View source for World War II casualties

{{Short description|List of human losses by participating country}}
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[[File:World War II Casualties.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|World War II deaths by country]]
[[World War II]] was the [[List of wars by death toll|deadliest military conflict in history]]. An estimated total of 70–85 million deaths were caused by the conflict, representing about 3% of the estimated global population of 2.3 billion in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php |title=International Programs – Historical Estimates of World Population – U.S. Census Bureau |date=2013-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306081718/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php |access-date=2020-03-28 |archive-date=2013-03-06}}</ref> Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) are estimated at 50–56&nbsp;million, with an additional estimated 19–28&nbsp;million deaths from war-related disease and famine. [[Civilian]] deaths totaled 50–55&nbsp;million. [[Casualty (person)|Military deaths]] from all causes totaled 21–25&nbsp;million, including deaths in captivity of about 5&nbsp;million [[prisoners of war]]. More than half of the total number of casualties are accounted for by the dead of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] and of the [[Soviet Union]]. The following tables give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. 

Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War [[Casualty (person)|casualties]]. Research in Russia since the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet World War II fatalities.<ref name=":4">Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&pg=PA242 Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union]''". [[Harvard University Press]]. p. 242; {{ISBN|0-674-02178-9}}</ref> According to Russian government figures, USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6&nbsp;million,<ref name="S. Maksudov 1994">Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a note – World War II – ''Europe Asia Studies'', July 1994.<!-- ISBN/ISSN needed --></ref><ref name="Andreev EM 1991">Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993; {{ISBN|0415101948}}</ref> including 8 to 9&nbsp;million due to famine and disease.<ref name="Andreev EM 1991"/><ref>Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995; {{ISBN|5-86789-023-6}}, pp. 124–31 (these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946–1991, including territories annexed in 1939–40).</ref><ref name=":4"/> In August 2009 the Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million.<ref>Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. ''Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami'' [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN), Warsaw, 2009; {{ISBN|978-83-7629-067-6}}</ref> Historian [[Rüdiger Overmans]] of the [[Military History Research Office (Germany)]] published a study in 2000 estimating the German military dead and missing at 5.3 million, including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders, in [[Austria]], and in east-central [[Europe]].<ref name="Rüdiger Overmans 2000">{{cite book|first1=Rüdiger|last1=Overmans|author-link1=Rüdiger Overmans|title=Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg|language=de|place=Oldenbourg|year=2000|isbn=3-486-56531-1|page=Bd. 46}}</ref>{{sfn|Overmans|2000|p=228}} The [[Red Army]] claimed responsibility for the majority of [[Wehrmacht]] casualties during World War II.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pauwels|first1=Jacques|url=https://www.academia.edu/21745112|title=The Myth of the Good War|publisher=James Laurimer & Company|year=2015|isbn=978-1459408722|edition=Revista|place=Toronto|page=73|archive-date=2022-04-11|access-date=2021-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411035848/https://www.academia.edu/21745112|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[People's Republic of China]] puts its war dead at 20 million,<ref name="China pp. 4">China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations. Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2005; {{ISBN|7-214-03034-9}}, pp. 4–9.</ref> while the Japanese government puts its casualties due to the war at 3.1 million.<ref name="iUniverse, Inc. July 13, 2005">{{cite book|last1=Ishikida|first1=Miki|title=Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan|publisher=iUniverse, Inc.|date=July 13, 2005|isbn=978-0595350636|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xM0AFEAmc4C&q=Japanese+Ministry+of+Health+and+Welfare+war+dead&pg=PA32|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> An estimated 7–10 million people died in the [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]], [[British Empire|British]], [[French colonial empire|French]] and [[Insular area|US]] colonies in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], mostly from war-related famine.<ref>[http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0708/DOC7538.pdf Archived copy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516151220/http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0708/DOC7538.pdf|date=May 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/5/Geoffrey-Gunn/3483/article.html | title=The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited1944−45 | date=24 January 2011 | access-date=17 March 2023 | archive-date=7 January 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107131837/https://apjjf.org/2011/9/5/Geoffrey-Gunn/3483/article.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de">{{cite web|author=Pierre van der Eng|date=2008|title=Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950|work=Munich Personal RePEc Archive {{!}} No. 8852|pages=35–38|url=http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2008-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001105433/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">John W. Dower. ''War Without Mercy'' 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, p. 296 (300,000 forced laborers)</ref><ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 143-144"/>

==Classification of casualties==
[[File:Tarawa beach HD-SN-99-03001.JPEG|thumb|Bodies of U.S. Marines on the beach of [[Tarawa]]. The Marines secured the island after [[Battle of Tarawa|76 hours of intense fighting]]. Over 1,000 American and ~4,600 Japanese troops died in the fighting.]]
Compiling or estimating the numbers of [[Casualty (person)|deaths and wounded]] caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a [[Conflict epidemiology|controversial subject]]. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed and wounded during World War II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second|title=Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm|publisher=Users.erols.com|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170723/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second|url-status=live}}</ref> The authors of the ''Oxford Companion to World War II'' maintain that "casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable".<ref>[[I. C. B. Dear]] and [[M. R. D. Foot]] ''Oxford Companion to World War II'' Oxford, 2005; {{ISBN|0-19-280670-X}}, p. 290</ref> The table below gives data on the number of dead and military wounded for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given, in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians. Military figures include [[Killed in action|battle deaths]] (KIA) and [[Missing in action|personnel missing in action]] (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity. [[Civilian casualties]] include deaths caused by [[Strategic bombing during World War II|strategic bombing]], [[Holocaust victims]], [[German war crimes#World War II|German war crimes]], [[Japanese war crimes]], [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|population transfers in the Soviet Union]], [[Allied war crimes during World War II|Allied war crimes]], and deaths due to war-related famine and disease.

The sources for the casualties of the individual countries do not use the same methods, and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease make up a large proportion of the civilian deaths in China and the Soviet Union. The losses listed here are actual deaths; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead. The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and [[collateral damage]] is not always clear-cut. For states that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Germany, and Yugoslavia, sources can give only the [[Demographic analysis|total estimated population loss]] caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, [[crimes against humanity]] and war-related famine. The casualties listed here include 19 to 25&nbsp;million war-related famine deaths in the USSR, China, Indonesia, [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945|Vietnam]], the Philippines, and [[Bengal famine of 1943|India]] that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' (1986); {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">[[R.J. Rummel]]. ''China's Bloody Century''. Transaction 1991; {{ISBN|0-88738-417-X}}</ref>

The [[#Footnotes|footnotes]] give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available. Several categories are used to classify World War II casualties, mainly to separate between military people and civilians. Due to the broad effects of war-induced famines, genocides like the Holocaust, and strategic bombings, civilian casualties frequently outnumbered military fatalities.

==Human losses by country==
===Total deaths by country===
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:right"
|- 
! style="background-color:#cedbec" |Country
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" |Total population<br />1/1/1939
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" |Military deaths from all causes
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" |Civilian deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" |Civilian deaths due to war-related famine and disease
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" |Total deaths
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" |Deaths as % of 1939 population
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" |Average deaths as % of 1939 population
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:#cedbec" |Military wounded
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|Albania|1939}} [[Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)|Albania]]''' {{Ref|Albania|A}}
| 1,073,000<ref name="Population Statistics">{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info |title=Population Statistics |publisher=Library.uu.nl |access-date=2015-06-07 |archive-date=2012-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326104705/http://www.populstat.info/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 30,000<ref name="Library of Congress Country Study">''Albania: a country study'' Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]]; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw. 2nd&nbsp;ed. 1994. {{ISBN|0-8444-0792-5}}. Available online at Federal Research Division of the U.S.&nbsp;Library of Congress. See section "On The Communist Takeover". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/altoc.html Library of Congress Country Study] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120715023937/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/altoc.html |date=2012-07-15 }}</ref>
|||||30,000 ||2.80 ||2.80 ||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Australia}}''' {{Ref|Australia|B}} || 6,968,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>|| 39,700<ref name="awm.gov.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/war_casualties.asp|title=Deaths as a result of service with Australian units (AWM) web page|publisher=AWM|access-date=2011-06-15|archive-date=2011-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623055053/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/war_casualties.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> || 700<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/statistics/ww2.asp|title=Australian Military Statistics World War II – A Global Perspective|publisher=AWM|access-date=2011-06-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527221139/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/statistics/ww2.asp|archive-date=May 27, 2010}}</ref> || ||40,400 || 0.58|| 0.58 ||39,803<ref name="Clodfelter 582">{{cite book|last1=Clodfelter|first1=Micheal|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000|edition=2nd|year=2002|isbn=0-7864-1204-6|publisher=McFarland & Co.|page=582}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Austria under National Socialism|Austria]]''' ([[Anschluss|Unified with Germany]]) {{Ref|Austria|C}} || 6,653,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>||Included with Germany || Included with Germany|| || || (See table below.) {{Ref|table|S2}}|| (See table below.) {{Ref|table|S2}}||Included with Germany
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Belgium}}''' {{Ref|Belgium|D}} || 8,387,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 12,000<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1939, p.44">Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951.p.44-45</ref> ||76,000<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1939, p.44"/>|| ||88,000 || 1.05|| 1.05||55,513<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} [[Vargas Era|Brazil]]''' {{Ref|Brazil|E}} || 40,289,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 1,000<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/> || 1,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=540}} || ||2,000 || 0.00|| 0.00||4,222<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=Bulgaria}}''' {{Ref|Bulgaria|F}} || 6,458,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 18,500<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/> ||3,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=512}} || ||21,500 || 0.33|| 0.33||21,878<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagdeco|Burma|1937}} [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]''' (British colony) {{Ref|Burma|G}} || 16,119,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> ||2,600{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=556}} || 250,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=556}} to 1,000,000<ref name="McLynn, pg. 1">McLynn, ''The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945'', pg. 1.</ref>|| || 252,600 to 1,000,000 || 1.57 to 6.2|| 3.89||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Canada|1921}}''' {{Ref|Canada|H}} || 11,267,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 42,000<ref name="Canadian War Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931cost_e.shtml |title=Canadian War Museum |publisher=Warmuseum.ca |access-date=2015-06-29 |archive-date=2018-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511041318/https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931cost_e.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> ||1,600<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931cost_e.shtml |title=Canadian War Museum |publisher=Warmuseum.ca |access-date=2015-06-29 |archive-date=2018-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511041318/https://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/chrono/1931cost_e.shtml |url-status=live }} 1,600 in Merchant Navy</ref>|| ||43,600|| 0.38|| 0.38||53,174<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=China|I}}''' {{Ref|China| I}} (1937–1945) || 517,568,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 3,000,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=412}} <br /> to 3,750,000+<ref>Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.</ref>|| 7,357,000<ref name="auto18">[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''China's Bloody Century''. Transaction 1991 {{ISBN|0-88738-417-X}}. Table 5A</ref> <br /> to 8,191,000<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 85">Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}} p. 85</ref>|| 5,000,000<br />to 10,000,000||15,000,000<ref name="Ping-ti 1953. p.252">Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. p. 252</ref><br/>to 20,000,000<ref name="Ping-ti 1953. p.252"/> || 2.90 to 3.86|| 3.38||1,761,335<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|name=Cuba}}''' {{Ref|Cuba|J}} || 4,235,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>|| || 100{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=540}}||||100 || 0.00|| 0.00||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}''' (in postwar 1945–1992 borders) {{Ref|Czechoslovakia|K}} || 14,612,000<ref name="Waller Wynne 1953. p. 43">Waller Wynne, Population of Czechoslovakia. (International Population Statistics Reports series P-90, No. 3). U.S. Dept. of Commerce) Washington 1953. p. 43 – The U.S. Commerce Dept. Census Bureau cited the following source for the population at 1/1/1939 for Czechoslovakia, State Statistical Office, Statistical Bulletin of Czechoslovakia, v. II (1947) no. 4, Prague p. 57</ref>|| 35,000<ref name="Erlikman 2004 54">{{cite book|first1=Vadim|last1=Erlikman|title=Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik|script-title=ru:Потери народонаселения в XX веке: справочник|place=Moscow|year=2004|publisher=Russkaia panorama|language=ru|isbn=5-93165-107-1|page=54}}</ref> to 46,000<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 Page 294">Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow Page 294</ref><br /> || 294,000<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 Page 294"/> to<br />320,000<ref name="Erlikman 2004 54"/> || ||340,000 to 355,000|| 2.33 to 2.43|| 2.38||8,017<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Denmark}}''' {{Ref|Denmark|L}} || 3,795,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || || 6,000<ref name="Hvor mange dræbte danskere">{{cite web |url=http://www.befrielsen1945.dk/temaer/befrielsen/doede_danskere/index.html |title=Hvor mange dræbte danskere? |publisher=Danish Ministry of Education |access-date=March 4, 2016 |date=2005-03-11 |archive-date=2019-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725120531/http://www.befrielsen1945.dk/temaer/befrielsen/doede_danskere/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> || ||6,000 || 0.16|| 0.16||2,000<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Dutch East Indies}}''' {{Ref|DutchEI|M}} || 69,435,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>||11,500{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=557|ps=2,500 killed in 1942 campaign|loc={{sp}}}}<ref>Van Waterford. ''Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II'', McFarland & Company, 1994; {{ISBN|0899508936}}, p. 144 (8,500 Dutch POW deaths)</ref> || 300,000<ref name="auto"/> || 2,400,000<ref name="mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de"/><br/>to 4,000,000<ref name="John W pp. 295"/>|| 3,000,000<br />to 4,000,000 || 4.3 to 5.76|| 5.03||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|Egypt|1922}} [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]]''' {{Ref|Egypt|MA}} || 16,492,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>|| 1,100<ref>Heike Liebau et al., World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia. Studies in Global Social History, 2010), p. 227.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref>|| || || 1,100|| 0.00|| 0.00||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Estonia}}''' (within 1939 borders) {{Ref|Estonia|N}} || 1,134,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>|| 34,000 (in both Soviet & German armed forces)<ref>Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression;The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991 Tallinn 2005. {{ISBN|9985-70-195-X}}, p. 38, Table 2 (24,000 mobolized by USSR and 10,000 with Germans)</ref>|| 49,000<ref name="Repression 2005. Page 38">Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression;The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991 Tallinn 2005. {{ISBN|9985-70-195-X}}, p. 38, Table 2</ref> |||| 83,000 || 7.3|| 7.3||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|Ethiopia|1897}} [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]]''' {{Ref|Ethiopia|O}} || 17,700,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 15,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=491}}
|| 85,000 |||| 100,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=491}} || 0.56|| 0.56||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Finland}}''' {{Ref|Finland|P}} || 3,700,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 94,700<ref name="Finnish National Archives">{{cite web|url=http://kronos.narc.fi/menehtyneet|title=Finnish National Archives|publisher=Kronos.narc.fi|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420060207/http://kronos.narc.fi/menehtyneet|url-status=dead}}</ref> || 2,100<ref name="Tiina Kinnunen, Ville Kivimäki 2011. pp. 172">Tiina Kinnunen, Ville Kivimäki. ''Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations'', BRILL 2011. {{ISBN|978-90-04-20894-0}} pp. 172</ref><ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 58">Gregory Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. pp. 58–59</ref> || || 96,800 || 2.62 || 2.62 || 197,000<ref name="Tiina Kinnunen, Ville Kivimäki 2011. pp. 172"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}''' {{Ref|France|Q}} ([[French colonial empire|including colonies]])|| 41,680,000<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 58"/>|| 210,000<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 58"/>|| 390,000<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 58"/>||||600,000|| 1.44|| 1.44||390,000<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|French Indochina}}''' {{Ref|Frin|R}}|| 24,664,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || |||| 1,000,000<br />to 2,000,000<ref name="japanfocus.org">Gunn, Geoffrey (2011) "The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944–45 Revisited", ''The Asia-Pacific Journal'', 9(5), no 4, January 31, 2011. http://www.japanfocus.org/-Geoffrey-Gunn/3483 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317063122/http://www.japanfocus.org/-Geoffrey-Gunn/3483 |date=2015-03-17 }}</ref>|| 1,000,000<br />to 2,200,000 || 4.05 to 8.11|| 6.08||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany|1935}}''' {{Ref|Germany|S}} || 69,300,000<ref name="Marschalck, Peter p.149">Marschalck, Peter. ''Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert'', Suhrkamp 1984 p.149</ref>|| 4,440,000<ref name="auto13">The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, p. 78</ref> to 5,318,000{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=228–232}}|| 1,500,000<br />to 3,000,000 {{Ref|civ|S1}}|| || 6,900,000<br/> to 7,400,000|| (See table below.) {{Ref|table|S2}}|| (See table below.) {{Ref|table|S2}}||7,300,000<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Kingdom of Greece|name=Greece}}''' {{Ref|Greece|T}} || 7,222,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>|| 35,100<ref name="distomo-griechenland.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.distomo-griechenland.de/pdf-dateien/mavri_vivlos_katochis.pdf|title=Council for Reparations from Germany, ''Black Book of the Occupation'' (in Greek and German), Athens 2006, p. 126|access-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331132014/http://www.distomo-griechenland.de/pdf-dateien/mavri_vivlos_katochis.pdf|archive-date=March 31, 2014}}</ref> || 171,800<ref name="distomo-griechenland.de"/> ||300,000<ref name="Baranowski, Shelley 2010 p. 273">Baranowski, Shelley (2010). Nazi Empire: German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 273; {{ISBN|978-0-521-67408-9}}.</ref><br />to 600,000<ref name="distomo-griechenland.de"/>||507,000<br />to 807,000|| 7.02 to 11.17|| 9.095||47,290<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|United States|1912}} '''[[Guam]]''' {{Ref|Guam|TA}} || 22,800<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 1,000<ref name="gpo.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg58101/html/CHRG-111hhrg58101.htm|title=ASSESSING THE GUAM WAR CLAIMS PROCESS, COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Dec. 12, 2009|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=March 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021002/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg58101/html/CHRG-111hhrg58101.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />to 2,000<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 102">Werner Gruhl, ''Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945'', Transaction 2007; {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}}, p. 102</ref> || || ||1,000<br />to 2,000 ||1,000<br/> to 2,000| 4.39 to 8.77|| 6.58||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}}''' {{Ref|Hungary|U}} (figures in 1938 borders not including territories annexed in 1938–41) || 9,129,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 200,000<ref name="Támas Stark p.33">Támas Stark. ''Hungary's Human Losses in World War II''. Uppsala Univ. 1995 {{ISBN|91-86624-21-0}} p.33</ref> || 264,000<br />to 664,000<ref name="Támas Stark p.59">Támas Stark. ''Hungary's Human Losses in World War II''. Uppsala Univ. 1995 {{ISBN|91-86624-21-0}} p.59</ref>||||464,000<br />to 864,000 || 5.08 to 9.46 || 7.27 ||89,313<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Kingdom of Iceland|Iceland]]''' {{Ref|Iceland|V}} || 118,900<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || || 200<ref name="Visindavefur.hi.is">{{cite web |url=http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=5057 |title=Hve margir Íslendingar dóu í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni? |publisher=Visindavefur.hi.is |date=2005-06-14 |access-date=2015-06-23}}</ref> || ||200|| 0.17|| 0.17||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|British Raj}}''' {{Ref|India|W}} || 377,800,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>|| 87,000<ref name="auto8">{{cite web|title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015 p. 38|url=http://archive.cwgc.org/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=CWGC%2f2%2f1%2fADD+6.2.96&pos=1|access-date=24 May 2016|website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials</ref>
|||| 2,100,000<ref name="ÓGráda2007p19"/><br/>to 3,000,000<ref>{{cite report |last=Devereux |first=Stephen |title=Famine in the twentieth century |id=IDS Working Paper 105 |location=Brighton |publisher=Institute of Development Studies |year=2000 |url=http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0708/DOC7538.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516151220/http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0708/DOC7538.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-05-16 |page=6}}</ref> || 2,200,000<br/>to 3,087,000 || 0.58|| 0.58||64,354<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Iraq}}''' {{Ref|Iraq|Y}} || 3,698,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 500{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=498}} ||200<ref name="Farhud">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007277 |title=Farhud |publisher=U.S. Holocaust Museum |access-date=2011-07-30 |archive-date=2018-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614041501/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007277 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 || ||700 || 0.01|| 0.01||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Ireland}}''' {{Ref|Ireland|Z}} || 2,960,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 5,000 Irish volunteers' deaths included with UK Armed Forces<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/in-service-to-their-country-moving-tales-of-irishmen-who-fought-in-wwii-350818.html |title=In service to their country: Moving tales of Irishmen who fought in WWII|publisher=irishexaminer.com|access-date=14 June 2019|date=2015-08-28}}</ref> ||100<ref name="Csn.ul.ie">{{cite web|url=http://www.csn.ul.ie/~dan/war/bombings.html|title=Bombing Incidents in Ireland during the Emergency 1939–1945|publisher=Csn.ul.ie|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128163526/http://www.csn.ul.ie/~dan/war/bombings.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>|||| 5,100 || 0.00|| 0.17||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}''' (in postwar 1947 borders) {{Ref|Italy|AA}} || 44,394,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 319,200<ref>[http://www.campagnadirussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/I_caduti_del_fronte_orientale.pdf the ''Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro'' of the Italian Ministry of Defence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802012428/http://www.campagnadirussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/I_caduti_del_fronte_orientale.pdf |date=2020-08-02 }}.</ref> to 341,000 Italian nationals and c. 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy<ref>(Rovighi, Alberto (1988), ''Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale: (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941)''</ref><ref>(USSME, ''La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale'', tomo I, allegato 32 (page 375))</ref>|| 153,200<ref>Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica. '' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45'', Rome, 1957<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref>|||| 492,400 to 514,000 ||1.11 to 1.16|| 1.135 ||225,000<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/> to 320,000<ref>Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito</ref> (incomplete data)
|- id="tbl-japan"
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}''' {{Ref|Japan|AB}} || 71,380,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>|| 2,100,000<ref>John W. Dower. ''War Without Mercy'', 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, pp. 297–99 (includes 1,740,995 dead 1937–45 and 380,000 surrendered Japanese who were unaccounted for after the war)</ref> to<br />2,300,000<ref>Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. Universe, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 30. (figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare)</ref>|| 550,000<ref>John W. Dower. ''War Without Mercy'', 1986 {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, pp. 297–99 (including air raid dead and Japanese civilians killed on Siapan and Okinawa,)</ref> to<br />800,000<ref>Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. iUniverse, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 30 (500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 overseas, figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare)</ref>|| ||2,500,000<ref>John W. Dower. ''War Without Mercy'', 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, p. 299 (According to Dower, Japanese war dead are "at least 2.5 million")</ref><br />to 3,100,000<ref>Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. Universe, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 30 (figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare)</ref>|| 3.50 to 4.34|| 3.92||326,000<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} '''[[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]]''' (Japanese colony) {{Ref|Korea|AC}} || 24,326,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || Included with Japanese military|| 483,000<ref>R. J. Rumell, Statistics of democide Table 3.1</ref><br />to 533,000<ref>Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007; {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}}, p. 19</ref>|| || 483,000<br /> to 533,000 || 1.99 to 2.19|| 2.09||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Latvia}}''' (within 1939 borders) {{Ref|Latvia|AD}} || 1,994,500<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 30,000{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=28|loc=footnotes 6–7|ps=Killed: 10,000 with Soviets and 15,000 with Germans; 3,000 POW deaths,2,000 partisans}} (in both Soviet and German Armies) || 220,000{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=28}} || || 250,000 || 12.5|| 12.5||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Lithuania|1918}}''' (within 1939 borders) {{Ref|Lithuania|AE}} || 2,575,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 25,000{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=29|loc=footnotes 5–6|ps=Killed: 15,000 with Soviets and 5,000 with Germans. POW deaths 4,000, 1,000 partisans}} (in both Soviet and German Armies) || 345,000{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=29}} || || 370,000 || 14.36|| 14.36||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Luxembourg}}''' {{Ref|Lux|AF}} || 290,000<ref name="Pauly 2013 p102">Michel Pauly : Geschichte Luxemburgs, 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-406-62225-0}} p.102</ref> ||2,905<ref name="Pauly 2013 p102"/> Included with German & Allied military || 4,201<ref name="Pauly 2013 p102"/> ||||7,106<ref name="Pauly 2013 p102"/> ||2.45||2.45||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Malaya|Malaya]] & [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]]''' {{Ref|Mala|AG}} || 5,118,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || ||100,000<ref>John W. Dower. ''War Without Mercy'', (1986); {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, p. 296</ref> |||| 100,000 || 1.95|| 1.95||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|Malta|1943}} [[Malta Colony|Malta]]''' (British) {{Ref|Malta|AH}} || 269,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> ||Included with U.K. || 1,500{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=492}} || || 1,500 || 0.55|| 0.55||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Mexico|1934}}''' {{Ref|Mexico|AI}} || 19,320,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 7 <ref>{{cite web |title=Mexican Air Force Aircrews |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196417/mexican-air-force-aircrews/ |website=National Museum of the United States Airforce}}</ref>||100{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=540}} || ||100 || 0.00|| 0.00||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic|1940}}''' {{Ref|Mong|AJ}} || 819,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>|| 300{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=74}} || || ||300 || 0.04|| 0.04||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[History of Nauru#World War I to World War II|Nauru]]''' (Australian) {{Ref|Nauru|AK}} || 3,400<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || ||500<ref name="State.gov">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/16447.htm#history |title=United States State Department Background notes Nauru |publisher=State.gov |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813052413/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/16447.htm#history |url-status=live }}</ref>|| ||500 || 14.7|| 14.7||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Kingdom of Nepal|1961|name=Nepal}}''' {{Ref|Nepal|AL}} || 6,087,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>|| Included with British Indian Army|| |||| ||||||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Netherlands}}''' {{Ref|Netherlands|AM}} || 8,729,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 6,700<ref name="cbs.nl">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/1FA7DF00-F612-4F46-8539-E04DCFECD7BA/0/2007k4b15p53art.pdf|title=Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Netherlands|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=March 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302035634/http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/1FA7DF00-F612-4F46-8539-E04DCFECD7BA/0/2007k4b15p53art.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> || 187,300<ref name="cbs.nl"/>||16,000<ref name="cbs.nl"/>||250,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=The loss of Dutch lives (in numbers) |url=https://www.niod.nl/en/frequently-asked-questions/loss-dutch-lives-numbers |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.niod.nl |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101010720/https://www.niod.nl/en/frequently-asked-questions/loss-dutch-lives-numbers |url-status=live }}</ref>|| 2.86|| 2.86||2,860<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Newfoundland}}''' (British) {{Ref|Newfoundland|AN}} || 320,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> ||1,100<ref name="Higgins 2007">{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/newfoundlanders-labradorians-wwii.php |title=Newfoundlanders and Labradorians in WWII |last=Higgins |first=Jenny |date=2007 |website=Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador |access-date=2017-02-23 |archive-date=2017-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125600/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/newfoundlanders-labradorians-wwii.php |url-status=live }}</ref> (included with the U.K. & Canada)||100<ref name="Sinking of the SS Caribou">{{Cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/caribou-sinking.php|title=Sinking of the Caribou|website=www.heritage.nf.ca|access-date=2015-06-27|archive-date=2015-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630024346/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/caribou-sinking.php|url-status=live}}</ref>|| ||1,200 || 0.3|| 0.3|| (included with the/ U.K. & Canada)
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}}''' {{Ref|NZ|AO}} || 1,629,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> ||11,700<ref name="aucklandmuseum.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/visit/our-galleries/top-floor/world-war-two-hall-of-memories |title=Auckland War Museum, World War Two Hall of Memories |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202756/http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/visit/our-galleries/top-floor/world-war-two-hall-of-memories |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| || ||11,700 || 0.72|| 0.72||19,314<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Norway}}''' {{Ref|NOR|AP}} || 2,945,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 2,000<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 58"/>|| 8,200<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 112-114">Gregory Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. pp. 112–14</ref> || ||10,200 || 0.35|| 0.35||364<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Territory of Papua|Papua]] and [[Territory of New Guinea|New Guinea]]''' (Australian) {{Ref|PNG|AQ}} || 1,292,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || || 15,000<ref name="Bjij, V p. 244">Bjij, V. Lal and Kate Fortune. ''The Pacific Islands – An Encyclopedia'', p. 244</ref> || ||15,000 || 1.16|| 1.16||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Philippine Commonwealth}}''' (U.S. Territory) {{Ref|Phil|AR}} || 16,000,303<ref>{{cite web |url=https://psa.gov.ph/old/census2000/history.html |title=Census of Population and Housing |access-date=2016-10-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010047/https://psa.gov.ph/old/census2000/history.html |archive-date=2016-10-11}}</ref> || 62,500{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=566}} ||164,000<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 143-144">Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}}, pp. 143–44</ref> to 1,000,000<ref name="NationalWWIIMuseum">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/research-starters-worldwide-deaths-world-war |title=Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II |location=New Orleans, United States |publisher=The National WWII Museum |access-date=23 July 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815123141/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/research-starters-worldwide-deaths-world-war |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wells">{{cite book|author=Anne Sharp Wells|title=The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ptE9EGO_WUC&pg=PA16|date=28 September 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7026-0|page=16}}</ref><ref name="CaliforniaLegislaturePhilippines">{{cite web |url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=199920000AJR27 |title=AJR-27 War crimes: Japanese military during World War II. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 August 1999 |website=California Legislative Information |publisher=State of California |access-date=23 July 2019 |quote=WHEREAS, At the February 1945 "Battle of Manila," 100,000 men, women, and children were killed by Japanese armed forces in inhumane ways, adding to a total death toll that may have exceeded one million Filipinos during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, which began in December 1941 and ended in August 1945; |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804233338/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=199920000AJR27 |url-status=live }}</ref>|| 336,000<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 143-144"/> || 557,000 to 1,411,938<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ | title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 |edition=4 | isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7 | last1=Clodfelter | first1=Micheal | date=23 May 2017 | publisher=McFarland |page=512}}</ref><ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 143-144"/><ref name="Wells"/><ref name="NationalWWIIMuseum"/><ref name="CaliforniaLegislaturePhilippines"/> || 3.48 to 8.82 ||6.15||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Second Polish Republic}}''' (<u>within 1939 borders, including territories annexed by USSR</u>) {{Ref|Poland|AS}} || 34,849,000<ref>U.S. Bureau of the Census ''The Population of Poland'' Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington, D.C., 1954 p. 103 (population on 1/1/1939)</ref>
|| 240,000<ref>[[Mateusz Gniazdowski|Gniazdowski, Mateusz]]. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and Estimates—an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, (140,000 Regular forces and 100,000 resistance fighters)</ref>|| 5,620,000<ref name=":3">Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. ''Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami''. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) Warszawa 2009 {{ISBN|978-83-7629-067-6}}, p. 9</ref><br />to 5,820,000<ref name=":3"/>||||5,900,000<ref name=":2">[[Czes?aw ?uczak]] ''Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie ?wiatowej'' (''Poland and Poles in the Second World War''), Stycze? 1993; {{ISBN|83-232-0511-6}}, p. 683</ref> <br />to 6,000,000<ref name=":2"/> || 16.93 to 17.22|| 17.075||766,606<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Portuguese Timor}}''' {{Ref|Timor|AT}} || 480,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || ||40,000<ref name="defence.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm |title=Department of Defence (Australia), 2002, "A Short History of East Timor" |access-date=2007-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103133824/http://www.defence.gov.au/army/asnce/history.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2006 }} (accessdate: October 13, 2010.)</ref><br />to 70,000<ref name="defence.gov.au"/>|| ||40,000<br />to 70,000|| 8.33 to 14.58|| 11.455||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}''' (in postwar 1945 borders) {{Ref|Romania|AU}} ||15,970,000<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 58"/> || 300,000<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 Page 294"/>|| 200,000<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 Page 294"/> |||| 500,000<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 Page 294"/>|| 3.13|| 3.13||332,769<ref>Mark Axworthy. Third Axis Fourth Ally. Arms and Armour 1995; {{ISBN|1-85409-267-7}}, p. 216</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Ruanda-Urundi]]''' (Belgian) {{Ref|Ruanda Urundi|AV}} || 3,800,000<ref>League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p.14</ref> || || ||36,000<ref name="auto20">Belgian 1946 estimate, cited in {{cite book |last=Singiza |first=Dantès |title=La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943–1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités |year=2011 |publisher=[[Royal Museum of Central Africa]] |location=Teveuren |url=http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf |pages=92–3 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |access-date=2018-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234504/http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and 50,000<ref name="auto4">[[United Nations]] 1948 estimate, cited in {{cite book|last=Singiza|first=Dantès|title=La Famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943–1944): causes, Conséquences et réactions des autorités|year=2011|publisher=[[Royal Museum of Central Africa]]|location=Teveuren|url=http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf|page=94|archive-date=2013-12-30|access-date=2018-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234504/http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/publications/rmca/online/famineruzagayura_singa.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 36,000–50,000|| 0.09–1.3|| 0.695||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Union of South Africa|name=South Africa}}''' {{Ref|SA|AW}} || 10,160,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 11,900<ref name="auto8"/>|| || ||11,900|| 0.12|| 0.12||14,363<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''[[File:Flag of the South Pacific Mandate.svg|23px|class=noviewer]] [[South Seas Mandate]]''' (Japanese Colony) {{Ref|PacIs|AX}} || 127,000<ref>League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p.22</ref> || ||10,000<ref>John W. Dower. ''War Without Mercy'', 1986 {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}} p. 29 (10,000 civilian dead on Saipan)</ref>|| ||10,000|| 7.87|| 7.87||<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}''' (<u>within 1946–91 borders including annexed territories</u>,<ref>Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; {{ISBN|978-5-02-013479-9}}, pp.&nbsp;52–53 (the 1939 population was adjusted by Andreev to reflect the net population transfers in 1939–1945.)</ref>) {{Ref|USSR|AY}}
| 188,793,000{{sfn|Davies|2005|p=77|ps=1939 population 188.8 million (168.5 in pre-war territory and 20.3 in [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact#Secret protocol|annexed territories]])}}<ref>Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993; {{ISBN|0415101948}} p.&nbsp;429. (1939 population including annexed territories 188.794 million)</ref>
|8,668,000<ref>G. F. Krivosheyev (1993) [http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102211430/http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf |date=2015-11-02 }}. Military Publishing House Moscow. (Translated by U.S. government) p.&nbsp;121 Retrieved March 18, 2018.</ref>{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=85|loc={{sp}}|ps=. 8,8668,000, including 1,283,000 POW and 500,000 missing.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-War_Deaths.pdf |title=Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II - Europe Asia Studies, July 1994 |access-date=2015-06-28 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107034126/http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-War_Deaths.pdf |url-status=live }} (8.668 million including 1.783 million POW and missing)</ref> to 11,400,000<ref>{{cite book |last=Hartmann |first=Christian |author-link=Christian Hartmann (historian) |year=2013 |title=Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-966078-0 |page=157}} 11.4 million</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ian Dear |title=Oxford Companion to World War&nbsp;II |publisher=Oxford University Press 1995 |isbn=978-0198662259 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00dear/page/290 290] |year=1995 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00dear |url-access=registration}} (10&nbsp;million military dead)</ref>{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=20-21|loc={{sp}}{{sp}}{{sp}}{{sp}}|ps=10,600,000, including 2.6&nbsp;million POW}}<ref>S. N. Mikhalev, Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie, Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet, 2000; {{ISBN|978-5-85981-082-6}}, pp.&nbsp;18–21. S.&nbsp;N. Mikhalev, Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945: A Statistical Investigation; Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University (in Russian) (10.922&nbsp;million total dead and missing)</ref>
| 4,500,000<ref name="demoscope.ru"/> to 10,000,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ian Dear |title=Oxford Companion to World War&nbsp;II |publisher=Oxford University Press 1995 |isbn=978-0198662259 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00dear/page/290 290] |year=1995 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00dear |url-access=registration }} (10&nbsp;million civilian dead)</ref>{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=20-21|ps=10,000,000|loc={{sp}}}}{{sfn|Evdokimov|1995|pp=124–27|ps=10,242,000 including 7,420,000 killed by intentional acts of violence, 2,164,000 as forced labor for Germany and 658,000 in siege of Leningrad.}}
| 8,000,000 to 9,000,000<ref>Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993; {{ISBN|0415101948}} p.&nbsp;429.</ref>{{sfn|Evdokimov|1995|pp=127, 158|ps=6.6 to 7.1&nbsp;million deaths due to famine and disease including 4.1&nbsp;million in German occupied USSR and 2.5 – 3.2&nbsp;million deaths in area not occupied by Germany}}{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=20–21|loc={{sp}}{{sp}}|ps=5,500,000 famine and disease deaths plus repression 1.4&nbsp;million deaths (200,000 executed, 1.2&nbsp;million deaths in Gulag and Special Settlements)}}
|20,000,000<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zemskov, Viktor|title=The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War (in Russian)|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0559/analit04.php|website=demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-date=21 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721050319/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0559/analit04.php|url-status=live}} [[Viktor Zemskov]] maintains that the figure of 27&nbsp;million total war dead includes about 7&nbsp;million deaths due to natural causes based on the [[mortality rate]] that prevailed before the war</ref> to 27,000,000<ref>Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993. {{ISBN|0415101948}} pp.&nbsp;434–436 (26.6&nbsp;million war dead includes a decline in [[natural deaths]] of 3.0&nbsp;million and a 1.3&nbsp;million increase in [[infant mortality]])</ref>{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=20–21|loc={{sp}}{{sp}}{{sp}}|ps=26,500,000}}<ref name="Davies">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=R. W. |url=https://archive.org/details/economictransfor00davi |title=Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0521457705 |pages=77–79 |orig-year=1994 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/economictransfor00davi/page/n104 |url-access=limited |section-url-access=limited |section=(E) The Second World War, 1939-1945}} Total losses of 26.6&nbsp;million out of a 1939 population of 188.8&nbsp;million, which included 20.3&nbsp;million [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact#Secret protocol|annexed territories]]</ref><ref>Michael Haynes, Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol.&nbsp;55, No.&nbsp;2, 2003, 300–309 (26.6&nbsp;million)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-War_Deaths.pdf |title=Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II - Europe Asia Studies, July 1994 |access-date=2015-06-28 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107034126/http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-War_Deaths.pdf |url-status=live }} (26 to 27 million)</ref>|| (See table below.) {{Ref|USSRtable|AY4}}|| (See table below.) {{Ref|USSRtable|AY4}} ||14,685,593<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flagcountry|Francoist Spain}}''' {{Ref|Spain|AZ}} || 25,637,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || Included with the German Army || Included with France (See footnote.)|| || || || ||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Sweden}}''' {{Ref|Sweden|BA}}|| 6,341,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> ||100<ref name="Swedish Volunteer Corps">{{cite web |url=http://www.svenskafrivilliga.com/ |title=Swedish Volunteer Corps |publisher=Svenskafrivilliga.com |access-date=2011-06-16 |archive-date=2019-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826155142/http://svenskafrivilliga.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || 2,000<ref>Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget p.9</ref> || ||2,100|| 0.03|| 0.03||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Switzerland}}''' {{Ref|Switzerland|BB}}|| 4,210,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || || 100<ref name=Helmreich/>||| ||100 || 0.00|| 0.00||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Thailand}}''' {{Ref|Thai|BC}} ||15,023,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 5,600<ref name="Eiji Murashima 2006">Eiji Murashima, "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence" ''Modern Asian Studies'', v40, n4 (2006) pp. 1053–1096, p1057n:</ref>|| 2,000<ref name="Eiji Murashima 2006"/> || ||7,600 || 0.05|| 0.05||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Turkey}}''' {{Ref|Turk|BD}} || 17,370,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 200<ref name="SS_Refah, Graces Guid">{{cite web|url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/SS_Refah|title=SS_Refah, Graces Guide|access-date=2015-06-23|archive-date=2015-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630161222/http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/SS_Refah|url-status=live}}</ref>
|||||200 ||0.00 ||0.00 ||NA
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''' {{Ref|UK|BE}} including [[British Empire in World War II|Crown Colonies]]|| 47,760,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Europe/unkingdc.htm |title=The UNITED KINGDOM : country population |website=www.populstat.info |author=Jan Lahmeyer |access-date=2019-03-05 |archive-date=2019-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722121644/http://www.populstat.info/Europe/unkingdc.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> || 383,700<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-12 |url=https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015/39 |title=Annual Report 2014-2015 |website=issuu |access-date=2019-03-05 |page=39 |author=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |author-link=Commonwealth War Graves Commission }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Table: "Breakdown of War Dead by Forces". Figures include identified burials as and those commemorated by name on memorials attributed to the United Kingdom.</ref>
| 67,200<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/civilian-war-dead-roll-of-honour-1939-1945/ |title=Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour 1939 – 1945 |website=Westminster Abbey |language=en |access-date=2019-03-05 |archive-date=2019-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234810/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/civilian-war-dead-roll-of-honour-1939-1945 |url-status=live }} In 2017, "several hundred" new names were added which are not part of this statistic.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/cwgc_annual_report_2013-14_lr_final/44 |title=Annual Report 2013-2014 |website=issuu |date=2014-05-11 |access-date=2019-03-05 |page=43 |author=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |author-link=Commonwealth War Graves Commission }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} References the War Dead Roll of Honour. Figures include civilians killed in the [[Battle of Britain]], [[Siege of Malta (World War&nbsp;II)|Siege of Malta]], and civilians interned by enemy nations. The CWGC list foreign nationals killed by enemy action on British territory among these.</ref>
|||450,900 ||0.94 ||0.94 ||376,239<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|United States|1912}}''' {{Ref|US|BF}} || 131,028,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/> || 407,300 {{Ref|USMIL|BF1}} (250,000 died in the European theater)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victory in Europe Day: Time of Celebration, Reflection |url=https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/Experience/VE-Day/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201132122/https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/Experience/VE-Day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|12,100 {{Ref|USCIV|BF2}} || ||419,400 || 0.32|| 0.32||671,801<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}}''' {{Ref|Yugo|BG}} || 15,490,000<ref>Gregory Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. 156</ref> || 300,000<ref name="War II Oxford p. 290">I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War&nbsp;II Oxford, 2005; {{ISBN|0-19-280670-X}}, p.&nbsp;290</ref><br /> to 446,000<ref name="JT 17 744-750">Tomasevich, Jozo. ''War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-8047-3615-4}} In Cap.&nbsp;17 ''Alleged and True Population Losses'' there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses (pp.&nbsp;744–50)</ref>
| 581,000<ref name="JT 17 744-750"/> to 1,400,000<ref name="War II Oxford p. 290"/> ||||1,027,000<ref name="JT 17 744-750"/> to 1,700,000<ref name="War II Oxford p. 290"/> ||6.63 to 10.97 ||8.8 ||425,000<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Other states and territories {{Ref|Other|BH}} ||300,000,000 |||| |||| ||||||NA
|- class="sortbottom"
! style="text-align:left" |'''Approx. totals''' ||2,300,000,000<ref name="census.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php |title=U.S. Census BureauWorld Population Historical Estimates of World Population |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=September 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928104211/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 21,000,000<br />to 25,500,000 || 29,000,000<br />to 30,500,000 ||19,000,000<br />to 28,000,000 ||70,000,000<br />to 85,000,000 ||3.0 to 3.7 ||3.35 ||NA
|}

