View source for Wolfenstein 3D

{{Short description|1992 video game}}
{{use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{featured article}}

{{Infobox video game
| title = Wolfenstein 3D
| image = Wolfenstein-3d.jpg
| alt = Shirtless man standing over body of Nazi soldier while firing gun
| caption = Cover art of the mail order DOS version
| developer = [[id Software]]
| publisher = {{unbulleted list|[[Apogee Software]]|[[FormGen]] (''Spear of Destiny'')}}
| series = ''[[Wolfenstein]]''
| engine = 
| platforms = {{collapsible list
| title= [[DOS]]
| {{unbulleted list|[[PC-98]]|[[SNES]]|[[Atari Jaguar|Jaguar]]|[[Classic Mac OS]]|[[RISC OS|Acorn Archimedes]]|[[3DO]]|[[Apple IIGS]]|[[Game Boy Advance]]|[[Xbox (console)|Xbox]]|[[Linux]]|[[iOS]]|[[Xbox 360]]|[[PlayStation 3]] (PSN)|[[Android (operating system)|Android]]}}}}
| released = {{collapsible list
| title= {{start date|1992|5|5}}
| '''DOS'''| May 5, 1992<br />September 18, 1992 (Spear of Destiny)
| '''Arcade (VR)''' | 1993
| '''PC-98''' | 1994
| '''SNES'''| February 1994
| '''Atari Jaguar'''| May 1994
| '''Mac OS'''| December 1994
| '''Acorn Archimedes'''| November 1994
| '''3DO'''| October 19, 1995
| '''Apple IIGS'''| February 14, 1998
| '''Game Boy Advance'''| April 2002
| '''Xbox'''| May 6, 2003
| '''Linux'''| August 3, 2007
| '''iOS'''| March 25, 2009
| '''Xbox 360'''| June 3, 2009
| '''PlayStation 3 (PSN)'''| June 4, 2009
| '''Android'''| October 1, 2016
}}
| genre = [[First-person shooter]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| director = [[Tom Hall]]
| producer = 
| designer = {{unbulleted list|[[John Romero]]|Tom Hall}}
| programmer = {{unbulleted list|[[John Carmack]]|John Romero}}
| artist = [[Adrian Carmack]]
| writer = 
| composer = [[Bobby Prince|Robert Prince]] <small>(DOS)</small><br />Brian Luzietti <small>(Macintosh)</small><br />Todd Dennis <small>(3DO)</small>
}}

'''''Wolfenstein 3D''''' is a 1992 [[first-person shooter]] game developed by [[id Software]] and published by [[Apogee Software]] and [[FormGen]] for [[DOS]]. It was inspired by the 1981 [[Muse Software]] video game ''[[Castle Wolfenstein]]'', and is the third installment in the ''[[Wolfenstein]]'' series. In ''Wolfenstein 3D'', the player [[player character|assumes the role]] of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] spy [[William "B.J." Blazkowicz]] during [[World War&nbsp;II]] as he escapes from the [[Nazi German]] prison Castle Wolfenstein and carries out a series of crucial missions against the Nazis. The player traverses each of the game's [[level (video games)|levels]] to find an elevator to the next level or kill a [[boss (video games)|final boss]], fighting Nazi soldiers, dogs, and other enemies with a knife and a variety of guns.

''Wolfenstein 3D'' was the second major independent release by id Software, after the ''[[Commander Keen]]'' series of episodes. In mid-1991, programmer [[John Carmack]] experimented with making a fast 3D [[game engine]] by restricting the gameplay and viewpoint to a single [[plane (geometry)|plane]], producing ''[[Hovertank 3D]]'' and ''[[Catacomb 3-D]]'' as prototypes. After a design session prompted the company to shift from the family-friendly ''Keen'' to a more violent theme, programmer [[John Romero]] suggested remaking the 1981 stealth shooter ''Castle Wolfenstein'' as a fast-paced action game. He and designer [[Tom Hall]] designed the game, built on Carmack's engine, to be fast and violent, unlike other computer games on the market at the time. ''Wolfenstein 3D'' features artwork by [[Adrian Carmack]] and sound effects and music by [[Bobby Prince]]. The game was released through Apogee in two sets of three episodes under the [[shareware]] model, in which the first episode is released for free to drive interest in paying for the rest. An additional episode, ''Spear of Destiny'', was released as a stand-alone retail title through FormGen.

''Wolfenstein 3D'' was a critical and commercial success and is considered one of the [[greatest video games ever made]]. It garnered numerous awards and sold over 250,000 copies by the end of 1995. It has been termed the "grandfather of 3D shooters", and is widely regarded as having helped popularize the first-person shooter genre and establishing the standard of fast-paced action and technical prowess for many subsequent games in the genre, as well as showcasing the viability of the shareware publishing model at the time. FormGen developed an additional two episodes for the game, while Apogee released a pack of over 800 fan-created levels. Id Software never returned to the series, but did license the engine to numerous other titles before releasing the source code for free in 1995, and multiple other games in the ''Wolfenstein'' series have been developed by other companies since 2001.

==Gameplay==
[[File:Wolf3d pc.png|thumb|left|In-game screenshot of the DOS version, showing the player character firing a submachine gun at guards|alt=A submachine gun firing at a falling brown-uniformed Nazi, while a second Nazi aims a pistol at the viewer]]
''Wolfenstein 3D'' is a [[first-person shooter]] presented with rudimentary [[3D graphics]]. The game is broken up into [[level (video games)|levels]], each of which is a flat plane divided into areas and rooms by a grid-based pattern of walls and doors, all of equal height.<ref name="CarmackComm"/> Each level is themed after [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] bunkers and buildings. To finish a level, the player must traverse through the area to reach an elevator.<ref name="Dragon197"/> Levels—ten in the original episodes—are grouped together into named episodes, with the final level focusing on a [[boss fight]] with a particularly difficult enemy.<ref name="HG101"/> While traversing the levels, the player must fight Nazi guards and soldiers, dogs, and other enemies while managing supplies of ammunition and [[health (game terminology)|health]]. The player can find weapons and ammunition placed in the levels or can collect them from dead enemies; weapons include a knife, a pistol, a submachine gun, and a rapid-fire [[chain gun]].<ref name="Dragon197"/> The player can also find keys that allow them to pass through locked doors. While the levels are presented in a 3D perspective, the enemies and objects are instead 2D [[sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]] presented from several set viewing angles, a technique sometimes referred to as [[2.5D]] graphics.<ref name="MOD8793"/>

The player's health is represented by a percentage starting at 100, which is diminished when they are shot or attacked by enemies.<ref name="Dragon192"/> If the player's health falls to zero, they lose one [[life (video games)|life]] and start the level over with a knife, a pistol, and eight bullets.<ref name="Dragon197"/> The player begins each episode with four lives and can gain more by finding extra-life tokens or by earning enough points. Points are scored by killing enemies or collecting treasures scattered throughout the levels.<ref name="Dragon192"/> Points can also be scored by killing all enemies in a level, collecting all treasure, finding all secret areas, or completing a level under a par time; the player's completion ratio and speed is displayed when a level is completed. Secret areas containing treasure, health refills, or ammunition can be found in hidden rooms revealed by activating certain wall tiles that slide back when triggered.<ref name="HG101"/> The original version of the game allows the player to save their progress at any point, though in many of its [[porting|ports]] the player can only save between levels.<ref name="Dragon197"/><ref name="HG101"/>

==Plot==
''Wolfenstein 3D'' is divided into two sets of three episodes: "Escape from Castle Wolfenstein", "Operation: Eisenfaust", and "Die, Führer, Die!" serve as the primary trilogy, with a second trilogy titled ''The Nocturnal Missions'' including "A Dark Secret", "Trail of the Madman", and "Confrontation". The protagonist is [[William "B.J." Blazkowicz]], an American spy of [[Polish Americans|Polish descent]], and the game follows his efforts to destroy the Nazi regime. In "Escape", Blazkowicz has been captured while trying to find the plans for Operation Eisenfaust (Iron Fist) and imprisoned in Castle Wolfenstein, from which he must escape. "Operation: Eisenfaust" follows his discovery and thwarting of the Nazi plan to create an army of [[undead]] mutants in Castle Hollehammer, while in "Die, Führer, Die!" he infiltrates a [[Führerbunker|bunker]] under the [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]], culminating in a battle with [[Adolf Hitler]] in a [[powered exoskeleton|robotic suit]] equipped with four [[chain gun]]s.

''The Nocturnal Missions'' form a [[prequel]] storyline dealing with German plans for [[chemical warfare]]. "A Dark Secret" deals with the initial pursuit through a weapons research facility of the scientist responsible for developing the weaponry. "Trail of the Madman" takes place in Castle [[Erlangen]], where Blazkowicz's goal is to find the maps and plans for the chemical war. The story ends in "Confrontation", which is set in Castle [[Offenbach am Main|Offenbach]] as he confronts the Nazi general behind the chemical warfare initiative.

===Spear of Destiny===
An additional episode, titled ''Spear of Destiny'', was released as a retail game by [[FormGen]]. It follows Blazkowicz on a different prequel mission, trying to recapture the [[Spear of Destiny]] from the Nazis after it was stolen from [[Versailles]]. FormGen later developed two sequel episodes known as "mission packs", ''Return to Danger'' and ''Ultimate Challenge'', each of which feature Blazkowicz as he fights through another Nazi base to recover the Spear of Destiny after it has been stolen again as part of a plot to [[German nuclear weapons program|build a nuclear weapon]] or [[evocation|summon demons]].

