View source for Winter

{{short description|Coldest of the four temperate seasons}}
{{Redirect|Wintertime||Wintertime (disambiguation)|and|Winter (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox temperate season
|title=Winter
|image=Winter forest silver.jpg
|caption=Forest covered in snow during winter
|sdate1=21 June – 23 September
|sdate2=1 June – 31 August
|sdate3=1 May – 31 July
|ndate1=22 December – 21 March
|ndate2=1 December – 28/29 February
|ndate3=1 November – 31 January
}}
{{Weather}}
'''Winter''' is the [[cold]]est and darkest [[season]] of the year in [[temperate climate|temperate]] and [[Polar regions of Earth|polar climates]]. It occurs after [[autumn]] and before [[spring (season)|spring]]. The [[Axial tilt#Earth|tilt of Earth's axis]] causes seasons; winter occurs when a [[Hemispheres of Earth|hemisphere]] is oriented away from the [[Sun]]. Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather.

When it is winter in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], it is [[summer]] in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and vice versa. Winter typically brings [[precipitation]] that, depending on a region's [[climate]], is mainly [[rain]] or [[snow]]. The moment of [[winter solstice]] is when the Sun's elevation with respect to the North or South Pole is at its most negative value; that is, the Sun is at its farthest below the horizon as measured from the pole. The day on which this occurs has the shortest day and the longest night, with [[daytime|day length]] increasing and [[night|night length]] decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice. 

The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates outside the polar regions differ from the date of the winter solstice and depend on latitude. They differ due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit (see: [[Analemma#Earliest and latest sunrise and sunset|earliest and latest sunrise and sunset]]).

==Etymology==
The English word ''winter'' comes from the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] noun ''*wintru-'', whose origin is unclear. Several proposals exist, a commonly mentioned one connecting it to the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*wed-'' 'water' or a nasal infix variant ''*wend-''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=winter&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Winter &#124; Origin and meaning of winter by Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202154139/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=winter&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-date=2 February 2015  }}</ref>

==Cause==
{{See also|Effect of Sun angle on climate}}
The tilt of the Earth's axis relative to its orbital plane plays a large role in the formation of weather. The Earth is tilted at an angle of 23.44° to the plane of its orbit, causing different latitudes to directly face the Sun as the Earth moves through its orbit. This variation brings about seasons. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun more directly and thus experiences warmer temperatures than the Northern Hemisphere. Conversely, winter in the Southern Hemisphere occurs when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more toward the Sun. From the perspective of an observer on the Earth, the winter Sun has a lower maximum altitude in the sky than the summer Sun.

During winter in either hemisphere, the lower altitude of the Sun causes the sunlight to hit the Earth at an oblique angle. Thus a lower amount of [[solar radiation]] strikes the Earth per unit of surface area. Furthermore, the light must travel a longer distance through the atmosphere, allowing the atmosphere to dissipate more heat. Compared with these effects, the effect of the changes in the distance of the Earth from the Sun (due to the Earth's elliptical orbit) is negligible.

The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow-prone latitudes is highly variable, depending on elevation, position versus marine winds, and the amount of precipitation. For instance, within [[Canada]] (a country of cold winters), [[Winnipeg]], on the [[Great Plains]] (a long way from the ocean), has a January high of {{convert|-11.3|C|F}} and a low of {{convert|-21.4|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=3698&lang=e&amp;StationName=Winnipeg&amp;SearchType=Contains&amp;stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1&dispBack=1|title=Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data for Winnipeg|publisher=Environment Canada|access-date=8 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905075212/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=3698&lang=e&StationName=Winnipeg&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1&dispBack=1|archive-date=5 September 2016|date=25 September 2013}}</ref> 

In comparison, [[Vancouver]], on the west coast (with a marine influence from moderating Pacific winds), has a January low of {{convert|1.4|C|F}}, with days well above freezing, at {{convert|6.9|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=889&lang=e&StationName=Vancouver&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1|title=Canadian climate normals 1981–2010 Station Data for Vancouver|publisher=Environment Canada|access-date=8 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084829/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=889&lang=e&StationName=Vancouver&SearchType=Contains&stnNameSubmit=go&dCode=1|archive-date=18 May 2015|date=25 September 2013}}</ref> Both places are at 49°N latitude and in the same western half of the continent. A similar but less extreme effect is found in Europe: despite their northerly latitude, the British Isles have no non-mountain weather stations with a below-freezing mean January temperature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate|title=UK climate – Station Map|publisher=Met Office|access-date=8 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905072823/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/|archive-date=5 September 2015}}</ref>