* Figures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place.
* Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes. [[Partisan (military)|Partisan]] and [[Resistance during World War II|resistance]] fighter deaths are included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel [[missing in action]] are also included with military deaths. Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes.
* The armed forces of the various states are treated as single entities, for example the deaths of Austrians, French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the [[Wehrmacht]] are included with German military losses. For example, [[Michael Strank]] is included in the American, not Czechoslovak, war dead total.
** The bare minimum amount of military deaths from all causes is 21,124,905.
* Civilian war dead are included with the territories where they resided. For example, German Jewish refugees in France who were deported to the death camps are included with French casualties in the published sources on the Holocaust.
* The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States, France, and the United Kingdom do not give the details of the national origin, ethnic background, and religion of the losses.
* [[Civilian casualties]] include deaths caused by [[Strategic bombing during World War II|strategic bombing]], [[Holocaust victims]], [[German war crimes#World War II|German war crimes]], [[Japanese war crimes]], [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|population transfers in the Soviet Union]], [[Allied war crimes during World War II|Allied war crimes]], and deaths due to war related [[famine]] and [[disease]]. The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited.

===Soviet Union===
{{Main|World War II casualties of the Soviet Union}}
'''The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead'''{{Ref|USSR}}{{note|USSRtable|AY4}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Soviet Republic !!Population 1940<br />(within 1946–91 borders) !!Military deaths !!Civilian deaths due to<br />military activity and<br />crimes against humanity !!Civilian deaths due to war<br />related famine and disease !!Total !!Deaths as % of<br />1940 population
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Armenia}}
| 1,320,000 ||150,000 ||||30,000 ||180,000 ||13.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Azerbaijan}}
| 3,270,000 ||210,000 ||||90,000 ||300,000 ||9.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Belarus}}
| 9,050,000 ||620,000 ||1,360,000 ||310,000 ||2,290,000 ||25.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Estonia}}
| 1,050,000 ||30,000 ||50,000 ||||80,000 ||7.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Georgia}}
| 3,610,000 ||190,000 |||| 110,000 ||300,000 ||8.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Kazakhstan}}
|6,150,000 ||310,000 ||||350,000 ||660,000 ||10.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Kyrgyzstan}}
| 1,530,000 ||70,000 ||||50,000 ||120,000 ||7.8%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Latvia}}
| 1,890,000 ||30,000||190,000 ||40,000 ||260,000 ||13.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Lithuania}}
| 2,930,000 ||25,000 ||275,000 ||75,000 ||375,000 ||12.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Moldova}}
| 2,470,000 ||50,000 ||75,000 ||45,000 ||170,000 ||6.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|name=Russia}}
| 110,100,000 ||6,750,000 ||4,100,000 ||3,100,000 ||13,950,000 ||12.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Tajikistan}}
| 1,530,000 ||50,000 ||||70,000 ||120,000 ||7.8%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Turkmenistan}}
| 1,300,000 ||70,000 ||||30,000 ||100,000 ||7.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Ukraine}}
| 41,340,000 ||1,650,000 ||3,700,000 ||1,500,000 ||6,850,000 ||16.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Uzbekistan}}
| 6,550,000 ||330,000 ||||220,000 ||550,000 ||8.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left |Unidentified || –||165,000 ||130,000 ||||295,000 ||
|- class="sortbottom"
! style="text-align:left |Total [[USSR]] !!style="text-align:right"| 194,090,000
!style="text-align:right"| 10,600,000 !!style="text-align:right"| 10,000,000
!style="text-align:right"| 6,000,000 !!style="text-align:right"| 26,600,000
!style="text-align:right"| 13.7%
|}
The source of the figures is {{ill|Vadim Erlikman|ru|Эрлихман, Вадим Викторович}}.{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=21–35}} Erlikman, a Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates.
* The population listed here of 194.090&nbsp;million is taken from Soviet-era sources. Recent studies published in Russia put the actual corrected population in 1940 at 192.598&nbsp;million.<ref name="Andreev, EM 1991">Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; {{ISBN|978-5-02-013479-9}}, p.&nbsp;118</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=НАСЕЛЕНИЕ Советского Союза 1922–1991 |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/naselenie/naselenie_1922-1991.pdf |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316005049/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/naselenie/naselenie_1922-1991.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* According to Russian estimates the population in 1939 included 20.268&nbsp;million in the territories annexed by the USSR from 1939 to 1940: [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|the eastern regions of Poland]] 12.983&nbsp;million; [[Lithuania]] 2.440&nbsp;million; [[Latvia]] 1.951&nbsp;million; [[Estonia]] 1.122&nbsp;million; Romanian [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bukovina]] 3.7&nbsp;million; less transfers out of (392,000) ethnic Germans deported during the [[Nazi–Soviet population transfers]]; the [[Anders Army]] (120,000); the [[First Polish Army (1944–45)]] (26,000) and [[Zakerzonia]] & the [[Belastok Region]] (1,392,000) [[Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945|which was returned to Poland in 1945]].<ref name="Andreev, EM 1991"/>{{sfn|Evdokimov|1995|pp=82–84}}<ref name="auto7">Naselenie Rossii v XX Veke: V 3-kh Tomakh: Tom&nbsp;2. 1940–1959 [The Population of Russia in the 20th&nbsp;century: volume&nbsp;2]</ref>
* Russian sources estimate post-war population transfers resulted in a net loss of (622,000). The additions were the annexation of the [[Carpatho-Ukraine]] 725,000; the [[Tuvan People's Republic]] 81,000; the remaining population on [[South Sakhalin]] 29,000 and in the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] 5,000; and [[Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine|the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the USSR in 1944–47]] 518,000. The transfers out included [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|the flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR 1944–47]] (1,529,000) and the post-war emigration to the west (451,000)<ref name="Andreev, EM 1991"/><ref name="auto7"/>{{sfn|Evdokimov|1995|pp=82–84}} According to [[Viktor Zemskov]], 3/4 of the post-war emigration to the west was of persons who were from the territories annexed in 1939–40.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zmeskov |first1=Viktor |title=Репатриация перемещённых советских граждан (Repatriation of displaced Soviet citizens) |url=http://scepsis.net/library/id_1234.html |publisher=Социологические исследования. 1995 |access-date=10 May 2017 |quote=более чем на 3/4 состояла из «западников» и менее чем на 1/4 — из «восточников» |archive-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430140433/http://scepsis.net/library/id_1234.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ. According to Sergei Maksudov, a Russian demographer living in the west, the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23&nbsp;million less the net population transfers out of 3&nbsp;million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2,136,000 Poles who left the USSR; 115,000 Polish soldiers of the [[Anders Army]]; 392,000 Germans who left in the era of the Nazi-Soviet Pact and 400,000 Jews, Romanians, Germans Czech and Hungarians who emigrated after the war<ref>S. Maksudov ''Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918–1958'' The Samizdat register&nbsp;II / edited by Roy Medvedev New York : Norton, 1981. pp.&nbsp;238–240)</ref><ref name="S. Maksudov 1994"/> The [[Polish government-in-exile]] put the population of the [[territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union]] at 13.199&nbsp;million.<ref>Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 1939–1941</ref>
* Polish sources put the number of refugees from the [[territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union]] living in post war Poland at about 2.2&nbsp;million, about 700,000 more than those listed in the Soviet sources of Poles repatriated. The difference is due to the fact that Poles from the eastern regions who were deported to Germany during the war or had fled Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were not included in the figures of the organized transfers in 1944–47.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eberhardt |first1=Piotr |title=Political Migrations on Polish Territories 1939–1950 |url=http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf |access-date=10 May 2017 |ref=P.128 |archive-date=20 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220409/http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Figures for [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]] and Lithuania include about two million civilian dead that are also listed in Polish sources in the total war dead of Poland. Polish historian [[Krystyna Kersten]] estimated losses of about two million in the [[Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union]].<ref name="KK 1994"/> The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union occurred with the [[Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945]].
* According to Erlikman, in addition to the war dead, there were 1,700,000 deaths due to Soviet repression (200,000 executed; 4,500,000 sent to prisons and Gulag of whom 1,200,000 died; 2,200,000 deported of whom 300,000 died).{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=21–35}}

===Nazi Germany===
{{Main|German casualties in World War II}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II (included in above figures of total war dead). A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria.{{Ref|Germany}}{{Ref|Austria}}{{note|table|<sup>S2</sup>}}
|-
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:10%; text-align:left" |Country
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Population<br />1939
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Military<br />deaths
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Civilian deaths due to<br />Allied Strategic Bombing
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Civilian deaths due to<br />Nazi persecution
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Civilian deaths due to Expulsion of Germans
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Total<br />deaths
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:10%" |Deaths as<br />% of 1939<br />population
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Austria'''|| 6,653,000<ref name="Population Statistics"/>|| 250,000<ref name="digizeitschriften.de">Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p.78 (available online at https://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228210545/https://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess |date=2020-02-28 }})</ref> to 261,000{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=228–232}}||24,000<ref name="digizeitschriften.de"/><ref name="Austria facts and Figures Page 44">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/public.html|title=Bundeskanzleramt der Republik Österreich - Startseite|website=www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at|accessdate=29 March 2023|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323123739/https://www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/public.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 100,000<ref name="Austria facts and Figures Page 44"/>||||370,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/|title=Bundeskanzleramt der Republik Österreich – Startseite – Bundeskanzleramt Österreich|website=www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-date=2019-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417094647/https://www.bundeskanzleramt.gv.at/|url-status=live}}</ref> || 5.56
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Germany''' ([[Territorial evolution of Germany#Territorial changes after World War I|within 1937 borders]])<ref>[[:File:DR1937.1.png|File:DR1937.1.png]]</ref>
|| 69,300,000<ref name="Marschalck, Peter p.149"/>
|| 3,760,000<ref name="digizeitschriften.de"/> to 4,456,000{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=228–232}}|| 353,000 (1942 borders)<ref name="Richard Overy 2013 pp. 304-7">Richard Overy, '' The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945'' (2013) pp. 304–7 (Overy noted that "No doubt this does not include all those who were killed or died of wounds, but it does include uniformed personnel, POWs, and foreign workers, and it applies to the Greater German area". Using the [[United States Strategic Bombing Survey]] data Overy calculated an average monthly death toll of 18,777 from September 1944 to January 1945, taking this monthly average he estimated losses of 57,000 from February to April 1945 to which he adds an additional 25,000 killed in Dresden for total deaths of 82,000 from February to April 1945. The figures up until the end of January 1945 of 271,000 and the 82,000 from February to April 1945 give an overall figure of 353,000 air war deaths. Overy summarizes: "Detailed reconstruction of deaths caused by the Royal Air Force bombing from February to May 1945, though incomplete, suggests a total of at least 57,000. If casualties inflicted by the American air forces are assumed to be lower, since their bombing was less clearly aimed at cities, an overall death toll of 82,000 is again statistically realistic. In the absence of unambiguous statistical evidence, the figure of 353,000 gives an approximate scale consistent with the evidence".)</ref> to 410,000<ref name="digizeitschriften.de"/><ref>Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956</ref>|| 300,000<ref>Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961, pp.&nbsp;31–33 (figure includes 170,000 German Jews). The West German government did not list euthanasia victims along with the war dead.</ref> to 500,000<ref name="Konrad Adenauer pp.31-33">Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961 pp.&nbsp;31–33 (they give figure of 300,000 German deaths due to racial, religious and political persecution including 170,000 Jews. Figure does not include the Nazi euthanasia program</ref><ref name="bundesarchiv.de">[https://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021060807/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de |date=2013-10-21}} 2003 report by [[German Federal Archive]] puts the dead toll in the Nazi euthanasia program at over 200,000</ref> || 400,000<ref>German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989 P.&nbsp;41 (100,000 during wartime flight; 200,000 in USSR as forced labor and 100,000 in internment camps)</ref> to 1,225,000<ref name="digizeitschriften.de"/>|| 5,700,000<ref name="auto11">Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office)</ref> ||8.23
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Foreign nationals of German ancestry in Eastern Europe'''{{sfn|Overmans|2000|p=228|loc={{sp}}|ps=. Overmans uses the German description "Deutsche nach Abstammung" German according to ancestry}}|| 7,423,000<ref>Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p.&nbsp;79 (available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623205743/http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess |date=2015-06-23 }})</ref>|| 430,000<ref name="auto13"/> to 538,000{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=228–232}}
||||| 200,000<ref name="German Federal Archive 1948. P.53">German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989 P.&nbsp;53 (38,000 during wartime flight; 5,000 in USSR as forced labor and 160,000 in internment camps)</ref> to 886,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digizeitschriften.de/|title=Digizeitschriften|website=www.digizeitschriften.de|accessdate=29 March 2023|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329065542/https://www.digizeitschriften.de/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 738,000{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=228–232}}<ref name="German Federal Archive 1948. P.53"/> to 1,316,000<ref name="auto12">The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, pp.&nbsp;78–79</ref> ||9.96 to 17.76
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Foreign nationals in Western Europe'''|| 215,000{{sfn|Overmans|2000|p=333}} || 63,000{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=228–232}} |||| |||| 63,000{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=228–232}}|| 29.3
|- class="sortbottom"
! style="text-align:left" |'''Approx. Totals''' || '''83,500,000''' || '''4,440,000<ref name="auto13"/> to 5,318,000'''{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=228–232}}|| '''353,000<ref name="Richard Overy 2013 pp. 304-7"/> to 434,000'''<ref name="auto13"/>||'''400,000<ref name="Austria facts and Figures p. 44">[http://www.austria.gv.at/DocView.axd?CobId=5034 Austria facts and Figures p.&nbsp;44] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625201352/http://www.austria.gv.at/DocView.axd?CobId=5034 |date=2013-06-25 }} The Austrian government estimates 100,000 victims of Nazi persecution including 65,000 Jews.</ref><ref name="Konrad Adenauer pp.31-33"/> to 600,000<ref name="Konrad Adenauer pp.31-33"/><ref name="bundesarchiv.de"/><ref name="Austria facts and Figures p. 44"/>'''||'''600,000<ref>German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989 pp.&nbsp;53–54</ref> to 2,111,000<ref name="auto12"/>''' ||'''6,900,000 to 7,400,000''' || '''8.26 to 8.86'''
|}
* German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany. Russian historian [[Grigoriy Krivosheyev]] puts the losses of the "[[Russian Liberation Army|Vlasovites]], Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000.<ref name="Krivosheev 1997">{{Cite book |title=Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Greenhill Books |year=1997 |isbn=1-85367-280-7 |editor-last=Krivosheev |editor-first=G. F. |editor-link=Grigori F. Krivosheev |location=London |page=278}}</ref>

===United States===

==== Estimated breakdown for each US state and territory of total war dead ====
This table displays the number of people who are believed to have died in the United States by state and territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wisevoter.com/state-rankings/wwii-casualties-by-state/ |title= WWII Casualties by State |website=Wisevoter}}</ref> In 1939 when World War 2 began, the Census Bureau estimated the population to be 130,879,718 people (excluding the population of Hawaii and Alaska).<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2004 |title=Resident Population--Estimates by Age, Sex, and Race: July 1, 1939 |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/1900-1980/national/asrh/pe-11-1939.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2025 |website=United States Census Bureau |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017095755/http://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/1900-1980/national/asrh/pe-11-1939.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This list includes those who died at sea.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! USA State !!Population 1940<br /> !!Military deaths<ref>{{Cite web |title=WW2 Casualties by State 2024 |url=https://www.datapandas.org/ranking/ww2-casualties-by-state |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.datapandas.org |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429063321/https://www.datapandas.org/ranking/ww2-casualties-by-state |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World War II, Korea and Vietnam Casualties Listed by State |website=U.S. Army Center of Military History |url=https://history.army.mil/html/documents/casualties/stcas.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213200831/http://www.history.army.mil/html/documents/casualties/stcas.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 13, 2007 |access-date=2024-04-29 }}</ref>!!Civilian deaths !!Total !!Deaths as % of<br />1940 population
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Alabama|name=Alabama}}
| 2,832,961 ||5,114 || || 5,114||0.180%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Alaska|name=Alaska}}
| 72,524 ||91 || 10<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Haycox  |first1=Steve |title=Aleutian War's victims weren't all in combat |url=https://www.adn.com/opinions/2017/06/01/aleutian-wars-victims-werent-all-in-combat/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Anchorage Daily News |language=en}}</ref>|| 101||0.139%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Arizona|name=Arizona}}
| 499,261 ||1,613 || || 1,613||0.323%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Arkansas|name=Arkansas|1924}}
| 1,949,387 ||3,814 || || 3,814||0.195%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|California|name=California}}
| 6,907,397	 ||17,022 || || 17,022||0.246%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Colorado|name=Colorado|1911}}
| 1,123,296 ||2,697 || || 2,697||0.240%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Connecticut|name=Connecticut}}
| 1,709,242	 ||4,347 || || 4,347||0.254%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Delaware|name=Delaware}}
| 246,505 ||579 || || 579||0.234%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|District of Columbia|name=District of Columbia}}
| 663,091 ||3,029 || || 3,029||0.456%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Florida|name=Florida}}
| 1,897,414 ||3,540 || || 3,540||0.186%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia|1920}}
| 3,123,723 ||5,701 || || 5,701||0.182%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Hawaii|name=Hawaii}}
| 422,770 ||689 || 68<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pearl Harbor Casualty List |url=https://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phlist.php |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.usswestvirginia.org |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429083357/https://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phlist.php |url-status=live }}</ref>|| 757||0.179%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Idaho|name=Idaho}}
| 524,873 ||1,419 || || 1,419||0.270%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Illinois|name=Illinois}}
| 7,897,241 ||18,601 || || 18,601||0.235%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Indiana|name=Indiana}}
| 3,427,796 ||8,131 || || 8,131||0.237%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Iowa|name=Iowa}}
| 2,538,268 ||5,633 || || 5,633||0.221%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Kansas|name=Kansas|1927}}
| 1,801,028 ||4,526 || || 4,526||0.251%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Kentucky|name=Kentucky}}
| 2,845,627 ||6,802 || || 6,802||0.239%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Louisiana|name=Louisiana|1912}}
| 2,363,516 ||3,964 || || 3,964||0.167%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Maine|name=Maine}}
| 847,226 ||2,156 || || 2,156||0.254%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Maryland|name=Maryland}}
| 1,821,244 ||4,375 || || 4,375||0.240%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Massachusetts|name=Massachusetts}}
| 4,316,721 ||10,033 || || 10,033||0.232%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Michigan|name=Michigan}}
| 5,256,106 ||12,885 || || 12,885||0.245%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Minnesota|name=Minnesota|1893}}
| 2,792,300 ||6,462 || || 6,462||0.231%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Mississippi|name=Mississippi|1894}}
| 2,183,796 ||3,555 || || 3,555||0.162%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Missouri|name=Missouri}}
| 3,784,664 ||8,003 || || 8,003||0.211%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Montana|name=Montana|1905}}
| 559,456 ||1,553 || || 1,553||0.277%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Nebraska|name=Nebraska}}
| 1,315,834	||2,976 || || 2,976||0.226%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Nevada|name=Nevada}}
| 110,247 ||545 || || 545||0.494%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|New Hampshire|name=New Hampshire}}
| 491,524 ||1,203 || || 1,203||0.244%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|New Jersey|name=New Jersey}}
| 4,160,165 ||10,372 || || 10,372||0.249%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|New Mexico|name=New Mexico}}
| 531,818 ||2,032 || || 2,349||0.382%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|New York|name=New York}}
| 13,479,142 ||31,215 || || 31,215||0.231%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|North Carolina|name=North Carolina}}
| 3,571,623 ||7,109 || || 7,109||0.199%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|North Dakota|name=North Dakota}}
| 641,935 ||1,626 || || 1,626||0.253%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Ohio|name=Ohio}}
| 6,907,612 ||16,828 || || 16,828||0.243%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Oklahoma|name=Oklahoma}}
| 2,336,434 ||5,474 || || 5,474||0.234%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Oregon|name=Oregon}}
| 1,089,684 ||2,835 || 6<ref name="NRHP">{{cite web |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208002848/https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/03000050 |date=20 February 2003 |language=en |publisher=[[Servicio de Parques Nacionales]], [[Departamento del Interior de los Estados Unidos]] |title=Mitchell Recreation Area |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/03000050 |website=[[Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos]]}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>|| 2,841||0.260%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Pennsylvania|name=Pennsylvania}}
| 9,900,180 ||26,554 || || 26,554||0.268%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Rhode Island|name=Rhode Island}}
| 713,346 ||1,669 || || 1,669||0.233%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|South Carolina|name=South Carolina}}
| 1,899,804 ||3,423 || || 3,423||0.180%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|South Dakota|name=South Dakota|1909}}
| 642,961 ||1,426 || || 1,426||0.221%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Tennessee|name=Tennessee}}
| 2,915,841 ||6,528 || || 6,528||0.223%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Texas|name=Texas}}
| 6,414,824 ||15,764 || || 15,764||0.245%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Utah|name=Utah|1922}}
| 550,310 ||1,450 || || 1,450||0.263%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Vermont|name=Vermont}}
| 359,231 ||874 || || 874||0.243%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Virginia|name=Virginia}}
| 2,677,773 ||6,007 || || 6,007||0.224%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Washington|name=Washington}}
| 1,736,191 ||3,941 || || 3,941||0.226%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|West Virginia|name=West Virginia}}
| 1,901,974 ||4,865 || || 4,865||0.255%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Wisconsin|name=Wisconsin|1913}}
| 3,137,587 ||7,038 || || 7,038||0.224%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Wyoming|name=Wyoming}}
| 250,742 ||652 || || 652||0.260%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}
|1,869,255
|368
|
|368
|0.019%
|-
| style="text-align:left |{{Flag|Panama Canal Zone}}
|51,827
|21
|
|21
|0.040%
|-
| style="text-align:left |Unidentified
|
|
|11,072
|2,587
|
|- class="sortbottom"
! style="text-align:left " |Total US !! style="text-align:right" | 132,164,569!! style="text-align:right" | '''405,000 to 416,800'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vujinović |first=Nebojša |date=2023-05-14 |title=Human Cost of WWII: A Breakdown of Military and Civilian Deaths |url=https://www.southwestjournal.com/world/human-cost-of-wwii-a-breakdown-of-military-and-civilian-deaths/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Southwest Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429063316/https://www.southwestjournal.com/world/human-cost-of-wwii-a-breakdown-of-military-and-civilian-deaths/ |url-status=live }}</ref>!! style="text-align:right" | '''11,200 to 15,000'''<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vujinović |first=Nebojša |date=2023-05-14 |title=Human Cost of WWII: A Breakdown of Military and Civilian Deaths |url=https://www.southwestjournal.com/world/human-cost-of-wwii-a-breakdown-of-military-and-civilian-deaths/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Southwest Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429063316/https://www.southwestjournal.com/world/human-cost-of-wwii-a-breakdown-of-military-and-civilian-deaths/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! style="text-align:right" |  '''418,500 to 420,000'''<ref name="NationalWWIIMuseum"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dane |first=Kane |date=2023-05-14 |title=Human Cost of WWII: A Breakdown of Military and Civilian Deaths |url=https://www.southwestjournal.com/human-cost-of-wwii-a-breakdown-of-military-and-civilian-deaths/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Southwest Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128215822/https://www.southwestjournal.com/human-cost-of-wwii-a-breakdown-of-military-and-civilian-deaths/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! style="text-align:right" | 0.32%
|}

