View source for Wolfgang Petersen

{{Short description|German filmmaker (1941–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Wolfgang Petersen
| image              = Wolfgang Petersen - Poseidon Premiere (cropped).jpg
| imagesize          = 
| caption            = Petersen in 2006
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1941|03|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Emden]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2022|08|12|1941|03|14|df=yes}}
| death_place        = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| citizenship        = {{hlist|Germany|United States}}
| alma_mater         = [[Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin]]
| occupation         = {{Hlist|Director|screenwriter|producer}}
| years_active       = 1953–2016
| spouse             = {{Plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Ursula Sieg|1970|1978|end=div}}
* {{Marriage|Maria Borgel-Petersen|1978}}
}}
| children           = 1
}}
'''Wolfgang Petersen''' (14 March 1941 – 12 August 2022) was a German film and television director, screenwriter and producer. His international breakthrough was the 1981 [[war film|war]] film {{lang|de|[[Das Boot]]}}, which earned him [[Academy Award]] nominations for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]. He subsequently directed the blockbuster [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] film ''[[The NeverEnding Story (film)|The NeverEnding Story]]'' (1984), based on the 1979 [[The Neverending Story|novel of the same name]].

After moving to the United States in the mid-1980s, Petersen directed his first American production, the [[science-fiction film|science-fiction]] film ''[[Enemy Mine (film)|Enemy Mine]]'' (1985). He directed a variety of major studio productions through the mid-2000s, including ''[[In the Line of Fire]]'' (1993), ''[[Outbreak (1995 film)|Outbreak]]'' (1995), ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'' (1997), ''[[The Perfect Storm (film)|The Perfect Storm]]'' (2000), ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'' (2004) and ''[[Poseidon (film)|Poseidon]]'' (2006).

In addition to his Oscar nominations, Petersen won three [[Bambi Award|Bambi Awards]], a [[Bavarian Film Awards|Bavarian Film Award]] and a [[German Film Award]]. He was also a founding member of the [[Deutsche Filmakademie]].

==Early life==
Petersen was born on 14 March 1941 in the northern harbour city, just a few miles from the Netherlands, [[Emden]],<ref name="R1" /> the son of a [[Kriegsmarine|naval]] officer.<ref name="Brandstetter 2022" /> From 1953 to 1960, Petersen attended the [[Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums]] in Hamburg.<ref name="Hamburg 2004" /><ref name="Neue Zürcher Zeitung 2004" />

He made his first films with an [[8 mm film|8 mm camera]] while still at school.<ref name="Brandstetter 2022" /> In the 1960s he was directing plays at Hamburg's [[Ernst Deutsch Theater]].<ref name="NDR.de 2022" /> After studying theater in Berlin and Hamburg, Petersen attended the [[Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin|Film and Television Academy]] in Berlin (1966–1970).<ref name="DFFB Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin 2015" />

==Career==
Petersen's first productions were for German television and it was during his work on the popular German ''[[Tatort]]'' (''Crime Scene'') TV series that he first met and worked with the actor [[Jürgen Prochnow]]<ref name="Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen (ARD) 2016" /> — who would later appear as the [[U-boat]] captain in Petersen's famous {{lang|de|Das Boot}}. The most famous of his ''Tatort'' episodes is ''[[Reifezeugnis]]'' (Maturity Certificate) from 1977 with the young [[Nastassja Kinski]].<ref name="DER SPIEGEL 2022" /> He shot 6 ''Tatort'' episodes.<ref name="NDR.de 2022_2" />

Petersen made his first theatrical feature film in 1974, the [[psychological thriller]] ''[[One or the Other of Us]]'', based on the novel ''Einer von uns beiden'' by Horst Bosetzky and published anonymously under his pseudonym and starring Jürgen Prochnow.<ref name="tagesschau.de 2022" /> He next directed the 1977 film ''[[Die Konsequenz]]'', a black/white adaptation of [[Alexander Ziegler (Swiss writer)|Alexander Ziegler]]'s autobiographical novel of homosexual love.<ref name="tagesschau.de 2022" /> In its time, the film was considered so radical that when first broadcast in Germany, the [[Bavaria]]n network [[Bayerischer Rundfunk]] turned off the transmitters rather than broadcast it.<ref name="web.ard.de" />

His next feature was the [[World War II]] epic {{lang|de|[[Das Boot]]}}, released in early 1982.<ref name="GmbH 2022" /> The film chronicles the experiences of a German submarine crew engaged in the "[[Battle of the Atlantic]]".<ref name="Fakultät für Informatik - OvGU Magdeburg Fakultät für Informatik"/> Though not an immediate financial success, the film received highly positive reviews and was nominated for six [[Academy Awards]], two of which (for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]) went to Petersen;<ref name="Smith 2022" /> he was also nominated for a [[BAFTA Award]] and [[DGA Award]].<ref name="AllMovie" /> The film starred [[Jürgen Prochnow]] as the U-boat Captain,<ref name="Arts 2022" /> who became a good example of Petersen's action characters, a man at war who confronts danger and fate at sea.