==Meteorological reckoning==
{{further|Meteorological seasons}}
[[File:Earth-satellite-seasons.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|Animation of snow cover changing with the seasons]]

'''Meteorological reckoning''' is the method of measuring the winter season used by [[meteorologists]] based on "sensible weather patterns" for record keeping purposes,<ref>{{cite web |last=Huttner |first=Paul |url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/updraft/archive/2007/12/instant_meteorological_winter.shtml |title=Instant meteorological winter |publisher=Minnesota Public Radio |date=6 December 2007 |access-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608125101/http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/updraft/archive/2007/12/instant_meteorological_winter.shtml |archive-date=8 June 2011  }}</ref> so the start of meteorological winter varies with latitude.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2003/s2143.htm |title=Winter's Been Here Despite What the Calendar Says |publisher=NOAA Magazine |date=22 December 2003 |access-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220559/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2003/s2143.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011  }}</ref> Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures. This corresponds to the months of December, January and February in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and June, July and August in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. 

The coldest average temperatures of the season are typically experienced in January or February in the Northern Hemisphere and in June, July or August in the Southern Hemisphere. Nighttime predominates in the winter season, and in some regions, winter has the highest rate of [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] as well as prolonged dampness because of permanent snow cover or high precipitation rates coupled with low temperatures, precluding evaporation. [[Blizzard]]s often develop and cause many transportation delays. [[Diamond dust]], also known as ice needles or ice crystals, forms at temperatures approaching {{convert|-40|C|F}} due to air with slightly higher moisture from above mixing with colder, surface-based air.<ref name="glossdia">{{cite web|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=diamond+dust&submit=Search|author=Glossary of Meteorology|date=June 2000|title=Diamond Dust|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|access-date=21 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403084329/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=diamond+dust&submit=Search|archive-date=3 April 2009}}</ref> They are made of simple hexagonal ice crystals.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/Libbrecht%20Feature.pdf|page=12|year=2001|author=Kenneth G. Libbrecht|title=Morphogenesis on Ice: The Physics of Snow Crystals|journal=Engineering & Science|access-date=21 January 2010|issue=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625192032/http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/Libbrecht%20Feature.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2010}}</ref> 

The [[SMHI|Swedish Meteorological Institute]] (SMHI) defines ''thermal winter'' as when the daily mean temperatures are below {{convert|0|C|F}} for five consecutive days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/vinter-1.1480|title=Vinter|publisher=SMHI|language=sv|access-date=31 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325164811/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/vinter-1.1480|archive-date=25 March 2015}}</ref> According to the SMHI, winter in Scandinavia is more pronounced when Atlantic low-pressure systems take more southerly and northerly routes, leaving the path open for high-pressure systems to come in and cold temperatures to occur. As a result, the coldest January on record in Stockholm, in 1987, was also the sunniest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/month/vov_pdf/SMHI_vov_precipitation_sunshine_jan15.pdf?71642|title=Nederbörd, Solsken och Strålning – Januari 2015|trans-title=Precipitation, Sunshine & Radiation - January 2015 (all-time records section)|language=sv|publisher=SMHI|access-date=31 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026123924/http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/month/vov_pdf/SMHI_vov_precipitation_sunshine_jan15.pdf?71642|archive-date=26 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/month/vov_pdf/SMHI_vov_temperature_wind_jan15.pdf?18701|title=Januari 2015 – Lufttemperatur och Vind|trans-title=January 2015 – Temperature & Wind (all-time records section)|language=sv|publisher=SMHI|access-date=31 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026123844/http://data.smhi.se/met/climate/time_series/month/vov_pdf/SMHI_vov_temperature_wind_jan15.pdf?18701|archive-date=26 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Accumulations of snow and ice are commonly associated with winter in the Northern Hemisphere, due to the large land masses there. In the Southern Hemisphere, the more maritime climate and the relative lack of land south of 40°S make the winters milder; thus, snow and ice are less common in inhabited regions of the Southern Hemisphere. In this region, snow occurs every year in elevated regions such as the Andes, the Great Dividing Range in Australia, the mountains of New Zealand, and in the southerly [[Patagonia]] region of South Argentina. Snow occurs year-round in [[Antarctica]].