=== Japanese Empire ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|+Human losses of the Japanese Empire in World War II (included in above figures of total war dead). 
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:10%; text-align:left" |Country
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Population
1939
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Military
deaths<ref>{{Cite web |title=WWII: Japanese military deaths by region 1937-1945 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1353017/wwii-japan-military-deaths-region/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Statista |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429092823/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1353017/wwii-japan-military-deaths-region/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Civilian deaths due to
Allied attacks
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Civilian deaths due to
Japanese persecution<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casualties of World War II {{!}} History of Western Civilization II |url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/casualties-of-world-war-ii/#:~:text=In%20Asia%20and%20the%20Pacific,civilians%20were%20raped%20and%20murdered. |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=courses.lumenlearning.com |archive-date=2024-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429092442/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/casualties-of-world-war-ii/#:~:text=In%20Asia%20and%20the%20Pacific,civilians%20were%20raped%20and%20murdered. |url-status=live }}</ref>
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:14%" |Total
deaths<ref name="NationalWWIIMuseum"/>
! style="background-color:#cedbec; width:10%" |Deaths as
% of 1939 population
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Philippines'''
|16,000,303<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1941 |title=Statistical Abstract of the United States |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1941-02.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201190643/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1941-02.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2016 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Department of Commerce}}</ref>
|489,600
|
|
|500,000
|
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Japan'''
|71,900,000
|103,900
|330,000 to 900,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commentary: Was American WWII Bombing Democide? |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COMM.10.5.03.HTM#:~:text=The%20civilian%20death%20toll%20in,Air%20Force%20crewmen%20were%20killed. |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.hawaii.edu |archive-date=2024-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327190801/https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COMM.10.5.03.HTM#:~:text=The%20civilian%20death%20toll%20in,Air%20Force%20crewmen%20were%20killed. |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|2,600,000 to 3,100,000
|
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''China'''
|200,000,000
|455,700
|
|7,500,000
|20,000,000
|
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Pacific'''
|127,000
|247,200
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Burma and India'''
|393,919,000
|164,500
|
|250,000 to 1,000,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002}}{{pn|date=April 2024}}
|1,500,000 to 2,500,000
|
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''New Guinea'''
|1,292,000
|127,600
|
|
|15,000
|
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Smaller fronts'''
|
|404,800
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Other'''
|
|444,878
|
|
|
|
|- class="sortbottom"
! style="text-align:left" |'''Approx. Totals'''
!'''304,119,000'''
!2,500,000<ref name="NationalWWIIMuseum"/>
!730,000
!7,750,000 to 8,500,000
!3,100,000
!
|}

===Holocaust deaths===
{{Further|The Holocaust|Holocaust victims}}
[[File:Einsatzgruppen murder Jews in Ivanhorod, Ukraine, 1942.jpg|link=Einsatzgruppen murder Jews in Ivanhorod, Ukraine, 1942|thumb|''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'' murder Jewish civilians outside [[Ivanhorod]], Ukraine, 1942. Around [[Death toll of the Holocaust|6 million]] [[Jews]] were [[Jews in the Holocaust|murdered]] by the Nazis and their [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|collaborators]] in [[the Holocaust]].]]
Included in the figures of total war dead for each country are victims of the Holocaust.

====Jewish deaths====
[[The Holocaust]] is the term generally used to describe the [[genocide]] of approximately six million European [[Jew]]s during World War&nbsp;II. [[Martin Gilbert]] estimates 5.7&nbsp;million (78%) of the 7.3&nbsp;million Jews in German-occupied Europe were Holocaust victims.<ref>[[Martin Gilbert]]. ''Atlas of the Holocaust'' 1988 {{ISBN|0-688-12364-3}} pp.&nbsp;242–244</ref> Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9&nbsp;million Jews.<ref name="Niewyk, Donald L. 2000, p. 421"/>

; Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead:
* In Nazi extermination camps: according to Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) researchers, 2,830,000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps (500,000 [[Belzec extermination camp|Belzec]]; 150,000 [[Sobibor extermination camp|Sobibor]]; 850,000 [[Treblinka extermination camp|Treblinka]]; 150,000 [[Chełmno extermination camp|Chełmno]]; 1,100,000 [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]]; 80,000 [[Majdanek concentration camp|Majdanek]]).<ref name=autogenerated1>Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. ''Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami'' [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) Warszawa 2009; {{ISBN|978-83-7629-067-6}} p.&nbsp;32</ref> [[Raul Hilberg]] puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps, including Romanian [[Transnistria]], at 3.0&nbsp;million.<ref name=Hilberg-767>[[Raul Hilberg]], [[The Destruction of the European Jews]] New Viewpoints 1973 p.&nbsp;767.</ref>
* In the USSR by the [[Einsatzgruppen]]: [[Raul Hilberg]] puts the Jewish death toll in the area of the mobile killing groups at 1.4&nbsp;million.<ref name=Hilberg-767/>
* Aggravated deaths in the [[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe|Ghettos of Nazi-occupied Europe]]: [[Raul Hilberg]] puts the Jewish death toll in the Ghettos at 700,000.<ref name=Hilberg-767/>
* [[Yad Vashem]] estimated that, in early 2019, its Central Database of [[Shoah]] Victims' Names contained the names of 4.8&nbsp;million Jewish Holocaust dead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/remembrance/names-recovery-project |title=Yad Vashem The Shoah Victims' Names Recovery Project |access-date=2017-03-15 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201113220/http://www.yadvashem.org/remembrance/names-recovery-project |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/archive/hall-of-names/database/faq.html |title=Yad Vashem: About the Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: FAQs |access-date=2019-11-22 |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102203141/https://www.yadvashem.org/archive/hall-of-names/database/faq.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust''.<ref name="Niewyk, Donald L. 2000, p. 421">Niewyk, Donald L. ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust'', Columbia University Press, 2000; {{ISBN|0-231-11200-9}}, p.&nbsp;421.</ref> The low, high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added.
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
!Country !!Pre-war Jewish population<ref name="Niewyk, Donald L. 2000, p. 421"/> in 1933
!Low estimate deaths<ref name="Niewyk, Donald L. 2000, p. 421"/>
!High estimate deaths<ref name="Niewyk, Donald L. 2000, p. 421"/>
!Low % !!High % !!Average %
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Austria|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Austria|Austria]] ||191,000 (see footnote) ||50,000 ||65,000 ||26.2% ||34.0% ||30.1%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Belgium|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Belgium|Belgium]] ||60,000 (see footnote) ||25,000 ||29,000 ||41.7% ||48.3% ||45.0%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Czech Republic|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia|Czech Republic]]<ref name="the_CR_name">Since the Czech Republic as political entity exists only since 1969/1993, this political name stands for Czech part ([[Czech lands]] – during the war divided into so-called [[Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia]] and [[Sudetenland]]) of then-occupied Czechoslovakia.</ref>
|92,000 ||77,000 ||78,300 ||83.7% ||85.1% ||84.4%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Denmark|variant=1933}} [[Rescue of the Danish Jews|Denmark]] ||8,000 ||60 ||116 ||0.8% ||1.5% ||1.1%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Estonia|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Estonia|Estonia]] ||4,600 ||1,500 ||2,000 ||32.6% ||43.5% ||38.0%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|France|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in France|France]] ||260,000 (see footnote) ||75,000 ||77,000 ||28.8% ||29.6% ||29.2%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Germany|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Germany|Germany]] ||566,000 (see footnote) ||135,000 ||142,000 ||23.9% ||25.1% ||24.5%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Greece|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Greece|Greece]] ||73,000 ||59,000 ||67,000 ||80.8% ||91.8% ||86.3%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Hungary|variant=1940}} [[The Holocaust in Hungary|Hungary]] (borders 1940)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hungary_in_1941_with_territories_annexed_in_1938-1941.png |title=File:Hungary in 1941 with territories annexed in 1938-1941.png |publisher=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=2011-06-15 |date=September 2010 |archive-date=2015-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514130906/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hungary_in_1941_with_territories_annexed_in_1938-1941.png |url-status=live }}</ref>
|725,000 ||502,000 ||569,000 ||69.2% ||78.5% ||73.9%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Italy|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Italy|Italy]] ||48,000 ||6,500 ||9,000 ||13.5% ||18.8% ||16.1%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Latvia|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Latvia|Latvia]] ||95,000 ||70,000 ||72,000 ||73.7% ||75.8% ||74.7%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Lithuania|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Lithuania|Lithuania]] ||155,000 ||130,000 ||143,000 ||83.9% ||92.3% ||88.1%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Luxembourg|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] ||3,500 ||1,000 ||2,000 ||28.6% ||57.1% ||42.9%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Netherlands|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in the Netherlands|Netherlands]] ||140,000 (see footnote) ||100,000 ||105,000 ||72.8% ||74.3% ||71.0%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Norway|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Norway|Norway]] ||1,700 ||800 ||800 ||47.1% ||47.1% ||47.1%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Poland|variant=1939}} [[The Holocaust in Poland|Poland]] (borders 1939) ||3,250,000 ||2,700,000 ||3,000,000 ||83.1% ||92.3% ||87.7%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Romania|variant=1940}} [[The Holocaust in Romania|Romania]] (borders 1940) ||441,000 ||121,000 ||287,000 ||27.4% ||65.1% ||46.3%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Slovakia|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Slovakia|Slovakia]] ||89,000 ||60,000 ||71,000 ||67.4% ||79.8% ||73.6%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|USSR|variant=1940}} [[The Holocaust in the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] (borders 1939) ||2,825,000 ||700,000 ||1,100,000 ||24.8% ||38.9% ||31.9%
|-
|style=text-align:left |{{Flag icon|Yugoslavia|variant=1933}} [[The Holocaust in Yugoslavia (disambiguation)|Yugoslavia]] ||68,000 ||56,000 ||65,000 ||82.4% ||95.6% ||89.0%
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total !!style="text-align:right"| 9,067,000 !!style="text-align:right"| 4,869,860
!style="text-align:right"| 5,894,716 !!style="text-align:right"| 50.4% (avg.)
!style="text-align:right"| 59.7% (avg.)!!style="text-align:right"| 55.1% (avg.)
|}
* The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust''. From 1933 to 1939 about 400,000 Jews fled Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940. In 1940 there were 30,000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands, 12,000 in Belgium, 30,000 in France, 2,000 in Denmark, 5,000 in Italy, and 2,000 in Norway.<ref name="Holocaust' pp. 23">[[Martin Gilbert]]. ''Atlas of the Holocaust'' 1988 {{ISBN|0-688-12364-3}} p.&nbsp;23</ref>
*Hungarian Jewish losses of 569,000 presented here include the territories annexed in 1939–41.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TeritorialGainsHungary1920-41.svg |title=<nowiki>File:TeritorialGainsHungary1920-41.svg</nowiki> |publisher=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=2019-04-12 |date=2012-04-22}}</ref> The number of Holocaust dead in 1938 Hungarian borders were 220,000.<ref name="Támas Stark p.59"/> According to [[Martin Gilbert]], the Jewish population inside Hungary's 1941 borders was 764,000 (445,000 in the 1938 borders and 319,000 in the annexed territories). Holocaust deaths from inside the 1938 borders was 200,000, not including 20,000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military.<ref name="Gilbert pp. 184, 224">[[Martin Gilbert]]. ''Atlas of the Holocaust'', 1988 {{ISBN|0-688-12364-3}} pp. 184, 244</ref>
*Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust'' includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933. By 1940, the Jewish population had increased to 140,000 with the inclusion of 30,000 Jewish refugees.<ref name="Holocaust' pp. 23"/> In the Netherlands, 8,000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation.<ref>Raul Hilberg, ''The Destruction of the European Jews'', Franklin Watts 1961, p.&nbsp;379.</ref> However, an article in the Dutch periodical ''[[De Groene Amsterdammer]]'' maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler.<ref>{{cite web |title=De vervolging van gemengd-gehuwde joden in Nederland Teruggefloten door Hitler |date=4 May 2007 |url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/teruggefloten-door-hitler |access-date=13 September 2016 |archive-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607105506/https://www.groene.nl/artikel/teruggefloten-door-hitler |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Hungarian Jewish [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000.<ref name="Holocaust' p. 244"/>
* Romanian Jewish [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] victims totalled 469,000 within [[Greater Romania|the 1939 borders]], which includes 300,000 in [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bukovina]] occupied by the USSR in 1940.<ref name="Holocaust' p. 244"/><ref name="File:Romania WWII.png">[[:File:Romania WWII.png|Post-war map of Romania]]</ref>
* According to [[Martin Gilbert]], Jewish [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] victims totaled 8,000 in Italy, and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya.<ref name="Martin Gilbert p. 244">Martin Gilbert. ''Atlas of the Holocaust'', 1988; {{ISBN|0-688-12364-3}}, p.&nbsp;244</ref>

====Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi-affiliated forces====
{{see also|The Holocaust in Ukraine}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-004-3633-32A, Russland, Cholm, gefallene Rotarmisten.jpg|thumb|Soviet soldiers killed during the [[Toropets–Kholm Offensive]], January 1942. Officially, [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|roughly 8.6 million Soviet soldiers died]] in the course of the war, including millions of POWs.]]
Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the [[Holocaust victims|other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis]].<ref name="ReferenceC">A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. Ed. by Michael Berenbaum New York University Press 1990; {{ISBN|1-85043-251-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005149 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Mosaic of Victims: Overview" |publisher=Ushmm.org |date=January 6, 2011 |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=March 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330002026/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005149 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Donald L. Niewyk, professor of history at Southern Methodist University, maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways: first, that it was the genocide of the Jews alone; second, that there were several parallel Holocausts, one for each of the several groups; third, the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews; fourth, it would include all racially motivated German crimes, such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, as well as political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals. Using this definition, the total number of [[Holocaust victims]] is between 11&nbsp;million and 17&nbsp;million people.<ref name="Niewyk, Donald L 2000">Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000; {{ISBN|0-231-11200-9}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MC&dq=Niewyk,+Donald+L.+The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&pg=PP1 Google Books]</ref>
* According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida "Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm |title=Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida, A Teachers Guide to the Holocaust |publisher=Fcit.usf.edu |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=May 16, 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516094229/http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[R.J. Rummel]] estimated the death toll due to Nazi [[Democide]] at 20.9&nbsp;million persons.<ref name="RJR DNGaMM">[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder''. Transaction 1992; {{ISBN|1-56000-004-X}}, p.&nbsp;13</ref>
* [[Timothy Snyder]] put the number of victims of the Nazis killed as a result of "deliberate policies of mass murder" only, such as executions, deliberate famine and in [[Extermination camp|death camps]], at 10.4&nbsp;million persons including 5.4&nbsp;million Jews.<ref>Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands, Basic Books 2010, pp.&nbsp;411–12</ref>
* German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6&nbsp;million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7&nbsp;million other victims of the Nazis.<ref>Hellmuth Auerbach: Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hg.): Legenden, Lügen, Vorurteile. Ein Wörterbuch zur Zeitgeschichte. Dtv, Neuauflage 1992, {{ISBN|3-423-04666-X}}, p,&nbsp;161.</ref>
* [[Dieter Pohl]] puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14&nbsp;million persons, including 5.6–5.7&nbsp;million Jews.<ref>Dieter Pohl, Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS-Zeit 1933–1945, WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2003; {{ISBN|3534151585}}, p.&nbsp;153</ref>
* '''[[Romani people|Roma]]''' Included in the figures of total war dead are the [[Romani people|Roma]] victims of the Nazi persecution; some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust. Most estimates of [[Porajmos|Roma (Gypsies)]] victims range from 130,000 to 500,000.<ref name="Niewyk, Donald L 2000"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005219 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Genocide of European Roma, 1939–1945" |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=March 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327014806/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005219 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ian Hancock]], Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin, has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead.<ref>[[Ian Hancock|Hanock, Ian]]. [http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=es "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606155250/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=es |date=2013-06-06}} Stone, D. (ed.) (2004) ''The Historiography of the Holocaust''. Palgrave, Basingstoke and New York.</ref> Hancock writes that, proportionately, the death toll equaled "and almost certainly exceed[ed], that of Jewish victims".<ref>Hancock, Ian. [http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/victims/romaSinti/jewishResponses.html Jewish Responses to the Porajmos – The Romani Holocaust] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214062041/http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/victims/romaSinti/jewishResponses.html |date=2012-02-14}}, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota.</ref> In a 2010 publication, [[Ian Hancock]] stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as "remainder to be liquidated", "hangers-on" and "partisans".<ref>''Danger! Educated Gypsy'', p.&nbsp;243, University of Hertfordshire Press, 2010<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref>
* In 2018, the United States Holocaust museum had the number of murdered during the time period of the holocaust at 17&nbsp;million{{snd}}6&nbsp;million Jews and 11&nbsp;million others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution|title=Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution|website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org|accessdate=29 March 2023|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220011124/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution|url-status=live}}</ref>

The following figures are from ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust'', the authors maintain that "statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial. These figures (cited below) are based on necessarily rough estimates".<ref>Niewyk, Donald L. and Francis Nicosia. ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust'', Columbia University Press, 2000; {{ISBN|0-231-11200-9}}, p.&nbsp;422.</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
!Country !!Pre-war Roma population !!Low estimate victims !!High estimate victims
|-
|style=text-align:left |Austria ||11,200 ||6,800 ||8,250
|-
|style=text-align:left |Belgium ||600 ||350 ||500
|-
|style=text-align:left |Czech Republic<ref name="the_CR_name"/> ||13,000 ||5,000 ||6,500
|-
|style=text-align:left |[[Estonia]] ||1,000 ||500 ||1,000
|-
|style=text-align:left |France ||40,000 ||15,150 ||15,150
|-
|style=text-align:left |Germany ||20,000 ||15,000 ||15,000
|-
|style=text-align:left |Greece ||? ||50 ||50
|-
|style=text-align:left |Hungary ||100,000 ||1,000 ||28,000
|-
|style=text-align:left |Italy ||25,000 ||1,000 ||1,000
|-
|style=text-align:left |[[Latvia]] ||5,000 ||1,500 ||2,500
|-
|style=text-align:left |[[Lithuania]] ||1,000 ||500 ||1,000
|-
|style=text-align:left |Luxembourg ||200 ||100 ||200
|-
|style=text-align:left |Netherlands ||500 ||215 ||500
|-
|style=text-align:left |Poland ||50,000 ||8,000 ||35,000
|-
|style=text-align:left |Romania ||300,000 ||19,000 ||36,000
|-
|style=text-align:left |[[Slovakia]] ||80,000 ||400 ||10,000
|-
|style=text-align:left |[[Soviet Union]] (borders 1939) ||200,000 ||30,000 ||35,000
|-
|style=text-align:left |[[Yugoslavia]] ||100,000 ||26,000 ||90,000
|- class="sortbottom"
!style=text-align:left |Total !!style="text-align:right" |947,500
!style="text-align:right" |130,565 !!style="text-align:right" |285,650
|}
{{clear}}

* '''Handicapped persons''': 200,000 to 250,000 [[Action T4|handicapped persons]] were killed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/handic/handicapped.php?theme=educators |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718194805/http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/handic/handicapped.php?theme=educators |url-status=dead |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Mentally and Physically Handicapped: Victims of the Nazi Era |archivedate=July 18, 2012}}</ref> A 2003 report by the [[German Federal Archive]] put the total murdered during the [[Action T4]] and [[Action 14f13]] programs at 200,000.<ref>[https://www.bundesarchiv.de/geschichte_euthanasie/ Bundesarchiv: Euthanasie-Verbrechen 1939–1945] (Quellen zur Geschichte der "Euthanasie"-Verbrechen 1939–1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven. Ein Inventar. Einführung von Harald Jenner)</ref><ref>''Quellen zur Geschichte der "Euthanasie"-Verbrechen 1939–1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven. Ein Inventar'' [https://www.bundesarchiv.de/geschichte_euthanasie/Inventar_euth_doe.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412054235/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/geschichte_euthanasie/Inventar_euth_doe.pdf|date=2019-04-12}}</ref>
* '''Prisoners of War''': POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3.1&nbsp;million<ref>[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder''. Transaction 1992 {{ISBN|1-56000-004-X}}. Table A</ref> including 2.6 to 3.0&nbsp;million [[extermination of Soviet prisoners of war by Nazi Germany|Soviet prisoners of war]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007178 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War" |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=March 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330001604/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007178 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[Ethnic Poles]]''': According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1.9&nbsp;million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War&nbsp;II."<ref>{{cite web |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC |title=POLISH VICTIMS |url=https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005473 |access-date=2017-01-14 |archive-date=2016-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507145904/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005473 |url-status=live }}</ref> They maintain that "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9&nbsp;million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war."<ref>{{cite web |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC |title=Polish Resistance and Conclusions |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/students/learning-materials-and-resources/poles-victims-of-the-nazi-era/polish-resistance-and-conclusions |access-date=2017-01-14 |archive-date=2018-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102111652/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/students/learning-materials-and-resources/poles-victims-of-the-nazi-era/polish-resistance-and-conclusions |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Polish government affiliated [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) in 2009 estimated 2,770,000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation<ref>Wojciech Materski and [[Tomasz Szarota]]. ''Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.'' [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) Warszawa 2009 {{ISBN|978-83-7629-067-6}} page 32. Foreword by [[Janusz Kurtyka]]. (Digital copy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161233/http://niniwa2.cba.pl/polska_1939_1945.htm Internet Archive ''Wayback Machine''])</ref> (see [[World War II casualties of Poland]]).
* '''[[Russians]]''', '''[[Ukrainians]]''' and '''[[Belarusians]]''': According to Nazi ideology, Slavs were useless [[untermensch|sub-humans]]. As such, their leaders, the Soviet elite, were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved, starved to death, or expelled further eastward. As a result, millions of civilians in the [[Soviet Union]] were deliberately killed, starved, or worked to death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007182 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "The German Army and the Racial Nature of the War Against the Soviet Union" |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=July 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710033527/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007182 |url-status=live }}</ref> Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR.{{citation needed|reason=The term ''genocide'' (геноцид) is a specific legal term coined in English in 1944 and use of it in Russian between 1944 and 1945 would be very significant. Was геноцид or another word used? |date=November 2022}} Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime-related famine account for a major part of the huge toll.<ref>Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995; {{ISBN|5-86789-023-6}}. M.V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation ''About the results of calculation of losses among the civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941–1945'', pp.&nbsp;124–31 (in Russian; these losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941, including Polish territories annexed in 1939–40).</ref> The ''Cambridge History of Russia'' puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 13.7&nbsp;million persons including 2&nbsp;million Jews. There were an additional 2.6&nbsp;million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain "scope for error in this number is very wide". At least 1&nbsp;million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler "were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths", and "In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle. The general outline is clear: people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances. But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some overlap and others are yet to be found".<ref name="Perrie, Maureen 2006 pp. 225-227">Perrie, Maureen (2006), ''The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century'', Cambridge University Press (2006), pp.&nbsp;225–27; {{ISBN|0-521-81144-9}}</ref> Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0&nbsp;million Ukrainians and 1.4&nbsp;million [[Belarusians]] "were racially motivated".<ref>Bohdan Wytwycky,''The Other Holocaust: Many Circles of Hell'' The Novak Report, 1980</ref><ref>Niewyk, Donald L. (2000) ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust'', Columbia University Press, 2000; {{ISBN|0-231-11200-9}}, p.&nbsp;49</ref> According to [[Paul Robert Magocsi]], between 1941 and 1945, approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern [[Ukraine]].<ref name="rpmag1">{{cite book |last=Magocsi |first=Paul Robert |title=A History of Ukraine |year=1996 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |page=633 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t124cP06gg0C&q=A+History+of+Ukraine |isbn=9780802078209}}</ref> [[:de:Dieter Pohl (Historiker)|Dieter Pohl]] puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans, 1.0&nbsp;million victims of the Nazi [[Hunger Plan]], c.&nbsp;3.0&nbsp;million Soviet POW and 1.0&nbsp;million Jews (in pre-war borders).<ref>Dieter Pohl, Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS-Zeit 1933–1945, WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2003; {{ISBN|3534151585}}, pp.&nbsp;109, 128, 153</ref> Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 8.2&nbsp;million (4.0&nbsp;million Ukrainians, 2.5&nbsp;million Belarusians, and 1.7&nbsp;million Russians).<ref>Michael Berenbaum (ed.), ''A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis'', New York University Press, 1990; {{ISBN|1-85043-251-1}}<!-- page(s) needed --></ref> A report published by the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7&nbsp;million civilians (including Jews): 7.4&nbsp;million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2&nbsp;million persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1&nbsp;million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures.<ref>''Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII: Collection of Articles'' (In Russian). Saint-Petersburg, 1995; {{ISBN|5-86789-023-6}}. M. V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation ''About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941–1945'', pp.&nbsp;124–31.<br />The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.</ref>
* '''Homosexuals''': According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals. Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps." They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005261 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich" |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629042358/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005261 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Other victims of Nazi persecution''': Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/faq/details.php?lang=en&topic=03#03 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "How many Catholics were killed during the Holocaust?" |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523225912/https://ushmm.org/research/library/faq/details.php?lang=en&topic=03#03 |archive-date=May 23, 2014}}</ref> about 1,000 [[Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany|Jehovah's Witnesses]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005394 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Jehovah's Witnesses" |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=March 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316174148/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005394 |url-status=live }}</ref> and an unknown number of [[Suppression of Freemasonry|Freemasons]]<ref>[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007187 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Freemasonry Under the Nazi Regime"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506095118/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007187 |date=2009-05-06 }}, ushmm.org; accessed March 4, 2016.</ref> perished in Nazi prisons and camps. "The fate of [[Rhineland Bastard|black people]] from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005479 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Blacks During the Holocaust" |publisher=Ushmm.org |date=January 6, 2011 |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=November 23, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123071535/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005479 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the Nazi era Communists, Socialists, [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]], and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007332 |title="Non-Jewish Resistance" Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. |publisher=Ushmm.org |date=January 6, 2011 |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=January 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128113419/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007332 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[Serbs]]''': The numbers of Serbs murdered by the [[Ustaše]] is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely. [[Yad Vashem]] estimates over 500,000 murdered, 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism.<ref>[http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205930.pdf "Croatia" profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104235511/http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205930.pdf |date=2013-11-04 }}, [[Yad Vashem]], Shoah Resource Center.</ref> The estimate of the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the [[Independent State of Croatia]] between 1941 and 1945, with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the [[Jasenovac concentration camp]] alone.<ref name="ushmm">{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005449#seealso |title=Jasenovac |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=April 7, 2012 |archive-date=July 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713111937/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005449#seealso |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4442245&ct=5851813#.VKbzIvldUXs |title=Wiesenthal Center: Croatia Must Act To Counter Veneration Of Fascist Ustashe Past {{!}} Simon Wiesenthal Center |access-date=2018-06-21 |archive-date=2018-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194219/http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4442245&ct=5851813#.VKbzIvldUXs |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Yugoslav sources published in the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Tito era]] the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons.<ref>Vladimir Dedijer, ''History of Yugoslavia'', McGraw-Hill Inc. (USA), 1975; {{ISBN|0-07-016235-2}}, p.&nbsp;582</ref> See also [[World War II persecution of Serbs]].

===German war crimes===
{{Main|War crimes of the Wehrmacht|German war crimes}}{{See also|Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Generalplan Ost|German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war}}{{See also|The Holocaust}}
{{Quote box
|quote = During World War II, the German military helped fulfill Nazism's racial, political, and territorial ambitions. Long after the war, a myth persisted claiming the German military (or Wehrmacht) was not involved in the Holocaust and other crimes associated with Nazi genocidal policy. This belief is untrue. The German military participated in many aspects of the Holocaust: in supporting Hitler, in the use of forced labor, and in the mass murder of Jews and other groups targeted by the Nazis.