[[File:Stanley O'Toole, Dennis Quaid, Wolfgang Petersen.jpg|thumb|From left to right: [[Stanley O'Toole]], [[Dennis Quaid]] and Petersen in 1984]]
After ''[[The NeverEnding Story (film)|The NeverEnding Story]]'' (1984),<ref name="Michael Ende 2011" /> Petersen's first English-language film, he directed ''[[Enemy Mine (film)|Enemy Mine]]'' (1985),<ref name="DER SPIEGEL 1985" /><ref name="Smith 2022" /> which was not a critical or box office success. He hit his stride in 1993 with the assassination thriller ''[[In the Line of Fire]]''.<ref name="Coyle 2022" /> Starring [[Clint Eastwood]] as an angst-ridden presidential [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] guard,<ref name="Coyle 2022" /> ''In the Line of Fire'' gave Petersen the box office clout he needed to direct another suspense thriller, ''[[Outbreak (1995 film)|Outbreak]]'' (1995), starring [[Dustin Hoffman]].<ref name="FILMSTARTS.de 1995" /> The 1997 Petersen blockbuster ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'' did very well at the box office, with generally positive critical reviews from movie critics. For both ''Air Force One'' and ''Outbreak'', Petersen teamed up with the German cinematographer [[Michael Ballhaus]],<ref name="B.Z. – Die Stimme Berlins 2017" /> who has also worked frequently with director [[Martin Scorsese]].<ref name="GmbH 1970" />
[[File:Wolfgang Petersen.jpg|thumb|right|Petersen at the filming location of ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'']]
By 1998, Petersen was an established Hollywood director, with the power to both re-release his classic {{lang|de|Das Boot}} in a new director's cut and to helm star-studded action-thrillers. As such, he was originally considered to direct the first movie in the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' film series]], ''[[Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]''. Petersen pulled out of the running in March 2000.<ref name="R2" />

In the 2000s, Petersen continued to direct two summer blockbusters, the films ''[[The Perfect Storm (film)|The Perfect Storm]]'' (2000) and ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'' (2004). The success of the former helped his Radiant Productions company to sign a deal with [[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="R3" />

[[File:Wolfgang Petersen - Boulevard der Stars.jpg|thumb|Petersen, Boulevard der Stars, Berlin]]
Petersen's $160 million epic film ''[[Poseidon (film)|Poseidon]]'', a re-telling of the 1969 [[Paul Gallico]] novel ''[[The Poseidon Adventure (novel)|The Poseidon Adventure]]'' (previously adapted for the [[The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film)|1972 disaster film]]), was released by Warner Bros. in May 2006. The film performed poorly in the U.S., barely exceeding $60 million in domestic box office receipts by early August, but international sales surpassed $121 million.<ref name="Duffy 2022" />

Although hired to direct [[Ender's Game (film)|the film adaptation]] of ''[[Ender's Game]]'' by [[Orson Scott Card]] that was scheduled for release in 2008, he later "moved on"<ref name="R4" /> from the project. His potential projects included a live-action adaptation of the 2006 anime film ''[[Paprika (2006 film)|Paprika]]''<ref name="R5" /> and a film adaptation of the science fiction novel ''[[Old Man's War]]''.<ref name="R6" />

After a ten-year hiatus, Petersen returned in 2016 as director of the heist comedy ''[[Vier gegen die Bank (2016 film)|Vier gegen die Bank]]'', his first German-language film since {{lang|de|[[Das Boot]]}} in 1981.<ref name="R7" />

