terminus of both [[Ontario Highway 401|Highway 401]], Canada's busiest highway,<ref name="km">{{cite web
 |title        = Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts
 |author       = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
 |author-link  = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
 |year         = 2016
 |url          = https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/tvSplash.aspx
 |access-date  = January 1, 2021
 |archive-date = December 15, 2020
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20201215141651/https://www.library.mto.gov.on.ca/SydneyPLUS/TechPubs/Portal/tp/tvSplash.aspx
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref> and [[Via Rail]]'s [[Quebec City–Windsor Corridor]]. Windsor's Via station is the nation's sixth-busiest in terms of passenger volumes.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

{{Main|E.C. Row Expressway}}
Windsor has a municipal highway, E.C. Row Expressway, running east–west through the city. Consisting of {{convert|15.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} of highway and nine interchanges, the expressway is the fastest way for commuters to travel across the city. E.C. Row Expressway is mentioned in the Guinness Book of Records as the shortest freeway, which took the longest time to build, as it took more than 15 years to complete.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Relocating to Windsor|url=https://www.windsoronthouses.com/relocating-to-windsor|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Windsoronthouses.com|archive-date=February 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202230322/https://www.windsoronthouses.com/relocating-to-windsor|url-status=live}}</ref> The expressway stretches from Windsor's far west end at [[Ojibway Parkway]] east to Banwell Road on the city's border with Tecumseh.
[[File:Windsor Station (31751837992).jpg|thumb|Via Rail train at [[Windsor station (Ontario)|Windsor station]]]]
The majority of development in the city of Windsor and the neighbouring town of Tecumseh stretches along the water instead of inland. As a result, there is a lack of major east–west arteries compared to north–south arteries. Only [[Riverside Drive (Windsor, Ontario)|Riverside Drive]], Wyandotte Street, [[Tecumseh Road]], County Road 42/Cabana Road and the E.C. Row Expressway serve the almost {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the west end of Windsor eastward. All of these roads, especially the E.C. Row Expressway, are burdened with east–west commuter traffic from the development in the city's east end and suburbs further east.
There are eight north–south roads interchanging with the expressway: [[Huron Church Road]], Dominion Boulevard, Dougall Avenue, [[Howard Avenue (Windsor, Ontario)|Howard Avenue]], [[Walker Road]], Central Avenue, Jefferson Boulevard, and Lauzon Parkway. Traffic backups on some of these north–south roads at the E.C. Row Expressway are common, mainly at Dominion, Dougall, Howard, and Walker as the land south of the expressway and east of Walker is occupied by Windsor airport and there has been little development.

Windsor's many rail crossings intersect with these north–south thoroughfares. In October 2008, the Province of Ontario completed a grade separation at Walker Road and the CP Rail line. Another grade separation was completed in November 2010 at Howard Avenue and the CP Rail line. In both cases, the road travels under the rail line, and both have below-grade intersections with an east–west street. These were planned as parts of the "Let's Get Windsor-Essex Moving" project funded by the Province of Ontario to improve local transportation infrastructure.

Windsor is connected to [[Essex, Ontario|Essex]] and [[Leamington, Ontario|Leamington]] via [[Ontario Highway 3|Highway 3]] and is well connected to the other municipalities and communities throughout Essex County via the [[county road]] [[List of roads in Essex County, Ontario|network]]. Nearly 20,000 vehicles travel on Highway 3 in Essex County daily. It is the main route to work for many Leamington, Kingsville and Essex residents.

Windsor is linked to the United States by the [[Ambassador Bridge]], the [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], a [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel|tunnel]], and the [[Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry]]. In terms of goods volume, the Ambassador Bridge is North America's No. 1 international border crossing: 27% of all trade between Canada and the United States crosses at the Ambassador Bridge.

Windsor has a [[bike trail]] network including the ([[Riverfront Bike Trail]], [[Ganatchio Bike Trail]], and [[Little River Extension]]). They have become a blend of parkland and transportation, as people use the trails to commute to work or across downtown on their bicycles.

===Airports===
The city is served by [[Windsor International Airport]], a regional airport with scheduled commuter air service by [[Air Canada Express]], [[Porter Airlines]], [[WestJet]], and [[Sunwing Airlines|Sunwing]], along with heavy [[general aviation]] traffic. The majority of destinations are within Ontario except seasonal routes to [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]] and a variety of [[Caribbean]] destinations.