The military's complicity extended not only to the generals and upper leadership but also to the rank and file. In addition, the war and genocidal policy were inextricably linked. The German army (or Heer) was the most complicit as a result of being on the ground in Germany's eastern campaigns, but all branches participated.
|source = — [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The German Military and the Holocaust |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-german-military-and-the-holocaust |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=2019-01-17 |archive-date=2019-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208021250/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-german-military-and-the-holocaust |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 192-208, KZ Mauthausen, Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene.jpg|thumb|[[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|Soviet POWs]] held by the Nazis in [[Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp|Mauthausen]] concentration camp. It is estimated that at least 3.3&nbsp;million Soviet POWs died in German custody.<ref>[[Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)|Adam Jones]] (2010), ''Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction'' (2nd ed.), p.&nbsp;271. – {{" ' "}} Next to the Jews in Europe," wrote [[Alexander Werth]]', "the biggest single German crime was undoubtedly the extermination by hunger, exposure and in other ways of [...] Russian war prisoners." Yet the murder of at least 3.3&nbsp;million Soviet POWs is one of the least-known of modern genocides; there is still no full-length book on the subject in English. It also stands as one of the most intensive genocides of all time: "a holocaust that devoured millions", as [[Catherine Merridale]] acknowledges. The large majority of POWs, some 2.8&nbsp;million, were killed in just eight months of 1941–42, a rate of slaughter matched (to my knowledge) only by the 1994 Rwanda genocide."</ref>]]

[[Nazi Germany]] ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes in World War II. The most notable of these is [[the Holocaust]] in which millions of [[Jews]], [[Polish people|Poles]], and [[Romani people|Romani]] were systematically murdered or died from abuse and mistreatment. Millions also died as a result of other German actions.

While the [[Nazi Party]]'s own [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] forces (in particular the ''[[SS-Totenkopfverbände]]'', ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'' and [[Waffen-SS]]) of Nazi Germany was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of the Holocaust, the regular armed forces represented by the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' committed war crimes of their own, particularly on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in the [[Operation Barbarossa|war against the Soviet Union]].

===Japanese war crimes===
{{Main|Japanese war crimes}}
Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes.

====R. J. Rummel====
[[R. J. Rummel]] estimates the civilian victims of Japanese [[democide]] at 5,964,000. Detailed by country: 
* China: 3,695,000
* [[Indochina]]: 457,000
* Korea: 378,000
* Indonesia: 375,000
* Malaya-Singapore: 283,000
* Philippines: 119,000
* Burma: 60,000
* Pacific Islands: 57,000 
Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000. Detailed by country: 
* China: 400,000
* French Indochina: 30,000 
* Philippines: 27,300 
* Netherlands: 25,000
* France: 14,000
* Britain: 13,000
* British Colonies: 11,000
* U.S.: 10,700
* Australia: 8,000<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref>[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'' Transaction 1998 {{ISBN|3-8258-4010-7}} [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323044733/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM|date=2010-03-23}}</ref>

====Werner Gruhl====
Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000.
; Detailed by country:
* China: 12,392,000
* [[Indochina]]: 1,500,000
* Korea: 500,000
* Dutch East Indies: 3,000,000
* Malaya and Singapore: 100,000
* Philippines: 500,000
* Burma: 170,000
* Forced laborers in Southeast Asia: 70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians
* Timor: 60,000
* Thailand and Pacific Islands: 60,000.<ref name="WG IJWWT">Werner Gruhl, ''Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945'' Transaction 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}} (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)

Publisher : Routledge

https://www.routledge.com/Imperial-Japans-World-War-Two-1931-1945/Gruhl/p/book/9781412811040</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.japanww2.com/index.htm |title=Imperial Japan's World War Two 1931–1945 – Directory |website=www.japanww2.com |access-date=2019-01-23 |archive-date=2019-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223443/http://www.japanww2.com/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584.
; Detailed by country:
* China: 270,000 
* Netherlands: 8,500 
* Britain: 12,433 
* Canada: 273 
* Philippines: 20,000 
* Australia: 7,412 
* New Zealand: 31
* United States: 12,935<ref name="WG IJWWT" />

Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.<ref name="ID & MF 443">Ian Dear & MRD Foot, ''The Oxford Companion to World War II'' (2001) p. 443</ref> There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 [[List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II|western civilians interned by the Japanese]] due to famine and disease.<ref>Van Waterford, ''Prisoners of the Japanese in World War&nbsp;II'', McFarland & Co., 1994; {{ISBN|0-89950-893-6}}, pp.&nbsp;141–46 (figures taken from De Japanse Burgenkampen by D. Van Velden</ref><ref>Bernice Archer, ''The internment of Western civilians under the Japanese, 1941–1945: a patchwork of internment''. London, New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004. {{ISBN|962-209-910-6}}, p.&nbsp;5</ref>

===Oppression in the Soviet Union===
[[File:Katyń, ekshumacja ofiar.jpg|thumb|Polish military officers executed by the Soviet [[NKVD]] in the [[Katyn massacre]], exhumation photo taken by the [[Katyn Commission|Polish Red Cross]] delegation in 1943]]
The total war dead in the USSR includes about 1&nbsp;million<ref name="auto14">Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 {{ISBN|5-86789-023-6}} p.&nbsp;175</ref> victims of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s regime. The number of deaths in the [[Gulag|Gulag labor camps]] increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages.<ref>Edwin Bacon, Glasnost and the Gulag: New information on Soviet forced labour around World War&nbsp;II. Soviet Studies Vol&nbsp;44. 1992-6</ref> The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal.<ref name="Polian 2004">{{cite book |first1=Pavel |last1=Polian |author-link1=Pavel Polian |title=Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR |year=2004 |isbn=978-963-9241-68-8|title-link=Against Their Will (Polyan book)|publisher=Central European University Press }}</ref> Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet-era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. Arch |last1=Getty |author-link1=J. Arch Getty |title=Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence|first2=Gabor T. |last2=Rittersporn |first3=V. N. |last3=Zemskov |journal=American Historical Review |volume=98 |issue=4 |date=October 1993 |pages=1017–1049 |doi=10.2307/2166597 |jstor=2166597}}</ref> The Russian scholar [[Viktor Zemskov]] puts the death toll from 1941 to 1945 at about 1&nbsp;million based on data from the Soviet archives.<ref name="auto14"/> The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. [[J. Arch Getty]] and [[Stephen G. Wheatcroft]] maintain that Soviet-era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era.{{sfn|Getty|Rittersporn|Zemskov|1993}}<ref>{{cite journal |first=Stephen G. |last=Wheatcroft |title=Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data-Not the Last Word |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=51 |issue=2 |date=1999 |pages=315–345 |doi=10.1080/09668139999056}}</ref> [[Robert Conquest]] and [[Steven Rosefielde]] have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Conquest |title=Excess deaths and camp numbers: Some comments |journal=Soviet Studies |volume=43 |issue=5 |date=1991 |pages=949–952 |doi=10.1080/09668139108411973}}</ref><ref name ="Rosefielde 2009">{{cite book |first1=Steven |last1=Rosefielde |author-link1=Steven Rosefielde|title=Red Holocaust |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-415-77757-5}}</ref> Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern [[KGB]].{{sfn|Rosefielde|2009|pp=76-77}} Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete; for example, he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the [[Katyn massacre]].{{sfn|Rosefielde|2009|p=59}} Rosefielde's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939–40 and 5,458,000 from 1941 to 1945.{{sfn|Rosefielde|2009|p=179|loc={{sp}}|ps=. Rosefielde's figures were derived by estimating the population from 1939 to 1945 using hypothetical birth and death rates; he then compares this 1945 estimated population to the actual ending population in 1945. The difference is 31.0&nbsp;million excess deaths of which 23.4&nbsp;million are attributed to the war and 7.6&nbsp;million to Soviet repression.}} Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps.<ref>Michael Haynes. ''A Century Of State Murder?: Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia'', Pluto Press, 2003; {{ISBN|0745319300}}, pp.&nbsp;62–89.</ref>

In August 2009 the Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.<ref name="KK 1994">Krystyna Kersten, ''Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej''. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI, 1994 p.&nbsp;46</ref> [[Andrzej Paczkowski]] puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0&nbsp;million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.<ref name="Stephane Courtois p. 372">Stephane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard Univ Pr, 1999 {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}} p.&nbsp;372</ref> In 2005 [[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]] estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000.<ref name="auto15">{{Cite web |url=http://projectinposterum.org/docs/poland_WWII_casualties.htm |title=Project InPosterum: Poland WWII Casualties |website=projectinposterum.org |access-date=2012-02-19 |archive-date=2007-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418175341/http://projectinposterum.org/docs/poland_WWII_casualties.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the [[Estonia in World War II#Soviet occupation|Soviet occupation]] in 1940–1941 at 33,900 including (7,800 deaths) of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor. After the reoccupation by the USSR, 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45.<ref name="auto1"/>

The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives:<br />
Reported deaths for the years 1939–1945 1,187,783, including: judicial executions 46,350; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629.<ref>Michael Haynes. ''A Century Of State Murder?: Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia'', Pluto Press, 2003; {{ISBN|0745319300}}, pp.&nbsp;214–15.</ref>

Deported to [[forced settlements in the Soviet Union|special settlements]]: (figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only, not including those executed, sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army. Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war).<br />
Deported from annexed territories 1940–41 380,000 to 390,000 persons, including: Poland 309–312,000; Lithuania 17,500; Latvia 17,000; Estonia 6,000; Moldova 22,842.{{sfn|Polian|2004|p=123}} In August 1941, 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets.{{sfn|Polian|2004|p=119}}<br />
Deported during the War 1941–1945 about 2.3&nbsp;million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including: [[History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union|Soviet Germans]] 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; [[Karachays]] 69,000; [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyks]] 92,000; [[Chechen people|Chechens]] and [[Ingush people|Ingush]] 479,000; [[Balkars]] 37,000; [[Crimean Tatars]] 191,014; [[Meskhetian Turks]] 91,000; Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists|OUN]] members 100,000; Poles 30,000.{{sfn|Polian|2004|pp=123–157}}
<br />
A total of 2,230,500<ref>J. Otto Pohl, ''The Stalinist Penal System: A History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953'', McFarland & Company, 1997; {{ISBN|0-7864-0336-5}}, p.&nbsp;133</ref> persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941–1948.<ref>J. Otto Pohl, ''The Stalinist Penal System: A History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953'', McFarland & Company, 1997; {{ISBN|0-7864-0336-5}}, p.&nbsp;148. The Soviet Archives did not provide the details by year of the figure of 309,100 deaths in the settlements.</ref>

Russian sources list Axis [[prisoner of war]] deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives (Germany 381,067; Hungary 54,755; Romania 54,612; Italy 27,683; Finland 403, and Japan 62,069).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186 |author=G. F. Krivosheev |title=Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie |publisher=OLMA-Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-5-224-01515-3 |pages=Tables 200–203 |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013181033/http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3&nbsp;million.<ref>Elliott, Mark, ''Pawns of Yalta: Soviet Refugees and America's Role in Their Repatriation'', University of Illinois Press, 1982; {{ISBN|0-252-00897-9}}<!-- page(s) needed --></ref>

===Military casualties by branch of service===
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
!Country !!Branch of service !!Number served !!Killed/missing
!Wounded !!Prisoners of war Captured !!Percent killed
|-
| rowspan=7 style="text-align:left" |'''[[Germany]]''' ||style="text-align:left" |[[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Army]]{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=333–335}}
|13,600,000 ||4,202,000 ||||||30.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Luftwaffe|Air Force]] (including infantry units){{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=333–335}}
|2,500,000 ||433,000 ||||||17.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Kriegsmarine|Navy]]{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=333–335}} 
|1,200,000 ||138,000 ||||||11.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[U-boat]] (included with Navy)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://navyhistory.au/british-and-german-submarine-statistics-of-world-war-ii/ |title=British and German submarine statistics of World War II |website=www.navyhistory.au |date=31 December 1972 |access-date=2024-05-14}}</ref>
|(40,900) ||(28,000) ||||5,000||68.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Waffen SS]]{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=333–335}}
|900,000 ||314,000 ||||||34.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Volkssturm]] and other Paramilitary Forces{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=333–335}}
|||231,000 ||||||
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Total (incl. conscripted foreigners)'''
|'''18,200,000'''|| '''5,318,000'''||'''6,035,000''' ||'''11,100,000''' ||'''29.2'''
|-
! colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:left" |'''[[Japan]]'''<ref name="JWD 297">[[John W. Dower]]. ''War Without Mercy'', 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, p. 297</ref><ref>Ellis, John. ''World War II – A statistical survey'' Facts on File 1993. {{ISBN|0-8160-2971-7}}. p. 254</ref> ||style="text-align:left" |[[Imperial Japanese Army|Army]] (1937–1945) ||6,300,000 ||1,326,076 ||85,600 ||30,000 || 24.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Imperial Japanese Navy|Navy]] (1941–1945) ||2,100,000 ||414,879 ||8,900 ||10,000 ||19.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" |POW dead after surrender<ref>[[John W. Dower]] ''War Without Mercy'' 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, p. 363 (According to [[John W. Dower]], the "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied (non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S.&nbsp;authorities; An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died in Soviet hands after the surrender")</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch5.htm#b6 |title=Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN:THE OCCUPATION: MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT' U.S. Government printing Office 1966 p. 130 endnote 36 |publisher=History.army.mil |access-date=2011-06-15 |archive-date=2018-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230431/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/macarthur%20reports/macarthur%20v1%20sup/ch5.htm#b6 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Nimmo, William ''Behind a curtain of silence: Japanese in Soviet custody, 1945–1956'', Greenwood 1989; {{ISBN|978-0-313-25762-9}}, pp.&nbsp;116–18; "The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war. The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in [[Manchuria]]n transit camps, 36,000 in [[North Korea]], 9,000 from [[Sakhalin]] and 103,000 in the [[U.S.S.R.]]"</ref> ||||381,000 ||||||
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Imperial Japan Total'''|| '''8,400,000''' || '''2,121,955'''|| '''94,500''' ||'''40,000''' ||'''25.3'''
|-
! colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:left" |'''[[Italy]]''' ||style="text-align:left" |Army|| 3,040,000 ||246,432 ||||||8.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" |Navy|| 259,082<ref>Giuseppe Fioravanzo, ''La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale'', Volume XXI – ''L'organizzazione della Marina durante il conflitto'', Tomo&nbsp;II: ''Evoluzione organica dal 10.6.1940 al 8.9.1943'', Historical Branch of the Italian Navy, 1975, pp.&nbsp;346–364</ref> ||31,347 ||||||12.0
|-
| style="text-align:left" |Air Force|| 130,000<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v5xCgAAQBAJ&q=130.000+uomini+regia+aeronautica&pg=PT585 |title=Cronaca della Seconda Guerra Mondiale 1939–1945 |isbn=9786050408539 |last1=Giorgi |first1=Alessandro |date=2015-08-26|publisher=Alessandro Giorgi }}</ref> ||13,210 ||||||10.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" |Partisan forces|| 80,000<ref name="Petacco2014">{{cite book |author=Arrigo Petacco |title=La nostra guerra 1940–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4fkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT236 |date=9 December 2014 |publisher=Mondadori |isbn=978-88-520-5783-0 |pages=236–}}</ref> to 250,000<ref name="Capua2005">{{cite book |author=Giovanni Di Capua |title=Resistenzialismo versus Resistenza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XqXnuKJphsC&pg=PA77 |year=2005 |publisher=Rubbettino Editore |isbn=978-88-498-1197-1 |pages=77–}}</ref><ref>The number of partisans escalated during the final insurrection of April 1945.</ref> ||35,828 ||||||14 to 44
|-
| style="text-align:left" |RSI forces|| 520,000<ref name="Vespa2010">{{cite book|author=Bruno Vespa|title=Vincitori e vinti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXdSGMo3x14C&pg=PT187|date=7 October 2010|publisher=Edizioni Mondadori|language=it|isbn=978-88-520-1191-7|pages=187–}}</ref> || 13,021 to 35,000 || || || 2.5 to 6.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Total Italian Forces''' ||'''3,430,000'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storiaxxisecolo.it/secondaguerra/sgm7a.htm|title=Italians in WWII|publisher=Storiaxxisecolo.it|access-date=June 15, 2011|archive-date=October 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004114809/http://www.storiaxxisecolo.it/secondaguerra/sgm7a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>A large number of partisans and members of the RSI forces were former members of the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy, to which is referred the 3,430,000 figure.</ref> ||'''319,207<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.campagnadirussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/I_caduti_del_fronte_orientale.pdf|title=Italian Ministry of Defence, ''Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro'', 2010|accessdate=29 March 2023|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802012428/http://www.campagnadirussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/I_caduti_del_fronte_orientale.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> to 341,000''' ||'''320,000''' ||'''1,300,000'''<ref>600,000 POWs of Allies; 50,000 POWs of Russians; 650,000 POWs of Germans [http://www.francoangeli.it/ricerca/Scheda_Libro.asp?ID=3369&Tipo=Libro]</ref>||'''9.3 to 9.9'''
|-
! colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan=6 style="text-align:left" |'''[[Soviet Union]]'''  ||style="text-align:left" |All branches of service (1939–40){{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|pp=51–80}} ||||136,945 ||205,924 ||||
|-
| style="text-align:left" |All branches of service (1941–45){{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|pp=85–87}} ||34,476,700 ||8,668,400 ||14,685,593 ||4,050,000 ||25.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" |Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service (see note below){{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|pp=230–238}} ||||500,000 ||||||
|-
| style="text-align:left" |Civilians in POW camps (see note below){{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=13–14}} ||||1,000,000 ||||1,750,000||
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Paramilitary]] and [[Soviet partisan]] units{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=20–21}} ||||400,000 ||||||
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Total Soviet Forces''' ||'''34,476,700''' ||'''10,725,345''' ||'''14,915,517''' ||'''5,750,000''' ||'''31.1'''
|-
! colspan=7 |
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''[[Commonwealth of Nations|British Empire and Commonwealth]]'''<ref name="auto8"/><ref name="HMSO 6832">''Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939–1945'' HMSO 1946 Cmd.6832</ref><ref name="UK Central Statistical Office 1951"/>|| style="text-align:left" |'''All branches of service'''||'''17,843,000'''||'''580,497'''||'''475,000'''||'''318,000'''||'''3.3'''
|-
! colspan=7 |
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:left" |'''[[United States]]'''<ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/>|| style="text-align:left" |[[US Army|Army]]<ref name="CaGSC">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll8&CISOPTR=130&REC=1Office |title=U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II |chapter=Tables "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, type of personnel, and theater: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" through "Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition, and duty branch: 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946" |author=STATISTICAL AND ACCOUNTING BRANCH OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL |date=June 1, 1953 |pages=5–8 |via=Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library |publisher=U.S. Department of the Army |access-date=11 January 2015}}{{Dead link |date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>|| 11,260,000|| 318,274 || 565,861 ||124,079<ref name="CaGSC"/><ref name="auto16"/> ||2.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[United States Army Air Forces|Air Force]] (included with Army)<ref name="CaGSC"/>|| (3,400,000)|| (88,119) ||(17,360) ||||2.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[US Navy|Navy]] ||4,183,446 ||62,614 ||37,778 ||3,848<ref name="auto16">U. S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR (POWs) AND MISSING IN ACTION (MIAs)</ref> ||1.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Allied submarines in the Pacific War|Submarine Service]] (included with Navy)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Clay, Jr. |title=Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan |year=1975 |isbn=0-553-01050-6 |pages=991–992}}</ref>
|~16,000
|3,506
|
|
|21.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[United States Maritime Service|Maritime Service]] ||215,000 ||9,400 ||12,000 || 663<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html |title=American Merchant Marine in World War 2 |website=www.usmm.org |access-date=2018-06-21 |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421000657/http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|| 4.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[USMC|Marine Corps]] ||669,100 ||24,511 ||68,207 ||2,274<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20V%20-%20Victory%20and%20Occupation%20%20PCN%2019000262800_5.pdf|title=US Marine Corps History|accessdate=29 March 2023|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412054236/https://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20V%20-%20Victory%20and%20Occupation%20%20PCN%2019000262800_5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto16"/> ||3.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=584}}|| 241,093 || 1,917 ||||||0.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps|Public Health Service Commissioned Corps]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usphs.gov/aboutus/history.aspx|title=History of the USPHS |website=www.usphs.gov |access-date=2018-06-21 |archive-date=2018-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621195115/https://www.usphs.gov/aboutus/history.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 2,600 || 8<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/public-health-service-commissioned-corps/2/ |title=The Public Health Service Commissioned Corps {{!}} Defense Media Network |work=Defense Media Network |access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref> ||||||0.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps|Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/corps.html |title=NOAA History /NOAA Legacy/NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey |website=www.history.noaa.gov |access-date=2018-06-21 |archive-date=2017-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028071906/http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/corps.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ||||3 ||||||
|-
| style="text-align:left" |'''Total U.S. Armed Forces''' ||'''16,353,639''' ||'''407,316''' ||'''671,846''' ||'''130,201'''<ref>U. S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR (POWs) AND MISSING IN ACTION (MIAs) (incl. 14,072 dead while POWs)</ref><ref name="fas.org">https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30606.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112221108/https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30606.pdf |date=2016-01-12 }} CRS Report for Congress, U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War&nbsp;II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan (figure does not include an additional c. 19,000 civilians interned)</ref>
|| '''2.5'''
|}

; Germany
# The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 [[missing in action]] or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown;{{sfn|Overmans|2000|p=335}} 459,475 confirmed [[POW]] deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet custody. [[POW]] deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity.{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=236, 239}}
# Rüdiger Overmans writes "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action, the other half (700,000) having died in Soviet custody".{{sfn|Overmans|2000|p=289}}
# Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces [[POW]] taken in the war.<ref name="RAn 109">Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995; {{ISBN|5-86789-023-6}}, p.&nbsp;109</ref>

; USSR
# Estimated total Soviet military war dead in 1941–45 on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)]] including [[missing in action]], [[POWs]] and [[Soviet partisans]] range from 8.6 to 10.6&nbsp;million.{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=20–21}} There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939–40 during the [[Winter War]] with Finland.{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=20}}
# The official figures for military war dead and missing in 1941–45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non-combat deaths.{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=85}} 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.<ref name="GIK 176">{{cite web |url=http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186 |title=G.F. Krivosheev. Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001; ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 176 |publisher=Lib.ru |access-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=October 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013181033/http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|pp=85–86, 236}} Figures include Navy losses of 154,771.{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=86}} Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial.{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=21}}
# Casualties in 1939–40 include the following dead and missing: [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]] in 1939 (8,931), [[Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]] of 1939 (1,139), [[Winter War]] with Finland (1939–40) (126,875).{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|pp=51–80}}
# The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=91}}
# The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number of Soviet [[POW]] who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7&nbsp;million and about 3&nbsp;million as dead in captivity (in the official Russian figures 1.1&nbsp;million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2&nbsp;million are included with civilian war dead).<ref name="GIK 176"/>{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=236}}
# Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as [[POWs]] before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths.{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=13–14}}

; British Commonwealth
# Number served: UK and [[British overseas territory|Crown Colonies]] (5,896,000); India-(British colonial administration) (2,582,000), Australia (993,000); Canada (1,100,000); New Zealand (295,000); South Africa (250,000).<ref>Ellis, John. ''World War II – A statistical survey'' Facts on File 1993. {{ISBN|0-8160-2971-7}}. pp.&nbsp;253–54</ref>
# Total war related deaths reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]: UK and Crown Colonies (383,898); India-(British colonial administration) (87,026), Australia (40,696); Canada (45,388); New Zealand (11,926); South Africa (11,914).<ref>{{cite web |title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2021-2022 p.&nbsp;36 |url=https://www.cwgc.org/our-work/news/the-cwgc-annual-report-for-2021-2022-is-now-published/ |website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |access-date=28 February 2023}}Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials</ref>
# Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone (according to preliminary 1945 figures): 264,443. Royal Navy (50,758); British Army (144,079); Royal Air Force (69,606).<ref name="HMSO 6832"/><ref>Grant, Reg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iX-dAAAAQBAJ&dq=264%2C443+british+dead+ww2&pg=PA60 "World War II: Europe"], p.&nbsp;60.</ref>
# Wounded: UK and Crown Colonies (284,049); India-(British colonial administration) (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada (53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363).<ref name="HMSO 6832"/><ref name="UK Central Statistical Office 1951">UK Central Statistical Office ''Statistical Digest of the War'' HMSO 1951.</ref><ref name="Times 11.1945">[[The Times]] on November 30, 1945. The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were published here</ref>
# [[Prisoner of war]]: UK and Crown Colonies (180,488); India-(British colonial administration) (79,481); Australia (26,358); South Africa (14,750); Canada (9,334); New Zealand (8,415).<ref name="HMSO 6832"/><ref name="UK Central Statistical Office 1951"/><ref name="Times 11.1945"/>
# The '''Debt of Honour Register''' from the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] lists the 1.7m&nbsp;men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Diol1/DoItOnline/DG_4017507 |title=The "Debt of Honour Register" from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission |publisher=Direct.gov.uk |access-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611200009/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Diol1/DoItOnline/DG_4017507 |archive-date=June 11, 2011}}</ref>

; U.S.
# Battle deaths (including Army POWs who died in captivity, does not include those who died of disease and accidents)<ref name="CaGSC"/> were 293,121: Army 234,874 (including [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Forces]] 52,173); Navy/Coast Guard 38,257; Marine Corps 19,990 (185,179 deaths occurred in the European/Atlantic theater of operations and 107,903 deaths occurred in Asia/Pacific theater of operations).{{sfn|Dower|1986|pp=364}}<ref name="CaGSC"/>{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|pp=584–591}}
# According to the US Department of Defense, of the 407,300, about 250,000 died in the European theater, the rest died on the Pacific Front.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victory in Europe Day: Time of Celebration, Reflection |url=https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/Experience/VE-Day/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201132122/https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/Experience/VE-Day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
# During World War II, 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war (12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany).{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=585}}
# During World War II, 1.2&nbsp;million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War&nbsp;II and 16 were killed in action.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|pp=584–585}} During World War&nbsp;II, 26,000 Japanese-Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action.<ref>Kara Allison Schubert Carroll, ''Coming to grips with America: The Japanese American experience in the Southwest. 2011''; {{ISBN|1-2440-3111-9}}, p.&nbsp;184</ref>

===Commonwealth military casualties===
The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] (CWGC) Annual Report 2014–2015<ref name="auto8"/> is the source of the military dead for the [[British Empire]]. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK&nbsp;Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947.

==See also==
* [[Allied war crimes during World War II]]
* [[Bloodlands]]
* [[Equipment losses in World War II]]
* [[German casualties in World War II]]
* [[World War I casualties]]
* [[World War II casualties of Poland]]
* [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union]]

==Footnotes==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=45em|}}
{{note|Albania|A}}　'''Albania'''
* No reliable statistics on Albania's wartime losses exist, but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead. Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses.<ref name="Library of Congress Country Study"/>
* Jewish [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] victims totalled 200, these Jews were Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania. Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust.<ref name="Holocaust' p. 244">{{cite book |author-link=Martin Gilbert |first=Martin |last=Gilbert |title=Atlas of the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofholocaust00mart |url-access=registration |year=1988 |isbn=0-688-12364-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofholocaust00mart/page/244 244]|publisher=William Morrow }}</ref>

{{note|Australia|B}}　'''Australia'''
* The [[Australian War Memorial]]<ref name="awm.gov.au"/> reports 39,648 military deaths. This figure includes all personnel who died from war-related causes during 1939–47.
* According to official statistics [[Australian casualties of World War II|Australian battle casualties]] included 27,073 killed, died of wounds or died as POW; wounded or injured in action were 23,477, these figures exclude non-battle casualties, such as deaths in non operational areas and deaths due to natural causes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Beaumont|first=Joan|title=Australian Defence: Sources and Statistics|series=The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Volume VI|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Melbourne|isbn=978-0-19-554118-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=Gavin|author-link=Gavin Long|title=The Final Campaigns|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=23|series=[[Australia in the War of 1939–1945]]. Series 1 – Army|year=1963|publisher=Australian War Memorial|location=Canberra|archive-date=2006-08-27|access-date=2014-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827071428/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=23|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The Australian government does not regard [[merchant navy|merchant mariners]] as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world,<ref>{{cite book |last=McKernan |first=Michael |title=Strength of a Nation: Six years of Australians fighting for the nation and defending the homefront in World War II |url=https://archive.org/details/strengthnationsi00mcke_052 |url-access=limited |year=2006 |location=Crows Nest NSW |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=1-74114-714-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/strengthnationsi00mcke_052/page/n416 393]}}</ref> are included in the total civilian deaths. Other civilian fatalities were due to [[Air raids on Australia, 1942–43|air raids]] and [[Axis naval activity in Australian waters|attacks on passenger ships]].
* The preliminary data for Australian losses included 23,365 killed, 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded, and 26,363 POWs.<ref name="Times 11.1945"/>

{{note|Austria|C}}　'''Austria'''
* Military war dead reported by Rüdiger Overmans of 261,000 are included with Germany.{{sfn|Overmans|2000|p=335}}
* Austrian civilian casualties were 99,700 victims of Nazi persecution and 24,000 killed in Allied air raids. The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis. "For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing" raids.<ref name="Austria facts and Figures Page 44"/>

{{note|Belgium|D}}　'''Belgium'''
* Belgian government sources reported 12,000 military war dead which included (8,800 killed, 500 [[missing in action]], 200 executed, 800 [[resistance movement]] fighters and 1,800 [[POW]]s) and civilian losses of 73,000 which included (32,200 deaths due to military operations, 3,400 executed, 8,500 political deportees, 5,000 workers in Germany and 27,000 Jewish Holocaust victims).<ref>{{cite book |first=Gregory |last=Frumkin |title=Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 |location=Geneva |year=1951 |pages=44–45 |oclc=807475}}</ref>
* Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures, they are included with German military casualties.{{sfn|Overmans|2000|p=230}}

{{note|Brazil|E}}　'''Brazil'''
* The [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]] war dead were 510,<ref>{{cite book |last=Ellis |first=John |title=World War II – A statistical survey |publisher=Facts on File |year=1993 |isbn=0-8160-2971-7 |page=255}}</ref> Navy losses in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] were 492.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=540}}
* Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=540}}

{{note|Bulgaria|F}}　'''Bulgaria'''
* Total Bulgarian military war dead were 18,500 including 6,671 battle deaths.<ref name="Clodfelter 582"/>
* There were 3,000 civilian deaths in Allied air raids including 1,400 in the bombing of Sofia.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=512}}
* A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Bulgarian casualties:Military deaths: 2,000 military Axis occupation forces in Yugoslavia and Greece; 10,124 dead [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|as allies of the USSR]] and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths.{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=38–39}} Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Erlikman notes "According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. The communists claim that 20–35,000 persons died. In reality, deaths were 10,000, including an unknown number of civilians."{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=38–39}}

{{note|Burma|G}}　'''Burma'''
* Military casualties with the pro-Japanese [[Burma National Army]] were 400 killed in action, 1,500 other deaths, 715 missing, 2,000 wounded and 800 POW.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=556}}
* Civilian deaths during the [[Japanese occupation of Burma]] totalled 250,000; 110,000 Burmese, plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=556}}
* [[Werner Gruhl]] estimates 70,000 Asian laborers ''died cruelly'' during the construction of the [[Burma Railway]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Werner |last=Gruhl |title=Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 |publisher=Transaction |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7658-0352-8 |page=112}}</ref>

{{note|Canada|H}}　'''Canada'''
* The [[Canadian War Museum]] puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 [[Merchant Navy]] deaths. An additional 700 military dead from [[Newfoundland]] are included with the U.K.<ref name="Canadian War Museum"/>
* Library and Archives Canada puts military losses at 44,090 (24,525 Army, 17,397 Air Force, 2,168 Navy.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/second-world-war/second-world-war-dead-1939-1947/pages/files-second-war-dead.aspx |title=Service Files of the Second World War – War Dead, 1939–1947 |publisher=Library and Archived Canada |access-date=July 4, 2016 |date=2013-03-26 |archive-date=2016-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620112519/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/second-world-war/second-world-war-dead-1939-1947/pages/files-second-war-dead.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The preliminary data for Canadian losses included killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and [[POW]] 9,045.<ref name="Times 11.1945"/>