==Personal life==
Petersen's first marriage was with actress {{Interlanguage link|Ursula Sieg|de}};<ref name="DER SPIEGEL 2022" /> they had a son.<ref name="Mouriquand 2022" /><ref name="Smith 2022" /> In 1978, he married his assistant Maria Borgel.<ref name="DER SPIEGEL 2022" /> Petersen moved to Los Angeles in 1986<ref name="DER SPIEGEL 2022" /> and subsequently [[Citizenship of the United States#Naturalized citizenship|acquired American citizenship]].<ref name="DER SPIEGEL 2022" />

==Death==
Petersen died of [[pancreatic cancer]] on 12 August 2022, at the age of 81, at his home in [[Brentwood, Los Angeles]].<ref name="R8" /><ref name="R9" />

==Filmography==
Source:<ref name="KG 2022" /><ref name="filmportal.de 1941" />

===Short film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Writer
|-
| 1968
| ''Die rote Fahne''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 1969
| ''Ich nicht''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| ''Der Eine, der Andere''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
|}

===Feature film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Producer
! Writer
|-
| 1981
| {{lang|de|[[Das Boot]]}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| 1984
| ''[[The NeverEnding Story (film)|The NeverEnding Story]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Enemy Mine (film)|Enemy Mine]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Shattered (1991 film)|Shattered]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| 1993
| ''[[In the Line of Fire]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes|Executive}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Outbreak (1995 film)|Outbreak]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Bicentennial Man (film)|Bicentennial Man]]''
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 2000
| ''[[The Perfect Storm (film)|The Perfect Storm]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Poseidon (film)|Poseidon]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Vier gegen die Bank (2016 film)|Vier gegen die Bank]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|}

===Television===
'''TV movies'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Writer
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Stadt auf Stelzen]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 1972
| ''Anna und Totò''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 1973
| ''{{Interlanguage link|Smog (1973 film)|lt=Smog|de|Smog (1973)}}''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| ''{{Interlanguage link|Van der Valk und die Reichen|lt=Van der Valk und die Reichen|de|Van der Valk und die Reichen}}''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 1974
| ''Aufs Kreuz gelegt''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 1975
| ''{{Interlanguage link|Die Stadt im Tal|lt=Die Stadt im Tal|de|Die Stadt im Tal}}''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| ''Stellenweise Glatteis''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 1976
| ''{{ill|Hans im Glück (film)|de|3=Hans im Glück (1976)|lt=Hans im Glück}}''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
| ''[[Vier gegen die Bank (1976 film)|Vier gegen die Bank]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 1977
| ''{{ill|Planübung|de}}''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| ''[[Die Konsequenz]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Schwarz und weiß wie Tage und Nächte]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|}

'''TV series'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Writer
! Executive<br />producer
! Notes
|-
| 1971–1977
| ''[[Tatort]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| Directed 6 episodes;<br>Wrote 2 episodes
|-
| 2001–2003
| ''[[The Agency (2001 TV series)|The Agency]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| 4 episodes
|}

==Critical reception==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | [[Rotten Tomatoes|Rotten<br>Tomatoes]]
! Ref.
|-
| 1981 || {{lang|de|[[Das Boot]]}} || 98% || <ref name="R10" />
|-
| 1984 || ''[[The NeverEnding Story (film)|The NeverEnding Story]]'' || 81% || <ref name="R11" />
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Enemy Mine (film)|Enemy Mine]]'' || 61% || <ref name="R12" />
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Shattered (1991 film)|Shattered]]'' || 31% || <ref name="R13" />
|-
| 1993 || ''[[In the Line of Fire]]'' || 96% || <ref name="R14" />
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Outbreak (1995 film)|Outbreak]]'' || 60% || <ref name="R15" />
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]'' || 76% || <ref name="R16" />
|-
| 2000 || ''[[The Perfect Storm (film)|The Perfect Storm]]'' || 47% || <ref name="R17" />
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'' || 54% || <ref name="R18" />
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Poseidon (film)|Poseidon]]'' || 33% || <ref name="R19" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="R1">{{Cite book
| last1 = Bock | first1 = Hans-Michael
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_Z4kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA359
| title = The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopaedia of German Cinema
| last2 = Bergfelder | first2 = Tim | date = 2009 | publisher = Berghahn Books
| isbn = 978-0-85745-565-9 | page = 359 | language = en}}
</ref>