The [[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport]] is approximately {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} across the border in [[Romulus, Michigan]] and is the airport of choice for many Windsor residents as it has regular flights to a larger variety of destinations than Windsor Airport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-02-09 |title=aircanada.com |url=http://www.aircanada.ca/ |access-date=2012-01-02 |publisher=Aircanada.ca |archive-date=June 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622230513/http://www.aircanada.ca/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shuttle buses and cars are within driving distance to larger airports like [[London International Airport]], [[John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport]] and to Canada's busiest airport and international hub [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]].

===Waterways===
The Port of Windsor, which covers {{convert|21.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} of shoreline along the Detroit River, is part of the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway|Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence Seaway]] System. Accessible to both [[Lake freighter]]s and ocean-going vessels, the port is the third largest Canadian Great Lakes port in terms of shipments behind only [[Hamilton-Oshawa Port Authority|Hamilton]] and [[Thunder Bay Port Authority|Thunder Bay]]. Cargos include a wide range of products such as aggregates, salt, grain, fluorspar, lumber, steel, petroleum, vehicles and heavy lift equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About The Port|url=http://www.portwindsor.com/ecom.asp?pg=about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402172055/http://www.portwindsor.com/ecom.asp?pg=about |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |access-date=November 19, 2012 |website=Portwindsor.com |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Transit===
====Bus====
{{Main|Transit Windsor}}
[[File:Transit Windsor 629.JPG|thumb|right|Transit Windsor hybrid 'XCelsior' bus]]
A [[public transport bus service]] is provided by [[Transit Windsor]]. The [[Windsor International Transit Terminal]], opened in 2007, is Transit Windsor's hub; intercity buses from [[Toronto]], [[London (Ontario)|London]], and [[Detroit]] also stop here.

====Rail====
{{Main|Quebec City–Windsor Corridor#Rail}}
Windsor has a long history with rail travel in both passenger service and freight due to the [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]]. [[Inter-city rail|Intercity]] [[passenger railway]] service is provided by [[Via Rail]] throughout the region via the [[Windsor railway station (Ontario)|Windsor Railway Station]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2014 |title=List of stations - Canada |url=http://www.viarail.ca/en/explore-our-destinations/stations/list |access-date=July 19, 2017 |website=VIA Rail |archive-date=July 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726073951/http://www.viarail.ca/en/explore-our-destinations/stations/list |url-status=live }}</ref> The region also used to have a second station, the [[Windsor Michigan Central Railroad Depot]] {{ndash}} before it was destroyed in a fire {{ndash}} which historically served the [[Canada Southern Railway]], [[New York Central Railroad]] and [[Amtrak]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Austin |first1=Dan |last2=HistoricDetroit.org |title=Michigan Central Railroad Depot {{!}} Historic Detroit |url=https://www.historicdetroit.org/buildings/michigan-central-railroad-depot |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.historicdetroit.org}}</ref>

===Bridges to Detroit===
{{Main|Ambassador Bridge|Gordie Howe International Bridge}}
A major and controversial issue is the amount of traffic to and from the Ambassador Bridge. The number of vehicles crossing the bridge has doubled since 1990. However, the total volume of traffic has been declining since the [[September 11 attacks]].

Access to the Ambassador Bridge is via two municipal roads: [[Huron Church Road]] and [[Wyandotte Street]]. A large portion of the traffic consists of tractor-trailers. There have been, at times, a wall of trucks up to {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} long on [[Huron Church Road]]. This road cuts through the city's west end, and the trucks are the source of many complaints about noise, pollution and pedestrian hazards. In 2003, a single mother of three, Jacqueline Bouchard, was struck and killed by a truck at the corner of Huron Church and Girardot Avenue in front of [[Assumption College School|Assumption College Catholic High School]], a tragedy argued to be due to a lack of practical safety precautions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suit settled in death that led to overpass|url=http://www.gregmonforton.com/news/overpass.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304062617/http://www.gregmonforton.com/news/overpass.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2012 |access-date=2012-01-02 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Windsor City Council hired traffic consultant [[Sam Schwartz]] to produce a proposal for a solution to this traffic problem. City councillors overwhelmingly endorsed the proposal and it was presented to the federal government as a "Made in Windsor" solution. Not all of the surrounding residents supported the plan. One problem with the plan is the proposed road would cut through protected green spaces such as the Ojibway Prairie Reserve.

In 2005, the Detroit River International Crossing (DRIC&nbsp;— a joint Canadian-American committee studying the options for expanding the border crossing) announced its preferred option was to extend [[Highway 401]] directly westward to a new bridge spanning the Detroit River and interchange with [[Interstate 75]] somewhere between the existing Ambassador Bridge span and [[Wyandotte, Michigan|Wyandotte]].