==Astronomical and other calendar-based reckoning==
[[File:KleinarlWinterwonderland.jpg|thumb|In the [[mid-latitudes]] and [[Polar regions of Earth|polar regions]], winter is associated with snow and ice.]]
[[File:Neve Caxias do Sul (2).jpg|thumb|In the [[Southern Hemisphere]], winter extends from June to September, pictured in [[Caxias do Sul]] in the southern highlands of [[Brazil]].]]
[[File:Hamburg Germany Jan 6.jpg|thumb|[[Sea ice]] in the [[Port of Hamburg]], Germany]]

In the [[Northern Hemisphere]], some authorities define the period of '''winter''' based on astronomical fixed points (i.e., based solely on the position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun), regardless of weather conditions. In one version of this definition, winter begins at the [[winter solstice]] and ends at the [[March equinox]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/meteorological-versus-astronomical-seasons|title=Meteorological Versus Astronomical Seasons|date=22 September 2016|website=National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)|language=en|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> These dates are somewhat later than those used to define the beginning and end of the '''meteorological winter''' — usually considered to span the entirety of December, January, and February in the Northern Hemisphere and June, July, and August in the Southern.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=When does winter start?|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/seasons/winter/when-does-winter-start|access-date=11 October 2021|website=[[Met Office]]}}</ref>

Astronomically, the winter solstice — being the day of the year that has fewest hours of daylight — ought to be in the middle of the season,<ref>{{cite book|last=Ball|first=Sir Robert S|title=Elements of Astronomy|year=1900|publisher=The MacMillan Company|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/elementsastrono02ballgoog/page/n74 52]|url=https://archive.org/details/elementsastrono02ballgoog|isbn=978-1-4400-5323-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Heck|first=Andre|title=Organizations and strategies in Astronomy Volume 7|year=2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-5300-9|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSsaxkeixH0C&pg=PA14}}</ref> but [[seasonal lag]] means that the coldest period normally follows the solstice by a few weeks. In some cultures, the season is regarded as beginning at the solstice and ending on the following [[equinox]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/science/winter |title=winter |date=16 September 2022 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/solstice |title=solstice |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref> In the Northern Hemisphere, depending on the year, this corresponds to the period between 20, 21 or 22 December and 19, 20 or 21 March.<ref name=":0" />

In an old Norwegian tradition, winter begins on 14 October and ends on the last day of February.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://met.no/./?module=Articles;action=Article.publicShow;ID=1104 |title=Første vinterdag |language=Norwegian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629191011/http://met.no/?module=Articles;action=Article.publicShow;ID=1104 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |date=14 October 2008 |website=The Norwegian Meteorological Institute |access-date=31 August 2009}}</ref>

In many countries in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], including [[Australia]],<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/glossary/seasons.shtml |dictionary=Meteorological Glossary |title=Seasons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307042010/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/glossary/seasons.shtml |archive-date=7 March 2009 |access-date=21 June 2009 |url-status=live |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Daniel |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2009/06/02/2583319.htm |title=Images from around Australia on first day of Winter 2009 |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=2 June 2009 |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112213348/http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2009/06/02/2583319.htm |archive-date=12 November 2012  }}</ref> [[New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deguara |first1=Brittney |title=When does winter officially start in New Zealand? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/113038178/when-does-winter-officially-start-in-new-zealand |work=Stuff |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> and [[South Africa]], winter begins on 1 June and ends on 31 August.