{{note|China|I}}　'''China'''
Sources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20&nbsp;million as detailed below.
* [[John W. Dower]] has noted "So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain "millions" of deaths. Certainly, it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead, a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union." Dower cited a United Nations report from 1947 that put Chinese war dead at 9&nbsp;million.<ref name="John W pp. 295">{{cite book |author-link=John W. Dower |first=John W. |last=Dower |title=War Without Mercy |url=https://archive.org/details/warwithoutmercyr0000dowe |url-access=registration |year=1986 |isbn=0-394-75172-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/warwithoutmercyr0000dowe/page/295 295]–96|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing }}</ref>
* According to [[Rana Mitter]] "the death toll on China is still being calculated, but conservative estimates number the dead at 14 million".<ref>{{cite book |first=Rana |last=Mitter |title=Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-618-89425-3 |page=5}}</ref> Rana Mitter cited the estimate of Chinese casualties by [[Odd Arne Westad]] of 2&nbsp;million combat deaths and 12&nbsp;million civilian deaths, Mitter also cited a Chinese study published in 2006 that put the death toll in the war at 8 to 10&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite book |first=Rana |last=Mitter |title=Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-618-89425-3 |page=381}}</ref>
* An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that "a conservative estimate would put total human casualties directly caused by the war of 1937–1945 at between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000".<ref name="Ping-ti 1953. p.252"/> This study cited a [[Chinese Nationalist]] source that put total civilian casualties at 2,144,048 =(1,073,496 killed; 237,319 wounded; 71,050 captured by Japanese; 335,934 killed in [[Bombing of Chongqing|Japanese air raids]]; 426,249 wounded in air raids), military casualties at 6,750,000 in 1937–1943 (1,500,000 killed; 3,000,000 wounded; 750,000 missing; 1,500,000 deaths caused by sickness, etc.<ref name="Ping-ti 1953. p.251-52">{{cite book |author=Ho Ping-ti |title=Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1959 |pages=251–52 |oclc=170812}}</ref>) In addition 960,000 [[Collaborationist Chinese Army|collaborator forces]] and 446,736 [[People's Liberation Army|Communist]] were killed or wounded.<ref name="Ping-ti 1953. p.251-52"/>
* The official Chinese government (communist) statistic for China's civilian and military casualties in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in 1937–1945 is 20&nbsp;million dead and 15&nbsp;million wounded.<ref name="China pp. 4"/>
* Chinese scholar [[Bianxiu Yue]] has published a study of China's population losses in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. He put total Chinese losses at 20.6&nbsp;million dead and 14.2&nbsp;million injured.<ref>{{cite book |author=卞修跃 |title=抗日战争时期中国人口损失问题研究(1937–1945) |trans-title=Research on Anti-Japanese War of China's population loss problems (1937–1945) |location=Beijing |year=2012 |isbn=9787516902059 |language=zh}}</ref>
* Official [[Nationalist Chinese]] casualty figures were: killed 1,319,958; wounded 1,716,335 and missing 130,126,<ref>{{cite book |author-link=I. C. B. Dear |first1=I. C. B. |last1=Dear |author-link2=M. R. D. Foot |first2=M. R. D. |last2=Foot |title=Oxford Companion to World War II |location=Oxford |year=2005 |isbn=0-19-280670-X |page=221}}</ref> An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that these figures are "unreasonably low" and "highly suspect".<ref>{{cite book |author=Ho Ping-ti |title=Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1959 |page=250 |oclc=170812}}</ref>
* [[R. J. Rummel]]'s estimate of total war dead in 1937–45 is 19,605,000.<ref name="auto18"/> Military dead: 3,400,000 (including 400,000 POW) Nationalist/Communist, and 432,000 [[Collaborationist Chinese Army|collaborator forces]]. Civilian war deaths: 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of [[Japanese war crimes]] (not including an additional 400,000 [[POWs]]). Other deaths: Repression by [[Chinese Nationalist]]s 5,907,000 (3,081,000 military conscripts who died due to mistreatment and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government, including the [[1938 Yellow River flood]]); political repression by [[Chinese Communists]] 250,000 and by [[Warlord]]s 110,000. Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000.
* Werner Gruhl estimates China's total war losses at 15,554,000, Civilians :12,392,000 including (8,191,000) due to the Japanese brutality and military dead 3,162,000.<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 85"/>

{{note|Cuba|J}}　'''Cuba'''
* Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 merchant mariners died.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=540}}

{{note|Czechoslovakia|K}}　'''Czechoslovakia'''
* According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1/1/1939 (within post war 1945–1992 borders) was 14,612,000.<ref name="Waller Wynne 1953. p. 43"/> The population in 1939 included about 3.3&nbsp;million ethnic Germans that were expelled after the war or were German military casualties during the war.
* Russian demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Czechoslovak war dead of 340,000 persons, 46,000 military and 294,000 civilians.<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 Page 294"/>
* A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Czechoslovak casualties:<ref name="Erlikman 2004 54"/> <br />35,000 Military deaths: including: killed during 1938 occupation (171); Czechoslovak Forces with the Western Allies (3,220); [[Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front]] (4,570); [[Slovak Republic (WWII)|Slovak Republic]] Axis forces (7,000); Czechs in German forces (5,000), [[partisan (military)|partisan]] losses 10,000 and (5,000) POWs.<br />320,000 Civilian deaths: (10,000) in bombing and shelling; (22,000) executed; (285,000 in camps including 270,000 Jews, 8,000 Roma); and (3,000) forced laborers in Germany.<ref name="Erlikman 2004 54"/>

{{note|Denmark|L}}　'''Denmark'''
* The Danish Ministry of Education has detailed Denmark's losses in the war of about 8,000 persons including 2,685 killed in Denmark in bombing raids, resistance fighters and those executed by the Germans and 3,000 who died outside Denmark including (2,000 merchant seamen, 63 serving with Allied forces, 600 in German camps, 400 workers in Germany). In addition 2,000 Danish volunteers were killed serving in the German military.<ref name="Hvor mange dræbte danskere"/>

{{note|DutchEI|M}}　'''[[Dutch East Indies]]'''
* The United Nations reported in 1947 that "about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation." They reported, "The total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from, hunger, disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands. Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died; most of them were men of working age."<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations, Economic and Social Council |title=Report of the Working Group for Asia and the Far East |series=Supp. 10. |year=1947 |pages=13–14 |oclc=19441454}}</ref>
* [[John W. Dower]] cited the 1947 UN report that estimated 4&nbsp;million famine and forced labor dead during the [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="John W pp. 295"/>
* [[Werner Gruhl]] estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000 interned Europeans.<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 19 & 143">{{cite book |first=Werner |last=Gruhl |title=Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 |publisher=Transaction |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7658-0352-8 |pages=19, 143}}</ref>
* A discussion of the famine in Java during 1944–45, leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2.4&nbsp;million Indonesians perished.<ref name="mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de"/>
* Dutch Military losses in Asia were 2,500 killed in the 1942 [[Dutch East Indies campaign]].{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=557}}
* Data from the Netherlands Institute of War Documentation puts the number of Dutch POW captured by the Japanese at 37,000 of whom 8,500 died.<ref name="Van Waterford pp. 141-146">{{cite book |first=Van |last=Waterford |title=Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II |publisher=McFarland & Company |year=1994 |isbn=0899508936 |pages=141–46}}</ref>
* The Japanese interned 105,530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies, of whom 13,567 died.<ref name="Van Waterford pp. 141-146"/>

{{note|Egypt|MA}}　'''Egypt'''
* Egyptian military casualties were 1,125 killed and 1,308 wounded. The British used the Egyptian army to guard lines of communication and to clear minefields.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Heike |editor1-last=Liebau |editor2-first=Katrin |editor2-last=Bromber |editor3-first=Katharina |editor3-last=Lange |editor4-first=Dyala |editor4-last=Hamzah |editor5-first=Ravi |editor5-last=Ahuja |display-editors=1 |title=World in World Wars: Experiences, Perceptions, and Perspectives from Africa and Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/worldworldwarsex00lieb |url-access=limited |series=Studies in Global Social History |location=Boston |publisher=Brill |year=2010 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldworldwarsex00lieb/page/n237 227] |isbn=978-90-04-18545-6}}</ref>

{{note|Estonia|N}}　'''Estonia'''
* Estonia's human losses due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 67,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression.<ref name="Repression 2005. Page 38"/><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations|url=http://www.riigikogu.ee/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/TheWhiteBook.pdf|website=White Book|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-date=22 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722163851/http://www.riigikogu.ee/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/TheWhiteBook.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Estonia in World War II#Soviet occupation|first Soviet occupation of Estonia]] in 1940–41 resulted in 43,900 people dead or missing, including (7,800) arrested persons who were murdered or perished in the Soviet Union; (6,000) deported persons who perished in the Soviet Union; (24,000) mobilized persons who perished in the Soviet Union and (1,100) persons who went missing.<ref name="auto1"/>
* Losses during the 1941–1944 [[Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany]] were 23,040, including (7,800) executed by Nazis and (1,040) killed in prison camps. (200) people died in forced labor in Germany. (800) deaths in [[Battle for Narva Bridgehead#Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities|Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities]], (1,000) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and (1,000) perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944–45. (10,000) Estonians were war dead in the German armed forces and (1,000) surrendered POW were executed by the Soviets.<ref>{{cite book |author=Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression |title=The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991 |location=Tallinn |year=2005 |isbn=9985-70-195-X |page=38 Table 2}}</ref> Included in the above figures is the genocide of (243) [[Romani people|Roma people]] and (929) Jews.<ref>{{cite book |author=Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression |title=The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991 |location=Tallinn |year=2005 |isbn=9985-70-195-X |page=18}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>
* After the reoccupation by the USSR, 16,000 Estonians died in Soviet repressions during 1944–53.<ref>{{cite book |author=Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression |title=The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991 |location=Tallinn |year=2005 |isbn=9985-70-195-X |at=Table 2}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>
* Total deaths from 1940 to 1953 due to the war and the Soviet occupation were approximately 83,000 persons (7.3% of the population).<ref name="Repression 2005. Page 38"/><ref name="auto1"/>

{{note|Ethiopia|O}}　'''Ethiopia'''
* Total military and civilian dead in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] were 100,000 including 15,000 native military with Italian forces.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=491}}
* Small and Singer put the military losses at 5,000.<ref name="Small, Melvin 1965">{{cite book |first1=Melvin |last1=Small |last2=Singer |first2=Joel David |title=Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars 1816–1965 |year=1982 |publisher=Sage |isbn=0-8039-1777-5 }}{{page needed|date=May 2020}}</ref>
* The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead. The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10,000 deaths of native soldiers in [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Del Boca |first=Angelo |title=The Ethiopian war |publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press |year=1969 |isbn=0-226-14217-5 |page=261}}</ref>
* These totals do not include losses in the Italian [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]] and Italian occupation from 1935 to 1941. The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War#War crimes|Italian occupation]] from 1935 to 1941.<ref>{{cite book |title=Italy's War Crimes in Ethiopia |orig-year=1946 |edition=Reprinted |year=2000 |isbn=0-9679479-0-1|last1=Kali-Nyah |first1=Imani |publisher=Ethiopian Holocaust Remembrance Committee }}<!--publisher, page(s) needed--></ref> However, [[R.J. Rummel]] estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans were killed by the Italians from the 1920s–1941 "based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program 'Timewatch{{'"}}, which aired January 17, 1992.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=R. J. Rummel |first=R. J. |last=Rummel |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM |title=Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 |publisher=Transaction |year=1998 |isbn=3-8258-4010-7 |at=Chapter 14}}</ref>

{{note|Finland|P}}　'''Finland'''
* Military dead include killed and missing from the [[Winter War]] and [[Continuation War]] with the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1944, as well as action against German forces in the [[Lapland War]] 1944–45. Winter War (1939–40) losses were approximately 27,000 military deaths, Continuation War (1941–44) were 66,000, and 1,000 in Lapland War (1944–45).<ref name="Tiina Kinnunen, Ville Kivimäki 2011. pp. 172"/>
* The Finnish National Archives website's database lists the names of the 94,676 Finnish war dead between 1939 and 1945. The database includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army, navy or the air force. It also includes foreign volunteers who died during their service in Finland and Finnish SS-men who died while serving in the German army. The database contains civilians in case they have been buried at a military cemetery. That was sometimes done if the deceased was, for example, an ammunition worker, air raid victim or a civilian worker who for some other reason died because of the war. Some parishes continued burying in the Second World War military cemeteries up to the 1980s.<ref name="Finnish National Archives"/>
* Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish [[POW]] taken in the War.{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=52}}
* 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the [[Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS]] and 256 were killed in action.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
* Civilian war dead were approximately 2,100,<ref name="Tiina Kinnunen, Ville Kivimäki 2011. pp. 172"/><ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 58"/> due in part to the [[bombing of Helsinki in World War II]].

{{note|France|Q}}　'''France'''
* French military war of 210,000 dead include 150,000 regular forces (1939–40 [[Battle of France]] 92,000; 1940–45 on [[Western Front (World War II)]] 58,000); 20,000 [[French resistance]] fighters and 40,000 [[POWs]] in Germany.<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 60-65">Gregory Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. pp. 60–65</ref> Civilian losses of 390,000 include: 60,000 killed in allied (mainly American) bombardments,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/seconde-guerre-mondiale-tombes-sous-les-bombes-amies_1547454.html|title=Seconde Guerre mondiale: tombés sous les bombes "amies"|date=June 6, 2014|website=LExpress.fr}}</ref> 60,000 in land fighting, 30,000 murdered in executions, 60,000 political deportees, 40,000 workers in Germany, 100,000 victims of Nazi genocide (Jews & Roma) and 40,000 French nationals in the German Armed forces who were conscripted in [[Alsace-Lorraine]].<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 60-65"/>
* The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000.<ref name="memoiredeshommes">[http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/article.php?larub=11&titre=seconde-guerre-mondiale France Ministry of Defense]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr; accessed March 5, 2016.</ref> They note that these losses include combatants from the French colonies as well as metropolitan France; regular soldiers and members of the resistance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/article.php?larub=48&titre=militaires-decedes-au-cours-de-la-seconde-guerre-mondiale |author=France Ministry of Defense |title=Mémoire des hommes }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
* Vadim Erlikman, a Russian historian, estimates losses of Africans in the [[French Colonial Forces]] at about 22,000.{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|pp=83–89}}
* 752 civilians were killed during the U.S. air attacks on [[French occupation of Tunisia|French Tunisia]] in 1942–43.<ref>{{cite book |first=Rick |last=Atkinson |title=An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7435-7099-2 |page=478}}</ref>
* [[R. J. Rummel]] estimates the deaths of 20,000 [[anti-Fascist]] Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.<ref name="RJR DNGaMM"/>

{{note|Frin|R}}　'''French Indochina'''
* [[John W. Dower]] estimated 1.0&nbsp;million deaths due to [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] during Japanese occupation.<ref name="JWD 297"/>
* [[Werner Gruhl]] estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1,500,000.<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 19 & 143"/>
* Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 1944–45 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2&nbsp;million.<ref name="japanfocus.org"/>

{{note|Germany|S}}　'''Germany'''
The following notes summarize German casualties.  The details are presented in [[German casualties in World War II]].

<u>German population</u>
* The 1939 Population for Germany within 1937 borders [[:File:DR1937.1.png]] was 69.3&nbsp;million persons.<ref name="Marschalck, Peter p.149"/>
* Foreign nationals of German ancestry in the countries of [[East-Central Europe]] were subject to conscription by Nazi Germany during the war. According to a 1958 report by the West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office) the pre war ethnic German population in eastern Europe was 7,423,300 persons (249,500 [[Baltic states]] & [[Klaipėda Region|Memel]]; 380,000 Danzig; 1,371,000 Poland (1939 Borders) [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_1922.png File:Rzeczpospolita 1923.png - Wikimedia Commons]; 3,477,000 [[Czechoslovakia]]; 623,000 Hungary; 536,800 Yugoslavia; and 786,000 Romania).<ref>{{cite book |title=Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50 |series=Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden |location=Stuttgart |publisher=[[Kohlhammer Verlag]] |year=1958 |pages=45–46 |oclc=7363969}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 |location=Bonn |year=1961 |page=79 }} (available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess)</ref> These German estimates are disputed. A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that "Generally speaking, the German estimates... are not only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses". He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the post war expulsions.<ref>{{cite book |first=Piotr |last=Eberhardt |title=Political Migrations In Poland 1939–1948 |location=Warsaw |year=2006 |url=http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf |pages=53–54 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623213741/http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-23}}</ref>

<u>Total German war dead</u>
* (1949) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,483,000; (3,250,000)military; (500,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,533,000) deaths in the expulsions from Poland and (200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders [[:File:DR1937.1.png]] and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.<ref>Wirtschaft und Statistik November 1949 pp. 226–29, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German Federal Statistical Office)</ref>
* (1953) The German economist [[:de:Bruno Gleitze]] from the [[German Institute for Economic Research]] estimated total war dead of 6,000,000; (3,100,000) military; (600,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (800,000) deaths to expulsion from Poland (300,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution, (1,200,000) increase in natural deaths due to the war. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders [[:File:DR1937.1.png]] and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.<ref name="B. Gleitze 1953">{{cite journal |first=B. |last=Gleitze |title=Deutschlands Bevölkerungsverluste durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg |journal=Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung |volume=4 |year=1953 |pages=375–84 |issn=0340-1707}}</ref>
* (1956) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,650,000 = (3,760,000) military; (430,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,260,000) deaths to expulsion from Poland and (200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders [[:File:DR1937.1.png]] and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.<ref name="auto11"/>
* (1961) The West German government issued a statement listing a total of 7,032,800 war dead: (military dead 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders [[:File:DR1937.1.png]] and 432,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe); (430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign in prewar 1937 borders); (300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution including 170,000 Jews); (expulsion dead 1,224,900 in prewar 1937 borders and 885,900 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe). These figures do not include Austria.<ref>Germany reports. With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse-und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961, p. 32</ref> The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1961, listed Austrian casualties as 250,000 military dead and 24,000 civilians killed in bombing raids<ref name="digizeitschriften.de"/>
* (1984) A German demographic study estimated 6,900,000 deaths caused by the war in prewar 1937 borders [[:File:DR1937.1.png]]. (3,800,000) military and (3,100,000) civilians.<ref name="Marschalck, Peter p.149"/>
* (1991) A German demographic study estimated 5,450,000 to 5,600,000 war dead (4,300,000 military dead; 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign and 882,000 deaths due to expulsions from Poland). These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders [[:File:DR1937.1.png]] and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite book |first=Heinz Günter |last=Steinberg |title=Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg |location=Bonn |year=1991 |pages=142–145 |isbn=9783885570899}}</ref>
* (1998) A German demographic study estimated 5,500,000 to 6,900,000 war dead. These figures vary because of the shift of borders between 1937 and 1940.<ref name="Hubert, Michael p. 272">{{cite book |last=Hubert |first=Michael |title=Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |year=1998 |isbn=3-515-07392-2 |page=272}}</ref>
* (2005) The German government issued a report listing total war dead of 7,375,800 (3,100,000 soldiers killed; 1,200,000 soldiers missing; 500,000 civilians killed in bombing raids; 2,251,500 civilian victims of expulsions and deportations; 24,300 Austrian civilians killed and 300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures include Austria and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.)<ref name="volksbund.de">{{cite book |url=http://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/BereichInfo/BereichPublikationen/Reihe_Allgemeine_Reihe/Erweiterungen/0100_Band_10/0%20Band10%20Narben%20bleiben.pdf |first1=Willi |last1=Kammerer |first2=Anja |last2=Kammerer |title=Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg |location=Berlin |publisher=Dienststelle |year=2005 |page=12 |isbn=<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--> |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-date=2017-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611215917/http://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/BereichInfo/BereichPublikationen/Reihe_Allgemeine_Reihe/Erweiterungen/0100_Band_10/0%20Band10%20Narben%20bleiben.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<u>German military casualties</u>
* (1945) The casualty figures compiled by the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|German High Command (OKW)]] as of January 31, 1945 put total military losses at 2,001,399 dead, 1,902,704 missing and POW held by Allies and 4,429,875 wounded.<ref>{{cite book |first=Percy |last=Schramm |title=Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940–1945 |publisher=Bernard & Grafe |year=1982 |isbn=9783881990738 |pages=1508–11}}</ref>
* (1946) The [[MetLife|Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.]] estimated German military dead at 3,250,000.<ref>{{cite book |author=Metropolitan Life Insurance Company |title=Statistical bulletin January 1946 |page=7}}</ref>
* (1947) The combined staff of the U.K., Canada and the U.S. prepared "A study of the employment of German manpower from 1933–1945". They estimated German casualties up until April 30, 1945, at 2,230,324 dead, 2,870,404 missing and POW held by Allies.<ref>{{cite book |first=Burkhart |last=Müller-Hillebrand |title=Das Heer 1933–1945. Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues |series=Band III. Der Zweifrontenkrieg. Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende |publisher=Mittler |location=Frankfurt am Main |year=1969 |page=262 |oclc=3923177}}</ref><ref name="Overmans, Rüdiger 1989, pages 862-63">{{cite book |last=Overmans |first=Rüdiger |chapter=Die Toten des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Deutschland. Bilanz der Forschung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wehrmacht und Vertreibungsverluste |title=Der Zweite Weltkrieg. Analysen, Grundzüge, Forschungsbilanz |editor-last=Michalka |editor-first=Wolfgang |location=München |publisher=Piper |year=1989 |pages=862–63 |isbn=3-492-10811-3}}</ref>
* (1960) The West German government issued figures of the war losses. Total military dead were put at 4,440,000 (3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders [[:File:DR1937.1.png]], 430,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe and 250,000 Austria).<ref name="digizeitschriften.de"/>
* (1974) The Maschke Commission found that about 1.2&nbsp;million German military personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs, including 1.1&nbsp;million in the USSR.<ref>Erich Maschke, ''Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges''. E. Bielefeld & W. Gieseking, 1962–1974 vol 15, pp. 185–230.</ref>
* (1985) The [[Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt)]] has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war, they do not compile figures of the total war dead. By 1985 they had identified 3.1&nbsp;million confirmed dead and 1.2&nbsp;million missing and presumed dead.<ref name="Overmans, Rüdiger 1989, pages 862-63"/> The [[Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt)]] reported the same figures in 2005.<ref name="volksbund.de"/>
* (1993) The Russian historian [[Grigoriy Krivosheyev]] puts the losses of the "[[Russian Liberation Army|Vlasovites]], Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=278}} According to Krivosheev, 450,600 German POWs died in Soviet captivity (356,700 in camps and 93,900 in transit).{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=276}}
* (2000) [[Rüdiger Overmans]], an associate of the [[German Armed Forces Military History Research Office]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ruediger-overmans.de/|title=Rüdiger Overmans|website=www.ruediger-overmans.de}}</ref> provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a [[Sampling (statistics)|statistical survey]] of German military personnel records at the [[Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt)]]. The Overmans research project was financed by a private foundation and published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the [[Federal Ministry of Defense (Germany)]]. The study found that the statistics compiled by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties. The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000 (4,456,000 in prewar 1937 borders [[:File:DR1937.1.png]] and 539,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe, 261,000 Austria and 63,000 foreign nationals from western European nations). The Overmans study did not include Soviet citizens in German service.{{sfn|Overmans|2000|pp=228–232}} The details of the Overmans study are presented in [[German casualties in World War II]]. In a separate study, Overmans concluded that the actual death toll of German POWs was about 1.1&nbsp;million men (including 1.0&nbsp;million in the USSR).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Rüdiger |last1=Overmans |author-link1=Rüdiger Overmans |last2=Goeken-Haidl |first2=Ulrike |title=Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege |language=de |location=Ullstein |year=2000 |page=246 |isbn=3-549-07121-3}}</ref>

<u>Civilian Casualties</u>
# {{note|civ|S2}}　German civilian casualties are combined from (a) air raid dead, (b) racial, religious and political persecution and (c) casualties due to expulsion of the Germans from east-central Europe:
#:(a) Official German and Austrian sources from the 1950s cite 434,000 air raid dead (410,000 in Germany, 24,000 in) Austria<ref name="Bonn1961">Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 78, available online at [http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess].</ref> The figure cited by Overy (2013) is 353,000 air raid dead.<ref>Richard Overy, '' The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945'' (2013) pp. 304–7</ref>
#:(b) The number of victims of Nazi persecution in Germany and Austria (victims of the Nazi euthanasia program) is estimated at close to 400,000 (300,000 in Germany, 100,000 in Austria).<ref>Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961 pp. 31–33.</ref><ref name="Austria facts and Figures Page 44"/> According to the German government the euthanasia accounted for an additional 200,000 victims.<ref>Euthanasie im Nationalsozialismus [https://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de Bundesarchiv Euthanasie im Nationalsozialismus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021060807/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de |date=2013-10-21 }};</ref>
#:(c) The number of victims of the [[flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)]] is contentious. Estimates in the 1960s cited a total of 2,111,000 deaths,<ref name=":6">Facts concerning the problem of the German expellees and refugees, Bonn 1967</ref><ref name="Alfred M 1994. page 152">[[Alfred M. de Zayas]]: ''A terrible Revenge''. Palgrave/Macmillan, New York, 1994; {{ISBN|1-4039-7308-3}}, p. 152-</ref> and the German government as of 2005 still maintained a number of "ca. 2 million".<ref name="bpb.de">[http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/nationalsozialismus/dossier-nationalsozialismus/39587/die-vertreibung-der-deutschen "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße"], bpb.de (2005); accessed December 6, 2014.{{in lang|de}}</ref> Direct civilian deaths due to the expulsion of Germans is estimated at 600,000 by the [[German Federal Archive]] (1974)<ref>German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989, pp. 53–54.</ref> and at 500,000 to 600,000 by Haar (2009).<ref name="Ingo Haar 2009"/> The substantial difference of close to 1.5&nbsp;million comprises people whose fate is uncertain in the reported German statistics. The German government maintains that these deaths are due to famine and disease during the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)<ref name="auto17">[[Stefan Koldehoff]], [https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/keine-deutsche-opferarithmetik.691.de.html?dram:article_id=50189 ''Keine deutsche Opferarithmetik''] (interview with Christoph Bergner), ''Deutschlandfunk'', 29 November 2006.</ref> This was disputed by historian Ingo Haar who maintains that the difference classified as missing is due to a decline in births, the assimilation of ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe after the war, the understatement of military casualties and murdered Jews.<ref name="Ingo Haar 2009"/>

<u>Civilian casualties in air raids</u>
<poem>*(1945–47) The [[United States Strategic Bombing Survey]] gave three different figures for German air raid deaths.
    1- The summary report of September 30, 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305,000 killed and 780,000 wounded.<ref name="auto21">{{Cite web|url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=strategic+bombing&amode=words&title=&tmode=words&c=x%27|title=Search Results {{pipe}} The Online Books Page|website=onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu}}</ref>
    2- The section ''Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy'' of October 31, 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded.<ref name="auto21"/>
    3- The section ''The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany'' of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422,000. Regarding overall losses, they concluded that "It was further estimated that an additional number, approximately 25% of known deaths in 1944–45, were still unrecovered and unrecorded. With an addition of this estimate of 1944–45 unrecorded deaths, the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks."<ref name="auto21"/></poem>
* (1956) A German government study put German air war dead at 635,000; 500,000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135,000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945. These figures include 593,000 Germany in 1937 borders [[:File:DR1937.1.png]] (410,000 civilians, 32,000 foreigners and POW and 23,000 military and Police killed in strategic bombing and 127,000 civilians and 1,000 military and Police refugees fleeing on the eastern front). There were an additional 42,000 dead in Austria and the annexed territories (26,000 civilians, 7,000 foreigners and POW and 1,000 military and Police were killed in strategic bombing and 7,000 refugees fleeing on the eastern front).<ref>Hans Sperling, Die Luftkriegsverluste während des zweiten Weltkriegs in Deutschland, Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office)</ref><ref>Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, p. 78.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbk.bund.de/DE/Service/Fachinformationsstelle/DigitalisierteMedien/HampeDerzivileLuftschutzimZweitenWeltkrieg/hampederzivileluftschutzimzweitenweltkrieg_node.html|title=Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe – Hampe: Der zivile Luftschutz im Zweiten Weltkrieg|website=www.bbk.bund.de|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-date=2020-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509081153/https://www.bbk.bund.de/DE/Service/Fachinformationsstelle/DigitalisierteMedien/HampeDerzivileLuftschutzimZweitenWeltkrieg/hampederzivileluftschutzimzweitenweltkrieg_node.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 2014, Historian [[Richard Overy]] published a study of the air war, ''The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945'', in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead. He estimated total air raid deaths at 353,000. Overy maintains that the German estimates are based on incorrect speculations for losses during the last three months of the war when there was a gap in the record keeping system. He points out that the figures for air raid dead in the last three months of the war were estimated in the West German figures from 1956 at 300,000 people which he believes is not plausible. The official figures include an inflated total of 60,000 in the [[Bombing of Dresden]] and the inclusion of refugees fleeing westward.<ref name="Richard Overy 2013 pp. 304-7"/>

<u>Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign</u>
* The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders, not including the former German territories in Poland.<ref name="digizeitschriften.de"/> However, there is a more recent estimate of 22,000 civilians killed during the fighting in Berlin only.<ref name="Books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAzgsCDUky0C&q=Peter+Antill,+Peter+Dennis,+Berlin+1945:+end+of+the+Thousand+Year+Reich|title=Peter Antill & Dennis, Peter. ''Berlin 1945: end of the Thousand Year Reich''|isbn=978-1-84176-915-8|page=85|access-date=June 15, 2011|last1=Antill|first1=Peter|date=2005-10-10|publisher=Bloomsbury USA }}</ref>

<u>Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecution</u>
* The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution at 300,000 (including 170,000 German Jews).<ref name="volksbund.de"/><ref>Germany reports. With an introduction by [[Konrad Adenauer]]. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961], p. 32</ref>
* A 2003 report by the [[German Federal Archive]] put the total murdered during the [[Action T4]] [[Euthanasia]] program at over 200,000 persons.<ref>[https://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de Bundesarchiv Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021060807/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de |date=2013-10-21 }}, bundesarchiv.de; accessed March 5, 2016.{{in lang|de}}</ref>