On April 9, 2010, the City of Windsor, along with local cabinet ministers Dwight Duncan and Sandra Pupatello of the Province of Ontario, announced a final decision had been made in the plans to construct the Windsor-Essex Parkway, the new Highway 401 extension leading to a future crossing. The announcement indicated the project would be the most expensive road ever built in Canada on a per kilometre basis. It included commitments to enhance green space design through the use of berming, landscaping, and other aesthetic treatments. As part of negotiations with the City of Windsor (who threatened legal action in pursuit of more tunnelling and green space of the route), the province agreed to additional funding to infrastructure projects in Windsor-Essex; this includes money for the improvement of the plaza of the Canadian side of the Windsor-Detroit tunnel, the widening and other improvements of Walker Rd between Division Rd and E.C. Row Expressway, and the environmental assessment and preliminary design of a future extension of Lauzon Parkway to Highway 401.

==Twin towns – sister cities==
Windsor has several [[sister cities]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Twin Cities |url=https://www.citywindsor.ca/cityhall/committeesofcouncil/Advisory-Committees/International-Relations-Committee-(IRC)/Pages/Our-Twin-Cities.aspx |access-date=20 August 2018 |website=citywindsor.ca |publisher=City of Windsor |archive-date=February 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161615/https://www.citywindsor.ca/cityhall/committeesofcouncil/Advisory-Committees/International-Relations-Committee-(IRC)/Pages/Our-Twin-Cities.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
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*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Granby, Quebec]], Canada (1956)<ref>[http://www.ville.granby.qc.ca/villes-jumelees/index.html L'Association socioculturelle Granby et ses villes jumelées] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502174751/http://www.ville.granby.qc.ca/villes-jumelees/index.html |date=May 2, 2009 }}. Retrieved July 2, 2009.</ref>
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Gunsan]], South Korea (2005)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071023210759/http://www.gunsan.go.kr/english/info/info0601.jsp Gunsan City Worldwide Sisterhood Cities]. Retrieved July 2, 2009.</ref>
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Lublin]], Poland (2000)<ref name="Lublin twinnings">{{Cite web |title=Miasta Partnerskie Lublina |trans-title=Lublin - Partnership Cities |url=http://www.lublin.eu/Miasta_partnerskie_Lublina-1-443-3-413_436.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171020/http://lublin.eu/Miasta_partnerskie_Lublina-1-443-3-413_436.html |archive-date=2013-01-16 |access-date=2013-08-07 |publisher=City of Lublin |language=pl}}</ref><ref>[http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40909 Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720165658/http://www.um.lublin.eu/en/index.php?t=200&id=40909 |date=July 20, 2011 }}. Retrieved July 2, 2009.</ref>
||
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Mannheim]], Germany (1980)<ref name="Mannheim twinnings">{{Cite web |title=Partner und Freundesstädte |url=https://www.mannheim.de/stadt-gestalten/partnerstaedte-staedtepartnerschaften-partnerstadt |access-date=2013-07-26 |website=Stadt Mannheim |language=de |archive-date=November 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108234147/https://www.mannheim.de/stadt-gestalten/partnerstaedte-staedtepartnerschaften-partnerstadt |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SLV}} [[Las Vueltas]], El Salvador (1987)<ref>[http://www.citywindsor.ca/001430.asp?city=lasvueltas City of Windsor, Our Twin Cities (Las Vueltas)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173931/http://www.citywindsor.ca/001430.asp?city=lasvueltas |date=July 6, 2011 }}. Retrieved July 2, 2009.</ref>
*{{flagicon|NMK}} [[Ohrid]], North Macedonia (1981)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Saint-Étienne]], France (1963)
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Saltillo]], Mexico (1994)<ref name="vanguardia">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2019 |title=Saltillo tiene pacto de hermanamiento con 15 ciudades... solo con Austin mantiene contacto |url=https://vanguardia.com.mx/coahuila/saltillo/saltillo-tiene-pacto-de-hermanamiento-con-15-ciudades-solo-con-austin-mantiene-contacto1-EVVG3490150 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=Vangaurdia |language=es |archive-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028021352/https://vanguardia.com.mx/coahuila/saltillo/saltillo-tiene-pacto-de-hermanamiento-con-15-ciudades-solo-con-austin-mantiene-contacto1-EVVG3490150 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Udine]], Italy (1975)<ref>[http://www.comune.udine.it/opencms/opencms/release/ComuneUdine/comune/gemellate/amiche/windsor.html Città gemellate (Windsor)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124075342/http://www.comune.udine.it/opencms/opencms/release/ComuneUdine/comune/gemellate/amiche/windsor.html |date=January 24, 2011 }}. Comune.udine.it, Retrieved October 10, 2014.</ref>
|}