==Development==
[[File:Simple raycasting with fisheye correction.gif|thumb|300px|right|A simple [[ray casting]] rendering similar to the ''Wolfenstein 3D'' engine. The red dot is the player's location. The orange area represents the player's [[field of view]].|alt=A rotating view of a complex 3D area, with an overhead view on the right showing the raycasting area as the view rotates]]
In October–December 1990, a team of employees from programming studio [[Softdisk]] calling themselves Ideas from the Deep developed the three-part video game ''[[Commander Keen in Invasion of the Vorticons]]'', the first game in the ''[[Commander Keen]]'' series. The group, who worked at Softdisk in [[Shreveport, Louisiana]], developing games for the ''Gamer's Edge'' video game subscription service and [[disk magazine]], was composed of programmers [[John Romero]] and [[John Carmack]], designer [[Tom Hall]], artist [[Adrian Carmack]], and manager Jay Wilbur. After the release of the game in December through [[shareware]] publisher [[Apogee Software]], the team planned to quit Softdisk and start their own company. When their boss, Softdisk owner Al Vekovius, confronted them on both their plans and their use of company resources to develop the game—the team had created it on their work computers, both in the office after hours and by taking the computers to John Carmack's house on the weekends—the team made no secret of their intentions. After a few weeks of negotiation, the team agreed to produce a series of games for ''Gamer's Edge'', one every two months.<ref name="MOD6676"/>

Ideas from the Deep, now formally established as [[id Software]], used some of these to prototype ideas for their own games.<ref name="IGNid"/> Adrian Carmack used them to push his preferred, dark art style, while John Carmack began to experiment with [[3D computer graphics]], which until then was largely the purview of [[flight simulation video game|flight simulator]]s such as ''[[Wing Commander (video game)|Wing Commander]]'' (1990) and slower [[adventure game]]s such as ''[[Mercenary (video game)|Mercenary]]'' (1985). Carmack found that this was largely due to the limitations of [[personal computer]]s of the time, which had difficulty displaying a fast [[action game]] in 3D due to the [[rendering (computer graphics)|number of surfaces]] it needed to calculate, but felt that the increasing computational power of PCs meant that it may be possible.<ref name="MOD6676"/><ref name="AM386"/> During 1991, he experimented with limiting the possible surfaces the computer needed to display, creating game levels with walls designed only on a flat grid rather than with arbitrary shapes or angles. He also took the unusual approach of creating the displayed graphics through [[ray casting]], in which only the surfaces visible to the player were calculated rather than the entire area surrounding the player. After six weeks of development, Carmack had created a rudimentary 3D [[game engine]] that used animated 2D [[sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]] for enemies. Id Software then used the engine for the April 1991 Softdisk game ''[[Hovertank 3D]]'', in which the player drives a tank through a plane of colored walls and shoots nuclear monsters.<ref name="CarmackComm"/><ref name="MOD6676"/> In the fall of 1991, after the team—sans Wilbur—had relocated to [[Madison, Wisconsin]], and he had largely finished the engine work for ''[[Commander Keen in Goodbye, Galaxy]]'', Carmack decided to implement a feature from ''[[Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss]]'', a [[role-playing video game|role-playing game]] in development by [[Blue Sky Productions]].<ref name="MOD7786"/> ''Ultima Underworld'' was planned to display [[texture-mapped]] 3D graphics without ''Hovertank''{{'}}s restrictions of flat walls and simple lighting.<ref name="MOD7786"/><ref name="UU"/><ref name="UU2"/> Deciding that he could add texture mapping without sacrificing the engine's speed or greatly increasing the system requirements as ''Underworld'' was doing, Carmack enhanced the engine over six weeks from ''Hovertank 3D'' for another Softdisk game, the November 1991 ''[[Catacomb 3-D]]''.<ref name="CarmackComm"/><ref name="MOD7786"/> Upon seeing it, [[Scott Miller (entrepreneur)|Scott Miller]] of Apogee began to push the team to make a 3D shareware action game.<ref name="MOD7786"/>

[[File:John Romero - Jason Scott interview (6951215353) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[John Romero]] in 2012|alt=Face of a smiling man with long black hair and glasses]]
In November 1991, with the second ''Commander Keen'' trilogy of episodes nearing completion and their contractual obligations to Softdisk almost finished, id Software sat down to plan out their next major game. Designer Tom Hall, who initially wanted to do a third ''Keen'' trilogy, recognized that Carmack's programming focus had shifted from the 2D [[side-scrolling]] [[platform game]] series to 3D action games. After an initial proposal by Hall of a sci-fi project, "It's Green and Pissed", Romero suggested a 3D remake of the 1981 ''[[Castle Wolfenstein]]''. The team was interested in the idea, as Romero, Hall, and John Carmack all had fond memories of the original title and felt the maze-like shooter gameplay fit well with Carmack's 3D game engine, while Adrian Carmack was interested in moving away from the child-friendly art style of ''Keen'' into something more violent. Encouraged by the reception to his idea, Romero expounded on it by proposing a "loud" and "cool" fast action game where the player could shoot soldiers before dragging and looting their bodies. The core of the gameplay would be fast and simple, for Romero believed that due to the novelty of a 3D game and control scheme, players would not be receptive to more complicated, slow gameplay.<ref name="RomeroComm"/> He felt the game would occupy a unique place in the industry, which was then dominated by slower simulation and strategy games. Adrian and John Carmack were excited by the prospect, while Hall felt that it was enjoyable enough, and that since he was the company's designer that they could return to his ideas at a later date.<ref name="MOD8793"/>

Initially the team believed that they would be unable to use the ''Wolfenstein'' name due to trademark issues, and came up with multiple possible titles.<ref name="MOD94104"/> They contacted ''Castle Wolfenstein'' developer [[Silas Warner]], but learned that [[Muse Software]] had shut down in 1986, with all rights to ''Wolfenstein'' sold.<ref name="DawnFPS"/> The rights last belonged to someone in [[Michigan]],<ref name="IDInterview"/> and the team was able to purchase the trademark around mid-April 1992 for US$5,000.<ref name="WolfensteinRights"/> Thus they were free to use the name ''Wolfenstein 3D''.<ref name="lombardi199407"/> The game concept met with immediate approval from Scott Miller of Apogee, who considered id Software his star developer, and he guaranteed id a US$100,000 payment on the project.<ref name="MOD7786"/> [[Mark Rein (software executive)|Mark Rein]], who had been brought on a few months prior as id's probationary president, also sold the idea of doing a retail ''Wolfenstein'' project to [[FormGen]], which had published id's December 1991 ''[[Commander Keen in Aliens Ate My Babysitter]]'', overcoming the publisher's concerns over ''Wolfenstein''{{'}}s proposed content. This put id in the unique position of selling simultaneously to the shareware and retail markets.<ref name="MOD94104"/>

[[File:John Carmack E3 2006.jpg|thumb|[[John Carmack]] in 2006|alt=Black and white photo of the head and shoulders of a man wearing glasses]]
The project officially began on December 15, 1991.<ref name="IDInterview"/> Romero and Hall designed the gameplay and aesthetics. Romero wanted the goal to be "to mow down Nazis", with the suspense of storming a Nazi bunker full of [[SS]] soldiers and Hitler himself, as well as dogs, blood "like you never see in games", and straightforward, lethal weapons. He also composed the general storyline for the game.<ref name="Wolf3D-JagDev"/> Hall designed the levels while also adding collectible objects in the form of treasure and food for health items.<ref name="MOD94104"/> He also did sketches for the bosses and the title screen.<ref name="Gamasutra-CKTech"/> Carmack programmed "the core" of the game's engine in a month; he added a few features to the ''Wolfenstein 3D'' engine from ''Catacomb 3-D'', including support for doors and decorative non-wall objects, but primarily focused on making the game run smoother and faster with higher-resolution graphics.<ref name="CarmackComm"/><ref name="MOD94104"/><ref name="Wolf3D-Jag"/> The game was programmed chiefly in [[ANSI C]], with its scaling and ray casting routines written in [[assembly language|assembly]].<ref name="IDInterview"/> The graphics for the game were planned to be in 16 color [[Enhanced Graphics Adapter|EGA]], but were changed to 256 color [[VGA]] four months before release, which also enabled the game to have higher resolutions.<ref name="GSMillerInt"/><ref name="Gamasutra-EduFeature"/> Romero in turn worked on building a game with the engine, removing elements of the initial design, like looting enemy bodies, that he felt interrupted the flow of fast gameplay.<ref name="MOD94104"/> The sprites for the enemies and objects were hand drawn at eight different angles by Adrian Carmack using [[Electronic Arts]]'s ''[[Deluxe Paint|Deluxe Paint II]]''.<ref name="Gamasutra-EduFeature"/><ref name="Wolf3D-BitTech"/><ref name="DeluxePaintII"/> Initially the team had an external artist who assisted him and created animated wall textures, but the team felt that the quality was poor and did not use it in the game.<ref name="GamasutraWalls"/> The level design, by Romero and Hall, due to the grid-based level design, took some inspiration from ''[[Pac-Man]]'', and paid homage with a hidden ''Pac-Man'' level.<ref name="Pacman"/> Romero later said in 2017 that making the levels was uninteresting compared to those from ''Commander Keen'' and had to prompt Hall to finish the maps with the promise of being able to buy himself a brand new car.<ref name="BoringLevels"/><ref name="PCGamer-Wolf3DHistory"/> The team was going to include some anti-fascist references and Nazi atrocities, but left them out to avoid controversies.<ref name="WaysideIdeas"/> They ensured that the presentation of the game created the atmosphere that they wanted, adding violent animations by Adrian Carmack for enemies being shot and music and sound effects by ''Keen'' composer [[Bobby Prince]] to make the guns sound exciting.<ref name="MOD94104"/> Prince took some inspiration from his days as a platoon soldier in the US Army.<ref name="PrinceArmy"/> With the aid of a 16-bit sampler keyboard and cassette recorder, he composed realistic sounds from a shooting range in addition to [[Foley (filmmaking)|Foley]] sounds. The development team along with Scott Miller did the voicing for the enemies.<ref name="SFXGamasutra"/> Some of the enemy shouts were based on the original ''Castle Wolfenstein'' game.<ref name="DawnFPS"/>

As development continued, id Software hired their former Softdisk liaison [[Kevin Cloud]] as an assistant artist, and moved the company out to [[Mesquite, Texas]], near where Apogee was located.<ref name="MOD94104"/> Scott Miller of Apogee was pleased to have his star developers nearby, and agreed to not only increase their [[royalty payment|royalty]] rate to 50 percent, but have Apogee create their next game for Softdisk, ''ScubaVenture'', so that id could focus on ''Wolfenstein''. The game was intended to be released using Apogee's shareware model of splitting it into three episodes and releasing the first for free, with ten levels per episode.<ref name="MOD105112"/> The level maps were designed in 2D using a custom-made program called Tile Editor (TEd), which had been used for the entire ''Keen'' series as well as several other games.<ref name="TE5GameUltra"/> Upon finding out that the team was able to create a level in a single day using the program, Miller convinced them to instead develop six episodes, which could be sold in different-sized packs.<ref name="CarmackComm"/><ref name="MOD105112"/> Around the same time, the team changed members and structure: id fired probationary president Mark Rein and brought back Jay Wilbur, who had stayed in Shreveport, to be both their CEO and business team; Bobby Prince moved into the office temporarily to record sound effects, while Adrian Carmack moved out of the office to get away from the noise.<ref name="MOD105112"/>