<u>[[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)|Expulsion and flight of ethnic Germans]]</u>
The following notes summarize German expulsion casualties, the details are presented in the [[flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)]], the [[forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]' and the [[Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans]]. The figures for these losses are currently disputed, estimates of the total deaths range from 500,000 to 2,000,000. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2.2&nbsp;million by the West German government in 1958.<ref name=":5">Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden – Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958.</ref> German government reports which were released to the public in 1987 and 1989 have caused some historians in Germany to put the actual total at 500,000 to 600,000.<ref>Ingo Haar, "Hochgerechnetes Unglück, Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben", Süddeutsche Zeitung, November 14, 2006</ref> English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3&nbsp;million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.HTM R. J. Rummel. ''Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900''] (1,863,000 in post war expulsions and an additional 1.0 million in wartime flight)</ref><ref>[[Alfred M. de Zayas]]: ''A terrible Revenge''. Palgrave/Macmillan, New York, 1994; {{ISBN|1-4039-7308-3}}, pp. 152- (2,111,000)</ref><ref>Charles S Maier, ''The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity'' Harvard Univ, MA, 1988; {{ISBN|0-674-92975-6}}, p. 75 (2,000,000)</ref><ref>Douglas Botting, ''The Aftermath: Europe (World War II)'', Time-Life Books, 1983; {{ISBN|0-8094-3411-3}}, pp. 21, 81 (2,000,000)</ref><ref>H.W. Schoenberg, Germans from the East: A Study of their migration, resettlement and subsequent group history, since 1945, Springer London, Limited, 1970; {{ISBN|90-247-5044-X}}, p. 33 (2,225,000)</ref><ref>Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann, Ernest A. Menze, Anchor Atlas of World History, Vol. 2: 1978 (3,000,000)</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica – 1992 (2,384,000)</ref><ref>Kurt Glaser & Stephan Possony, ''Victims of Politics – 1979'' (2,111,000)</ref><ref>Sir [[John Keegan]], ''The Second World War'', 1989 (3.1 million including 1.0 million during wartime flight)</ref><ref>The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 4 (2,000,000)</ref>
* (1950) The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0&nbsp;million civilian deaths in the expulsions.(1.5&nbsp;million in prewar 1937 Germany [[:File:Oder-neisse.gif]] and 1.5&nbsp;million foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe)<ref>Wirtschaft und Statistik 1950 #2 pp.8–9</ref>
* (1954–1961) The [[Schieder commission]] made preliminary estimates the civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3&nbsp;million persons, broken out as follows: 2,000,000 Poland (in post-war borders) and the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] of Russia; 225,600 Czechoslovakia; 69,000 Yugoslavia; 40,000 Romania; 6,000 Hungary. These preliminary figures were superseded with the publication of the 1958 West German demographic study.<ref>Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, ''Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa'' Vol. 1–5, Bonn, 1954–1961</ref>
* (1958) A West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the flight during the war, post war expulsions and the [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]], broken out as follows: Germany in 1937 borders [[:File:Oder-neisse.gif]] 1,339,000; Poland in 1939 borders [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_1922.png File:Rzeczpospolita 1923.png - Wikimedia Commons] 185,000; Danzig 83,000; Czechoslovakia 273,000; Yugoslavia 136,000; Romania 101,000; Hungary 57,000; Baltic States 51,000.<ref name="digizeitschriften.de"/><ref name=":5"/>
* (1965), The search service of the German churches and Red Cross was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the expulsions, broken out as follows: 367,392 Poland (in post war borders); 18,889 [[Sudetenland]]; 64,779 Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia; 9,064 [[Baltic States]]; and 12,889 Germans resettled in Poland. There were an additional 1,905,991 unsolved cases of persons reported missing. The results of this survey were kept secret until 1987.<ref>Gesamterhebung zur Klärung des Schicksals der deutschen Bevölkerung in den Vertreibungsgebieten, München : Zentralstelle des Kirchl. Suchdienstes, 1965</ref><ref>Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch: ''Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"'' Springer 2009; {{ISBN|978-3-531-16152-5}}, p. 369</ref><ref>Rűdiger Overmans. Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung. (This paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994</ref><ref>Pistohlkors, Gert. Informationen zur Klärung der Schicksale von Flüchtlingen aus den. Vertreibungsgebieten östlich von Oder und Neiße. Published in Schulze, Rainer, Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte : Bilanzierung der Forschung und Perspektiven für die künftige Forschungsarbeit Hildesheim : A. Lax, 1987</ref><ref>Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn: ''Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte''. Paderborn 2010; {{ISBN|978-3-506-77044-8}}, p. 702</ref>
* (1966) The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims issued a statement that put the number of expulsion dead at 2,111,000 (1,225,000 Germany in 1937 borders [[:File:Oder-neisse.gif]] and 886,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe)<ref name="Alfred M 1994. page 152"/><ref name=":6"/>
* (1974) A study by the [[German Federal Archive]] estimated a death toll of 600,000 of civilians in the expulsions and deportations to the USSR. (400,000 in Poland (in post war borders) and the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] of Russia; 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia.) The authors of the report maintain that these figures cover only those deaths caused by violent acts and deaths in forced labor and internment camps. They also stated that their figures do not include deaths due to malnutrition and disease. This report was kept secret and not published until 1989.<ref>German Federal Archive Spieler, Silke. ed. Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte.. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989); {{ISBN|3-88557-067-X}}.</ref>
* (1985) A demographic analysis which has the support of the German government, estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the [[forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]] broken out as follows: (870,000Germany in 1937 borders east of the [[Oder–Neisse line]]; 108,000 Germans resettled in Poland during the war; 174,000 Poland in 1939 borders [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_1922.png File:Rzeczpospolita 1923.png - Wikimedia Commons]; 40,000 Danzig; 220,000 Czechoslovakia; 106,000 Yugoslavia; 75,000 Romania; 84,000 Hungary; 33,000 Baltic States; 310,000 USSR)<ref>Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995 (revised ed)</ref>
* The German government currently maintains that 2.0&nbsp;million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe. In 2006, Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in [[Germany]]'s Bureau for Inner Affairs maintained that the figure of 2&nbsp;million deaths is correct because it includes the deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions.<ref>Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State of Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in [[Deutschlandfunk]] on 29 November 2006, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080210034644/http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/kulturheute/569560]</ref>
* A 2005 report by the German government search service put the death toll at 2,251,500, they did not provide details of the figure<ref>[http://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/BereichInfo/BereichPublikationen/Reihe_Allgemeine_Reihe/Erweiterungen/0100_Band_10/0%20Band10%20Narben%20bleiben.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611215917/http://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/BereichInfo/BereichPublikationen/Reihe_Allgemeine_Reihe/Erweiterungen/0100_Band_10/0%20Band10%20Narben%20bleiben.pdf |date=2017-06-11 }}|Willi Kammerer & Anja Kammerer – Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005, p. 12: published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross; the foreword to the book was written by German President [[Horst Köhler]] and the German interior minister [[Otto Schily]]</ref> The current position in 2015 of the German government [[Federal Agency for Civic Education]] is that 2&nbsp;million civilians perished in the expulsions, they cited as the source for this figure Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen.<ref>[http://www.bpb.de/geschichte/nationalsozialismus/dossier-nationalsozialismus/39587/die-vertreibung-der-deutschen "Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße"], bpb.de; accessed 1 December 2015.{{in lang|de}}</ref>

German government figures of 2.0 to 2.5&nbsp;million civilian deaths due to expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the [[German Federal Archive]].<ref name="Ingo Haar 2006"/><ref name="Hans Henning Hahn 2010, pp. 659">Hans Henning Hahn & Eva Hahn, ''Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte'', Paderborn: Schöningh, 2010, pp. 659–726, 839: ill., maps; 24cm. D820.P72 G475 2010; {{ISBN|978-3-506-77044-8}} {{in lang|de}}</ref><ref name="Rűdiger Overmans- 1994">Rűdiger Overmans- "Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung". (this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994</ref><ref name="deutschlandfunk.de">[http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/zahl-der-vertreibungsopfer-ist-neu-zu-erforschen.691.de.html?dram:article_id=50207 Zahl der Vertreibungsopfer ist neu zu erforschen Rüdiger Overmans Deutschlandfunk]; accessed June 21, 2015. {{in lang|de}}</ref><ref name="auto6">Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft: ''Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"'', Berlin: Springer, 2009; {{ISBN|978-3-531-16152-5}} {{in lang|de}}</ref><ref name="auto19">Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich ''Ingo Haar, Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste. Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung'', Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007; {{ISBN|978-3-531-15556-2}} {{in lang|de}}</ref><ref name="Ingo Haar 2007">Ingo Haar, ''Die Deutschen "Vertreibungsverluste –Zur Entstehung der "Dokumentation der Vertreibung'' – Tel Aviver Jahrbuch, 2007, Tel Aviv : Universität Tel Aviv, Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Forschungszentrum für Geschichte; Gerlingen [Germany]: Bleicher Verlag</ref><ref name="pism.pl">[http://www.pism.pl/zalaczniki/PPD_39_Haar.pdf Ingo Haar, "Straty zwiazane z wypedzeniami: stan badañ, problemy, perspektywy", ''Polish Diplomatic Review''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302035633/http://www.pism.pl/zalaczniki/PPD_39_Haar.pdf |date=2011-03-02 }}, 2007, nr 5 (39); accessed 6 December 2014. {{in lang|pl}}</ref>
* German historian [[Rüdiger Overmans]] (2000) published a study of German military casualties; this project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths.{{sfn|Overmans|2000}} Overmans did, however, provide a critical analysis of the previous studies by German government of the human losses in the expulsions. Overmans maintains that these studies lack adequate support, that a figure of 500,000 expulsion dead is credible, and that there are more arguments for the lower figures rather than the higher figures. He believes that new research is needed to determine the correct balance of the human losses in the expulsions. According to him, the figure of 1.9&nbsp;million missing persons reported by the search service is unreliable as it includes military dead and persons of dubious German ancestry who were not expelled after the war but remained in eastern Europe, also the figures for expellees living in the [[GDR]] was understated.<ref name="Rűdiger Overmans- 1994"/><ref name="deutschlandfunk.de"/><ref>Die Toten des Zweiten Weltkriegs in Deutschland. Bilanz der Forschung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wehrmacht- und Vertreibungsverluste, in: Der Zweite Weltkrieg. Analysen, Grundzüge, Forschungsbilanz, Michalka, Wolfgang (Hrsg.), München: Piper 1989, S. 858–873</ref>
* In 2006, Historian [[Ingo Haar]] controversially disputed the official figures in an article published on 14 November 2006 in the German newspaper [[Süddeutsche Zeitung]].<ref name="Ingo Haar 2006"/> Haar argued for a total of 500,000 to 600,000 victims.<ref name="Ingo Haar 2006">Ingo Haar, "Hochgerechnetes Unglück, Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben", [[Süddeutsche Zeitung]], 14 November 2006.</ref><ref name="Rűdiger Overmans- 1994"/><ref name="deutschlandfunk.de"/><ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto19"/><ref name="Ingo Haar 2007"/><ref name="pism.pl"/> [[Christoph Bergner]], Secretary of state in the German Federal Ministry of the Interior, argued in an interview on 29 November against revising the official count of 2.0 to 2.5&nbsp;million victims, and that the controversy was based on what he maintains is misunderstanding, as he stated that Haar's figures represent the number violent deaths, while the official figures include the much more numerous deaths due to exhaustion, disease and starvation which occurred in the wake of the expulsions and deportations.<ref name="auto17"/> Haar has published three articles in academic journals during 2006–2009 which covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions. According to Haar the numbers were set too high for postwar political reasons. Haar argues that the government figure of two million is overstated. He maintains the total number of known German deaths east of the Oder–Neisse line and the ethnic Germans in East Central Europe lies between 500,000 and 600,000, including those deported to the Soviet Union. Haar argues that the number reported missing includes a decline in births, persons of dubious German nationality, military deaths and murdered Jews.<ref name="Ingo Haar 2009">Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft: ''Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"'', Berlin: Springer, 2009; {{ISBN|978-3-531-16152-5}} doi:10.1007/978-3-531-91514-2_17 {{in lang|de}} "Tatsächlich gibt es in der rechnerischen Bilanz zwar einen Bevölkerungsverlust von zwei Millionen Personen für die Gebiete jenseits der Oder-Neiße-Linie und aller ›Auslandsdeutschen‹, aber damit sind alle deutschen Verluste von 1939 bis 1944/45 in diesen Regionen gemeint, einschließlich der Vermissten und Unidentifizierten. Außerdem sind in dieser Zahl auch vermeintlichen deutschen Geburtenausfälle, die Staatsangehörigkeitswechsler, ungezählte Wehrmachtstote, die ermordeten deutschen Juden und Vermisste einbezogen. Die Zahl der konkret bezeugten Opfer beläuft sich jedoch nicht mehr als auf 0,5 bis 0,6 Mio. Personen insgesamt. Wolfgang Benz reflektiert die Problematik des ungenügenden historischen Kontextes und der mangelnden Transparenz der bisheriger Zahlen sehr deutlich, indem er von rund zwei Millionen Deutschen spricht, die auf der Flucht vor der Roten Armee und mit der Vertreibung ihr Leben ließen. Davon waren im polnischen Fall im engeren Sinne aber nur 0,1 bis 0,2 Mio. Personen direkte Opfer von Rache- und Mordaktionen."</ref><ref name="auto19"/><ref name="Ingo Haar 2007"/><ref name="pism.pl"/>
* German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn (2010) have published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions. They maintain that figures related to flight and expulsion have been manipulated by the German government due to political pressure. The Hahn's believe the official German figure of 2&nbsp;million deaths is an historical myth, lacking foundation. They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe. The Hahn's maintain that the 473,013 confirmed deaths is a correct accounting of the losses. Most of these losses occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war, and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union; they point out that there are 80,522 confirmed deaths in the postwar internment camps.<ref name="Hans Henning Hahn 2010, pp. 659"/>
* The [[Deutsches Historisches Museum|German Historical Museum]] puts the number of deaths due to the expulsions at 600,000, they maintain that the figure of 2&nbsp;million deaths in the previous government studies cannot be supported.<ref>[http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/wk2/kriegsverlauf/massenflucht Die Flucht der deutschen Bevölkerung 1944/45], dhm.de; accessed 21 June 2015.{{in lang|de}}</ref>
* A joint Czech–German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions. The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data. The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable.<ref>Hoensch, Jörg K. und Hans Lemberg, ''Begegnung und Konflikt. Schlaglichter auf das Verhältnis von Tschechen, Slowaken und Deutschen 1815–1989'' Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2001; {{ISBN|3-89861-002-0}}</ref>
* Polish historian [[:Pl:Bernadetta Nitschke|Bernadetta Nitschke]] has provided a summary of the research in Poland on German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland, not including other eastern European countries. Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6&nbsp;million deaths in Poland reported by the West German government in the 1950s with the figure of 400,000 (in Poland only) that was disclosed in 1989. According to Nitschke most of the civilian deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war, the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor, and after the resettlement in the [[Soviet occupation zone]] in post war Germany.<ref>Bernadetta Nitschke. ''Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Polen 1945 bis 1949.'' München, Oldenbourg Verlag, 2003; {{ISBN|3-486-56832-9}}, pp. 269–82.</ref>
* Polish historians [[:Pl:Witold Sienkiewicz (historyk)|Witold Sienkiewicz]] and [[:Pl:Grzegorz Hryciuk|Grzegorz Hryciuk]] believe that between 600,000 and 1.2&nbsp;million German civilians perished during the wartime evacuations. The main causes of death were cold, stress, and bombing.<ref>Witold Sienkiewicz & Grzegorz Hryciuk, ''Wysiedlenia, wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939–1959: atlas ziem Polski: Polacy, Żydzi, Niemcy, Ukraińcy'', Warsaw: Demart, 2008, p. 170, ''Określa je wielkosciami między 600tys. a 1.2 mln zmarłych i zabitych. Głowną przyczyną zgonów było zimno, stres i bombardowania''; accessed 26 May 2015.{{in lang|pl}}<!-- ISBN/ISSN needed --></ref> According to Sienkiewicz and Hryciuk between 200,000 and 250,000 persons were held in postwar Polish internment camps and between 15,000 and 60,000 perished.<ref>Witold Sienkiewicz & Grzegorz Hryciuk, ''Wysiedlenia, wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939–1959: atlas ziem Polski: Polacy, Żydzi, Niemcy, Ukraińcy'', Warsaw: Demart, 2008, p. 187<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref>

<u>Post war increase in natural deaths</u>
* German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties. The German economist [[Bruno Gleitze]] from the [[German Institute for Economic Research]] estimated that there were 1,200,000 excess deaths caused by the harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war. Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000 in post war Germany<ref name="B. Gleitze 1953"/> The West German Statistisches Bundesamt put the actual deaths in 1939–46 due to natural causes at 7,130,000 persons, the demographic study by [[Peter Marschalck]] estimated the expected deaths in peacetime due to natural causes of 5,900,000 persons, a difference of 1,230,000 excess deaths.<ref name="Marschalck, Peter p.149"/> In Allied-occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946–47. The average [[kilocalorie]] intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800, an amount insufficient for long-term health.<ref>Alan S. Milward, ''The Reconstruction of Western Europe''<!-- publisher info, year, page(s), ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>

{{note|Greece|T}}　'''Greece'''
* The Greek government is planning to claim reparations from Germany for war damages.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31849430|title=Does Germany owe Greece wartime reparations money? |work=BBC News |date=June 14, 2005 |access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9981837/Vast-Greek-war-claims-against-Germany-explode-like-a-time-bomb.html "Vast Greek war claims against Germany explode like a 'time-bomb'"], ''The Telegraph'', 22 March 2014.</ref>
* The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the [[Axis occupation of Greece during World War II]]. Military dead 35,077, including: 13,327 killed in the [[Greco-Italian War]] of 1940–41; 1,100 with the [[Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East]], and 20,650 partisan deaths. Civilian deaths 171,845, including: 56,225 executed by Axis forces; 105,000 dead in German concentration camps (including Jews); 7,120 deaths due to bombing; 3,500 merchant marine dead; 600,000 [[Great Famine (Greece)|Famine]] deaths during the war.<ref name="distomo-griechenland.de"/>
* A study published by [[Cambridge University Press]] in 2010 estimated that Greece suffered approximately 300,000 deaths during the Axis occupation as a result of famine and malnutrition.<ref name="Baranowski, Shelley 2010 p. 273"/>
* Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the ''Statistical Year-Book of the League of Nations'' gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war. He points out that "the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent". His estimates for Greek losses are as follows: the war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41, 60,000 non-Jewish civilians, 20,000 non-Jewish deportees, 60,000 Jews and 140,000 famine deaths during the [[Axis occupation of Greece during World War II]].<ref>Gregory Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. pp. 89–91</ref>
* In campaigns against the [[Greek Resistance]] the German occupiers engaged in a policy of reprisals against civilians, the most notorious were the [[Distomo massacre]] and the [[Massacre of Kalavryta]]. According to the German historian [[:de:Dieter Pohl (Historiker)|Dieter Pohl]] at least 25,000 but perhaps even more civilians were killed in mass executions. Pohl maintains that about 1&nbsp;million persons (14% of the population) were displaced in the campaigns against the [[Greek Resistance]] because their homes were destroyed or they were expelled and became refugees.<ref>Dieter Pohl, Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS-Zeit 1933–1945, WBG (Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 2003; {{ISBN|3534151585}}, pp. 123–24.</ref>

{{note|Guam|TA}}　'''Guam'''
* Guam was a United States administered territory during World War Two. The local [[Chamorro people]] were granted U.S. citizenship in the [[Guam Organic Act of 1950]].
* According to an official U.S. report during the [[Battle of Guam (1941)|Battle of Guam]] on December 8–10, 4 Guam local military personnel and 3 Guam residents were killed in the battle.<ref name="mansell.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/guam/mcmillan-rpt.html|title=McMillan Report- POWs from Guam in Japan, Battle for Guam|website=www.mansell.com}}</ref> However, Japanese sources reported 40–50 of the local population killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/japanese-seizure-guam|title=The Japanese Seizure of Guam {{pipe}} Marine Corps Association|website=www.mca-marines.org|access-date=2014-05-20|archive-date=2015-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322110117/https://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/japanese-seizure-guam|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Between 1,000<ref name="gpo.gov"/> to 2,000<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 102"/> Chamorro people were killed or otherwise died of abuse and mistreatment during the Japanese occupation of [[Guam]] from December 10, 1941, until August 10, 1944, including an estimated 600 civilians who were massacred by the Japanese during the [[Battle of Guam (1944)]].<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 102"/>

{{note|Hungary|U}}　'''Hungary'''
* Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian losses.<br /> Military losses were 300,000 to 310,000 including 110–120,000 killed in action and 200,000 in Soviet POW and labor camps and 20,000–25,000 Jews in Hungarian military labor service.<ref name="Támas Stark p.33"/> About 200,000 were from Hungary in the 1938 borders and 100,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of [[History of Hungary#World War II|Greater Hungary]] in [[Slovakia]], Romania and Yugoslavia.<ref name="Támas Stark p.59"/><br /> Civilian dead within the borders of present-day Hungary included 220,000 Hungarian Jews killed in the Holocaust and 44,000 deaths from military operations<ref name="Támas Stark p.59"/> The Jewish population of Hungary in the 1941 borders was 764,000 (445,000 in the 1938 borders and 319,000 in the annexed territories). Holocaust deaths in the 1938 borders was 200,000 not including 20,000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military.<ref name="Gilbert pp. 184, 224"/> During the Soviet occupation of Hungary, about 700,000 men were deported to Soviet Union, only 300,000 returned to Hungary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl/to-nie-sympatia-to-solidarnosc-125871|title=To nie sympatia, to solidarność|date=June 5, 2005|website=www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl}}</ref>

{{note|Iceland|V}}　'''Iceland'''
* Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.<ref name="Visindavefur.hi.is"/>

{{note|India|W}}　'''India'''
* India, which was a British colony during World War II, included the present-day [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. India under British administration is sometimes referred to as the [[British Raj]].
* The war dead of 87,029 listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].<ref name="auto8"/>
* [[Gurkha]]s recruited from [[Nepal]] fought with the [[British Indian Army]] during the Second World War. Gurkha casualties with the British Indian Army can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded.<ref name="autogenerated2005">Parker, John. (2005). ''The Gurkhas: The Inside Story of the World's Most Feared Soldiers''. Headline Book Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7553-1415-7}} p. 250</ref>
* The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and [[POW]] 79,489.<ref name="Times 11.1945"/> Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity.<ref name="ID & MF 443"/>
* The pro-Japanese [[Indian National Army]] lost 2,615 dead and missing.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=556}}

<u>Bengal famine of 1943</u>
* [[Cormac Ó Gráda]] (2007): "[E]stimates of mortality in [the [[Bengal famine of 1943]]] range from 0.8 million to 3.8 million; today the scholarly consensus is about 2.1 million (Hall-Matthews 2005; Sen 1981; Maharatna 1996)."<ref name="ÓGráda2007p19">{{cite journal |last1=Ó Gráda |first1=Cormac |title=Making Famine History |journal=Journal of Economic Literature |volume=45 |issue=1 |year=2007 |pages=5–38 |doi=10.1257/jel.45.1.5 |jstor=27646746 |author-link=Cormac Ó Gráda|hdl=10197/492 |s2cid=54763671 |type=Submitted manuscript |hdl-access=free }} – p. 19</ref>
* [[John W. Dower]] estimated 1.5&nbsp;million civilian deaths in the [[Bengal famine of 1943]].<ref name="John W p. 296">[[John W. Dower]]. ''War Without Mercy'', 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}} p. 296</ref>
* [[Amartya Sen]] currently the Lamont University Professor at [[Harvard University]] has recently estimated that a figure of 2.0 to 2.5&nbsp;million fatalities may be more accurate.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sen|first1=Amartya|title=Reflections of an economist|url=http://indiatogether.org/interviews/sen.htm|website=India Together|access-date=2 March 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618193831/http://indiatogether.org/interviews/sen.htm|archive-date=18 June 2014}}</ref>

{{note|Iraq|Y}}　'''Iraq'''
* Losses during [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] and UK occupation in 1941.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=498}}
* According to the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]], 150–180 Jews were killed in the [[Farhud]] pogrom in 1941.<ref name="Farhud"/>

{{note|Ireland|Z}}　'''Ireland'''
* Although neutral, an estimated 70,000 of the Irish Free State's citizens volunteered in the British military service. Some 40 Irish citizens were killed by accidental [[Bombing of Dublin in World War II|bombings]] in Dublin and Carlow, and 33 Irish merchant seamen were killed in U-boat attacks by Germany.<ref name="Csn.ul.ie"/><ref name="reform.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.reform.org/site/2004/01/11/irish-ww2 |author=Geoffrey Roberts |title=The Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War II |date=January 11, 2004 |access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> The [[Irish Free State]] (''Eire'') being part of the [[British Commonwealth]] during the war, the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] records 54 named civilians who died within its borders from effects of enemy action.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eire Civilian War Dead.|url=https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/5002388/eire/|website=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]|access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>

{{note|Italy|AA}}　'''Italy'''

<poem>
* The Italian government issued an accounting of the war dead in 1957, they broke out the losses before and after the [[Armistice with Italy]]: military dead and missing 291,376 (204,376 pre-armistice and 87,030 post armistice). Civilian dead and missing at 153,147 (123,119 post armistice) including in air raids 61,432 (42,613 post armistice).<ref>Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica. '' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45'' Rome, 1957.</ref> A brief summary of data from this report can be found online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographic-research.org |title=The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy: A first attempt. Demographic Research, Vol. 13, No. 15 |publisher=Demographic-research.org |access-date=2011-06-15}}</ref>
           <u>Military war dead</u>
           <u>Confirmed dead</u> were 159,957 (92,767 pre-armistice, 67,090 post armistice)<ref>Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica ''Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45'' Rome 1957, pp. 4–5</ref>
           <u>Missing and presumed dead(including POWs)</u> were 131,419 (111,579 pre-armistice, 19,840 post armistice)<ref>Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica'' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45'', Rome 1957, pp. 6–7</ref>
           <u>Losses by branch of service</u>: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; [[Chaplains]] 91; [[Fascist]] militia
           10,066; [[Paramilitary]] 3,252; not indicated 45,078.<ref>Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica ''Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45'', Rome 1957, p. 20</ref>
           <u>Military Losses by theatre of war</u>: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice);
           Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice);
           USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice);
           other and unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice).<ref>Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica ''Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45'', Rome 1957, pp. 10–11</ref>
</poem>
* Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 [[Armistice with Italy]], included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 [[Italian resistance movement]] fighters in Italy and 13,000 RSI [[Italian Social Republic]] Fascist forces.<ref>Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986 (in Italian)<!--ISSN/ISBN, page(s) needed--></ref>
* Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews.<ref name="RJR DNGaMM"/>
* According to [[Martin Gilbert]], Jewish [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] victims totaled 8,000 <!-- what??? -->in Italy and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya<ref name="Martin Gilbert p. 244"/>
* [http://www.campagnadirussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/I_caduti_del_fronte_orientale.pdf Updated studies (2010) by the ''Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro'' of the Italian Ministry of Defence, p. 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802012428/http://www.campagnadirussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/I_caduti_del_fronte_orientale.pdf |date=2020-08-02 }} have revised the military deaths to 319,207, of which 246,432 belonged to the Army, 31,347 to the Navy, 13,210 to the Air Force, 15,197 to the Partisan formations and 13,021 to the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic. The casualties recorded for Italy do not include Italians who were born in Italian colonies and possessions (ethnic Italians in Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and the Dodecanese) and in national territories that Italy lost with the Paris peace treaty of 1947 (mainly the [[Julian March]], [[Istria]] and [[Zadar|Zara/Zadar]]; a large part of the victims of the [[Foibe massacres]] are thus not included). Also Africans conscripted by Italy are not included in their figures.
* With regards to the Partisan casualties, a ministerial study published in 1955 listed the partisans killed or executed as 35,828; however, the ''Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro'' only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans, whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian armed forces (more than half those killed) were considered as members of their armed force of origin.
* With regards to the Italian Social Republic casualties, the ''Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro'' excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes. In the context of the RSI, where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti-partisan warfare, and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes (especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel), this influences negatively the casualty count, under a statistical point of view. The "RSI Historical Foundation" (''Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico'') has drafted [http://www.fondazionersi.org/caduti/AlboCaduti2016.pdf a list that lists the names of some 35,000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed] during and immediately after World War II (including the "revenge killings" that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath), including some 13,500 members of the [[Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana]] and Milizia Difesa Territoriale, 6,200 members of the [[Black Brigades]], 2,800 [[Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana]] personnel, 1,000 [[Marina Nazionale Repubblicana]] personnel, 1,900 [[X MAS]] personnel, 800 soldiers of the "Monterosa" Division, 470 soldiers of the "Italia" Division, 1,500 soldiers of the "San Marco" Division, 300 soldiers of the "Littorio" Division, 350 soldiers of the "Tagliamento" Alpini Regiment, 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments, 4,000 troops of miscellaneous units of the [[Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano]] (excluding the above-mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments), 300 members of the ''Legione Autonoma Mobile "Ettore Muti"'', 200 members of the ''Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani'', 550 members of the [[29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Italian)|Italian SS]], and 170 members of the ''Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment''.
* This would bring the total number of Italian military personnel killed to some 341,000 (excluding colonial troops).
* According to the official history of the Italian Army (Rovighi, Alberto (1988), ''Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale: (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941)'' [Operations in East Africa: (June 1940 – November 1941)], Rome, Stato Maggiore Esercito, Ufficio storico) From June 1940 to 16 April 1941, 11,755 askaris were killed in Italian East Africa, excluding the losses in Giuba region and eastern fronts. After that date, in the last battles in East Africa there were 490 askaris killed in the [[battle of Culqualber]] and 3,700 killed in the [[battle of Gondar]], plus an unknown number in the battle of Amba Alagi and other minor clashes. This would mean that the number of askaris killed in East Africa was likely somewhere between 16,000 and 20,000. According to the Italian Army official history (USSME, ''La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale'', tomo I, allegato 32 (page 375)), the two Libyan colonial divisions lost 1,399 soldiers killed (not counting the officers, who were Italian) in the battle of Sidi Barrani, where they were both destroyed. There was not much use of colonial troops in North Africa afterwards.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

{{note|Japan|AB}}　'''Japan'''
* Estimates for total Japanese war dead in 1937–1945 range from at least 2.5&nbsp;million<ref name="John W p. 296"/> to 3.237&nbsp;million.<ref>Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945, Transaction 2007; {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}}, p. 144</ref>
* According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Japanese war dead (1937–45) totaled 3.1&nbsp;million persons including 2.3&nbsp;million soldiers and Army/Navy civilian employees, 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 civilians living outside of Japan. These figures include military dead of 30,000 Taiwanese and 22,182 Koreans.<ref name="iUniverse, Inc. July 13, 2005"/>
* Japanese historian Eiji Takamae estimated that between 300,000 to 500,000 Japanese nationals died or disappeared while in Soviet captivity in the years following August 1945. Similarly, historian [[John W. Dower]] reported in Embracing Defeat that the Soviets captured between 1.6 and 1.7 million Japanese nationals in Manchuria and North Korea. Of these, 1.2 million were eventually repatriated, suggesting that as many as 400,000 to 500,000 may have died in captivity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frank |first1=Richard |title=Counting All The Dead
 |journal=American Heritage Magazine |date=August 2023 |volume=68 |issue=5 |url=https://www.americanheritage.com/counting-all-dead}}</ref>

<u>Military dead</u>
* According to a report compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964, combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war (1937–45) numbered approximately 2,121,000; broken down as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Figures were compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964|url=http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/530e35f7e2ae7707ca2571e3001a112d/e7daa03b9084ad56ca257209000a85f7?OpenDocument|website=Australia-Japan Research Project|access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref>