<ref name="Brandstetter 2022">{{Cite web
| last = Brandstetter | first = Markus | date = 16 August 2022
| title = "Das Boot"-Regisseur Wolfgang Petersen ist gestorben
| url = https://www.rollingstone.de/das-boot-regisseur-wolfgang-petersen-ist-gestorben-2484517/
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220818035320/https://www.rollingstone.de/das-boot-regisseur-wolfgang-petersen-ist-gestorben-2484517/
| archive-date = 18 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = Musikexpress | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="Hamburg 2004">{{Cite web
| date = 25 May 2004 | title = Hier lernte ein Hollywood-Regisseur
| url = https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article106869770/Hier-lernte-ein-Hollywood-Regisseur.html
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817025225/https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article106869770/Hier-lernte-ein-Hollywood-Regisseur.html
| archive-date = 17 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = [[Hamburger Abendblatt]] | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="Neue Zürcher Zeitung 2004">{{Cite news
| date = 18 June 2004 | title = Seit Jahrhunderten Hamburgs Elitenschmiede
| url = https://www.nzz.ch/article9O8XT-ld.305331 | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220818035323/https://www.nzz.ch/article9O8XT-ld.305331?reduced=true
| archive-date = 18 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = [[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="NDR.de 2022">{{Cite web
| date = 16 August 2022
| title = Wolfgang Petersen: Ostfriese und "Das Boot"-Regisseur ist tot
| url = https://www.ndr.de/kultur/film/Wolfgang-Petersen-Ostfriese-und-Das-Boot-Regisseur-ist-tot,petersen398.html
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220816233646/http://www.ndr.de/kultur/film/Wolfgang-Petersen-Ostfriese-und-Das-Boot-Regisseur-ist-tot,petersen398.html
| archive-date = 16 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = NDR.de | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="DFFB Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin 2015">{{Cite web
| date = 25 June 2015 | title = Wolfgang Petersen – DFFB
| url = https://dffb-archiv.de/dffb/wolfgang-petersen | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817052817/https://dffb-archiv.de/dffb/wolfgang-petersen
| archive-date = 17 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen (ARD) 2016">{{Cite web
| date = 7 October 2016 | title = Gespräch mit Jürgen Prochnow – Tatort
| url = https://www.daserste.de/unterhaltung/krimi/tatort/sendung/borowski-und-das-verlorene-maedchen-gespraech-mit-juergen-prochnow-100.html
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922173739/http://www.daserste.de/unterhaltung/krimi/tatort/sendung/borowski-und-das-verlorene-maedchen-gespraech-mit-juergen-prochnow-100.html
| archive-date = 22 September 2017 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen (ARD) | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="DER SPIEGEL 2022">{{Cite web
| date = 16 August 2022
| title = Wolfgang Petersen: Deutscher Starregisseur ist tot
| url = https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/kino/wolfgang-petersen-ist-tot-a-0183c332-af40-40ce-bb83-16782e534b73
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220816202401/https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/kino/wolfgang-petersen-ist-tot-a-0183c332-af40-40ce-bb83-16782e534b73
| archive-date = 16 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = [[Der Spiegel]] | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="NDR.de 2022_2">{{Cite web
| date = 17 August 2022
| title = Trauer um Wolfgang Petersen: "Er tat das, was er am meisten liebte"
| url = https://www.ndr.de/kultur/film/Trauer-um-Wolfgang-Petersen-Er-tat-was-er-am-meisten-liebte,petersen398.html
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817085332/https://www.ndr.de/kultur/film/Trauer-um-Wolfgang-Petersen-Er-tat-was-er-am-meisten-liebte,petersen398.html
| archive-date = 17 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = NDR.de | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="tagesschau.de 2022">{{Cite web
| date = 17 August 2022 | title = "Das Boot"-Regisseur Wolfgang Petersen ist tot
| url = https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/amerika/wolfgang-petersen-gestorben-101.html
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817032528/https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/amerika/wolfgang-petersen-gestorben-101.html
| archive-date = 17 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = tagesschau.de | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="web.ard.de">{{Cite web
| title = Chronik der ARD – BR zeigt den Film »Die Konsequenz« nicht
| url = http://web.ard.de/ard-chronik/index/5322?year=1977&month=11
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201130054802/http://web.ard.de/ard-chronik/index/5322?year=1977&month=11
| archive-date = 30 November 2020 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = web.ard.de | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="GmbH 2022">{{Cite news
| date = 16 August 2022
| title = Im Alter von 81 Jahren: "Das Boot"-Regisseur Wolfgang Petersen ist gestorben
| language = de | work = [[FAZ.NET]]
| url = https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/kino/das-boot-regisseur-wolfgang-petersen-ist-tot-18249274.html
| url-status = live | access-date = 17 August 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220816220123/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/kino/das-boot-regisseur-wolfgang-petersen-ist-tot-18249274.html
| archive-date = 16 August 2022}}
</ref>