As the game neared completion, FormGen contacted id with concerns over its violence and shock content. In response, id increased these aspects; Adrian Carmack added skeletons, corpses, and bloody wall details, and Hall and Romero added screams and cries in German, along with a Death Cam that would show a replay of the death of the final boss of an episode. The team also added "[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]", the anthem of the [[Nazi Party]], to the opening screen. John Carmack, meanwhile, added in walls that moved when triggered to hide secret areas, a feature that Hall had been pushing for months but which Carmack had objected to for technical reasons. Hall also added in cheat codes, and wrote a back story for the game. The team did a month of playtesting in the final stage of the game's development.<ref name="IDInterview"/> In the early morning of May 5, 1992, the first episode of the shareware game was completed and uploaded by Apogee and id to [[bulletin board system]]s. The other episodes were completed a few weeks later. The total development time had been around half a year, with a cost of around US$25,000 to cover the team's rent and US$750 per month salaries,<ref name="MOD113117"/> plus around US$6,500 for the computer John Carmack used to develop the engine and the US$5,000 to get the ''Wolfenstein'' trademark.<ref name="DawnFPS"/>

The following summer, most of the id Software team developed ''Spear of Destiny''. The single-episode game was a prequel to ''Wolfenstein 3D'' and used the same engine, but added new audio, graphics, and enemies. It was created in two months, and was published commercially by FormGen in September 1992.<ref name="SOD-Doom"/><ref name="SOD-Romero"/><ref name="SOD-5YearsDoom"/> The publisher was concerned that the material would be controversial due to holy relics associated with World War{{nbsp}}II, but Romero felt it was similar to the ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' films.<ref name="ShootNazisInWolf3D"/> Instead of working on the game, John Carmack experimented with a new graphics engine that was licensed for ''[[ShadowCaster]]'' and became the basis of the [[Doom engine|engine]] for id's next game, ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]'' (1993).<ref name="SOD-Doom"/>

==Release==
The first episode was released as shareware for free distribution by Apogee and the whole original trilogy of episodes made available for purchase on May 5 as ''Wolfenstein 3D'', though the purchased episodes were not actually shipped to customers until a few weeks later. The second trilogy that Miller had convinced id to create was released soon after as an add-on pack titled ''The Nocturnal Missions''.<ref name="MOD113117"/> Players were able to buy each trilogy separately or as a single game.<ref name="TUH"/> In 1993 Apogee also published the ''Wolfenstein 3D Super Upgrades'' pack, which included 815 fan-made levels called "WolfMaster", along with a map editor titled "MapEdit" and a random level generator named "Wolf Creator".<ref name="3DRlegacy"/><ref name="SuperWolfUpgrade"/> A retail ''Wolfenstein'' episode double the length of the Apogee episodes, ''Spear of Destiny'', was released through FormGen on September 18, 1992. FormGen later published two mission packs titled "Return to Danger" and "Ultimate Challenge", each the same length as ''Spear of Destiny'', in May 1994, and later that year published ''Spear of Destiny'' and the two mission packs together as the ''Spear of Destiny Super CD Package''. Id released the original six Apogee episodes as a retail title through [[GT Interactive|GT Software]] in 1993 and produced a collection of both the Apogee and FormGen episodes released through [[Activision]] in 1998.<ref name="Apogee FAQ"/>

There were two intended promotions associated with the original Apogee release, both of which were cancelled. A pushable wall maze led to a sign reading "Call Apogee and say [[Aardwolf]]" ("Snapity" in beta versions);<ref name="IDInterview"/><ref name="JoeSigCall"/> it was intended that the first person to find the sign and carry out its instructions would win a prize (consisting of US$1,000 or a line of Apogee games for life),<ref name="IDInterview"/><ref name="JoeSigCall"/> but the quick creation of level editors and [[cheating in video games|cheat]] programs for the game soon after release led id and Apogee to give up on the idea. Additionally, after completing an episode the player is given a three-letter code in addition to their total score and time. This code was intended to be a verification code as part of a high-score contest, but the sudden prevalence of editor programs resulted in the cancellation of the contest without ever being formally announced.<ref name="Aardwolf"/>

[[Imagineer (Japanese company)|Imagineer]] bought the rights for the game,<ref name="SNESRights"/> and commissioned id to port the game to the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] (SNES) for a US$100,000 advance. The team was busy with the [[Development of Doom|development of ''Doom'']], plus their work on ''Spear of Destiny'',<ref name="Romero-PortWolf3D"/> and ignored the project for seven or eight months, finally hiring [[Rebecca Heineman]] to do the work.<ref name="wolf3d-Terraform"/><ref name="GDC2011"/><ref name="RomeroGDC"/> She made no progress on the port, however, and the id team members instead spent three weeks frantically learning how to make SNES games and creating the port by March 1993.<ref name="wolf3d-Terraform"/> This version was written in C and compiled in the 65816 assembly language, making use of [[binary space partitioning]] rather than raycasting in order to give it speed.<ref name="Romero-PortWolf3D"/><ref name="scarydarkfast43-44"/> Carmack had to resize existing images to fit the SNES resolution.<ref name="Romero-PortWolf3D"/> [[Nintendo]] insisted on censoring the game in accordance with their policies; this included first making all blood green and then finally removing it, removing Nazi imagery and German voice clips, and replacing enemy dogs with giant rats.<ref name="wolf3d-Terraform"/><ref name="Wolf3D-JagPlay"/> The port was released in Japan on February 10, 1994, under the name ''Wolfenstein 3D: The Claw of Eisenfaust'' before being released in North America and Europe later that year.<ref name="WolfenJP"/> Using the source code of the SNES port, on a whim John Carmack later converted the game to run on the [[Atari Jaguar]]. [[Atari Corporation]] approved the conversion for publication and Carmack spent three weeks, assisted by [[Dave Taylor (game programmer)|Dave Taylor]], improving the port's graphics and quality to what he later claimed was four times more detail than the DOS version. He also removed the changes that Nintendo had insisted on.<ref name="Wolf3D-Jag"/> The game itself, however, had to be slowed down to work properly on the console.<ref name="Wolf3D-JagPlay"/>

''Wolfenstein 3D'' has also been ported to numerous other platforms.<ref name="GameFan2-6"/> In 1993, Alternate Worlds Technology licensed ''Wolfenstein 3D'' and converted it into a [[virtual reality]] arcade game.<ref name="VR-Wolf3D"/><ref name="Wolf3D-AVT"/> The 1994 Acorn Archimedes port was done in UK by programmer Eddie Edwards and published by Powerslave Software.<ref name="Wolf3D-RISC"/><ref name="wolfencorn"/> By 1994, a port for the [[Sega Mega Drive]] was under development by [[Imagineer (Japanese company)|Imagineer]], who intended to release it by September, but it was cancelled due to technical problems.<ref name="Wolf3D-MDrive"/><ref name="SFus5"/> The 1994 [[Classic Mac OS]] version of the game had three releases: ''The First Encounter'', a shareware release; ''The Second Encounter'', with 30 exclusive levels; and ''The Third Encounter'', with all 60 levels from the DOS version.<ref name="MacWolf"/> An [[Atari Lynx]] version of the game was offered earlier by Atari for id, but work on the port was never started, save for a few images.<ref name="Romero-PortWolf3D"/><ref name="LynxUG"/><ref name="LynxPodcast"/> A [[3DO]] version was released in October 1995.<ref name="wolfen3do"/><ref name="WolfenJP3DO"/> The Apple IIGS port was started in Fall 1994 by Vitesse with Heineman as the initial developer, with later graphics assistance by Ninjaforce Entertainment, but due to licensing problems with id it was not released until February 1998.<ref name="Wolf3D-GSII"/><ref name="NinjaForce"/><ref name="SheppyWare"/> An open source [[iOS]] port programmed by John Carmack himself was released in 2009.<ref name="CarmackComm"/><ref name="wolfenios"/><ref name="Wolf3D-iOS"/><ref name="Wolf3D-OpenSource"/> An unofficial port for the [[Game Boy Color]] was made in 2016.<ref name="Wolf3D-GBC"/> An Android port titled ''Wolfenstein 3D Touch'' (later renamed ''ECWolf'') was released and published by Beloko Games.<ref name="Wolf3D-Android"/> Other releases include the [[Game Boy Advance]] (2002), [[Xbox Live Arcade]], and [[PlayStation Network]].<ref name="wolfengba"/><ref name="wolfenxbla"/><ref name="wolfenpsn"/> These ports' sound, graphics, and levels sometimes differ from the original. Many of the ports include only the Apogee episodes, but the iOS port includes ''Spear of Destiny'', and a 2007 [[Steam (service)|Steam]] release for PC, macOS, and Linux includes all of the FormGen episodes.<ref name="wolfenios"/><ref name="wolfensteam"/> [[Bethesda Softworks]], whose parent company bought id Software in 2009, celebrated the 20th anniversary of ''Wolfenstein 3D''{{'}}s release by producing a free-to-play [[browser game|browser-based]] version of the game in 2012, though the website was removed a few years later.<ref name="wolfenbrowse"/>

==Reception==
The developers had no clear expectations for ''Wolfenstein''{{'}}s commercial reception, but hoped that it would make around US$60,000 in its first month; the first royalty check from Apogee was instead for US$100,000.<ref name="MOD113117"/> The game was selling at a rate of 4,000 copies a month by mail order.<ref name="PrimaGames"/> ''[[PC Zone]]'' quoted a shareware distributor as saying ''Wolfenstein 3D'' was the top shareware seller of 1992.<ref name="PCZ"/> By the end of 1993, sales of the Apogee episodes of ''Wolfenstein 3D'' as well as ''Spear of Destiny'' had reached over 100,000 units each, with the Apogee game still selling strongly by the end of the year as its reach spread without newer retail titles to compete with it for shelf space.<ref name="GamasutraDoom"/> By mid-1994 150,000 shareware copies were registered and id Software had sold another 150,000 retail copies of ''Spear of Destiny''; the company estimated that one million shareware copies were distributed worldwide.<ref name="lombardi199407"/> Over 20 percent of its sales were from outside of the US, despite the lack of any marketing or non-English description and despite the game being [[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a|banned from sale in Germany]] due to its inclusion of Nazi symbols by the [[Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons]] in 1994, and again in 1997 for ''Spear of Destiny''.<ref name="MOD113117"/><ref name="GamasutraDoom"/><ref name="GamasutraBPS"/> Japanese gaming magazine ''[[Famitsu]]'' reviewed the game five months after release, describing it as: "View from the character's point of view: It's a real shooter. The game is easy to play, and it runs well ... This is the only game of its type."<ref name="Famitsu"/> The Apogee episodes' sales vastly exceeded the shareware game sales record set by the developer's earlier ''Commander Keen'' series and provided id with a much higher profit margin than the sales of its retail counterpart; where ''Commander Keen'' games were bringing Apogee around $10,000 a month, ''Wolfenstein 3D'' averaged $200,000 per month for the first year and a half.<ref name="GamasutraDoom"/><ref name="20YearsGameUltra"/> The game sold 250,000 copies by 1995 and grossed $2.5 million in revenue.<ref name="1995Sales"/>