 <poem>
             '''Key: <u>Location</u>, Army dead, ''Navy dead,'' (Total dead)'''
             <u>Japan Proper</u>: 58,100, ''45,800,'' (103,900)
             <u>Bonin Islands</u>: 2,700, ''12,500,'' (15,200)
             <u>Okinawa</u>: 67,900, ''21,500,'' (89,400)
             <u>Formosa (Taiwan)</u>: 28,500, ''10,600,'' (39,100)
             <u>Korea</u>: 19,600, ''6,900,'' (26,500)
             <u>Sakhalin, the Aleutian, and Kuril Islands</u>: 8,200, ''3,200,'' (11,400)
             <u>Manchuria</u>: 45,900, ''800,'' (46,700)
             <u>China (inc. Hong Kong)</u>: 435,600, ''20,100,'' (455,700)
             <u>Siberia</u>: 52,300, ''400,'' (52,700)
             <u>Central Pacific</u>: 95,800, ''151,400,'' (247,200)
             <u>Philippines</u>: 377,500, ''121,100,'' (498,600)
             <u>French Indochina</u>: 7,900, ''4,500,'' (12,400)
             <u>Thailand</u>: 6,900, ''100,'' (7,000)
             <u>Burma (inc. India)</u>: 163,000, ''1,500,'' (164,500)
             <u>Malaya & Singapore</u>: 8,500, ''2,900,'' (11,400)
             <u>Andaman & Nicobar Islands</u>: 900, ''1,500,'' (2,400)
             <u>Sumatra</u>: 2,700, ''500,'' (3,200)
             <u>Java</u>: 2,700, ''3,800,'' (6,500)
             <u>Lesser Sundas</u>: 51,800, ''1,200,'' (53,000)
             <u>Borneo</u>: 11,300, ''6,700,'' (18,000)
             <u>Celebes</u>: 1,500, ''4,000,'' (5,500)
             <u>Moluccas</u>: 2,600, ''1,800,'' (4,400)
             <u>New Guinea</u>: 112,400, ''15,200,'' (127,600)
             <u>Bismarck Archipelago</u>: 19,700, ''10,800,'' (30,500)
             <u>Solomon Islands</u>: 63,200, ''25,000,'' (88,200)
             <u>Total</u>: 1,647,200, ''473,800,'' (2,121,000)
 </poem>
Overall, perhaps two thirds of all Japanese military dead came not from combat, but from starvation and disease.<ref>Dower, p. 298</ref> In some cases this figure was potentially even higher, up to 80% in the Philippines<ref>[https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/september-2007/lessons-from-iwo-jima American Historical Association: Lessons from Iwo Jima footnote 1] Retrieved 10 March 2016</ref> and a staggering 97% in New Guinea.<ref>[https://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j34/stevens.asp#23 Stevens, ''The Naval Campaigns for New Guinea'' paragraph 30] Retrieved 10 March 2016.</ref>
* According to [[John W. Dower]], the Japanese source Showa Shi – 1959 by Shigeki Toyama put Japanese war dead in 1937–1941 in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] at 185,467.<ref name="John W p. 296"/>
* Approximately 223,000 Japanese civilians residing in the Soviet-occupied zones died, most of them within a year and a half after August 9, 1945.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 17, 2020 |title=What war-related sexual violence against Japanese women in Manchuria tells us about democracy in contemporary Japan |journal=Melbourne Asia Review |issue=1 |url=https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/252818/war-related-sexual-violence-japanese-women-manchuria.pdf|page=2 |last1=Itoh |first1=Mayuko }}</ref>
* In 1949 the report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board put military war dead from December 1941 to December 21, 1946, at 1,555,308 Killed and 309,402 wounded.<ref name="Japan Statistical Year-Book 1058">Japan Statistical Year-Book, 1949 [etc.]. Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister's Office. Eng. & Jap. [Tokyo] 1949, pp. 1056–58, Tables 608-09</ref><ref name="John W p. 296 (killed not wounded)">John W. Dower, ''War Without Mercy'' 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, p. 296 (Dower cites the figures of killed but not the wounded)</ref> These figures do not include an additional 240,000 missing Army personnel. The figures of wounded show only those receiving pensions.<ref name="Japan Statistical Year-Book 1058"/> The details of these figures are as follows:<ref>Japan Statistical Year-Book, 1949 [etc.]. Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister's Office. Eng. & Jap. [Tokyo], 1949, p. 1058, Tables 608–09</ref><ref name="John W p. 296 (killed not wounded)"/>
 <poem>
             <u>Army</u>
             <u>China after Pearl Harbor</u> 202,958 killed and 88,920 wounded.
             <u>vs. United States</u> 485,717 killed and 34,679 wounded.
             <u>vs. U.K. and Netherlands</u> 208,026 killed and 139,225 wounded.
             <u>vs. Australia</u> 199,511 killed and 15,000 wounded.
             <u>French Indochina</u> 2,803 killed and 6,000 wounded.
             <u>Manchuria & USSR</u> 7,483 killed and 4,641 wounded.
             <u>other overseas</u> 23,388 killed and 0 wounded.
             <u>Japan proper</u> 10,543 killed and 6,782 wounded.
             <u>Army total</u> 1,140,429 killed and 295,247 wounded.
             <u>Navy</u>
             <u>Sailors</u> 300,386 killed and 12,275 wounded and missing.
             <u>Civilians in Navy service</u> 114,493 killed and 1,880 wounded and missing.
             <u>Navy total</u> 414,879 killed and 14,155 wounded and missing.
 </poem>
* The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead in 1935–1945 were 1,687,738 (1,340,700 Army and 347,038 Navy.)<ref>Annual Changes in Population of Japan Proper 1 October 1920–1 October 1947, General Headquarters for the Allied Powers Economic and Scientific Section Research and Programs Division. Tokyo, July 1948. p.20</ref>
* The [[Yasukuni Shrine]] in Japan lists a total of 191,250 war dead from 1937 to 1941 in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and 2,133,915 in the [[Pacific War]] Their figures include civilians who participated in combat and Taiwanese and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces.
* According to the calculations of [[Werner Gruhl]], Japanese military war dead were 2,565,878 (250,000 from 1931 to 1941 and 2,315,878 in 1942–45).<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 144">Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007; {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}}, p. 144</ref>
* [[John W. Dower]] maintains that "only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat, the majority being caused by illness and starvation".<ref name="John W p. 296"/> According to Dower over 300,000 Japanese POW were missing after being captured by the Soviets. Japanese figures as of 12/31/1948 listed 469,074 missing personnel in Soviet hands, while at the same time the Soviets admitted to holding 95,000 Japanese prisoners thus leaving 374,041 surrendered Japanese personnel who were unaccounted for and presumed dead.<ref name="John W p. 299, 363">John W. Dower. ''War Without Mercy'', 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, pp. 299, 363</ref> According to Dower "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied(non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities.<ref name="John W p. 299, 363"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1%20Sup/ch5.htm#b6|title=Reports of General MacArthur. MacArthur in Japan: The Occupation: Military Phase, Volume I Supplement – U.S. Government printing Office 1966, p. 130, endnote 36|publisher=History.army.mil|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=December 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219230431/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/macarthur%20reports/macarthur%20v1%20sup/ch5.htm#b6|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951 to 1960 that 254,000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95,000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war. The details of these losses are as follows: 199,000 in [[Manchuria]]n transit camps, 36,000 in [[North Korea]], 9,000 on [[Sakhalin]] and 103,000 in the [[USSR]].<ref>Nimmo, William. ''Behind a curtain of silence: Japanese in Soviet custody, 1945–1956'', Greenwood 1989; {{ISBN|978-0-313-25762-9}}, pp. 116–18</ref>
* According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare 65,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the 1945 military campaign against the Soviet Union. After the war ended deaths at the hands of the Red Army and local Chinese population were 185,000 Manchuria, 28,000 in North Korea and 10,000 on Sakhalin and the Kurile islands. An additional 700,000 were taken prisoner by the Soviets were 50,000 died in forced labor in the USSR and Outer Mongolia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ishikida |first1=Miki |title=Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan |date=2005 |publisher=iUniverse, Inc. (July 13, 2005) |isbn=978-0595350636 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xM0AFEAmc4C&q=Japanese+Ministry+of+Health+and+Welfare+war+dead&pg=PA32 |access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
* The Japanese government figures for POW deaths are not in agreement with Soviet figures. Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 (61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured (609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/1939-1945/KRIWOSHEEW/poteri.txt#w02.htm-186 |title=G. F. Krivosheev. ''Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie'', OLMA-Press, 2001; ISBN 5-224-01515-4 |publisher=Lib.ru |access-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref>

<u>Civilian Dead</u>
* The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment. Total casualties were 668,315 including 299,485 dead, 24,010 missing and 344,820 injured. These figures include the casualties in Tokyo (東京) 97,031 dead, 6,034 missing and 113,923 injured; in Hiroshima (広島) 86,141 dead, 14,394 missing and 46,672 injured, in Nagasaki (長崎) 26,238 dead, 1,947 missing and 41,113 injured.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/45694672/Tables-from-%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E8%A2%AB%E5%AE%B3%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E6%9B%B8 |title=Overall Report of Damage Sustained by the Nation During the Pacific War Economic Stabilization Agency, Planning Department, Office of the Secretary General, 1949 |publisher=JapanAirRaids |access-date=March 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taiheiyou-ireikyoukai.jp/pdf/kuubaku_higai.pdf |title=Overall Report of Damage Sustained by the Nation During the Pacific War Economic Stabilization Agency, Planning Department, Office of the Secretary General, 1949 |access-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085625/http://www.taiheiyou-ireikyoukai.jp/pdf/kuubaku_higai.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Japan Statistical Year-Book, 1949 [etc.]. Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister's Office. Eng. & Jap. [Tokyo], 1949, pp. 1056–57, Table 607</ref> According to [[John W. Dower]], an error which appears in English language sources puts the total killed in air raids at 668,000, a figure which includes dead, missing and injured.<ref name="John W p. 299, 363"/>
* A Japanese academic study published in 1979 by The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki puts the total dead in the atomic attacks at 140,000 (± 10,000) in Hiroshima and 70,000 (± 10,000) in Nagasaki.<ref name=":1">Eisei Ishikawa, David L. Swain, Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings, Basic Books, 1981, {{ISBN|046502985X}} p. 115 (English translation of Japanese study published in 1979)</ref> According to the authors of the report a study of atomic bomb related casualties in Hiroshima in December 1945 was "lost and not discovered until twenty years later", they cited a similar survey in Nagasaki done in December 1945.<ref name=":1"/> The authors maintain that the lower casualty figures published in the immediate post war era did not include military personnel and missing persons.<ref>Eisei Ishikawa, David L. Swain, Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings, Basic Books, 1981, {{ISBN|046502985X}} (English translation of Japanese study published in 1979</ref> The figures of dead in the atomic attacks from this study were cited by [[John W. Dower]] in his ''War Without Mercy''.<ref name="John W pp. 297-299">[[John W. Dower]]. ''War Without Mercy'', 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, pp. 297–99</ref>
* According to the [[World Nuclear Association]], "In Hiroshima, of a resident civilian population of 250,000 it was estimated that 45,000 died on the first day and a further 19,000 during the subsequent four months. In Nagasaki, out of a population of 174,000, 22,000 died on the first day and another 17,000 within four months. Unrecorded deaths of military personnel and foreign workers may have added considerably to these figures. About 15 square kilometers (over 50%) of the two cities was destroyed. It is impossible to estimate the proportion of these 103,000 deaths, or of the further deaths in military personnel, which were due to radiation exposure rather than to the very high temperatures and blast pressures caused by the explosions." They noted that "To the 103,000 deaths from the blast or acute radiation exposure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki have since been added those due to radiation-induced cancers, which amounted to some 400 within 30 years, and which may ultimately reach about 550. (Some 93,000 exposed survivors were still being monitored 50 years later.)"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Hiroshima,-Nagasaki,-and-Subsequent-Weapons-Testing |title=Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and Subsequent Weapons Testing|access-date=2014-07-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125203803/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Hiroshima,-Nagasaki,-and-Subsequent-Weapons-Testing|archive-date=2016-01-25}}</ref>
* The [[Radiation Effects Research Foundation]] puts the number of deaths (within two to four months), in Hiroshima at 90,000 to 166,000 persons, and in Nagasaki at 60,000 to 80,000 persons. They noted that deaths caused by the atomic bombings include those that occurred on the days of the bombings due to the overwhelming force and heat of the blasts, as well as later deaths attributable to radiation exposure. The total number of deaths is not known precisely because military personnel records in each city were destroyed; entire families perished, leaving no one to report deaths; and unknown numbers of forced laborers were present in both cities.<ref>[http://www.rerf.jp/general/qa_e/qa1.html Radiation Effects Research Foundation How many people died as a result of the atomic bombings?], rerf.jp; accessed March 5, 2016.</ref>
* The U.S. [[Strategic Bombing Survey]] published the following estimates of Japanese casualties due to U.S. bombing.

1-<u>Summary Report (July 1946)</u> Total civilian casualties in Japan, as a result of 9 months of air attack, including those from the atomic bombs, were approximately 806,000. Of these, approximately 330,000 were fatalities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm#taaatjhi |title=United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report United States Government Printing Office Washington: 1946 p. 20 |access-date=2015-06-25}}</ref>

2-<u>United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division (1947)</u> The bombing of Japan killed 333,000 civilians and injured 473,000. Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings, leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/effectsofbombing00unit#page/142/mode/1up/ United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division] (1947), pp. 143–44</ref>

3-<u>The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. Summary report (1947)</u> Estimated that 252,769 Japanese were killed and 298,650 injured in the air war.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022928447;view=1up;seq=19|title=United States Strategic Bombing Survey Report # 55 The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1947, p. 7|access-date=March 4, 2016|publisher=[Washington]|date=2018-10-11}}</ref>

4-<u>The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale</u> Based on a survey of Japanese households the death toll was put at 900,000 dead and 1.3&nbsp;million injured, the SBS noted that this figure was subject to a maximum sampling error of 30%.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002274416;view=1up;seq=208|title=United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale. United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1947, p. 194|access-date=March 4, 2016|publisher=[Washington]|date=1947}}</ref>

5-<u>Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki</u> The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties. The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions. Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings, disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery, or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining. No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed. Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities, the constant threat of incendiary raids, and the formal evacuation programs of the Government, an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan. In this uncertain situation, estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100,000 and 180,000 for Hiroshima, and between 50,000 and 100,000 for Nagasaki. The Survey believes the dead at Hiroshima to have been between 70,000 and 80,000, with an equal number injured; at Nagasaki over 35,000 dead and somewhat more than that injured seems the most plausible estimate.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/AtomicEffects/AtomicEffects-2.html|title=United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki United States Government Printing Office Washington: 1946, p. 15|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
* [[John W. Dower]] puts Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 and 150,000 in [[Battle of Okinawa]] based on a recent study of the campaign.<ref name="John W p. 299, 363"/> However, American military sources put civilian dead on Okinawa at 42,000, they noted that Japanese sources indicate 50,000 Okinawan noncombatants were killed during the campaign.<ref name="Page 260">{{cite web|last1=Major Chas. S. Nichols Jr., USMC Henry I. Shaw Jr.|title=Okinawa: Victory in the Pacific|url=http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Okinawa/index.html#index|publisher=Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps|access-date=25 February 2017|ref=Page 260}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Major Chas. S. Nichols Jr., USMC Henry I. Shaw Jr.|title=Okinawa: Victory in the Pacific|date=1955|publisher=Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps |pages=260}}</ref>
* War related deaths of Japanese [[merchant marine]] personnel were 27,000.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=578}}

{{note|Korea|AC}}　'''Korea'''
* American researcher [[R. J. Rummel]] estimated 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria. According to Rummel, "Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover. We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939, but how many died can only be roughly estimated."<ref name="hawaii.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM|title=R.J. Rummel "Statistics of democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900" Transaction 1998; ISBN 3-8258-4010-7 (Chapter 3)|publisher=Hawaii.edu|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Werner Gruhl]] estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 533,000.<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 143">Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}} p. 143</ref>
* [[John W. Dower]] has noted "Between 1939 and 1945, close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work, mostly in mines and heavy industry, and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places. Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".<ref>[[John W. Dower]], ''War Without Mercy'' 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, p. 47</ref>

{{note|Latvia|AD}}　'''Latvia'''
* Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Latvian civilian war dead in 1941–45 at 220,000 (35,000 in military operations; 110,000 executed, 35,000 in Germany and 40,000 due to hunger and disease. Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German. POW deaths 3,000.){{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=28}}

{{note|Lithuania|AE}}　'''Lithuania'''
* Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Lithuanian civilian war dead in 1941–45 at 345,000 (25,000 in military operations; 230,000 executed, 15,000 in Germany and 75,000 due to hunger and disease. Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 15,000 and 5,000 with German. POW deaths 4,000.){{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=29}}

{{note|Lux|AF}}　'''Luxembourg'''
* Total war dead were 5,000<ref>Gregory Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. p. 107</ref> which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in a separate unit attached to the Belgian Army.

{{note|Mala|AG}}　'''Malaya and Singapore'''
* The British colony of Malaya consisted of the [[Straits Settlements]], the [[Federated Malay States]] and [[Unfederated Malay States]]. Today they are the nations [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]].
* According to [[John W. Dower]] "Malayan officials after the war claimed, possibly with exaggeration, that as many as 100,000 residents, mostly Chinese, may have been killed by the Japanese; of 73,000 Malayans transported to work on the Burma-Siam railway, 25,000 were reported to have died.<ref>John W. Dower. ''War Without Mercy'' 1986; {{ISBN|0-394-75172-8}}, p. 296</ref>
* According to [[Werner Gruhl]] in Singapore the Japanese murdered 5,000 to 10,000 Chinese in 1942. In Malaya and Singapore an estimated 50,000 Chinese were killed in this genocide by the end of the war<ref>Werner Gruhl, ''Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945'', Transaction 2007; {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}}, p. 91</ref>

{{note|Malta|AH}}　'''Malta''' 1,493 civilians were killed and 3,734 wounded during the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)]]{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=492}} Maltese civilians killed during the siege are also included with U.K. civilian deaths by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].

{{note|Mexico|AI}}　'''Mexico'''
* Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=540}} A Mexican Air Force unit [[Escuadrón 201]] served in the Pacific and suffered 7 deaths.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mexican Air Force Aircrews |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196417/mexican-air-force-aircrews/ |website=National Museum of the United States Airforce}}</ref>

{{note|Mong|AJ}}　'''Mongolia'''
* Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]] (200) and the 1945 [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]] (72) campaigns.{{sfn|Erlikman|2004|p=74}}

{{note|Nauru|AK}}　'''Nauru'''
* During World War II Japan occupied Nauru in August 1942 and deported 1,200 [[Nauruans]] to work as laborers in the Caroline Islands, where 463 died. The survivors returned to Nauru in January 1946.<ref name="State.gov"/>

{{note|Nepal|AL}}　'''Nepal'''
* [[Gurkha]]s recruited from [[Nepal]] fought with the [[British Indian Army]] and Nepalese Army during the Second World War. The war dead reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] for India include Nepalese in the [[British Indian Army]] and Nepalese Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php |title=History Of The Nepalese Army|publisher=Nepalarmy.mil.np|access-date=25 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629090917/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php|archive-date=2015-06-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Gurkha casualties can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded.<ref name="autogenerated2005"/>

{{note|Netherlands|AM}}　'''Netherlands'''
<poem>
* In 1948 the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) issued a report of war losses. They listed 210,000 direct war casualties in the Netherlands, not including the [[Dutch East Indies]].
      <u>Military deaths</u> 6,750 which included 3,900 regular Army, 2,600 Navy forces, and 250 POW in Germany.
      <u>Civilian deaths</u> of 203,250 which included 1,350 Merchant seaman, 2,800 executed, 2,500 dead in Dutch concentration camps,
      20,400 killed by acts of war, 104,000 Jewish Holocaust dead, 18,000 political prisoners in Germany, 27,000 workers in Germany,
      3,700 Dutch nationals in the German armed forces and 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany and 16,000 deaths
      in the [[Dutch famine of 1944]]. Not Included in the figure of 210,000 war dead are 70,000 "indirect war casualties",
      which are attributed to an increase in [[natural deaths]] from 1940 to 1945 and 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the
      Dutch Merchant Marine.<ref name="cbs.nl"/>
</poem>
* The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ogs.nl|title=The Netherlands War Graves Foundation|publisher=Ogs.nl|access-date=June 16, 2011}}</ref>

{{note|Newfoundland|AN}}　'''Newfoundland'''
* Newfoundland lost 1,089 persons with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war.<ref name="Higgins 2007"/>
* The losses of the Newfoundland [[Merchant Navy]] are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdli.ca/monuments/nf/merchant.htm|title=Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland|publisher=Cdli.ca|access-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref>
* Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the [[SS Caribou]] in October 1942.<ref name="Sinking of the SS Caribou"/>

{{note|NZ|AO}}　'''New Zealand'''
* The Auckland War Museum puts the number of World War II dead at 11,671.<ref name="aucklandmuseum.com"/>
* The preliminary data for New Zealand losses was killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and [[POW]] 8,453.<ref name="Times 11.1945"/>

{{note|NOR|AP}}　'''Norway'''
<poem>
* According to Norwegian government sources the war dead were 10,200.<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 112-114"/>
          <u>Military(Norwegian & Allied Forces)</u> 2,000 (800 Army, 900 Navy and 100 Air).<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 112-114"/>
          <u>Civilians</u> 7,500 (3,600 Merchant seaman, 1,500 resistance fighters, 1,800 civilians killed and 600 Jews killed)<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 112-114"/>
          <u>In German Armed Forces</u> 700<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. pp. 112-114"/>
</poem>

{{note|PNG|AQ}}　'''Papua New Guinea'''
* Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities. Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters.<ref name="Bjij, V p. 244"/>

{{note|Phil|AR}}　'''Philippines'''
* Philippines military losses were 57,000 including 7,000 KIA in 1941–42 campaign, 8,000 guerrillas KIA 1942–45 and 42,000 POWs(out of 98,000).{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=566}}
* According to [[Werner Gruhl]] the death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 527,000 (27,000 military dead, 141,000 massacred, 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine). Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes, such as the [[Manila massacre]] which claimed the lives of 100,000 Filipinos.<ref name="Werner Gruhl p. 143-144"/>
* Between 5,000 and 10,000 Filipinos serving with the Filipino troops, Scouts, Constabulary and Philippine Army units lost their lives on the [[Bataan Death March]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theipps.info/bibliography/VOL-XXI-2-64-August%202002.pdf|title=Gordon, Maj. Richard M., (U.S. Army, retired) (28 October 2002). "Bataan, Corregidor, and the Death March: In Retrospect"|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref>

{{note|Poland|AS}}　'''Poland'''

<u>Total Polish war dead</u>
* In 2009, Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000; including an estimated 150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression. The IPN's figures include 2.7 to 2.9&nbsp;million Polish Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust and 2,770,000 [[Polish people|ethnic Poles]]<ref name="Tomasz Szarota 1945. p. 32">{{cite book |first1=Wojciech |last1=Materski |first2=Tomasz |last2=Szarota |title=Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. |publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) |location=Warsaw |year=2009 |isbn=978-83-7629-067-6 |page=32}}</ref> (including "Direct War Losses" −543,000; "Murdered in Camps and in Pacification" −506,000; "Deaths in prisons and Camps" 1,146,000; "Deaths outside of prisons and Camps" 473,000; "Murdered in Eastern Regions" 100,000; "Deaths in other countries" 2,000).<ref name="Tomasz Szarota 1945. pp. 29-30">Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warsaw 2009; {{ISBN|978-83-7629-067-6}}, pp. 29–30</ref> Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 2,830,000 Jews (including 1,860,000 Polish Jews) in the extermination camps in Poland, in addition over 1.0&nbsp;million Polish Jews were murdered by the [[Einsatzgruppen]] in the eastern regions or died of starvation and disease while in [[Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe|ghettos]].<ref name="Tomasz Szarota 1945. p. 32"/>
* In his 2009 book, Andrzej Leon Sowa of the [[Jagiellonian University]] emphasizes the lack of reliable data concerning World War II losses. According to him, between 2.35 and 2.9&nbsp;million Polish citizens of Jewish ethnicity were killed, in addition to about two million ethnic Poles. He writes that not even estimated figures are available regarding Polish citizens of German, Ukrainian or Belarusian ethnicity.<ref name="Brzoza Sowa Historia Polski 1918–1945 694–697">Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Leon Sowa, ''Historia Polski 1918–1945'' [History of Poland: 1918–1945], pp. 694–697. Kraków 2009, [[Wydawnictwo Literackie]], {{ISBN|978-83-08-04125-3}}.</ref>
* [[USHMM|The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] states that "[i]t is estimated that the Germans killed between 1.8 and 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II. In addition, the Germans murdered at least 3 million Jewish citizens of Poland.".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/polish-victims |work=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Polish Victims |access-date=2015-07-05 }}</ref>
* [[Czesław Łuczak]] in 1993 estimated Poland's war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0&nbsp;million, including 2.9 to 3.0&nbsp;million Jews murdered in the [[Holocaust]] and 2.0&nbsp;million [[Polish people|ethnic Polish]] victims of the German and Soviet occupations, (1.5&nbsp;million under German occupation and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish regions under Soviet occupation).<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWrzesien.gif] Meeting line between the German and the Soviet Army after their joint invasion of Poland in September 1939</ref> Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated 1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] ethnic groups who comprised 20% of Poland's pre-war population.<ref>[[Czesław Łuczak]] Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej (Poland and Poles in the Second World War). Styczeń 1993 {{ISBN|83-232-0511-6}} p.683</ref><ref name="ceeol.com">[[Mateusz Gniazdowski|Gniazdowski, Mateusz]]. ''Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and Estimates—an Outline '' The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. 1. This article is available from the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com</ref>
* [[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]] estimated Poland's losses in World War II to be 5.6&nbsp;million; including 5,150,000 victims of [[Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles]] and [[The Holocaust]], 350,000 [[treatment of Polish citizens by occupiers|deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940–41]] and about 100,000 [[Polish people|Poles]] killed in 1943–44 during the [[massacres of Poles in Volhynia]]. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic [[Polish people|Poles]]; 500,000 [[Ukrainians]] and [[Belarusians]].<ref name="auto15"/>
* Total losses by [[:File:Map of Poland (1945).png|geographic area]] were about 4.4&nbsp;million in present-day Poland and about 1.6&nbsp;million in the [[Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union]].<ref name="Gregory Frumkin 1951. p. 119">Gregory Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951. p. 119</ref><ref>U.S. Bureau of the Census ''The Population of Poland'' Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington, D.C., 1954, p. 187</ref> Polish historian [[Krystyna Kersten]] estimated losses of about 2.0&nbsp;million in the [[Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union]].<ref name="KK 1994"/> Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths.<ref>Andreev, E. M., et al., ''Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991''. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; {{ISBN|5-02-013479-1}}, p. 78.<br />Total Soviet losses of 26.6 million are computed for the population in mid-1941 in the territory of the Soviet Union of 1946–1991</ref>
* The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation (including 123,178 military deaths, 2.8&nbsp;million Poles and 3.2&nbsp;million Jews), out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic [[Polish people|Poles]] and Jews; this report excluded ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] losses. Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939, including the territories annexed by the USSR.<ref>Poland. Bureau odszkodowan wojennych, Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945. Warsaw 1947.(the figures of 2.8 million Jews and 3.2 million Poles are based on language spoken, not religion)</ref> The figure of 6.0&nbsp;million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 3.0&nbsp;million Jews and 2.0&nbsp;million [[Polish people|ethnic Poles]], not including other ethnic groups (Ukrainians and Belarusians). They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead, but actually remained abroad in the West and the USSR after the war.<ref name="ceeol.com"/><ref name="CT 1994">[[Czesław Łuczak]], ''Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945''. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI, 1994<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref>

<u>Polish losses during the Soviet occupation (1939–1941)</u>
* In August 2009, Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) estimated that 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.<ref name="Tomasz Szarota 1945. p. 32"/>
* In his 2009 book, Andrzej Leon Sowa of the [[Jagiellonian University]] states that about 325,000 Polish citizens were deported by the Soviets in 1940–41. The number of the deaths for which the Soviets are responsible "probably did not exceed 100,000", and the same applies to the killings perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists.<ref name="Brzoza Sowa Historia Polski 1918–1945 694–697"/>
* [[Andrzej Paczkowski]] puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0&nbsp;million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.<ref name="Stephane Courtois p. 372"/>
* In 2005 [[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]] estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000.<ref name="projectinposterum.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.projectinposterum.org/docs/poland_WWII_casualties.htm|title=go to note on Polish Casualties by Tadeusz Piotrowski at the bottom of the page|publisher=Project In Posterum|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
* An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000.<ref>Franciszek Proch, ''Poland's Way of the Cross'', New York, 1987.<!--publisher; ISSN/ISBN, page(s) needed--></ref>

<u>Polish military casualties</u>
* Poland lost a total of 139,800 regular soldiers and 100,000 [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]] fighters during the war.<ref name="ceeol.com"/> Polish military casualties. Military dead and missing were 66,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]], in addition 17,000–19,000 were killed by the Soviets in the [[Katyn massacre]] and 12,000 died in German POW camps.<ref name="PaneckiWsiek">T. Panecki, ''Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej'' [[:pl:Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny]], 1995, no. 1–2, pp. 13–18</ref> The [[Polish contribution to World War II]] included the [[Polish Armed Forces in the West]], and the [[First Polish Army (1944–1945)|1st Polish Army]] fighting under Soviet command. Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action, 8,548 missing in action, 42,666 wounded and 29,385 interned.<ref name="PaneckiWsiek"/><br />The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 [[Warsaw Uprising]] cost the lives of 120,000–130,000 Polish civilians and 16,000–17,000 [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement fighters]].<ref name="ceeol.com"/><ref>Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warsaw 2009; {{ISBN|978-83-7629-067-6}}, p. 20</ref> The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straty.pl/index.php |title=Victims of the Nazi Regime-Database of Polish citizens repressed under the German Occupation |publisher=Straty.pl |access-date=2011-06-16 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722001609/http://www.straty.pl/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* During the war, 2,762,000<ref>Nürnberg Document No. 3568. Data from this document is listed in ''Martin Brozat, Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik'' Fischer Bücheri 1961. p. 125</ref> Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the [[Deutsche Volksliste]]. A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces,<ref name="StatBA 1958">''Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.'' Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. – Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958</ref> these men were conscripted in violation of international law.<ref>Schimitzek, Stanislaw, Truth or Conjecture? Warsaw 1966</ref> The [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN) estimates 200,000–210,000 Polish citizens, including 76,000 ethnic Poles were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces in 1940–41 during the occupation of the eastern regions. The (IPN) also reported that the Germans conscripted 250,000 Polish nationals into the Wehrmacht, 89,300 later deserted and joined the [[Polish Armed Forces in the West]].<ref name="Tomasz Szarota 1945. pp. 29-30"/>

{{note|Timor|AT}}　'''Timor'''
* Officially neutral, [[East Timor]] was occupied by Japan during 1942–45. Allied commandos initiated a guerrilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population. The Australian Dept. of Defence estimated the civilian death toll at 40,000 to 70,000.<ref name="defence.gov.au"/> However, another source puts the death toll at 40,000 to 50,000.<ref>Ruas, Óscar Vasconcelos, "Relatório 1946–47", AHU</ref>

{{note|Romania|AU}}　'''Romania'''
* Demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Romanian war dead at 300,000 military and 200,000 civilians.<ref>Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow 1971, p. 294</ref>
* Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000. Total killed were 93,326 (72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with Allies). Total missing and POW were 341,765 (283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with Allies), only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity.<ref>Mark Axworthy. ''Third Axis Fourth Ally''. Arms and Armour 1995; {{ISBN|1-85409-267-7}}, pp. 216–17</ref>
* Civilian losses included 160,000 Jewish Holocaust dead,<ref name="Holocaust' p. 244"/> the genocide of [[Romani people|Roma people]] 36,000 and 7,693 civilians killed in Allied air raids on Romania.<ref>Mark Axworthy. ''Third Axis Fourth Ally''. Arms and Armour 1995 {{ISBN|1-85409-267-7}}, p. 314</ref>

