View source for Workers' Force

{{Short description|French trade union federation}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = CGT-FO
| location_country = [[France]]
| affiliation = [[International Trade Union Confederation|ITUC]], [[ETUC]], [[TUAC]]
| members = 300,000
| full_name = General Confederation of Labor – Workers' Force
| native name = Confédération Générale du Travail – Force Ouvrière
| native_name_lang = fr
| image = [[Image:FO logo.png]]
| founded = 1948
| dissolved = 
| merged = 
| headquarters = [[Paris]], France
| key_people = [[Frédéric Souillot]], secretary general
| website = [http://www.force-ouvriere.fr www.force-ouvriere.fr]
| footnotes = 
}}
The '''General Confederation of Labor – Workers' Force''' ({{langx|fr|Confédération Générale du Travail – Force Ouvrière}}, or simply {{lang|fr|Force Ouvrière}}, '''FO'''), is one of the five major [[National trade union center|union confederations]] in [[France]]. In terms of following, it is the third behind the [[General Confederation of Labour (France)|CGT]] and the [[CFDT]].

Force Ouvrière was founded in 1948 by former members of the [[Confédération Générale du Travail|General Confederation of Labor]] (CGT) who denounced the dominance of the [[French Communist Party]] over that federation.

FO is a member of the [[European Trade Union Confederation]]. Its leader is Frédéric Souillot, since June 2022.

== History ==
After [[World War II]], members of the French Communist Party attained considerable influence within the CGT, controlling 21 of its 30 federations.
The communists, at the time in the French government, used their positions inside the CGT to stop strikes in the name of the "battle for national production". Maurice Thorez, the leader of the PCF, make a telling declaration : "Strike is the tool of the capitalist trusts".
For quite a number of union members, this attitude is a betrayal of the 1906 ''[[Charte d'Amiens]]'', a text who uphold as his main principle the total independence of the unions from the state and any political party.
Senior figures such as [[Robert Bothereau]] and the former secretary general, [[Léon Jouhaux]], just coming back from a concentration camp, opposed this development and gathered around the paper "Résistance Ouvrière", renamed the 20 December 1945 ''Force ouvrière''.

In May 1947, the Communist ministers were excluded from the government led by [[Paul Ramadier]], a Socialist, because they were incapable to quell the ultimately victorious strike in the biggest factory in France, the Renault car plant in Boulogne-Billancourt. Tensions rose again when Moscow ask the PCF to boycott the Marshall Plan in September. 
The CGT split in three in November 1947 : Jouhaux and four confederal general secretary leaves officially the confederation and create the CGT-FO the 12 April 1948. The [[Federation for National Education]] (FEN) stayed neutral and independent from the two confederations.

Along with a majority of autonomous syndicalist who believe deeply in the Amiens Charter, the ranks and files of the confederation were also composed of a reformist right-wing linked with the SFIO, and a revolutionary left-wing with anarcho-syndicalist like [[Alexandre Hébert|Hébert]] and revolutionary syndicalists like [[Pierre Monatte|Monatte]].

In February 1958 the African branches of FO became an independent organization, ''[[Confédération Africaine des Syndicats Libres|Confédération Africaine des Syndicats Libres-FO]]''.<ref name="wa">[[Immanuel Wallerstein|Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice]].''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fC5j0tI-Pv0C Africa: The Politics of Independence and Unity]''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. p. 188</ref><ref>Meynaud, Jean, and Anisse Salah Bey. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7c8OAAAAQAAJ Trade Unionism in Africa]''. Lond: Methuen, 1967. p. 166</ref>

In 1963, when [[André Bergeron]] became leader of the Confederation, the links between FO and the [[French Section of the Workers' International]] (SFIO) became distended. Indeed, if Bergeron was an SFIO member for a short period, he was also a hardcore reformist who believed firmly in "social agreement" with the employers and the De Gaulle right-wing government. He helped create a social security offices with them, that FO presided.

In 1968, FO was one of the [[Grenelle agreements]] signatory. Fearing an integration of the unions into the state, they were the only confederation to call for a "No" vote in the 1969 referendum, which lead to the defeat and the final resignation of De Gaulle from power.

The link of the reformists, inside the confederation,  with the socialist movement was completely broke in 1972 with the creation of the Socialist Party, because the main syndicalist core of this party was coming from Christian syndicalism, either the CFTC or the secular CFDT. After [[François Mitterrand]]'s election, FO presented like the only independent trade-union confederation.

In 1989, [[Marc Blondel]] was elected leader of FO, against the will of Bergeron. He wanted to preserve the independence of the confederation. Supported by the radical minority, he adopted a more combative attitude. In this, he participated in the 1995 social conflict against [[Alain Juppé]]'s plans for welfare reform, and improved relations with the CGT. In consequence, FO lost the precedence of social security offices for the benefit of the [[Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail]].