''Wolfenstein 3D'' won the 1992 Best Arcade game award from ''[[Compute!]]'', the 1992 Most Innovative Game and Best Action Game awards from ''[[VideoGames & Computer Entertainment]]'', the 1992 Reader's Choice&nbsp;— Action/Arcade Game award from ''Game Bytes'', the 1993 Best Action/Arcade Game, Best Entertainment Software, and People's Choice awards at the Shareware Industry Awards, the 1993 Best Action Game award from ''[[Computer Gaming World]]'', and a [[Codie award]] from the [[Software Publishers Association]] for Best Action/Arcade Game.<ref name="3DRlegacy"/><ref name="SIAaward"/><ref name="scarydarkfast11"/><ref name="CGW106"/><ref name="CGW111"/> It was the first shareware title to win a Codie, and id (with six employees) became the smallest company to ever receive the award. ''Wolfenstein 3D'' was noted as one of the top games of the year at the 1993 [[Game Developers Conference]].<ref name="CGW108"/>

''Wolfenstein 3D'' was well received by reviewers upon its release. Chris Lombardi of ''[[Computer Gaming World]]'' praised the "sparse [but] gorgeous", "frighteningly realistic", and "extremely violent" graphics, as well as the immersive sound and music. Noting the violence, he warned "those sensitive to such things to stay home". Lombardi concluded that ''Wolfenstein 3D'', alongside ''Ultima Underworld'' released two months prior, was "the first game technologically capable of creating a sufficient element of disbelief–suspension to emotionally immerse the player in a threatening environment", stating that they knew of no other game that could "evoke such intense psychological responses from its players".<ref name="CGW98"/> ''Wolfenstein'' twice received 5 out of 5 stars in ''[[Dragon (magazine)|Dragon]]'' in 1993; Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser termed it "definitely one of the best arcade games ever created for PC", highly praised the graphics and sound, and said that the "fast-paced action" could keep players enthralled for weeks if they were not concerned about the violence.<ref name="Dragon192"/> [[Sandy Petersen]], in the first "Eye of the Monitor" column, claimed that "there is nothing else quite like ''Wolfenstein''" and that it had "evolved almost beyond recognition" from the original 1981 game. He enthusiastically praised the speed and gameplay, calling it "a fun game with lots of action" and "a fun, fairly mindless romp", though he did note that at higher difficulty settings or later levels it became extremely hard.<ref name="Dragon197"/> The ''Spear of Destiny'' retail episode was also rated highly by ''Computer Gaming World''{{'}}s Bryan A. Walker, who praised the added enemy types, though he noted that it was essentially the same game as the shareware episodes.<ref name="CGW102"/> Formgen's ''Spear of Destiny'' mission packs "Return to Danger" and "Ultimate Challenge" were reviewed by Paul Hyman of ''Computer Gaming World'', who praised the updated graphical details and sound, as well as the smooth gameplay, but noted its overall dated graphics and lack of gameplay changes from the original game.<ref name="SODPack-CGWreview"/>

The early ports of the game also received high reviews, though their sales have been described as "dismal".<ref name="NGen11"/> The four reviewers of ''[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]'' called the Super NES version a good conversion that retained the good music, huge levels, and overall fun of the original game and dismissed the censoring in the version as inconsequential.<ref name="EGMSNESreview"/> In 1995, ''[[Total!]]'' ranked the game 84th on their "Top 100 SNES Games" list.<ref name="Total"/> ''Electronic Gaming Monthly'' rated the Jaguar version similarly to the Super NES version, commenting that the graphics and audio were superior to other versions of the game, but criticizing the faster movement of the player character as making it less fun to play.<ref name="EGMJAGreview"/> A ''[[GamePro]]'' review of the Jaguar port was highly complimentary, saying ''Wolfenstein 3D'' "set a new standard for PC gaming" and that the Jaguar version was the best to date, and better than the original due to its increased graphics and sound capabilities.<ref name="GPJAGreview"/> A ''[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]'' review of the Jaguar version was less enthusiastic, terming it good but not up to the standards of newer games.<ref name="NGjag"/> Its review of the Macintosh version of the game was also mild, stating that "there isn't a staggering amount of freshness here, but the action is fast, deadly, and (surprise) addictive".<ref name="NGmac"/>

Major Mike of ''GamePro'' commended the 3DO version's complete absence of [[pixelation]], fast scaling, "rousing" music, and high quality sound effects, but criticized the controls as overly sensitive. He concluded that the game, then over three years old, "still packs a punch as a first-person shooter".<ref name="GP3DOreview"/> ''Wolfenstein 3D'' won ''GamePro''{{'}}s Best 3DO Game of 1995 award, beating the acclaimed ''[[The Need for Speed]]'' and ''[[D (video game)|D]]''.<ref name="3DOaward"/> ''Maximum'', on the other hand, while stating that the 3DO port was better than the original and as good as the Jaguar version, felt that it was so aged compared to recent releases like ''[[Hexen: Beyond Heretic]]'' and the PlayStation version of ''Doom'' that a new port was pointless, with the game now "somewhat tiresome and very, very repetitive".<ref name="MAX3DOreview"/> A reviewer for ''[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]'' asserted that ''Wolfenstein 3D'' was "still as [[video game addiction|addictive]] as it ever was" but essentially agreed with ''Maximum'', contending that anyone interested in first-person shooters would have either already played it on another platform or "moved on" to more advanced games in the genre.<ref name="NGen12"/> More modern reviews include one for the [[Xbox 360]] port in 2009 by Ryan McCaffrey of ''[[Official Xbox Magazine]]'', who heavily criticized it for non-existent enemy AI and bad level design and found it notably inferior to ''Doom'', and one that same year by Daemon Hatfield of ''[[IGN]]'', who gave the PlayStation Network release of the game a warm reception, saying that while it was "dated and flawed", it was "required playing for any first-person shooter fan".<ref name="XboxMag99"/><ref name="IGNPSNreview"/>

==Legacy==
{{Video game reviews
| Allgame = 4.5/5 (DOS)<ref>{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Colin |title=Wolfenstein 3D |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11717&tab=review |publisher=AllGame |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115011724/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11717&tab=review|archive-date=November 15, 2014 |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref><br />4/5 ({{nowrap|Macintosh}})<ref>{{cite web |last=Scoleri III |first=Joseph |title=Wolfenstein 3D |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=690 |publisher=AllGame |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114131838/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=690 |archive-date=November 14, 2014 |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref><br />4/5 ({{nowrap|3DO}})<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Geoffrey Douglas |title=Wolfenstein 3D |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=7262&tab=review |publisher=AllGame |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115045630/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=7262&tab=review |archive-date=November 15, 2014 |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref><br />2.5/5 (SNES)<ref>{{cite web |last=Scoleri III |first=Joseph |title=Wolfenstein 3D |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=15611 |publisher=AllGame |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114131839/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=15611 |archive-date=November 14, 2014 |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref><br />2.5/5 (Jaguar)<ref>{{cite web |last=Scoleri III |first=Joseph |title=Wolfenstein 3D |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=370|publisher=AllGame |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114095606/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=370 |archive-date=November 14, 2014 |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref>
| Fam = 9/10, 8/10, 7/10, 8/10 ({{abbr|SFC|Super Famicom}})<ref name="fam-rev"/>
| GamePro = 3.5/5 (XBLA)<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramsey|first=Andrew |title=Wolfenstein 3D |url=http://gparcade.blogfaction.com/article/108557/xbla-review-wolfenstein-3d/ |publisher=GamePro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617230450/http://gparcade.blogfaction.com/article/108557/xbla-review-wolfenstein-3d/ |archive-date=June 17, 2009|access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref>
| GameSpot = 5.6/10 (GBA)<ref>{{cite web |last=Provo|first=Frank |title=Wolfenstein 3D |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/wolfenstein-3d-review/1900-2861244/ |publisher=GameSpot|access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref>
| IGN = 8/10 (PSN)<ref>{{cite web |last=Hatfield|first=Daemon |title=Wolfenstein 3D |date=June 16, 2009 |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/06/16/wolfenstein-3-d-review |publisher=IGN |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref>
}}

''Wolfenstein 3D'' has been called the "grandfather of 3D shooters",<ref name="CGWHallofFame"/> specifically first-person shooters, because it established the fast-paced action and technical prowess commonly expected in the genre and greatly increased the genre's popularity.<ref name="CGWHallofFame"/><ref name="AGGreview"/><ref name="IGN100"/><ref name="WIREDretro"/> It has also been called "the ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' of shooters".<ref name="AGreview"/> Although some prior computer shooting-based games existed, they were generally [[scrolling shooters]], while ''Wolfenstein 3D'' helped move the market towards first-person shooters. It has also been credited with confirming shareware distribution as a serious and profitable business strategy at the time;<ref name="GamasutraDoom"/><ref name="CGWHallofFame"/> ''VideoGames & Computer Entertainment'' claimed in September 1992 that the game "justified the existence of shareware", and in July 1993 ''Computer Gaming World'' claimed that it "almost single-handedly" demonstrated the viability of shareware as a method of publishing, leading to a wave of other shareware first-person shooters.<ref name="CGW108"/><ref name="VGCE"/><ref name="DSretro"/> The game's high revenue compared to prior, smaller 2D titles led Apogee as well as others in the shareware games industry to move towards larger, 3D titles built by larger development teams.<ref name="20YearsGameUltra"/>

During development, id approached [[Sierra Entertainment]], then one of the biggest companies in the industry and employer of several of their idols, with the goal of seeing if they could make a deal with the company. After viewing ''Commander Keen'' and an early version of ''Wolfenstein 3D'', CEO [[Ken Williams (game developer)|Ken Williams]] offered to buy id Software for US$2.5 million and turn it into an in-house development studio. The team was excited by the deal, but had felt there was a large culture clash between the two companies during their visit to Sierra and were hesitant to accept; Romero proposed asking for US$100,000 in cash up front as part of the deal rather than solely accepting payment in Sierra stock as a measure of Williams's seriousness. Williams refused, which id interpreted to mean that Williams did not truly recognize the potential of ''Wolfenstein 3D'' and the company, and the deal fell through, causing id to decide to remain an independent company for the foreseeable future.<ref name="MOD94104"/> By the end of 1993 just before the release of their next game, ''Doom'', the success of ''Wolfenstein 3D'' led id to receive multiple calls every month from investment companies looking to make id a publicly traded company, which were all turned down.<ref name="GamasutraDoom"/> In 1996, ''Computer Gaming World'' declared ''Wolfenstein 3D'' the 97th-best computer game ever released.<ref name="cgw150"/>