In [[Celtic nations]] such as Ireland (using the [[Irish calendar]]) and in Scandinavia, the winter solstice is traditionally considered as midwinter, with the winter season beginning 1 November, on [[Halloween|All Hallows]], or [[Samhain]].{{cn|date=September 2023}} Winter ends and spring begins on [[Imbolc]], or [[Candlemas]], which is 1 or 2 February.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishpost.com/news/today-marks-the-first-day-of-spring-on-the-gaelic-calendar-202700|title=Today marks the first day of spring on the Gaelic calendar|first=Rachael|last=O'Connor|date=1 February 2021|website=[[The Irish Post]]}}</ref> In [[Chinese astronomy]] and other East Asian [[Chinese calendar|calendars]], winter is taken to commence on or around 7 November, on [[Lidong|Lìdōng]], and end with the arrival of spring on 3 or 4 February, on [[Lichun|Lìchūn]].<ref name="chinafetching">{{cite web |url= https://www.chinafetching.com/24-solar-terms-in-chinese-calendar |title= 24 Solar Terms in Chinese Calendar|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= ChinaFetching.com|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> Late [[Roman Republic]] scholar [[Marcus Terentius Varro]] defined winter as lasting from the fourth day before the [[Roman calendar#Days|Ides]] of [[November (Roman month)|November]] (10 November) to the eighth day before the Ides of [[Februarius]] (6 February).<ref name="Varro37BC">{{cite wikisource |author=Varro |author-link=Varro |title=Res Rusticae (Country Matters) |volume=Book 1 |orig-date=c. 37 BCE |plainchapter=4 Concerning the Agricultural Seasons}}</ref>

This system of seasons is based on the length of days exclusively. The three-month period of the shortest days and weakest solar radiation occurs during November, December and January in the Northern Hemisphere and May, June and July in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].

Many mainland European countries tended to recognize [[Martinmas]] or [[St. Martin's Day]] (11 November) as the first calendar day of winter.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYT8MPFl_egC&pg=PA219|title=Folk-Taxonomies in Early English|last=Anderson|first=Earl R.|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8386-3916-0|location=Madison, N.J.|pages=219|quote="On St. Martin's day (11 November) winter begins, summer takes its end, harvest is completed. ...This text is one of many that preserves vestiges of the ancient Indo-European system of two seasons, winter and summer."}}</ref> The day falls at the midpoint between the old Julian equinox and [[solstice]] dates. Also, [[Valentine's Day]] (14 February) is recognized by some countries as heralding the first rites of spring, such as flowers blooming.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Glick|first1=Thomas F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hr62AgAAQBAJ&q=science+first+day+of+winter&pg=PT353|title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|last2=Livesey|first2=Steven|last3=Wallis|first3=Faith|date=27 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45939-0|language=en}}</ref>

The three-month period associated with the coldest average temperatures typically begins somewhere in late November or early December in the Northern Hemisphere and lasts through late February or early March. This "thermological winter" is earlier than the solstice delimited definition, but later than the daylight (Celtic or Chinese) definition. Depending on [[seasonal lag]], this period will vary between climatic regions.

Since by almost all definitions valid for the Northern Hemisphere, winter spans 31 December and 1 January, the season is split across years, just like summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Each calendar year includes parts of two winters. This causes ambiguity in associating a winter with a particular year, e.g. "Winter 2018". Solutions for this problem include naming both years, e.g. "Winter 18/19", or settling on the year the season starts in or on the year most of its days belong to, which is the later year for most definitions.

==Ecological reckoning and activity==
[[File:Snowshoe hare.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[snowshoe hare]], and some other animals, change color in winter.]]
Ecological reckoning of winter differs from calendar-based by avoiding the use of fixed dates.  It is one of six seasons recognized by most ecologists who customarily use the term ''hibernal'' for this period of the year (the other ecological seasons being prevernal, vernal, estival, serotinal, and autumnal).<ref>{{cite web | author = Michael Allaby | title = A Dictionary of Zoology | year = 1999 | url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html | access-date = 30 May 2012 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602225322/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html | archive-date = 2 June 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>  The hibernal season coincides with the main period of biological dormancy each year whose dates vary according to local and regional climates in temperate zones of the Earth.  The appearance of flowering plants like the crocus can mark the change from ecological winter to the prevernal season as early as late January in mild temperate climates.