In 2003, Blondel called for a general strike against the plan of pensions reforms. Then, he let his function to [[Jean-Claude Mailly]]. FO participated in the 2006 campaign against the ''[[Contrat première embauche]]''. In April 2018, Pascal Pavageau, which presents himself as being part of the historical and traditional Workers' Force trend (independence of trade unions towards the political parties) became the new secretary general.
[[File:Frédéric Souillot 1 IMG 09352.jpg|thumb|[[Frédéric Souillot]], in 2023]]

===General Secretaries===
*[[Robert Bothereau]] (1948{{ndash}}1963)
*[[André Bergeron]] (1963{{ndash}}1989)
*[[Marc Blondel]] (1989{{ndash}}2004)
*[[Jean-Claude Mailly]] (2004{{ndash}}2018)
*[[Pascal Pavageau]] (2018)
*[[Yves Veyrier]] (2018{{ndash}}2022)
*[[Frédéric Souillot]] (2022{{ndash}}present)

==CIA involvement==
The group's ties with the American [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) were leaked in 1967 by [[Thomas Braden]], a former director of covert operations for the agency. In his expose on ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'', Braden wrote of the CGT strike: "Into this crisis stepped [[Jay Lovestone|[Jay] Lovestone]] and his assistant, [[Irving Brown]]. With funds from [[David Dubinsky|Dubinsky]]'s [[International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union|union]], they organized Force Ouvrière, a non-Communist union. When they ran out of money, they appealed to the CIA. Thus began the secret subsidy of free trade-unions which soon spread to Italy. Without that subsidy, postwar history might have gone very differently." American influence was never total, and there were disputes between FO leadership and the American representatives (for example, over French colonialism).<ref name=Wall1991>{{cite book|last=Wall|first=Irwin M.|title=The United States and the making of postwar France, 1945–1954|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521402170|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnS4wOYyuCgC&q=Marseilles%20strike%20%22mediterranean%20committee%22&pg=PA109|edition=Paperback|access-date=4 August 2012|page=109|chapter=Americanizing the French|quote=But the judgment of Caffrey was that the bitter political strikes of 1947 gave rise to FO, and if the Americans were midwives in its birth, they were unable to affect its subsequent growth and development. Almost at once stinging critiques appeared of FO's internal operations in American Embassy reports.}}</ref>

==Professional elections==
FO won 15.81% of the vote in the employees' college during the [[2008 professional elections]]. This is below FO's 18.28% result in 2002. Its highest ever result was 20.55% in 1997.

==Affiliates==
FO organize 15000 unions, distributed in 103 departemental union and 26 professional federations.
The following federations are affiliated with the confederation:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Federation !! Abbreviation !! Founded !! Membership (2002)<ref>{{cite web |title=Force ouvrière en bref |url=https://www.istravail.com/actualites-etudes/les-etudes-sociales-et-syndicales/11216-force-ouvri%C3%A8re-en-bref.html |website=Institut superieur du travail |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Book Federation]] || FO Livre || 1949 ||
|-
| [[Chemistry Federation]] || Fédéchimie || 1948 || 15,000
|-
| Federation of Arts, Entertainment, Audiovisual, Press, Communication and Multimedia || Fasap || ||
|-
| [[Federation of Employees and Managers]] || FEC || 1893 || 65,000
|-
| Federation of Equipment, Environment, Transport and Services || || ||
|-
| [[Federation of General State Administration]] || FAGE  || || 30,000
|-
| [[Federation of Public Service and Health Service Staff]] || FSPS || 1948 || 135,000
|-
| Federation of Workers' and Travellers' Representatives || || ||
|-
| Federation of Workers in Hairdressing, Beauty and Perfumery || FO-Coiffure || ||
|-
| [[FO Communication]] || FO Com || 1948 || 50,000
|-
| [[FO Construction]] || FO Construction || 1948 || 25,000
|-
| [[FO Defence]] || FO Défense || 1948 || 30,000
|-
| [[FO Finances]] || FO Finances || 1947 || 45,000
|-
| [[FO Metals]] || FO Metaux || 1948 || 50,000
|-
| General Federation || FG-FO || ||
|-
| [[General Federation of Agriculture, Food, Tobacco and Related Services Workers]] || FGTA || 1975 || 45,000
|-
| General Union of Police || || ||
|-
| [[National Federation of Education, Culture and Vocational Training]] || FNEC FP || 1948 ||
|-
| [[National Federation of Energy and Mines]] || FNEM || 2000 ||
|-
| National Federation of Pharmacy || || ||
|-
| [[National Federation of Social Action]] || FNAS || 1972 ||
|-
| National Federation of Transport and Logistics || UNCP || ||
|-
| Trade Union Federation of Railway Workers || FO-Cheminots || ||
|-
| Union of Managers and Engineers || FO-Cadres || ||
|}

The [[General Federation of Public Servants]] brings together those federations representing civil servants.

==See also==
* [[Politics of France]]
** Trade unions:
*** [[French Democratic Confederation of Labour]]
*** [[Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens|French Confederation of Christian Workers]]
*** [[Confédération Générale du Travail|General Confederation of Labour]]
*** [[French Confederation of Management - General Confederation of Executives]]
*** [[Solidaires Unitaires Démocratiques]]
* [[Mouvement des Entreprises de France]]

==References==
{{Portal bar|Organized Labour|France}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Trade union confederations in France}}
{{Trade unions in Europe}}
{{European Trade Union Confederation}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Force Ouvriere}}
[[Category:International Trade Union Confederation]]
[[Category:European Trade Union Confederation]]
[[Category:National trade union centers of France]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1948]]