The game is also recognized as the principal cause for Germany banning video games that contain certain types of symbols and imagery from extremist groups like Nazis under its [[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a|''Strafgesetzbuch'' section 86a]] up through 2018. Section 86a had "social adequacy" allowances for works of art, but in 1998, a High District Frankfurt Court case evaluating the Nazi imagery within ''Wolfenstein 3D'' determined that video games did not fall under this allowance. The court ruled that because video games drew younger audiences, "this could lead to them growing up with these symbols and insignias and thereby becoming used to them, which again could make them more vulnerable for ideological manipulation by national socialist ideas".<ref name="ars tech ban"/> Up through 2018, the Germany software ratings board, the [[Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle]] (USK) refused to rate any game that included inappropriate symbols and imagery, effectively banning the game for sale within the country. By May 2018, a new court ruling was made in response to a parody web browser game, in which the [[Public prosecutor's office (Germany)|Public Prosecutor's Office]] confirmed there were no breaches of the law in the game's content.<ref name="Wolf3DNoBan"/><ref name="CivicEnlighten"/> Following this, the ban was reversed by the German government in August, having determined that the ''Wolfenstein 3D'' decision was outdated since the USK now included age ratings alongside other content warnings, and that video games should be considered as art under the social adequacy allowance.<ref name="ars tech ban"/><ref name="GermanBanReversed"/> In November 2019, ''Wolfenstein 3D'' was formally struck from the "Index", the list of games banned from sale in Germany.<ref name="Wolf3dGermanyok"/>

After the game's release, id Software licensed the engine to other developers, like the ''Commander Keen'' engine before it, as part of a series of engine licensing deals that id has made throughout its history; games using the ''Wolfenstein 3D'' engine or derivatives of it include ''[[Blake Stone]]'', the [[Capstone Software]] games ''[[Corridor 7: Alien Invasion|Corridor 7]]'' and ''[[Operation Body Count]]'', as well as ''[[Super 3D Noah's Ark]]''.<ref name="ENGINEbs"/><ref name="ENGINEna"/> Apogee intended to produce an expansion pack in 1993 titled ''Rise of the Triad: Wolfenstein 3D Part II'', designed by Tom Hall using the ''Wolfenstein 3D'' engine, but during development the game was changed into a stand-alone title with an enhanced engine, ''[[Rise of the Triad]]''.<ref name="ENGINErott"/> Additionally, Softdisk produced ''[[Catacomb Abyss]]'' using the prototype ''Wolfenstein 3D'' engine from ''Catacomb 3-D'' as part of the ''Catacomb Adventure Series'' trilogy of sequels.<ref name="Apogee FAQ Softdisk"/> Although ''Wolfenstein 3D'' was not designed to be editable or modified, players developed character and level editors to create original alterations to the game's content.<ref name="CarmackComm"/><ref name="MOD113117"/> John Carmack and Romero, who had played numerous mods of other games, were delighted, and overrode any concerns about copyright issues by the others.<ref name="MOD113117"/> The modding efforts of ''Wolfenstein'' players led id Software to explicitly design later titles like ''Doom'' and ''[[Quake (video game)|Quake]]'' to be easily modifiable by players, even including the map editing tools id Software used with the games.<ref name="CarmackComm"/><ref name="MOD166"/><ref name="OW"/> The source code for the original ''Wolfenstein 3D'' engine was released by id in 1995; when making the 2009 iOS port, Carmack used some of the enhancements to the engine made by fans after its release.<ref name="CarmackComm"/><ref name="Apogee FAQ"/> The game's technical achievements also led to numerous imitators such as ''[[Ken's Labyrinth]]'', ''[[Nitemare 3D]]'', ''[[The Terminator: Rampage]]'', ''[[Pie in the Sky (game engine)#Terminal Terror|Terminal Terror]]'' and ''[[The Fortress of Dr. Radiaki]]'', among others.<ref name="ROTThistory"/>

Although id Software did not develop another ''[[Wolfenstein]]'' game, as their development focus shifted to ''Doom'' shortly after release,<ref name="MOD113117"/> and has never returned to the series, multiple ''Wolfenstein'' titles have been produced by other companies, sometimes using game engines developed by id. The first of these newer ''Wolfenstein'' games was ''[[Return to Castle Wolfenstein]]'' in 2001, a [[reboot (fiction)|reboot]] of the series, and the most recent titles are the 2019 games ''[[Wolfenstein: Youngblood]]'' and ''[[Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot]]''.<ref name="RTCW"/><ref name="WTNC"/>

==References==
<references>
<!-- GAMEPLAY -->

<ref name="HG101">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/wolfenstein/wolfenstein2.htm |title=Wolfenstein |last=Brence |first=Corwin |date=2012-04-02 |website=Hardcore Gaming 101 |page=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912174429/http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/wolfenstein/wolfenstein2.htm |archive-date=2016-09-12 |access-date=2017-02-06}}</ref>

<!-- DEVELOPMENT -->

<ref name="MOD6676">[[#CITEREF_MOD|Kushner]], pp. 66–76</ref>
<ref name="IGNid">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/09/23/the-early-years-of-id-software |title=The Early Years of id Software |last=Fahs |first=Travis |date=2008-09-23 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426052213/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/09/23/the-early-years-of-id-software |archive-date=2016-04-26 |access-date=2016-06-10}}</ref>
<ref name="AM386">{{Cite magazine |date=March 1999 |title=Next Generation&nbsp;— Wolfenstein 3D |url=https://archive.org/stream/NEXT_Generation_51#page/n105 |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]] |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |issue=51 |page=105}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD7786">[[#CITEREF_MOD|Kushner]], pp. 77–86</ref>
<ref name="UU">{{Cite web |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/28003/features/games-that-changed-the-world-ultima-underworld/ |title=Games that changed the world: Ultima Underworld |last=Mallinson |first=Paul |date=2002-04-16 |website=[[Computer and Video Games]] |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212192612/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=28003 |archive-date=2007-12-12 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
<ref name="UU2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.techradar.com/us/news/gaming/the-evolution-of-3d-games-700995 |title=The evolution of 3D games |date=2010-07-11 |website=[[PC Plus]] |publisher=[[TechRadar]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302235830/http://www.techradar.com/us/news/gaming/the-evolution-of-3d-games-700995 |archive-date=2016-03-02 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD8793">[[#CITEREF_MOD|Kushner]], pp. 87–93</ref>
<ref name="MOD94104">[[#CITEREF_MOD|Kushner]], pp. 94–104</ref>
<ref name="DawnFPS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/dawn-fps-inside-making-wolfenstein-3d |title=The Dawn of the FPS: inside the making of Wolfenstein 3D |last=Griliopoulos |first=Dan |date=2012-09-21 |website=[[PCGamesN]] |publisher=Network N |access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref>
<ref name="IDInterview">{{cite magazine |title=An Interview with ID Software |magazine=Game Bytes |issue=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/gb04-gra_zip |date=August 10, 1992}}</ref>
<ref name="WolfensteinRights">{{Cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2019/12/24/21029936/castle-wolfenstein-silas-warner |title=The man who made Wolfenstein |last=Campbell |first=Colin |date=2019-12-24 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=Vox Media, LLC. |access-date=2020-07-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-JagDev">{{Cite magazine |date=June 1994 |title=Presenting...ID Software |url=http://www.atarimania.com/mags/hi_res/atari-st-format-issue-059_79.jpg |magazine=[[ST Format]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |issue=59 |page=79}}</ref>
<ref name="GSMillerInt">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/programming/20-years-of-evolution-scott-miller-and-3d-realms |title=20 Years Of Evolution: Scott Miller And 3D Realms |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=2009-08-21 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512062915/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/132501/20_years_of_evolution_scott_.php?print=1 |archive-date=2014-05-12 |access-date=2017-08-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Gamasutra-EduFeature">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/disciplines/educational-feature-a-history-and-analysis-of-level-design-in-3d-computer-games---pt-1 |title=Educational Feature: A History and Analysis of Level Design in 3D Computer Games - Pt. 1 |last=Shahrani |first=Sam |date=2006-04-25 |website=[[Game Developer (website)|Game Developer]] |publisher=[[UBM]] |access-date=2022-01-09}}</ref>
<ref name="lombardi199407">{{Cite magazine |last=Lombardi |first=Chris |date=July 1994 |title=To Hell and Back Again |url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1994&pub=2&id=120 |magazine=Computer Gaming World |issue=120 |pages=20–24 |issn=0744-6667}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD105112">[[#CITEREF_MOD|Kushner]], pp. 105–112</ref>
<ref name="TE5GameUltra">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/classic-tools-retrospective-john-romero-talks-about-creating-ted-the-tile-editor-that-shipped-over-30-games |title=Classic Tools Retrospective: John Romero talks about creating TEd, the tile editor that shipped over 30 games |last=Lightbown |first=David |date=2017-02-23 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701072739/http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/DavidLightbown/20170223/289955/Classic_Tools_Retrospective_John_Romero_talks_about_creating_TEd_the_tile_editor_that_shipped_over_30_games.php |archive-date=2017-07-01 |access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD113117">[[#CITEREF_MOD|Kushner]], pp. 113–117</ref>
<ref name="Gamasutra-CKTech">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/programming/how-id-built-i-wolfenstein-3d-i-using-i-commander-keen-i-tech |title=How id built Wolfenstein 3D using Commander Keen tech |last=Sanglard |first=Fabien |date=2019-06-24 |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Pacman">{{Cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2012/03/09/these-games-inspired-cliff-bleszinski-john-romero-will-wright/ |title=These games inspired Cliff Bleszinski, John Romero, Will Wright, and Sid Meier |last=Bailey |first=Kat |date=2012-03-09 |website=Joystiq |publisher=[[AOL]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004044/https://www.engadget.com/2012/03/09/these-games-inspired-cliff-bleszinski-john-romero-will-wright/ |archive-date=2017-02-02 |access-date=2017-02-15}}</ref>
<ref name="BoringLevels">{{cite AV media |publisher=Noclip – Video Game Documentaries |title=John Romero's Irish Adventure |url=https://youtube.com/watch/AJqWA3UPsPg |last=Romero |first=John |author-link=John Romero |medium=Video |access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref>
<ref name="PCGamer-Wolf3DHistory">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/the-history-of-wolfenstein/ |title=The history of Wolfenstein |last=Dransfield |first=Ian |date=2018-04-28 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |access-date=2022-11-08}}</ref>
<ref name="WaysideIdeas">{{Cite book |title=Wolfenstein 3-D Hint Manual |date=1992 |publisher=[[id Software]] |page=40}}</ref>
<ref name="GamasutraDoom">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=21405 |title=The Game Developer Archives: 'Monsters From the Id: The Making of Doom' |last=Antoniades |first=Alexander |date=2009-01-15 |website=[[Game Developer (magazine)|Game Developer]] |publisher=[[UBM]] |via=[[Gamasutra]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120231951/http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=21405 |archive-date=2012-01-20 |access-date=2016-07-26}}</ref>
<ref name="CarmackComm">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amDtAPHH-zE |title=Wolfenstein 3D Director's Commentary with John Carmack |date=2012-05-09 |last=Carmack |first=John |author-link=John Carmack |publisher=[[Bethesda Softworks]] |access-date=2016-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105232016/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amDtAPHH-zE |archive-date=2017-01-05 |medium=Video podcast |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RomeroComm">{{cite web |author1=Romero, John |author-link1=John Romero |author2=Barton, Matt |date=2010-03-06 |title=Matt Chat 52: Wolfenstein 3D with John Romero |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyZlghk3Jds |website=YouTube |format=Video |url-status=live |access-date=2016-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125034003/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyZlghk3Jds |archive-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>
<ref name="PrinceArmy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-LAn6yK4XY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/s-LAn6yK4XY |archive-date=2021-11-14 |url-status=live |title=Bobby Prince Interview (Extended Version) |author=Cyber Den |date=2018-07-23 |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2020-07-16}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="SFXGamasutra">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/features/sound_and_music/081997/sound_effect.htm |title=Tricks and Techniques for Sound Effect Design |last=Prince |first=Bobby |date=March 1996 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980121142019/http://www.gamasutra.com/features/sound_and_music/081997/sound_effect.htm |archive-date=1998-01-21 |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
<ref name="SOD-Doom">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/making-doom-ids-shooter-masterpiece |title=The Making of Doom: id's shooter masterpiece |last=Griliopoulos |first=Dan |date=2016-04-08 |website=[[PCGamesN]] |access-date=2018-07-08}}</ref>
<ref name="SOD-Romero">{{Cite web |url=https://rome.ro/news/2016/6/7/spear-of-destinys-birthday |title=Spear of Destiny's Birthday! |last=Romero |first=John |author-link=John Romero |date=2002-09-18 |publisher=rome.ro |access-date=2018-07-08}}</ref>
<ref name="SOD-5YearsDoom">{{Cite web |url=https://5years.doomworld.com/interviews/johnromero/ |title=5 Years of Doom&nbsp;— John Romero Interview |website=Doomworld |access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>
<ref name="ShootNazisInWolf3D">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/wolfenstein-2-the-new-colossus/john-romero-wolfenstein-2-the-new-colossus |title=John Romero explains why you shoot Nazis in Wolfenstein and why it's "more relevant now" |website=[[PCGamesN]] |date=2019-07-22 |access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref>
<ref name="GamasutraWalls">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/297474/Tom_Hall_5_key_design_lessons_I_learned_directing_Wolfenstein_3D.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505121154/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/297474/Tom_Hall_5_key_design_lessons_I_learned_directing_Wolfenstein_3D.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 5, 2017 |title=Tom Hall: 5 key design lessons I learned directing Wolfenstein 3D |last=Irwin |first=Jon |date=2017-05-05 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM]] |access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-BitTech">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bit-tech.net/news/gaming/pc/wolfenstein-3d-free/1/ |title=Wolfenstein 3D goes free for 20th birthday |last=Halfacree |first=Gareth |date=2012-05-10 |website=[[Bit-Tech]] |publisher=[[The Media Team]] |access-date=2018-11-27}}</ref>
<ref name="DeluxePaintII">{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/ID_AA_Carmack/status/1149695118334541824 |title=John Carmack on Twitter: "Deluxe Paint II was the pixel tool for all the early Id Software games." |date=2019-07-12 |website=[[Twitter]] |access-date=2019-09-14}}</ref>