==Sports==
[[File:WFCU 3577-2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[WFCU Centre]] is the current home of the [[Windsor Spitfires]] and the [[Windsor Express]].]]
Windsor's sports fans tend to support the [[major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major professional sports league]] teams in either Detroit or [[Toronto]]. Still, the city itself is home to one professional team, the [[Windsor Express]] of the [[Basketball Super League (North America)|Basketball Super League]]. The Express was an expansion team of the [[National Basketball League of Canada|National Basketball League]] (NBL) that began play in the 2012–13 season, with home games played at the [[WFCU Centre]]. On April 17, 2014, the Express won their first championship of NBL-Canada against the Island Storm in the 7th game of their final series, 121–106.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2014 |title=Congratulations Papa Oppong & Windsor Express |url=http://www.powerbasketball.ca/p/14513/nr/100078/congratulations-papa-oppong-windsor-express |access-date=16 November 2014 |publisher=Mississauga Power |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042614/http://www.powerbasketball.ca/p/14513/nr/100078/congratulations-papa-oppong-windsor-express |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Windsor is also home for the following youth, minor league and post-secondary teams
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Team
!Sport
!League
!Founded
!Main venue
|-
|[[Windsor Spitfires]]
|Hockey
|[[Ontario Hockey League|OHL]]
|1971
| rowspan="2" |[[WFCU Centre]]
|-
|[[Windsor Express]]
|Basketball
|[[Basketball Super League (North America)|BSL]]
|2012
|-
|[[Windsor Clippers]]
|Lacrosse
|[[Ontario Junior B Lacrosse League|OLA Junior "B"]]
|2003
|Forest Glade Arena
|-
|Windsor Rouges
|Rugby
|[[Ontario Rugby Union|ORU]]
|1963
|AKO Park
|-
|[[Windsor City FC]]
|Soccer
|[[League1 Ontario|L1O Premier]]
|2004
| rowspan="3" |[[St. Clair College]]
|-
|[[St. Clair Saints (football)|St. Clair Saints]] (Football)
|Football
|[[Canadian Junior Football League|CJFL]]
|1929
|-
|[[St. Clair College|St. Clair Saints]]
| rowspan="2" |Multi
|[[Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association|CCAA]]
|1967
|-
|[[Windsor Lancers]]
|[[U Sports]]
|1952
|[[University of Windsor Stadium|UW Stadium]]
|}
Windsor is also home to youth soccer teams like Windsor FC Nationals and other leagues like the [[Windsor Roller Derby]] league.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Windsor FC Nationals |url=http://www.windsornationals.ca/ |access-date=July 19, 2017 |website=Windsornationals.ca |archive-date=July 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709024254/http://www.windsornationals.ca/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Former teams===
*[[Windsor Bulldogs]] ([[OHA Senior A Hockey League (1929-1979)|OHA Senior A Hockey League]]) 1953–1964, won 1963 [[Allan Cup]]
*[[Windsor St. Clair Saints]] (Major League Hockey Senior "AAA"/[[Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association|CCAA]])
*[[Tecumseh Chiefs|Windsor Royals/Bulldogs]] ([[Western Ontario Hockey League]]) now known as [[LaSalle Vipers]]
*[[Windsor Bulldogs (CPHL)|Windsor Bulldogs]] ([[Canadian Professional Hockey League]]) 1920s and 1930s
*[[Windsor Hornets]] (Canadian Professional Hockey League) 1920s
*[[Windsor Gotfredsons]] ([[International Hockey League (1945-2001)|International Hockey League]]) 1940s
*[[Windsor Spitfires (IHL)|Windsor Spitfires]] (International Hockey League) 1940s
*[[Windsor Royals (football)|Windsor Rockets/Royals]] ([[Ontario Rugby Football Union]]) 1940s and 1950s
*[[Windsor Warlocks (MSL)|Windsor Warlocks]] ([[Major Series Lacrosse]]) 2004
*[[Windsor Clippers]] ([[OLA Senior B Lacrosse League]]) 1960s
*[[Windsor Warlocks]] ([[OLA Junior A Lacrosse League]]) 1970s
*[[Windsor Warlocks]] ([[OLA Junior B Lacrosse League]]) 1980s
*[[Windsor Mariners]] ([[Ontario Australian Football League]]) 2000s
*[[Windsor and District Soccer League]]