<ref name="Fakultät für Informatik - OvGU Magdeburg Fakultät für Informatik">{{Cite web
| title = Das Boot | url = http://www.cs.ovgu.de/~junghans/dasboot/inhalt.html
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180101091212/http://www.cs.ovgu.de/~junghans/dasboot/inhalt.html
| archive-date = 1 January 2018 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = Fakultät für Informatik – OvGU Magdeburg Fakultät für Informatik
| language = de
| ref = {{SfnRef|Fakultät für Informatik – OvGU Magdeburg Fakultät für Informatik }}}}
</ref>

<ref name="Smith 2022">{{Cite news
| last = Smith | first = Harrison | date = 16 August 2022
| title = Wolfgang Petersen, Oscar-nominated director of 'Das Boot,' dies at 81
| newspaper = [[Washington Post]]
| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/08/16/filmmaker-wolfgang-petersen-dead/
| url-status = live | access-date = 17 August 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220816232812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/08/16/filmmaker-wolfgang-petersen-dead/
| archive-date = 16 August 2022}}
</ref>

<ref name="AllMovie">{{Cite web
| title = Das Boot (1981) – Wolfgang Petersen – Awards
| url = https://www.allmovie.com/movie/das-boot-v60982/awards
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220302235115/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/das-boot-v60982/awards
| archive-date = 2 March 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = AllMovie}}
</ref>

<ref name="Arts 2022">{{Cite web
| last = Arts | first = Academy of Motion Picture | date = 16 August 2022
| title = Wolfgang Petersen, Oscar-Nominated Director of 'Das Boot,' Dies at 81
| url = https://aframe-stg.oscars.org/news/post/wolfgang-petersen-oscar-nominated-director-of-das-boot-dies-at-81
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220818035323/https://aframe-stg.oscars.org/news/post/wolfgang-petersen-oscar-nominated-director-of-das-boot-dies-at-81
| archive-date = 18 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = A.frame}}
</ref>

<ref name="Michael Ende 2011">{{Cite web
| date = 30 March 2011 | title = The Neverending Movie Saga
| url = http://michaelende.de/en/author/biography/neverending-movie-saga
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220304005816/http://michaelende.de/en/author/biography/neverending-movie-saga
| archive-date = 4 March 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = Michael Ende}}
</ref>

<ref name="DER SPIEGEL 1985">{{Cite web
| date = 8 December 1985 | title = Grrrrrrrrrr im Weltraum
| url = https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/grrrrrrrrrr-im-weltraum-a-5a2a8c15-0002-0001-0000-000013515731
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817040504/https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/grrrrrrrrrr-im-weltraum-a-5a2a8c15-0002-0001-0000-000013515731
| archive-date = 17 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = [[Der Spiegel]] | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="Coyle 2022">{{Cite web
| last = Coyle | first = Jake | date = 17 August 2022
| title = 'Das Boot,' 'Air Force One,' 'In the Line of Fire' director Wolfgang Petersen dies at 81
| url = https://japantoday.com/category/entertainment/%27das-boot-%27-%27air-force-one-%27-%27in-the-line-of-fire%27-director-wolfgang-petersen-dies-at-81
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817074109/https://japantoday.com/category/entertainment/%27das-boot-%27-%27air-force-one-%27-%27in-the-line-of-fire%27-director-wolfgang-petersen-dies-at-81
| archive-date = 17 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = Japan Today}}
</ref>

<ref name="FILMSTARTS.de 1995">{{Cite web
| date = 30 March 1995 | title = Outbreak – Lautlose Killer
| url = https://www.filmstarts.de/kritiken/12240.html | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817041116/https://www.filmstarts.de/kritiken/12240.html
| archive-date = 17 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = FILMSTARTS.de | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="B.Z. – Die Stimme Berlins 2017">{{Cite web
| date = 13 April 2017 | title = Wolfgang Petersen zum Tod von Ballhaus
| url = https://www.bz-berlin.de/archiv-artikel/wolfgang-petersen-zum-tod-von-ballhaus
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817041314/https://www.bz-berlin.de/archiv-artikel/wolfgang-petersen-zum-tod-von-ballhaus
| archive-date = 17 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = B.Z. – Die Stimme Berlins | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="GmbH 1970">{{Cite news
| date = 1 January 1970
| title = Trauer um Michael Ballhaus: "Er hat mir den Spaß am Filmen zurückgegeben"
| language = de | work = [[FAZ.NET]]
| url = https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/kino/martin-scorsese-und-wolfgang-petersen-trauern-um-michael-ballhaus-14970788.html
| url-status = live | access-date = 17 August 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817042437/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/kino/martin-scorsese-und-wolfgang-petersen-trauern-um-michael-ballhaus-14970788.html
| archive-date = 17 August 2022}}
</ref>