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<ref name="TUH">[[#CITEREF_TUH|Kent]], Ch. 24</ref>
<ref name="Apogee FAQ">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rinkworks.com/apogee/s/2.8.6.shtml |title=The Apogee FAQ: Wolfenstein 3D and Spear of Destiny |last=Stoddard |first=Samuel |website=The Apogee FAQ |publisher=Samuel Stoddard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202215/http://www.rinkworks.com/apogee/s/2.8.6.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
<ref name="Aardwolf">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rinkworks.com/apogee/s/2.8.6.1.shtml |title=The Apogee FAQ: "Call Apogee and say Aardwolf" |last=Stoddard |first=Samuel |website=The Apogee FAQ |publisher=Samuel Stoddard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305233526/http://www.rinkworks.com/apogee/s/2.8.6.1.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
<ref name="JoeSigCall">{{Cite web |url=http://joesiegler.blog/2016/08/call-apogee-and-say-aardwolf/ |title=Call Apogee and Say Aardwolf |last=Siegler |first=Joe |date=2016-08-17 |website=Joe Siegler Blog |publisher=Agency Pro |access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
<ref name="wolfenios">{{Cite web |url=http://appscout.pcmag.com/apple/273231-wolfenstein-3d-hits-the-iphone |title=Wolfenstein 3D Hits the iPhone |last=Gibson |first=Rob |date=2009-03-25 |website=[[PC Magazine]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172619/http://appscout.pcmag.com/apple/273231-wolfenstein-3d-hits-the-iphone |archive-date=2016-03-06 |access-date=2012-02-27}}</ref>
<ref name="wolfencorn">{{Cite magazine |date=December 1994 |title=Wolfenstein 3D |url=https://archive.org/details/AcornUser149-Dec94/page/n49/mode/2up |magazine=[[Acorn User]] |publisher=[[Europress]] |issue=149 |pages=50–51}}</ref>
<ref name="wolfen3do">{{Cite web |url=http://interplay.com:80/press/wolf3do.html |title=Wolfenstein 3-D&nbsp;– 3DO Press Release |website=[[Interplay Entertainment]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980710165651/http://interplay.com/press/wolf3do.html |archive-date=1998-07-10 |access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>
<ref name="wolfengba">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/games/wolfenstein-3-d/gba-478846 |title=Wolfenstein 3-D&nbsp;– Game Boy Advance |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428095223/http://www.ign.com/games/wolfenstein-3-d/gba-478846 |archive-date=2016-04-28 |access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref>
<ref name="wolfenxbla">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/games/wolfenstein-3-d/xbox-360-14334455 |title=Wolfenstein 3-D&nbsp;– Xbox 360 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801082415/http://www.ign.com/games/wolfenstein-3-d/xbox-360-14334455 |archive-date=2016-08-01 |access-date=2016-02-25}}</ref>
<ref name="wolfenpsn">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/games/wolfenstein-3-d/ps3-14334456 |title=Wolfenstein 3-D&nbsp;– PlayStation 3 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804040658/http://www.ign.com/games/wolfenstein-3-d/ps3-14334456 |archive-date=2016-08-04 |access-date=2016-02-25}}</ref>
<ref name="wolfensteam">{{Cite web |url=http://store.steampowered.com/news/1141 |title=Legendary id Software games now on Steam |date=2007-08-03 |website=[[Steam (service)|Steam]] |publisher=[[Valve Corporation|Valve]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601174815/http://store.steampowered.com/news/1141 |archive-date=2016-06-01 |access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref>
<ref name="wolfenbrowse">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2404188,00.asp |title=Free, Browser-Based 'Wolfenstein 3D' Released by Bethesda |last=Hachman |first=Mark |date=2012-05-09 |website=[[PC Magazine]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407032535/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C2817%2C2404188%2C00.asp |archive-date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2012-05-09}}</ref>
<ref name="GameFan2-6">{{Cite magazine |date=May 1994 |title=The Schedule May 1994 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Gamefan_Vol_2_Issue_06#page/n139 |magazine=[[GameFan]] |publisher=DieHard Gamer's Club |volume=2 |issue=6 |page=141 |issn=1092-7212}}</ref>
<ref name="GDC2011">{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1014627/Classic-Game-Postmortem |title=Classic Game Postmortem&nbsp;– Doom |date=2011 |author1=[[Romero, John]] |author2=[[Hall, Tom]] |publisher=[[Game Developers Conference]] |access-date=2018-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806110612/http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1014627/Classic-Game-Postmortem |archive-date=2017-08-06 |medium=Video |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RomeroGDC">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1023765/The-Early-Days-of-id |title=The Early Days of id Software |date=2016 |last=[[Romero, John]] |publisher=[[Game Developers Conference]] |access-date=2018-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707180922/http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1023765/The-Early-Days-of-id |archive-date=2017-07-07 |medium=Video |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-JagPlay">{{Cite magazine |date=June 1994 |title=Screenplay Game Review - Wolfenstein 3d |url=http://www.atarimania.com/mags/hi_res/atari-st-format-issue-059_60.jpg |magazine=[[ST Format]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |issue=59 |page=60}}</ref>
<ref name="SNESRights">{{Cite magazine |date=January 1994 |title=La Super NES se prend pour un PC! |trans-title=The Super NES thinks it's a PC! |language=fr |url=https://archive.org/details/playerone-magazine-038/page/n33 |magazine=Player One |publisher=Média Système Édition |issue=38 |page=35}}</ref>
<ref name="Romero-PortWolf3D">{{Cite web |url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/116698/apollo-11-situations-john-romero-on-porting-doom-and-wolfenstein-3d |title=Apollo 11 Situations: John Romero on Porting Doom and Wolfenstein 3D |date=2020-03-18 |website=[[Shacknews]] |publisher=Shacknews LTD. |access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref>
<ref name="wolf3d-Terraform">{{Cite web |url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/117322/terraform-the-making-of-doom-64 |title=Terraform: The Making of Doom 64 |date=2020-04-03 |website=[[Shacknews]] |publisher=Shacknews LTD. |access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-Jag">{{Cite magazine |date=June 1994 |title=id Software |url=https://archive.org/stream/EDGE.N009.1994.06/EDGE.N009.1994.06-Escapade_V2#page/n29 |magazine=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issue=9 |pages=30–33 |issn=1350-1593}}</ref>
<ref name="WolfenJP">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=17479 |script-title=ja:ウルフェンシュタイン3D &#x5b;スーパーファミコン&#x5d; |trans-title=Wolfenstein 3D &#x5b;Super Nintendo&#x5d; |magazine=[[Famitsu]] |publisher=[[Enterbrain]] |language=ja |access-date=2018-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225442/https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=17479 |archive-date=2018-08-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="VR-Wolf3D">{{Cite web |url=http://www.curiousraven.com/future-vision/2013/12/13/my-first-tech-job-was-creating-virtual-reality |title=My first tech job was creating virtual reality |last=Rice |first=Robert |date=2013-12-13 |website=curiousraven.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925104927/http://www.curiousraven.com/future-vision/2013/12/13/my-first-tech-job-was-creating-virtual-reality |archive-date=2018-09-25 |access-date=2018-08-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-AVT">[[#CITEREF_TVGE|Wolf]], p. 139</ref>
<ref name="WolfenJP3DO">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=21749 |script-title=ja:ウルフェンシュタイン3D &#x5b;3DO&#x5d; |trans-title=Wolfenstein 3D &#x5b;3DO&#x5d; |magazine=[[Famitsu]] |publisher=[[Enterbrain]] |language=ja |access-date=2018-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818020919/https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=21749 |archive-date=2018-08-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-RISC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.acornarcade.com/articles/Interviews_Eddie_Edwards/index883.html |title=Interviews: Eddie Edwards |last=Fountain |first=Tim |date=2000-11-06 |publisher=[[Acorn Arcade]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626231835/http://www.acornarcade.com/articles/Interviews_Eddie_Edwards/index883.html |archive-date=2016-06-26 |access-date=2012-01-17}}</ref>
<ref name="GamasutraBPS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/killing-games-a-look-at-german-videogame-legislation |title=Killing Games: A Look At German Videogame Legislation |last=Kreimeier |first=Bernd |date=1999-08-27 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM]] |access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-MDrive">{{Cite magazine |date=July 1994 |title=Up 'N' Coming |url=https://retrocdn.net/images/e/ea/Mega_UK_22.pdf |magazine=[[Mega (magazine)|Mega]] |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |issue=22 |pages=85 |issn=0966-6206 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807094656/https://retrocdn.net/images/e/ea/Mega_UK_22.pdf |archive-date=August 7, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="SFus5">{{cite magazine |url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File:SegaForce_US_1994-07.pdf&page=22 |title=Welcome To The Next Level: 1994 And Beyond... - Sega Genesis |magazine=Sega Force |issue=5 |publisher=Sendai Publishing |date=July 1994 |pages=8–26 |access-date=2020-12-04 |archive-date=2020-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205004654/https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3ASegaForce_US_1994-07.pdf&page=22 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MacWolf">{{cite magazine |title=Meet MacDoom |url=https://archive.org/details/ElectronicEntertainment12Dec1994/page/n61 |magazine=Electronic Entertainment |issue=12 |publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]] |date=December 1994 |page=61}}</ref>
<ref name="LynxUG">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/Ultima_Generacion_06#page/n70/1up |title=Reportaje - Lynx - La mejor portátil que Atari no supo vender |trans-title=Feature - Lynx - The Best Laptop That Atari Couldn't Sell  |magazine=Última Generación |issue=6 |publisher=MV Editores |date=September 1995 |pages=68–73 |lang=es}}</ref>
<ref name="LynxPodcast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.arcadeattack.co.uk/podcast-april-5-2018/ |title=Podcast 61&nbsp;– April (5 of 5) 2018&nbsp;– Bill Rehbock&nbsp;– Interview |last=Wallett |first=Adrian |date=2018-04-30 |publisher=Arcade Attack |access-date=2018-08-07}}</ref>
<ref name="NinjaForce">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ninjaforce.com/html/special_wolf_interview.html |title=Haben Sie Führerschein? |date=February 13, 2000 |access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-GSII">{{Cite web |url=http://legacy.3drealms.com/news/1998/08/wolfenstein_3d_2.html |title=3D Realms Site:Wolfenstein 3D for the Apple IIgs |publisher=[[3D Realms]] |access-date=2018-07-22}}</ref>
<ref name="SheppyWare">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sheppyware.net/news.html |title=SheppyWare Online News |author=Eric "Sheppy" Shepherd. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981203154304/http://www.sheppyware.net/news.html |archive-date=1998-12-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-iOS">{{Cite book |title=Pro Android Games |last=Silva |first=Vladimir |date=2009-12-27 |publisher=[[Apress]] |isbn=978-1-4302-4797-5 |page=63}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-OpenSource">{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2009-03-24-carmack-releases-open-source-wolfenstein-for-iphone.html |title=Carmack releases open source Wolfenstein for iPhone |author=James Ransom-Wiley |date=2009-03-24 |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=Verizon Media |access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-GBC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/wolfenstein-3d-gets-an-unlikely-game-boy-color-port/ |title=Retro gaming fan gets 'Wolfenstein 3D' up and running on a Game Boy Color |author=Danny Cowan |date=2016-12-19 |website=[[Digital Trends]] |publisher=Designtechnica Corporation |access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3D-Android">{{Cite web |url=http://beloko.com/?page=game_wolf3d |title=ECWolf on Android |date=2016 |website=Beloko |publisher=X-Raiders Design |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref>