To survive the harshness of winter, many animals have developed different behavioral and morphological adaptations for [[overwintering]]:
*[[Bird migration|Migration]] is a common effect of winter upon animals such as [[migratory birds]]. Some [[butterfly|butterflies]] also migrate seasonally.
*[[Hibernation]] is a state of reduced [[metabolism|metabolic activity]] during the winter. Some animals "sleep" during winter and only come out when the warm weather returns; e.g., [[Gopher (animal)|gopher]]s, frogs, snakes, and bats.
*Some animals store food for the winter and live on it instead of hibernating completely. This is the case for [[squirrel]]s, [[beaver]]s, [[skunk]]s, [[badger]]s, and [[raccoon]]s.
*Resistance is observed when an animal endures winter but changes in ways such as color and musculature. The color of the fur or plumage changes to white (in order to be confused with snow) and thus retains its [[cryptic (zoology)|cryptic]] coloration year-round. Examples are the [[rock ptarmigan]], [[Arctic fox]], [[weasel]], [[hare|white-tailed jackrabbit]], and [[mountain hare]].
*Some fur-coated mammals grow a heavier coat during the winter; this improves the heat-retention qualities of the fur. The coat is then shed following the winter season to allow better cooling. The heavier coat in winter made it a favorite season for [[Animal trapping|trapper]]s, who sought more profitable skins.
*Snow also affects the ways animals behave; many take advantage of the insulating properties of snow by burrowing in it. Mice and [[vole]]s typically live under the snow layer.

Some [[annual plant]]s never survive the winter. Other annual plants require winter cold to complete their life cycle; this is known as [[vernalization]]. As for [[perennial plant|perennial]]s, many small ones profit from the insulating effects of snow by being buried in it. Larger plants, particularly [[deciduous|deciduous trees]], usually let their upper part go dormant, but their roots are still protected by the snow layer. Few plants bloom in the winter, one exception being the [[prunus mume|flowering plum]], which flowers in time for [[Chinese New Year]]. The process by which plants become acclimated to cold weather is called [[Hardening (botany)|hardening]].

==Examples==
===Exceptionally cold===
[[File:Hendrick Avercamp - IJsvermaak bij een stad.jpg|thumb|Winter landscape with skaters in the [[Dutch Republic]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] in the 17th century, by [[Hendrick Avercamp]]]]
[[File:Frost Fair of 1683.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.2|[[River Thames]] frost fair, 1683, with [[London Bridge#Old London Bridge (1209–1831)|Old London Bridge]] in the background]]
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2024}}
*1683–1684, "The Great Frost", when the [[Thames]], hosting the [[River Thames frost fairs]], was frozen all the way up to [[London Bridge]] and remained frozen for about two months.  Ice was about {{convert|27|cm|abbr=on}} thick in London and about {{convert|120|cm|abbr=on}} thick in Somerset. The sea froze up to {{convert|2|mi}} out around the coast of the southern [[North Sea]], causing severe problems for shipping and preventing use of many harbors.
*1739–1740, one of the most severe winters in the UK on record. The Thames remained frozen over for about 8 weeks. The [[Irish Famine (1740–1741)|Irish famine of 1740–1741]] claimed the lives of at least 300,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cormac O Grada|title=Famine: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoN2XkjJio4C&pg=PA23|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12237-3|page=23}}</ref>
*1816 was the [[Year Without a Summer]] in the Northern Hemisphere. The unusual coolness of the winter of 1815–1816 and of the following summer was primarily due to the eruption of [[Mount Tambora]] in Indonesia, in April 1815.  There were secondary effects from an unknown eruption or eruptions around 1810, and several smaller eruptions around the world between 1812 and 1814.  The cumulative effects were worldwide but were especially strong in the Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Europe. Frost formed in May in New England, killing many newly planted crops, and the summer never recovered. Snow fell in New York and Maine in June, and ice formed in lakes and rivers in July and August. In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September. Agricultural crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in food shortages and the worst famine of the 19th century.
*1887–1888: There were record cold temperatures in the Upper Midwest, heavy snowfalls worldwide, and amazing storms, including the [[Schoolhouse Blizzard]] of 1888 (in the Midwest in January) and the [[Great Blizzard of 1888]] (in the Eastern US and Canada in March).
*In Europe, the winters of early 1947,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.winter1947.co.uk |title=Winter 1947 in the British Isles |journal=Weather |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=61–68 |access-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112022825/http://www.winter1947.co.uk/ |archive-date=12 January 2012  |bibcode=2007Wthr...62...61B |last1=Booth |first1=George |year=2007 |doi=10.1002/wea.66 |s2cid=123612433 }}</ref> February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982, and [[Winter of 2009–2010 in Europe|2009–2010]] were abnormally cold.  The UK winter of 1946–1947 started out relatively normal but became one of the snowiest UK winters to date, with nearly continuous snowfall from late January until March.
*In South America, the winter of 1975 was one of the strongest, with record snow occurring at 25°S in cities of low altitude, with the registration of −17&nbsp;°C (1.4&nbsp;°F) in some parts of southern Brazil.
*
*In the eastern United States and Canada, the winter of [[2013–14 North American winter|2013–2014]] and the second half of February 2015 were abnormally cold.
[[File:IceAgeEarth.jpg|thumb|184x184px|Period of [[Ice age|Ice Age]] on [[Earth]]]]