<ref name="R2">{{Cite web
| last = Linder | first = Brian | date = 7 March 2000
| title = Two Potential "Harry Potter" Director's Back Out
| url = http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/034/034092p1.html | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302173529/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/034/034092p1.html
| archive-date = 2 March 2008 | access-date = 8 July 2007 | website = IGN}}
</ref>

<ref name="R3">{{Cite web
| last = Fleming | first = Michael | date = 12 January 2001
| title = Petersen hits beach at WB
| url = https://variety.com/2001/film/news/petersen-hits-beach-at-wb-1117791718/
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211201083504/https://variety.com/2001/film/news/petersen-hits-beach-at-wb-1117791718/
| archive-date = 1 December 2021 | access-date = 22 September 2020
| website = Variety | language = en}}
</ref>

<ref name="Duffy 2022">{{Cite web
| last = Duffy | first = Thomas | date = 17 August 2022
| title = Prolific Action Movie Director Wolfgang Petersen Dies at 81
| url = https://film-book.com/?p=258157 | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220818035324/https://film-book.com/prolific-action-movie-director-wolfgang-petersen-dies-at-81/
| archive-date = 18 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = FilmBook}}
</ref>

<ref name="R4">[http://io9.com/381714/wolfgang-peterson-off-enders-game io9 website article] {{Webarchive
| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080630041130/http://io9.com/381714/wolfgang-peterson-off-enders-game
| date = 30 June 2008 }} (4/18/08), accessed 20 June 2008
</ref>

<ref name="R5">{{Cite web
| date = 25 March 2010
| title = Wolfgang Peterson Talks About His Live-Action Adaptation of Paprika
| url = http://www.slashfilm.com/wolfgang-peterson-talks-about-his-live-action-adaptation-of-paprika
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110504021109/http://www.slashfilm.com/wolfgang-peterson-talks-about-his-live-action-adaptation-of-paprika/
| archive-date = 4 May 2011 | access-date = 30 April 2011
| publisher = [[/Film]]}}
</ref>

<ref name="R6">{{IMDb title|1849833|Old Man's War}}
</ref>

<ref name="R7">{{IMDb title|tt5173166|Vier gegen die Bank}}
</ref>

<ref name="Mouriquand 2022">{{Cite web
| last = Mouriquand | first = David | date = 17 August 2022
| title = 'Das Boot' director Wolfgang Petersen dead at 81
| url = https://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/08/17/wolfgang-petersen-das-boot-and-air-force-one-director-dies-at-81
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817082444/http://www.euronews.com/culture/2022/08/17/wolfgang-petersen-das-boot-and-air-force-one-director-dies-at-81
| archive-date = 17 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = euronews}}
</ref>

<ref name="R8">{{Cite news
| last = Fleming | first = Mike Jr. | date = 16 August 2022
| title = Director Wolfgang Petersen Dies At 81; Hollywood Star Rose After 'Das Boot' To Include Blockbusters 'The Perfect Storm,' 'Air Force One' & 'In The Line Of Fire'
| language = en-US | work = Deadline
| url = https://deadline.com/2022/08/wolfgang-petersen-dead-director-perfect-storm-das-boot-air-force-one-1235093543/
| url-status = live | access-date = 16 August 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220816180612/https://deadline.com/2022/08/wolfgang-petersen-dead-director-perfect-storm-das-boot-air-force-one-1235093543/
| archive-date = 16 August 2022}}
</ref>

<ref name="R9">{{Cite news
| last = Goldmann | first = A. J. | date = 16 August 2022
| title = Wolfgang Petersen, Director of 'Das Boot,' Is Dead at 81
| work = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/16/movies/wolfgang-petersen-dead.html
| url-status = live | access-date = 17 August 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220817082740/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/16/movies/wolfgang-petersen-dead.html
| archive-date = 17 August 2022 | via = NYTimes.com}}
</ref>