<!-- RECEPTION -->

<ref name="PCZ">{{Cite magazine |date=April 1993 |title=Off the Boards |url=https://archive.org/stream/PC_Zone_Issue_001_1993-04_Dennis_Publishing_GB#page/n101/mode/2up |magazine=[[PC Zone]] |publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]] |issue=1 |page=102 |issn=0967-8220}}</ref>
<ref name="PrimaGames">{{Cite web |url=http://www.primagames.com/news/interview/927 |title=Interview with Daikatana Creator John Romero, Part 2 |website=[[Prima Games]] |publisher=Prima Communications, Inc. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205153500/http://www.primagames.com/news/interview/927 |archive-date=2000-12-05}}</ref>
<ref name="20YearsGameUltra">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/programming/20-years-of-evolution-scott-miller-and-3d-realms |title=20 Years Of Evolution: Scott Miller And 3D Realms |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=2009-08-21 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM]] |access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref>
<ref name="1995Sales">{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91962014/fort-worth-star-telegram/ |title=Games |newspaper=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |page=93 |date=1995-10-29 |accessdate=2022-01-07 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Famitsu">{{cite magazine |title=Wolfenstein3D |magazine=[[Famitsu|Weekly Famitsu]] |issue=198 |date=1992-10-02 |page=160 |url=https://archive.org/details/WeeklyFamitsuNo198Clearscan/page/n159}}</ref>
<ref name="fam-rev">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Famitsu|Weekly Famicom Tsūshin]] |title=New Games Cross Review |date=February 18, 1994 |publisher=ASCII Corporation |language=ja |issue=270 |page=38 |last1=Tsūshin |first1=Hamamura |author-link1=Hirokazu Hamamura |last2=Uchisawa |first2=Goro |last3=Watanabe |first3=Miki |last4=Chuji |first4=Giorgio}}</ref>
<ref name="SIAaward">{{Cite web |url=http://sia.sic.org/pastwinners.php |title=2000-1992 Shareware Industry Awards winners |website=Shareware Industry Awards |publisher=Shareware Industry Awards Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214083926/http://sia.sic.org/pastwinners.php |archive-date=2010-02-14 |access-date=2012-06-07}}</ref>
<ref name="scarydarkfast11">[[#CITEREF_SDF|Pinchbeck]], p. 11</ref>
<ref name="scarydarkfast43-44">[[#CITEREF_SDF|Pinchbeck]], pp. 43-44</ref>
<ref name="CGW106">{{Cite magazine |date=May 1993 |title=Awards&nbsp;— Thy Name Is Controversy |url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=106 |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=106 |pages=146 |issn=0744-6667 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702235910/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=106 |archive-date=2014-07-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CGW108">{{Cite magazine |date=July 1993 |title=The 7th International Computer Game Developers Conference |url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=108 |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=108 |pages=34–38 |issn=0744-6667 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200342/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=108 |archive-date=2014-07-14 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="3DRlegacy">{{Cite web |url=http://legacy.3drealms.com/wolf3d/ |title=3D Realms Site: Wolfenstein 3D |publisher=[[3D Realms]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815113510/http://legacy.3drealms.com/wolf3d/ |archive-date=2016-08-15 |access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref>
<ref name="SuperWolfUpgrade">{{Cite book |title=Super Wolf Upgrade |last=[[Scott Miller (entrepreneur)|Scott Miller]] |date=1992 |publisher=[[Apogee Software]]}}</ref>
<ref name="CGW111">{{Cite magazine |date=October 1993 |title=Computer Gaming World's Game of the Year Awards |url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=111 |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |issue=111 |pages=70–74 |issn=0744-6667 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316201111/http://cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=111 |archive-date=2016-03-16 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="CGW98">{{Cite magazine |last=Lombardi |first=Chris |date=September 1992 |title=Id Software Puts New Perspective On A Classic |url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1992&pub=2&id=98 |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=98 |pages=50–52 |issn=0744-6667 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702235436/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1992&pub=2&id=98 |archive-date=2014-07-02 |access-date=2016-07-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Dragon192">{{Cite magazine |last1=Lesser |first1=Hartley |last2=Lesser |first2=Patricia |last3=Lesser |first3=Kirk |name-list-style=amp |date=April 1993 |title=The Role of Computers |url=http://annarchive.com/files/Drmg192.pdf |magazine=[[Dragon Magazine]] |publisher=[[TSR (company)|TSR]] |issue=192 |pages=57–63 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321120442/http://annarchive.com/files/Drmg192.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Dragon197">{{Cite magazine |last=Petersen |first=Sandy |author-link=Sandy Petersen |date=September 1993 |title=Eye of the Monitor: Share and Share(ware) Alike |url=http://annarchive.com/files/Drmg197.pdf |magazine=[[Dragon Magazine]] |publisher=[[TSR (company)|TSR]] |issue=197 |pages=57–58 |issn=1062-2101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320113608/http://annarchive.com/files/Drmg197.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CGW102">{{Cite magazine |last=Walker |first=Bryan A. |date=January 1993 |title=Call of the Wild |url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=102 |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=102 |pages=100–101 |issn=0744-6667 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702201302/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1993&pub=2&id=102 |archive-date=2016-07-02 |access-date=2016-07-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NGen11">{{Cite magazine |date=November 1995 |title=75 Power Players |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |issue=11 |page=76 |issn=1078-9693 |quote=In light of ''Castle Wolfenstein''{{'}}s{{sic}} dismal performance on the Atari Jaguar and Nintendo's Super NES ... |journal=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]}}</ref>
<ref name="EGMSNESreview">{{Cite magazine |date=February 1994 |title=Review Crew: Wolfenstein 3D |magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]] |publisher=Sendai Publishing |issue=55 |page=36 |issn=1058-918X}}</ref>
<ref name="Total">{{cite magazine |date=July 1995 |title=Top 100 SNES Games |url=https://archive.org/details/total-43/page/n47/mode/2up |magazine=[[Total!]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issue=43 |page=48 |issn=0964-9352}}</ref>
<ref name="EGMJAGreview">{{Cite magazine |date=October 1994 |title=Review Crew: Wolfenstein 3D |magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]] |publisher=Sendai Publishing |issue=63 |page=38 |issn=1058-918X}}</ref>
<ref name="GPJAGreview">{{Cite magazine |date=September 1994 |title=ProReview: Wolfenstein 3D |magazine=[[GamePro]] |publisher=[[IDG]] |issue=72 |page=106 |issn=1042-8658}}</ref>
<ref name="NGjag">{{Cite magazine |date=January 1995 |title=Finals |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]] |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |issue=1 |page=93 |issn=1078-9693}}</ref>
<ref name="NGmac">{{Cite magazine |date=June 1995 |title=Finals |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]] |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |issue=6 |pages=109–110 |issn=1078-9693}}</ref>
<ref name="GP3DOreview">{{Cite magazine |date=January 1996 |title=ProReview: Wolfenstein 3D |magazine=[[GamePro]] |publisher=[[IDG]] |issue=88 |page=102 |issn=1042-8658}}</ref>
<ref name="3DOaward">{{Cite magazine |date=February 1996 |title=Editor's Choice Awards 1995 |magazine=[[GamePro]] |publisher=[[IDG]] |issue=89 |page=26 |issn=1042-8658}}</ref>
<ref name="MAX3DOreview">{{Cite magazine |date=November 1995 |title=Maximum Reviews: Wolfenstein 3D |magazine=Maximum: The Video Game Magazine |publisher=[[Ascential|Emap International]] |issue=2 |page=161 |issn=1360-3167}}</ref>
<ref name="NGen12">{{Cite magazine |date=December 1995 |title=Wolfenstein 3-D |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]] |publisher=[[Imagine Media]] |issue=12 |page=186 |issn=1078-9693}}</ref>
<ref name="XboxMag99">{{Cite magazine |last=McCaffrey |first=Ryan |date=August 2009 |title=History we've been Doomed to repeat |url=https://archive.org/details/OXM_2009_08-web/page/n33 |magazine=[[Official Xbox Magazine]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]] |issue=99 |page=74 |issn=1534-7850 |access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>
<ref name="IGNPSNreview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/06/16/wolfenstein-3-d-review |title=Wolfenstein 3-D Review |last=Hatfield |first=Daemon |date=2009-06-15 |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513003239/http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/06/16/wolfenstein-3-d-review |archive-date=2016-05-13 |access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref>
<ref name="SODPack-CGWreview">{{Cite magazine |last=Hyman |first=Paul |date=September 1994 |title=A Thorn in Hitler's Side |url=https://archive.org/stream/Computer_Gaming_World_Issue_122#page/n67 |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |issue=122 |pages=66–68 |issn=1059-2938}}</ref>