===Historically significant===
*1310–1330: Many severe winters and cold, wet summers in Europe, the first clear manifestation of the unpredictable weather of the [[Little Ice Age]] that lasted for several centuries (from about 1300 to 1900). The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the [[Great Famine of 1315–1317]], and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the [[Black Death]] (1348–1350).
*1600–1602: Extremely cold winters in [[Switzerland]] and [[Baltic region]] after the eruption of [[Huaynaputina]] in Peru in 1600.
*1607–1608: In North America, ice persisted on [[Lake Superior]] until June. Londoners held their first frost fair on the frozen-over River Thames.
*1622: In Turkey, the [[Golden Horn]] and southern section of [[Bosporus|Bosphorus]] froze over.
*1690s: Extremely cold, snowy, severe winters. Ice surrounded [[Iceland]] for miles in every direction.
*1779–1780: Scotland's coldest winter on record, and ice surrounded Iceland in every direction (like in the 1690s). In the United States, a record five-week cold spell bottomed out at {{convert|-20|F}} in [[Hartford, Connecticut]] and {{convert|-16|F}} in New York City. The [[Hudson River]] and New York's harbor froze over.
*1783–1786: The Thames partially froze, and snow remained on the ground for months. In February 1784, the ''North Carolina'' was frozen in [[Chesapeake Bay]].
*1794–1795: A severe winter, with the coldest January in the UK and lowest temperature ever recorded in London: {{convert|-21|C}} on 25 January. The cold began on [[Christmas Eve]] and lasted until late March, with a few temporary warm-ups. The Severn and Thames froze, and frost fairs started up again. The French army tried to invade the Netherlands over its frozen rivers, while the Dutch fleet was stuck in its harbor. The winter had easterlies (from [[Siberia]]) as its dominant feature.
*1813–1814: Severe cold, last freeze-over of Thames, and last frost fair. (Removal of old London Bridge and changes to river's banks made freeze-overs less likely.)
*1883–1888: Colder temperatures worldwide, including an unbroken string of abnormally cold and brutal winters in the Upper Midwest, related to the explosion of [[Krakatoa]] in August 1883.  There was snow recorded in the UK as early as October and as late as July during this period.
*1976–1977: One of the coldest winters in the US in decades.
*1985: Arctic outbreak in the US resulting from shift in [[polar vortex]], with many cold temperature records broken.
*2002–2003 was an unusually cold winter in the Northern and Eastern US.
*2010–2011: Persistent bitter cold in the entire eastern half of the US from December onward, with few or no midwinter warm-ups, and with cool conditions continuing into spring. [[La Niña]] and negative [[Arctic oscillation]] were strong factors. Heavy and persistent precipitation contributed to almost constant snow cover in the Northeastern US, which finally receded in early May.
*2011 was one of the coldest on record in [[New Zealand]], with sea level snow falling in [[Wellington]] in July for the first time in 35 years and a much heavier snowstorm for 3 days in a row in August.