===Canadian Premier League===
On the 10th of January 2022, it was announced Windsor would be the home of a new [[Canadian Premier League]] team. The announcement saw the league's first commissioner, [[David Clanachan]], step down from his position to focus on bringing a professional [[soccer]] team to his hometown.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2022 |title=Commissioner David Clanachan Awarded Exclusive CPL Rights to Windsor/Essex County and to Step Down as First CPL Commissioner |url=https://canpl.ca/article/commissioner-david-clanachan-awarded-exclusive-cpl-rights-to-windsoressex-county-and-to-step-down-as-first-cpl-commissioner |website=canpl.ca |access-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110183300/https://canpl.ca/article/commissioner-david-clanachan-awarded-exclusive-cpl-rights-to-windsoressex-county-and-to-step-down-as-first-cpl-commissioner |url-status=live }}</ref>

===International sporting events===

* Windsor hosted rounds of the [[Red Bull Air Race World Championship]] in 2009 and 2010<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Doug |title=Windsor goes after 2014 Red Bull race |url=https://www.windsorstar.com/business/Windsor+goes+after+2014+Bull+race/6808909/story.html |website=Windsorstar.com |language=en-ca |access-date=January 28, 2019 |archive-date=January 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191242/https://www.windsorstar.com/business/Windsor+goes+after+2014+Bull+race/6808909/story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (Detroit hosted the race in 2008). The races took place on a course of pylons set up on the Detroit River, right over the border between Canada and the United States.

* The [[2016 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]] "Short Course Worlds" took place in Windsor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2012 |title=Windsor (CAN) will host 2016 FINA World Swimming Championships |url=http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3288:pr-80-windsor-can-will-host-2016-fina-world-swimming-championships-25m&catid=341:2012&Itemid=246 |access-date=March 9, 2015 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221021549/http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3288%3Apr-80-windsor-can-will-host-2016-fina-world-swimming-championships-25m&catid=341%3A2012&Itemid=246 |website=fina.org |publisher=Federation Internationale de Natation |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

* Windsor hosted [[U-18 Baseball World Cup|World Junior Baseball Championship]] in 1986, 1987 and 1993.

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Windsor, Ontario}}

==See also==
* [[1946 Windsor–Tecumseh, Ontario tornado]]
* [[Detroit–Windsor]]
* [[Dominion House]]
* [[Flag of Windsor, Ontario]]
* [[1974 Super Outbreak#Windsor, Ontario, Canada|Super Outbreak]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-20|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=1974 Super Outbreak#Windsor, Ontario, Canada|reason= The anchor (Windsor, Ontario, Canada) [[Special:Diff/643889948|has been deleted]].}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Ernest J. Lajeunesse, The Windsor Border Region, Windsor: The Champlain Society, 1960.
*Jack Cecillon, Prayers, Petitions and Protests: The Catholic Church and the Ontario Schools Crisis in the Windsor Border Region, 1910–1928, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013.

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Windsor (Ontario)}}
{{Commons category}}
{{sister project links|Windsor, Ontario}}
*{{official website|http://www.citywindsor.ca}}

{{Geographic location  <!-- This geo box is for DIRECTLY ADJACENT municipalities as standardized for all other municipalities -->
 | Centre    = Windsor
 | North     = {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|MI}} [[Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan|Grosse Pointe Park]]<br />''[[Detroit River]]''
 | Northeast = [[Walpole Island First Nation|Walpole Island 46]]<br />''[[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|Lake St. Clair]]''
 | East      = [[Tecumseh, Ontario|Tecumseh]]
 | Southeast = [[Tecumseh, Ontario|Tecumseh]]
 | South     = [[LaSalle, Ontario|LaSalle]]
 | Southwest = ''[[Detroit River]]''<br />{{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|MI}} [[Ecorse, Michigan|Ecorse]]
 | West      = {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|MI}} [[River Rouge, Michigan|River Rouge]] / ''[[Detroit River]]''
 | Northwest = {{flagicon|US}}{{flagicon|MI}} [[Detroit]]<br />''[[Detroit River]]''
}}
{{Windsor, Ontario}}
{{Census metropolitan areas by size}}
{{Great Lakes Megalopolis}}
{{authority control}}
{{Portal bar|France|North America|History|Ontario|Canada}}

[[Category:Windsor, Ontario| ]]
[[Category:1749 establishments in North America]]
[[Category:Busking venues]]
[[Category:Cities in Ontario]]
[[Category:Detroit River]]
[[Category:Ontario populated places on Lake St. Clair]]
[[Category:Catholic missions of New France]]
[[Category:Ontario populated places on the Detroit River]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1749]]
[[Category:Port settlements in Ontario]]
[[Category:Single-tier municipalities in Ontario]]
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