<!-- LEGACY -->

<ref name="CGWHallofFame">{{Cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=8&cId=3139081#77 |title=CGW's Hall of Fame |last=[[Computer Gaming World]] |website=[[1UP.com]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160727152017/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=8&cId=3139081#77 |archive-date=2016-07-27 |access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref>
<ref name="AGGreview">{{Cite web |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11717&tab=review |title=Wolfenstein 3D DOS Review |last=Williamson |first=Colin |website=[[AllGame]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115011724/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11717&tab=review |archive-date=2014-11-15 |access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref>
<ref name="IGN100">{{Cite web |url=http://top100.ign.com/2003/91-100.html |title=IGN's Top 100 Games (2003) |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419044602/http://top100.ign.com/2003/91-100.html |archive-date=2016-04-19 |access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref>
<ref name="WIREDretro">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/05/dayintech_0505 |title=May 5, 1992: Wolfenstein 3-D Shoots the First-Person Shooter Into Stardom |last=Shachtman |first=Noah |date=2008-05-08 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025220612/http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/05/dayintech_0505 |archive-date=2011-10-25 |access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref>
<ref name="AGreview">{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Colin |title=Wolfenstein 3D |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11717&tab=review |website=AllGame |publisher=[[All Media Network]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115011724/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11717&tab=review|archive-date=November 15, 2014 |access-date=August 3, 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="VGCE">{{Cite magazine |date=September 1992 |title=Wolfenstein 3-D |magazine=[[VideoGames & Computer Entertainment]] |publisher=LFP |issue=44 |page=113 |issn=1059-2938}}</ref>
<ref name="DSretro">{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/retro-corner/news/a381156/retro-corner-wolfenstein-3d/ |title=Retro Corner: ''Wolfenstein 3D'' |last=Langshaw |first=Mark |date=2012-05-12 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=[[Hearst (media)|Hearst]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329033625/http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/retro-corner/news/a381156/retro-corner-wolfenstein-3d/ |archive-date=2016-03-29 |access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref>

<ref name="cgw150">{{Cite magazine |date=November 1996 |title=150 Best (and 50 Worst) Games of All Time |magazine=[[Computer Gaming World]] |issue=148 |pages=63–98 |issn=0744-6667}}</ref>
<ref name="ars tech ban">{{Cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/08/german-ratings-board-starts-allowing-nazi-symbols-in-video-games/ |title=Germany says games with Nazi symbols can get "artistic" exception to ban |last=Grosso |first=Robert |date=2019-11-17 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |access-date=2018-08-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3DNoBan">{{Cite web |url=https://techraptor.net/gaming/news/report-wolfenstein-3d-removed-from-german-ban-list |title=Wolfenstein 3D Removed from German Ban List |last=Orland |first=Kyle |date=2018-08-10 |website=TechRaptor |publisher=Insticator |access-date=2021-06-17}}</ref>
<ref name="CivicEnlighten">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-05-15-german-public-prosecutors-not-pursing-legal-action-against-game-makers-over-nazi-imagery |title=Unprecedented move by German prosecutors over Nazi imagery in satirical game |last=Taylor |first=Haydn |date=2018-05-15 |website=[[Gameindustry.biz]] |publisher=Christopher Dring |access-date=2021-06-17}}</ref>
<ref name="GermanBanReversed">{{Cite news |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=dd44ce45-d5cf-4189-a1b6-7bcc7e31605f |title=German Attorney General: Video game with Swastika does not violate the law; constitutes art |last=Schwiddessen |first=Sebastian |date=2018-05-08 |website=Lexology |publisher=Globe Business Media Group |access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Wolf3dGermanyok">{{cite web |url=https://www.gameswirtschaft.de/marketing-pr/wolfenstein-3d-bundespruefstelle-bpjm/ |title=Wolfenstein 3D: Bundesprüfstelle hebt Indizierung auf |language=de |trans-title=Wolfenstein 3D: Federal Department lifts indexation |first=Petra |last=Fröhlich |date=2019-11-22 |website=GamesWirtschaft |access-date=2019-11-24}}</ref>

<ref name="ENGINEbs">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/engines |title=The Engine Licensing Game |last=Gestalt |date=2000-06-26 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302132258/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/engines |archive-date=2016-03-02 |access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref>
<ref name="ENGINEna">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-01-22-how-super-3d-noahs-ark-came-to-be-reprinted-on-snes-in-2014 |title=How Super 3D Noah's Ark Came to Be Reprinted on SNES in 2014 |last=Matulef |first=Jeffrey |date=2014-01-24 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053535/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2014-01-22-how-super-3d-noahs-ark-came-to-be-reprinted-on-snes-in-2014 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-06-14}}</ref>
<ref name="ENGINErott">{{Cite web |url=http://legacy.3drealms.com/rott/originalspec.html |title=ROTT Original Design Spec |publisher=[[3D Realms]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815142753/http://legacy.3drealms.com/rott/originalspec.html |archive-date=2016-08-15 |access-date=2011-05-10}}</ref>
<ref name="Apogee FAQ Softdisk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rinkworks.com/apogee/s/2.7.2.shtml |title=The Apogee FAQ: What's Apogee's relationship with Softdisk? |last=Stoddard |first=Samuel |website=The Apogee FAQ |publisher=Samuel Stoddard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313202627/http://rinkworks.com/apogee/s/2.7.2.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-13 |access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref>
<ref name="MOD166">[[#CITEREF_MOD|Kushner]], p. 166</ref>
<ref name="OW">[[#CITEREF_OW|Bainbridge]], p. 21</ref>
<ref name="ROTThistory">{{Cite web |url=http://rott.classicgaming.gamespy.com/hell/ |title=ROTT in Hell |last=Bowen |first=Kevin |date=July 1997 |website=[[GameSpy|Planet Quake]] |publisher=GameSpy Industries |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421053341/http://rott.classicgaming.gamespy.com/hell/ |archive-date=2009-04-21 |access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref>
<ref name="RTCW">{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_rtcw |title=Return to Castle Wolfenstein |last=Bramwell |first=Tom |date=2001-12-21 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080455/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/r_rtcw |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref>
<ref name="WTNC">{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/wolfenstein-2-the-new-colossus-review/ |title=Wolfenstein 2: The New Colossus review |last=Roberts |first=Samuel |date=2017-10-26 |magazine=[[PC Gamer]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027102006/http://www.pcgamer.com/wolfenstein-2-the-new-colossus-review/ |archive-date=2017-10-27 |access-date=2017-10-27}}</ref>
</references>

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=[[Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture]] |last=Kushner |first=David |date=2004 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-0-8129-7215-3 |ref=CITEREF_MOD}}
* {{Cite book |title=Online Worlds: Convergence of the Real and the Virtual |date=2009 |publisher=[[Springer Verlag]] |isbn=978-1-84882-824-7 |editor-last=Bainbridge |editor-first=William Sims |editor-link=William Sims Bainbridge |ref=CITEREF_OW}}
* {{Cite book |title=Doom: Scarydarkfast |last=Pinchbeck |first=Dan |date=2013 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0-472-05191-5 |ref=CITEREF_SDF}}
* {{Cite book |title=[[The Ultimate History of Video Games]] |last=Kent |first=Steven L. |date=2010 |publisher=[[Three Rivers Press]] |isbn=978-0-307-56087-2 |author-link=Steven L. Kent |ref=CITEREF_TUH}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Video Game Explosion |last=Wolf |first=Mark J. P. |date=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-313-33868-7 |ref=CITEREF_TVGE}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{moby game|id=/wolfenstein-3d}}
*[https://github.com/id-Software/wolf3d ''Wolfenstein 3D'' engine source code]
*{{Internet Archive game|msdos_Wolfenstein_3D_1992}}
{{Portal bar|1990s|Video games}}
{{Wolfenstein series}}
{{Wolfenstein 3D engine games}}
{{id Software}}
{{Apogee Games}}

{{Authority control}}

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