==Effect on humans==
[[File:2018 January in Helsinki (46315524324).jpg|thumb|People enjoying the winter weather outdoors in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]]]
Humans are sensitive to winter cold, which compromises the body's ability to maintain both core and surface heat of the body.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Giesbrecht |first1=Gordon G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayeercQ9DEwC&q=cold+weather+injuries |title=Hypothermia, Frostbite and Other Cold Injuries: Prevention, Survival, Rescue, and Treatment |last2=Wilkerson |first2=James A. |date=2006 |publisher=The Mountaineers Books |isbn=978-0-89886-892-0 |language=en}}</ref> Slipping on icy surfaces is a common cause of winter injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCandless |first=Mary Ellen |date=2 February 2022 |title=Simple Steps To Avoid Winter Slip, Trip, And Fall Injuries |url=https://facilityexecutive.com/2022/02/simple-steps-to-avoid-winter-slip-trip-and-fall-injuries/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=Facility Executive Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Other injuries from the cold include:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burnley |first=Staci-Jill |date=15 December 2021 |title=Overexposed: a look at cold weather injuries and how to avoid them |url=https://www.army.mil/article/252810/overexposed_a_look_at_cold_weather_injuries_and_how_to_avoid_them |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=U.S. Army |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Hypothermia]] — Shivering, leading to uncoordinated movements and death.
* [[Frostbite]] — Freezing of skin, leading to loss of feeling and damaged tissue.
* [[Trench foot]] — Numbness, leading to damaged tissue and gangrene.
* [[Chilblains]] — Capillary damage in digits can lead to more severe cold injuries.
Rates of [[influenza]], [[COVID-19]], and other respiratory diseases also increase during the winter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=7 November 2019 |title=The Flu Season {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/season/flu-season.htm |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2020 |title=Why cold winter weather makes it harder for the body to fight respiratory infections |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/coronavirus-why-cold-winter-weather-makes-it-harder-to-fight-respiratory-infections |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309022949/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/coronavirus-why-cold-winter-weather-makes-it-harder-to-fight-respiratory-infections |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Mythology==
[[File:Siemiginowski Allegory of Winter.jpg|thumb|upright|''Allegory of Winter'' by [[Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter]] with [[Aeolus]]' Kingdom of the Winds, 1683, [[Wilanów Palace]]]]
In [[Persian culture]], the winter solstice is called [[Yaldā]] (meaning: birth) and has been celebrated for thousands of years. It is referred to as the eve of the birth of [[Mithra]], who symbolised light, goodness and strength on Earth.

In [[Greek mythology]], [[Hades]] kidnapped [[Persephone]] to be his wife. [[Zeus]] ordered Hades to return her to [[Demeter]], the goddess of the Earth and her mother. Hades tricked Persephone into eating the food of the dead, so Zeus decreed that she spend six months with Demeter and six months with Hades. During the time her daughter is with Hades, Demeter became depressed and caused winter.

In [[Welsh mythology]], [[Gwyn ap Nudd]] abducted a maiden named [[Creiddylad]]. On May Day, her lover, [[Gwythr ap Greidawl]], fought Gwyn to win her back. The battle between them represented the contest between summer and winter.

* [[Old Man Winter]]
* [[Jack Frost]]
* [[Ded Moroz]]
* [[Snegurochka]]
* [[Sumarr and Vetr|Vetr]]

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Cold wave]]
* [[Cold-weather warfare]]
* [[Fimbulwinter]]
* [[Global cooling]]
* [[Global warming]]
* [[Nuclear winter]]
* [[Old Man Winter]]
* [[Pineapple Express]]
* [[Siberian Express]]
* [[Volcanic winter]]
* [[List of winter festivals|Winter festivals (list)]]
* [[Winter City]]
* [[Winter clothing]]
* [[Winter Hexagon]]
* [[Winter Olympic Games]]
* [[Winter sport]]
* [[Winter War]]
* [[Christmas]]
* [[New Year]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Rosenthal, Norman E. (1998). ''Winter Blues''. New York: The Guilford Press. {{ISBN|1-57230-395-6}}.

== External links ==
* {{Commons and category-inline|Winter|Winter}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline|Winter}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Cold weather}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}

{{Seasons}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Winter| ]]