<ref name="KG 2022">{{Cite web
| date = 26 April 2022 | title = Filmografie Wolfgang Petersen
| url = https://www.fernsehserien.de/wolfgang-petersen/filmografie
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220818035332/https://www.fernsehserien.de/wolfgang-petersen/filmografie
| archive-date = 18 August 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = fernsehserien.de | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="filmportal.de 1941">{{Cite web
| date = 14 March 1941 | title = Wolfgang Petersen
| url = https://www.filmportal.de/person/wolfgang-petersen_529f618c78934aec955cfba5ec421b1e
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220613005938/https://www.filmportal.de/person/wolfgang-petersen_529f618c78934aec955cfba5ec421b1e
| archive-date = 13 June 2022 | access-date = 17 August 2022
| website = filmportal.de | language = de}}
</ref>

<ref name="R10">{{Cite web
| title = Das Boot (1981) – Rotten Tomatoes
| url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/das_boot | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726004727/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/das_boot
| archive-date = 26 July 2020 | access-date = 25 April 2020
| website = Rotten Tomatoes}}
</ref>

<ref name="R11">{{Cite web
| title = The NeverEnding Story (1984) – Rotten Tomatoes
| url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_neverending_story_1984
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605064643/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_neverending_story_1984
| archive-date = 5 June 2020 | access-date = 25 April 2020
| website = Rotten Tomatoes}}
</ref>

<ref name="R12">{{Cite web
| title = Enemy Mine (1985) – Rotten Tomatoes
| url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/enemy_mine | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201007150154/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/enemy_mine
| archive-date = 7 October 2020 | access-date = 25 April 2020
| website = Rotten Tomatoes}}
</ref>

<ref name="R13">{{Cite web
| title = Shattered (1991) – Rotten Tomatoes
| url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1036952_shattered | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190404114358/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1036952_shattered
| archive-date = 4 April 2019 | access-date = 25 April 2020
| website = Rotten Tomatoes}}
</ref>

<ref name="R14">{{Cite web
| title = In the Line of Fire (1993) – Rotten Tomatoes
| url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/in_the_line_of_fire | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200605032724/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/in_the_line_of_fire
| archive-date = 5 June 2020 | access-date = 25 April 2020
| website = Rotten Tomatoes}}
</ref>

<ref name="R15">{{Cite web
| title = Outbreak (1995) – Rotten Tomatoes
| url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/outbreak | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201202045602/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/outbreak
| archive-date = 2 December 2020 | access-date = 25 April 2020
| website = Rotten Tomatoes}}
</ref>

<ref name="R16">{{Cite web
| title = Air Force One (1997) – Rotten Tomatoes
| url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/air_force_one | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200424093046/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/air_force_one
| archive-date = 24 April 2020 | access-date = 25 April 2020
| website = Rotten Tomatoes}}
</ref>

<ref name="R17">{{Cite web
| title = The Perfect Storm (2000) – Rotten Tomatoes
| url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/perfect_storm | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200730054958/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/perfect_storm
| archive-date = 30 July 2020 | access-date = 25 April 2020
| website = Rotten Tomatoes}}
</ref>

<ref name="R18">{{Cite web
| title = Troy (2004) – Rotten Tomatoes
| url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/troy | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200614023426/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/troy
| archive-date = 14 June 2020 | access-date = 25 April 2020
| website = Rotten Tomatoes}}
</ref>

<ref name="R19">{{Cite web
| title = Poseidon (2006) – Rotten Tomatoes
| url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/poseidon | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193514/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/poseidon
| archive-date = 1 August 2020 | access-date = 25 April 2020
| website = Rotten Tomatoes}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{cc}}
* {{IMDb name|583}}
* {{discogs artist|Wolfgang Petersen}}
* [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/242711810/wolfgang-petersen Wolfgang Petersen] at [[Find a Grave]]

{{Wolfgang Petersen}}
{{New German Cinema}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petersen, Wolfgang}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Emden]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Hanover]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Lower Saxony]]
[[Category:German fantasy film directors]]
[[Category:German Film Award winners]]
[[Category:German film directors]]
[[Category:German television directors]]
[[Category:German film producers]]
[[Category:German expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Action film directors]]
[[Category:People educated at the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in California]]
[[Category:Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery]]