{{note|Ruanda Urundi|AV}}　'''Ruanda Urundi'''
* The [[Ruzagayura famine]] from October 1943 to December 1944 was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo. By the time the famine ended between 36,000<ref name="auto20"/> and 50,000<ref name="auto4"/> people died of hunger in the territory. Several hundred thousand people also emigrated away from Ruanda-Urundi, most to the Belgian Congo but also to [[Uganda Protectorate|British Uganda]].<ref name="Catharine Newbury pp. 157">Catharine Newbury ''The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda: 1860–1960'' Columbia University Press, 1993 {{ISBN|0-231-06257-5}} pp. 157–158</ref><ref>Linden, Jan ''Church and revolution in Rwanda'', Manchester University Press 1977; {{ISBN|0-8419-0305-0}}, p. 207</ref>
* As Ruanda [Rwanda] was not occupied nor its food supply cut off, these deaths are not usually included with World War II casualties. However, at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine there to the [[Bengal famine of 1943]], which is attributed to war.<ref>Alexander De Waal, ''Famine crimes: politics & the disaster relief industry in Africa'' Indiana Univ. Press, 1999; {{ISBN|0-253-21158-1}}, p. 30</ref>

{{note|SA|AW}}　'''South Africa'''
* The war dead of 11,907 listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104004037/http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx|date=2015-11-04}}, page 44. Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials.</ref>
* The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and [[POW]] 14,589.<ref name="Times 11.1945"/>

{{note|PacIs|AX}}　'''[[South Seas Mandate]]'''
* This territory includes areas now known as the [[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], [[Palau]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]].
* Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands. In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities.<ref name="PL FS CL 2001">Poyer, Lin; Falgout, Suzanne; Carucci, Laurence Marshall. The ''Typhoon of War: Micronesian Experiences of the Pacific War'' Univ of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2001; {{ISBN|0-8248-2168-8}}</ref>
* [[John W. Dower]] put Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000.<ref name="John W p. 299, 363"/>
*{{note|USSR|AY}}　'''Soviet Union'''
The following notes summarize Soviet casualties, the details are presented in [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union]].
* A 1993 report published by the [[Russian Academy of Science]] estimated the total Soviet losses in World War II at 26.6&nbsp;million<ref name="Andreev EM 1991"/><ref name=andreev>Andreev, E.M., et al., ''Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991''. Moscow, Nauka, 1993; {{ISBN|5-02-013479-1}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1994">Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note – World War II – ''Europe Asia Studies'', July 1994</ref> The Russian Ministry of Defense in 1993 put total military dead and missing in 1941–45 at 8,668,400<ref name="GIK 176"/>{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|pp=85–86}} These figures have generally been accepted by historians in the west.<ref name=haynes>Michael Haynes, ''Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a Note'', ''Europe Asia Studies'' vol 55, No. 2, 2003, 300–309</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/ELM-War_Deaths.pdf |title=Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note-World War II- Europe Asia Studies, July 1994|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref>Perrie, Maureen (2006), ''The Cambridge History of Russia: The Twentieth Century'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 225–27<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref> The total population loss of 26.6&nbsp;million is an estimate based on a demographic study, it is not an exact accounting of the war dead.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first1=Wolfgang|editor-last1=Lutz|editor-first2=Sergei|editor-last2=Scherbov|editor-first3=Andrei|editor-last3=Volkov|title=Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991|chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EBmIAgAAQBAJ}}|date=11 September 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-85320-5 |last1=Andreev |first1=EM |last2=Darski|first2=LE|last3=Kharkova|first3=TL|chapter=Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes}}</ref> The figures of 26.6&nbsp;million total war dead and 8.668&nbsp;million military dead are cited by the Russian government for the losses in the war.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Министерство обороны Российской Федерации|first1=MOD Russian Federation|title=On Question of war Losses (in Russian)|url=http://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/history/more.htm?id=11359251@cmsArticle|publisher=MOD Russian Federation|access-date=November 12, 2017}}</ref>
* <u>Military war dead</u> The figures for Soviet military war dead and missing are disputed. The official report on the military casualties was prepared by [[Grigori F. Krivosheev]]<ref>
, [http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study"]. Military Publishing House Moscow. (Translated by U.S. government) Retrieved March 11, 2018.</ref>{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|pp=85–92}} According to Krivosheev, the losses of the Red Army and Navy combat forces in the field were 8,668,400 including 5,226,800 killed in action,{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=85}} 555,500 non-combat deaths,{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=85}} 1,102,800 died of wounds{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=85}} 500,000 missing in action.{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=85}}<br/>The remaining balance includes 1,103,000 POW dead and 180,000 POWs who remained in western countries at the end of the war. Krivosheev maintains that the higher figure of 3.3&nbsp;million POW dead cited in western sources is based on German figures and analysis.<ref>"Christian Streit: Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die Sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941–1945, Bonn: Dietz (3. Aufl., 1. Aufl. 1978), {{ISBN|3-8012-5016-4}}"Between 22 June 1941 and the end of the war, roughly 5.7 million members of the Red Army fell into German hands. In January 1945, 930,000 were still in German camps. A million at most had been released, most of whom were so-called "volunteers" (Hilfswillige) for (often compulsory) auxiliary service in the Wehrmacht. Another 500,000, as estimated by the Army High Command, had either fled or been liberated. The remaining 3,300,000 (57.5 percent of the total) had perished.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-persecution-of-soviet-prisoners-of-war |title=Nazi persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War |work=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |quote=Existing sources suggest that some 5.7 million Soviet army personnel fell into German hands during World War II. As of January 1945, the German army reported that only about 930,000 Soviet POWs remained in German custody. The German army released about one million Soviet POWs as auxiliaries of the German army and the SS. About half a million Soviet POWs had escaped German custody or had been liberated by the Soviet army as it advanced westward through eastern Europe into Germany. The remaining 3.3 million, or about 57 percent of those taken prisoner, were dead by the end of the war. }}</ref> Krivosheev maintains that these statistics are not correct because they include reservists not on active strength, civilians and military personnel reported missing who were recovered during the course of the war. He maintains that the actual number captured were 4,559,000, he deducted 3,276,000 to arrive at his total of 1.283&nbsp;million POW irrecoverable losses, his deductions were 500,000 reservists not on actual strength, 939,700 military personnel reported missing who were recovered during the war and 1,836,000 POWs who returned to the Soviet Union at the end of the war.{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|pp=228–238}}<br/> Krivosheev's figures are disputed by historians who put the actual losses at between 10.9 and 11.5&nbsp;million. Critics of Krivosheev maintain that he underestimated the losses of POWs and missing in action and did he did not include the casualties of those convicted. Data published in Russia by [[Viktor Zemskov]] put Soviet POW losses at 2,543,000 (5,734,000 were captured, 821,000 released into German service and 2,371,000 liberated).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww2stats.com:80/pow_ger_dead_sov.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110153928/http://ww2stats.com/pow_ger_dead_sov.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-11-10|title=Soviet POWs|date=2016-11-10|access-date=2021-03-13}}</ref> Zemskov estimated the total military war dead were 11.5&nbsp;million, including POW dead of 2.3&nbsp;million and 1.5&nbsp;million missing in action.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zemskov, Viktor |title=The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War and Statistical Lynbrinth (in Russian)|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0559/analit04.php |website=demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref> [[:ru:Михалев, Сергей Николаевич|S. N. Mikhalev]] estimated total military irrecoverable losses at 10.922&nbsp;million.<ref name="auto5">Mikhalev, S. N (2000). Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 A Statistical Investigation). Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet (Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University). pp. 18–23 {{ISBN|978-5-85981-082-6}} (in Russian)</ref> A recent study by [[Christian Hartmann (historian)|Christian Hartmann]] put Soviet military dead at 11.4&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hartmann|first=Christian|year=2013|title=Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-966078-0|page=157}}</ref> Additional losses not included by Krivosheev were 267,300 who died of sickness in hospital,{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=89}} 135,000 convicts executed,<ref name="Mikhalev, S. N 2000 pp.22">Mikhalev, S. N (2000). Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 A Statistical Investigation). Krasnoiarskii gos. pedagog. universitet (Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University). pp. 22–23 {{ISBN|978-5-85981-082-6}} (in Russian)</ref> and 422,700 convicts sent to penal units at the front.<ref name="Mikhalev, S. N 2000 pp.22"/><br/> [[:ru:Михалев, Сергей Николаевич|S. N. Mikhalev]] estimated total military demographic losses at 13.7&nbsp;million.<ref name="auto5"/> S. A. Il'enkov, an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense, maintained, "We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000."<ref name="Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu' 2001, pp. 73-80">S. A. Il'enkov ''Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu'' Voennno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7 (22), Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation 2001, pp. 73–80; {{ISBN|978-5-89710-005-7}} (''The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion''); in Russian; available at the [[New York Public Library]])</ref> Il'enkov and Mikhalev maintained that the field unit reports did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel and personnel captured in the early months of the war. Additional demographic losses to the Soviet military were those imprisoned for desertion after the war and deserters in German military service. According to Krivosheev, the losses of deserters in German service were 215,000.{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=278}} He listed 436,600 convicts who were imprisoned.{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|p=91}}
* <u>Civilian war dead</u> The Russian government puts the civilian death toll due to the war at 13,684,000 (7,420,000 killed, 2,164,000 forced labor deaths in Germany and 4,100,000 deaths due to famine and disease).{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=465}}<ref>Perrie, Maureen (2006), ''The Cambridge History of Russia: The Twentieth Century'', Cambridge University Press, p. 226 {{ISBN|9780521811446}}</ref> A Russian academic study estimated an additional 2.5 to 3.2&nbsp;million civilian dead due to famine and disease in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans.<ref>Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995; {{ISBN|5-86789-023-6}}, p. 158</ref> Statistics published in Russia list civilian war losses of 6,074,857 civilians killed reported by the [[Extraordinary State Commission]] in 1946,<ref name=":0">Жертвы двух диктатур. Остарбайтеры и военнопленные в Третьем Рейхе и их репатриация. – М.: Ваш выбор ЦИРЗ, 1996. – pp. 735–38. (Victims of Two Dictatorships. Ostarbeiters and POW in Third Reich and Their Repatriation) (Russian)</ref> 641,803 famine deaths during the siege of Leningrad according to official figures,<ref name=":0"/> 58,000 killed in bombing raids (40,000 Stalingrad,17,000 Leningrad and 1,000 Moscow),<ref name="Evdokimov">{{cite book|editor1-last=Evdokimov|editor1-first=Rostislav|publication-date=1 January 1995|script-title=ru:Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны: сборник статей|title=Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny: sbornik statei|trans-title=Human Losses of the USSR during the Second World War: a collection of articles|publisher=Ин-т российской истории РАН (Russian Academy of Sciences)|publication-place=Saint Petersburg|isbn=978-5-86789-023-0}}</ref> and an additional 645,000 civilian reservists that were killed or captured are also included with civilian casualties. The statistic of forced labor deaths in Germany of 2.164&nbsp;million includes the balance of POW'S and those convicted not included in Krivosheev's figures. In addition to these losses, a Russian demographic study of the wartime population indicated an increase of 1.3&nbsp;million in [[infant mortality]] caused by the war and that 9–10&nbsp;million of the 26.6&nbsp;million total Soviet war dead were due to the worsening of living conditions in the USSR, including the region that was not occupied.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first1=Wolfgang |editor-last1=Lutz|editor-first2=Sergei|editor-last2=Scherbov|editor-first3=Andrei|editor-last3=Volkov|title=Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EBmIAgAAQBAJ}}|date=11 September 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-85320-5|last1=Andreev|first1=EM|last2=Darski|first2=LE|last3=Kharkova|first3=TL|chapter=Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes}}</ref> The number deaths in the siege of Leningrad have been disputed. According to [[David Glantz]], the 1945 Soviet estimate presented at the Nuremberg Trials was 642,000 civilian deaths. He noted that Soviet-era source from 1965 put the number of dead in the [[Siege of Leningrad]] at "greater than 800,000" and that a Russian source from 2000 put the number of dead at 1,000,000.<ref>David M. Glantz, Siege of Leningrad 1941 1944 Cassell 2001 {{ISBN|978-1-4072-2132-8}} p.320</ref> These casualties are for 1941–1945 within the 1946–1991 borders of the USSR.<ref>Andreev, E.M.; Darski, L.E.; Kharkova, T.L. (1993). ''Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991''. Moscow: Nauka. {{ISBN|978-5-02-013479-9}}. p. 85</ref> Included with civilian losses are deaths in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–1940 including 600,000 in the [[Baltic states]]{{sfn|Erlikman|2004}} and 1,500,000 in Eastern Poland.<ref>Łuczak, Czesław. ''Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945''. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI. 1994. The losses in the former Polish eastern regions are also included in Poland's total war dead of 5.6 to 5.8 million</ref> Russian sources include Jewish Holocaust deaths among total civilian dead. [[Martin Gilbert|Gilbert]] put Jewish losses at one million within 1939 borders; Holocaust deaths in the [[commons:Image:Ribbentrop-Molotov.svg|annexed territories]] numbered an additional 1.5&nbsp;million, bringing total Jewish losses to 2.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Gilbert, Martin. ''Atlas of the Holocaust''. 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-688-12364-2}}</ref>
* <u>Alternative viewpoints</u> According to the Russian [[Demography|demographer]] [[:ru:Рыбаковский, Леонид Леонидович|Dr. L.L. Rybakovsky]], there are a wide range of estimates for total war dead by Russian scholars. He cites figures of total war dead that range from 21.8&nbsp;million up to 28.0&nbsp;million. Rybakovsky points out that the variables that are used to compute losses are by no means certain and are currently disputed by historians in Russia.<ref name="ecsocman.edu.ru">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/data/419/925/1216/014.RYBAKOVSKIY.pdf|title=L.L. Rybakovsky. ''Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War'' (in Russian), Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya, 2000, No. 6.}}</ref> [[Viktor Zemskov]] put the total war dead at 20&nbsp;million, he maintained that the official figure of 26.6&nbsp;million includes about 7&nbsp;million deaths due to natural causes based on the [[mortality rate]] that prevailed before the war. He put military dead at 11.5&nbsp;million, 4.5&nbsp;million civilians killed and 4.0 due to famine and disease.<ref name="demoscope.ru">{{cite web|last1=Zemskov, Viktor|title=The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War (in Russian)|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0559/analit04.php|website=demoscope.ru # 559-60, July 2013|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref> Some Russian historians put the figure as high as 46.0&nbsp;million by counting the population deficit due to children not born. Based on the birth rate prior to the war there is a population shortfall of about 20&nbsp;million births during the war. The figures for the number of children born during the war and [[natural deaths]] are rough estimates because of a lack of [[Vital statistics (government records)|vital statistics]].<ref name="ecsocman.edu.ru"/>
*There were additional casualties in 1939–40, which totaled 136,945: [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]] in 1939 (8,931), [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland of 1939]] (1,139), and the [[Winter War]] with Finland in 1939–40 (126,875).<ref>G. F. Krivosheyev (1993) [http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/SovietLosses.pdf "Soviet Armed Forces Losses in Wars, Combat Operations and Military Conflicts: A Statistical Study"]. Military Publishing House Moscow. (Translated by U.S. government) p. 110 Retrieved March 18, 2018.</ref> The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the [[OBD Memorial]] database online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.obd-memorial.ru|title=OBD Memorial|publisher=Obd-memorial.ru|access-date=2011-06-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510131519/http://obd-memorial.ru/|archive-date=2012-05-10}}</ref>

{{note|Spain|AZ}}　'''Spain'''
* There were 4,500 military deaths with the all Spanish [[Blue Division]] serving with the German Army in the [[U.S.S.R.]] The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=515}}
* [[R.J. Rummel]] estimates the deaths of 20,000 [[anti-Fascist]] Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.<ref name="RJR DNGaMM"/>

{{note|Sweden|BA}}　'''Sweden'''
* During the [[Winter war]] of 1939–40 the [[Swedish Volunteer Corps]] served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 28 men in combat.<ref name="Swedish Volunteer Corps"/>
* 33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16, 1943.
* During the war, Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by both German and Soviet submarines; 2,000 merchant seamen were killed.<ref>Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget, p. 9</ref>

{{note|Switzerland|BB}}　'''Switzerland'''
* The Americans [[Aerial incidents in Switzerland in World War II|accidentally bombed neutral Switzerland during the war]] causing civilian casualties.<ref name=Helmreich>{{cite web |author=Jonathan E. Helmreich |title=The Diplomacy of Apology: U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II |url=http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/sum00/helmreich.html |work=Aerospace Power Journal |date=Summer 2000 |via=Airpower.maxwell.af.mil |access-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505083348/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/sum00/helmreich.html |archive-date=May 5, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jonathan E. Helmreich|title=The Bombing of Zurich|url=http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/sum00/helmreich1.htm|work=Aerospace Power Journal|date=Summer 2000|via=Airpower.maxwell.af.mil|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=July 19, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719075607/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/sum00/helmreich1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{note|Thai|BC}}　'''Thailand'''
* Military deaths included: 108 dead in the [[French–Thai War]] (1940–41)<ref>Sorasanya Phaengspha (2002) ''The Indochina War: Thailand Fights France''. Sarakadee Press.</ref> and 5,559 who died either resisting the [[Japanese Invasion of Thailand|Japanese invasion]] (1941), or fighting alongside Japanese forces in the [[Japanese conquest of Burma|Burma Campaign]] of 1942–45.<ref>Eiji Murashima, "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence" ''Modern Asian Studies'', v40, n4 (2006) pp. 1053–96, p. 1057n: "Deaths in the Thai military forces from 8 December 1941 through the end of the war included 143 officers, 474 non-commissioned officers, and 4,942 soldiers. (Defense Ministry of Thailand, ''In Memory of Victims who Fell in Battle'' [in Thai], Bangkok: Krom phaenthi Thahanbok, 1947). With the exception of about 180 who died in the 8 December [1941] battles and another 150 who died in battles in the [[Shan States|Shan states]] [Burma], almost all of the war dead died of malaria and other diseases."</ref>
* [[Bombing of South East Asia, 1944–1945|Allied bombing in 1944–45]] caused 2,000 civilian deaths.<ref>E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'', v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87. "An [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] document (XL 30948, RG 226, USNA) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944–45 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings, most of them totally destroyed. However, an account by [[Seni Pramoj|M. R. Seni Pramoj]] (a typescript entitled "The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain" and filed under ''Papers on World War II'', at the Thailand Information Center, Chulalongkorn University, p. 12) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids."</ref>
* Unlike other parts of South East Asia, Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war.<ref>E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'', v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87. Thailand exported rice to neighboring Japanese-occupied countries during 1942–45 (p 72n) and did not experience the notorious famines that occurred in India and French Indochina (see above) between 1943–44.</ref>

{{note|Turk|BD}}　'''Turkey'''
* The [[Refah tragedy|''Refah'' tragedy]] (Turkish: Refah faciası) refers to a maritime disaster during World War II, when the cargo steamer ''Refah'' of neutral Turkey, carrying Turkish military personnel from Mersin in Turkey to Port Said, Egypt was sunk in eastern Mediterranean waters by a torpedo fired from an unidentified submarine. Of the 200 passengers and crew aboard, only 32 survived.<ref name="SS_Refah, Graces Guid"/>
{{note|UK|BE}}　'''United Kingdom and Colonies'''
* The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] reported a total of 383,758 military dead from all causes for both the UK and non-dominion British colonies, not including India which was reported separately; figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials. These figures include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 December 1947.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014-2015, p. 38|url=https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015?e=4065448/31764375|website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625000629/https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015?e=4065448%2F31764375|url-status=dead}}Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials</ref>
* The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] also maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection (including foreign nationals) who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War. The names of 67,170 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour.<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013-2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104004037/http://www.cwgc.org/learning-and-resources/publications/annual-report.aspx|date=2015-11-04}}, page 44.</ref>
* Modern updates of UK casualties including the wounded are contained in {{cite book |title=Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany 1919–1945 |last=French |first=David |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-924630-4}} [https://www.questia.com/read/118224115/raising-churchill-s-army-the-british-army-and-the online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123202322/https://www.questia.com/read/118224115/raising-churchill-s-army-the-british-army-and-the |date=2020-11-23 }}
<poem>
* The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a summary of the UK war losses, excluding colonies. This report (HMSO 6832) listed:<ref name="HMSO 6832"/><ref name="UK Central Statistical Office 1951"/>
         <u>Total war dead</u> of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); [[Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service]] (624);
         [[Merchant Navy]] (30,248); [[British Home Guard]] (1,206) and Civilians (60,595).
         <u>The total still missing on 2/28/1946</u> were 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); [[Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service]] (18);
         [[Merchant Navy]] (530); [[British Home Guard]] (0) and Civilians (0).
         These figures included the losses of [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and [[Southern Rhodesia]].
         Colonial forces are not included in these figures.
         There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures.
         Deaths due to air and V-rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 [[British Home Guard]].
</poem>
* The preliminary 1945 data for UK colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and [[POW]] 8,115.<ref name="Times 11.1945"/>
* UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_01.shtml |title=Colonies, Colonials and World War Two |author=Marika Sherwood |author-link = Marika Sherwood|publisher=BBC |access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> UK colonial forces included units from [[King's African Rifles|East Africa]], [[Royal West African Frontier Force|West Africa]], [[Ghana Regiment|Ghana]], [[Caribbean Regiment|the Caribbean]], [[Royal Malay Regiment|Malaya]], [[Burma Rifles|Burma]], [[Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers)|Hong Kong]], [[Arab Legion|Jordan]], [[Sudan Defence Force|Sudan]], [[Armed Forces of Malta|Malta]] and the [[Jewish Brigade]]. The Cyprus Regiment made up of volunteers that fought with the UK Army, and suffered about 358 killed and 250 missing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyprusveterans.com.cy/contributionww2.php|title=Cyprus Veterans Association World War II|publisher=Cyprusveterans.com.cy|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=March 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309191746/http://cyprusveterans.com.cy/contributionww2.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gurkha]]s recruited from [[Nepal]] fought with the British Army during the Second World War. Included with UK casualties are citizens of the various European countries occupied by Germany. There were separate RAF squadrons with citizens from Poland (17); Czechoslovakia (5); Netherlands (1); Free French (7); Yugoslavia (2); Belgium (3); Greece (3); Norway (2). Volunteers from the United States served in 3 RAF squadrons known as the [[Eagle Squadrons]]. Many foreign nationals and persons from the British colonies served in the UK Merchant Navy.<ref>[[Marika Sherwood]], ''World War II Colonies and Colonials''. Savannah Press 2013; {{ISBN|978-0951972076}}, p. 15</ref>

{{note|US|BF}}　'''United States'''<br />
<u>American military dead</u>#{{note|USMIL|BF1}}
* Total U.S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 407,316. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 318,274 (234,874 battle, 83,400 nonbattle),<ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf|title=Congressional Research Report – American War and Military Operations Casualties. Updated February 26, 2010|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> Navy 62,614,<ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/> Marine Corps 24,511,<ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/> and the Coast Guard 1,917.<ref name="USCG">{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/wars.asp|title=U.S. Coast Guard History|publisher=Uscg.mil|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|pp=584–591}}
* Deaths in battle were 292,131. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 234,874,<ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/> Navy 36,950,<ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/> Marine Corps 19,733,<ref name="ConResRep AWuMOC 2010"/> and Coast Guard 574. These losses were incurred during the period 12/8/41 until 12/31/46.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=492}}<ref name="USCG"/>
* During the period of America's [[neutral country|neutrality]] in World War II (September 1, 1939 – December 8, 1941), U.S. military losses including 126 killed in October 1941 when the [[USS Kearny]] and the [[USS Reuben James (DD-245)|USS Reuben James]] were attacked by U-boats, as well as 2,335 killed during the surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] by Japanese air forces on December 7, 1941.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=546}}
* The [[United States Army Air Forces]] losses, which are included in the Army total, were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non-combat causes.<ref name="CaGSC"/>
* According to the US Department of Defense, of the 407,300, about 250,000 died in the European theater, the rest died on the Pacific Front<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victory in Europe Day: Time of Celebration, Reflection |url=https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/Experience/VE-Day/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Sfn|Clodfelter|2002|pp=584–591}}{{sfn|Dower|1986|pp=364}} The details of U.S. military casualties are listed online: the U.S. Army,<ref name="CaGSC"/> the U.S. Navy, and the U.S. Marine Corps.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html |title=US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Casualties in World War II |publisher=History.navy.mil |access-date=June 29, 2015}}</ref>
* Of 34,648 U.S. Prisoners taken by Japan 12,935 died; of 95,532 captured in the European Theater of War, 1,124 died.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|pp=584–591}}
* U.S. Army figures include the deaths of 5,337 from the Philippines and 165 from Puerto Rico (see p.&nbsp;118).<ref name="CaGSC"/>
* The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/catalog|title=The National Archives Catalog|date=August 15, 2016|website=National Archives}}</ref>
* [[American Battle Monuments Commission]] website lists the names of military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abmc.gov/search/wwii.php|title=American Battle Monuments Commission|publisher=Abmc.gov|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=January 3, 2009|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090103170612/http%3A//abmc%2Egov/search/wwii%2Ephp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<u>American civilian dead</u> #{{note|USCIV|BF2}}
* According to the Usmm.org, 9,521 [[United States Merchant Marine|merchant mariners]] lost their lives in the war (8,421 killed and 1,100 who later died of wounds). In 1950, the [[United States Coast Guard]] put U.S. Merchant Marine losses at 5,662 (845 due to enemy action, 37 in prison camps, and 4,780 missing), excluding U.S. Army transports and foreign flagged ships and they did not break out losses between the Atlantic and Pacific theaters.<ref name="Usmm.org"/><ref name="USMM">{{cite web|url=http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html|title=American Merchant Marine at War|publisher=Usmm.org|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015082088017|title=Summary of merchant marine personnel casualties, World War II.|date=March 3, 1950|publisher=Washington|hdl=2027/mdp.39015082088017}}</ref>
* The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by USMM.org.<ref name="Usmm.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.usmm.org/contact.html#contact2|title=Mariners in "ocean-going service" during World War II have Veteran Status. They may be entitled to a gravestone, flag for their coffin, and burial in a National Cemetery|publisher=Usmm.org|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmm.org/casualty.html|title=U.S. Merchant Marine Casualties during World War II |publisher=Usmm.org |access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
* The [[Civil Air Patrol]] assumed many missions including [[anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine patrol and warfare]], [[border guard|border patrols]], and [[courier]] services. During World War II CAP's coastal patrol had flown 24&nbsp;million miles, found 173 enemy [[U-boat]]s, attacked 57, hit 10 and sunk 2, dropping a total of 83 bombs and depth charges throughout the conflict.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} By the end of the war, 64 CAP members had lost their lives in the line of duty.<ref name="HistoryofCAP">{{cite web|title=CAP History and Organization|url=http://www.capmembers.com/media/cms/History_article_349AB1EF48E08.pdf|access-date=February 27, 2011|publisher=Civil Air Patrol}}</ref>
* According to U.S. War Department figures, 18,745 American civilians were interned in the war (13,996 in the Far East and 4,749 in Europe). A total of 2,419 American civilian internees were listed as dead and missing. Under Japanese internment, 992 died and another 544 were listed as "unknown"; under German internment, 168 died and a further 715 were listed as "unknown".<ref name="fas.org"/><ref>Center for Internee Rights, ''Civilian prisoners of the Japanese in the Philippine Islands'' Turner Press 2002; {{ISBN|1-56311-838-6}}<!--page(s) needed--></ref><ref>The annual death rate in 1942–1945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5%. There were 1,536 deaths among the 13,996 interned civilians in 1942–45.<br />The United States interned about 100,000 Japanese Americans between 1942–45. The 1946 report by the U.S. Dept. of The Interior "The Evacuated People a Quantitative Description" gave the annual death rate in 1942–1945 of Japanese detained in the U.S. at about 0.7%. There were 1,862 deaths among the 100,000 to 110,000 American civilians of Japanese ancestry interned in the U.S. in 1942–45. The annual death rate among the U.S. population as a whole in 1942–45 was about 1.1% per annum.</ref>
* 68 U.S. civilians were killed during the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=552}}
* The official U.S. report listed 1 U.S. civilian killed during the [[Battle of Guam (1941)|Battle of Guam]] on December 8–10.<ref name="mansell.com"/> However, another source reported 13 "civilians" killed during the battle<ref name="Mansell2012">{{cite book|author=Roger Mansell|title=Captured: The Forgotten Men of Guam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCSvNqI3IbIC&pg=PA27|year=2012|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-61251-114-6|pages=27–}}</ref> and 70 U.S. civilians were killed during the [[Battle of Wake Island]] from December 8–23, 1941.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=552}} 98 U.S. civilian POWs were [[Battle of Wake Island#War crimes|massacred]] by the Japanese on [[Wake Island]] in October 1943.
*During Japan's [[Aleutian Islands Campaign]] in [[Alaska]] in June 1942, a U.S. civilian was killed during the [[Battle of Dutch Harbor|bombing of Dutch Harbor]]. The Japanese [[Japanese occupation of Attu|invaded the island]] of [[Attu Island|Attu]], killing a white U.S. civilian and interned 45 Alaska Native [[Aleut]]s in Japan, in which 19 died during the rest of the war.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garfield|first=Brian|title=The Thousand-Mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians|pages=56, 65, & 100|year=1982|publisher=[[Bantam Books]]|location=New York City|isbn=0-5532-0308-8}}</ref>
* Six U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in May 1945 by Japanese [[Fu-Go balloon bomb|balloon bombs]].{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=580}}

{{note|Yugo|BG}}　'''Yugoslavia'''
* The official Yugoslav figure for total war dead is 1.7&nbsp;million (300,000 military and 1,400,000 civilians). This figure is cited in reference works dealing with World War II.<ref name="War II Oxford p. 290"/><ref>Robert Goralski, ''World War II Almanac, 1939–1945: a political and military record'', New York, p. 428<!--publisher; year of publication--></ref><ref>Sir [[John Keegan]] ''Atlas of the Second World War'', HarperCollins 1997, pp. 204–05<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref> Studies in Yugoslavia by [[Franjo Tudjman]] and [[Ivo Lah]] put losses at 2.1&nbsp;million<ref>Tomasevich, Jozo. ''War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration.'' Stanford University Press, 2001; {{ISBN|0-8047-3615-4}}, p. 733</ref> However, the official Yugoslav figure has been disputed studies by [[Vladimir Žerjavić]] and [[Bogoljub Kočović]] who put actual losses at about 1.0&nbsp;million persons.<ref name="Danijela Nadj, 1993">{{cite book|author=Danijela Nadj|url=http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations|title=Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims|location=Zagreb|publisher=Croatian Information Center|year=1993|isbn=978-0-919817-32-6|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808091228/http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Census p. 23">U.S. Bureau of the Census. ''The Population of Yugoslavia'' (eds. Paul F. Meyers and Arthur A. Campbell), Washington, p. 23</ref><ref>Tomasevich, Jozo. ''War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration.'' Stanford University Press, 2001; {{ISBN|0-8047-3615-4}}, Cap. 17 ''Alleged and True Population Losses''</ref><ref name="Kočović, Bogoljub 1990. pp. 172">Kočović, Bogoljub ''Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji'', 1990; {{ISBN|86-01-01928-5}}, pp. 172–89</ref> The calculation of Yugoslav losses is not an exact accounting listing of the dead, but is based on demographic calculations of the population balance which estimate births during the war and natural deaths. The number of persons who emigrated after the war (ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Italians and Yugoslav refugees to the west) are rough estimates.<ref name="Danijela Nadj, 1993"/><ref name="Census p. 23"/><ref name="Kočović, Bogoljub 1990. pp. 172"/>
* The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war-related deaths were 1,067,000. The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7&nbsp;million war dead was overstated because it "was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census".<ref name="Census p. 23"/>
* A recent study by [[Vladimir Žerjavić]] estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000, which included losses of 237,000 [[Yugoslav partisans]] and 209,000 "Quislings and collaborators" (see discussion below losses of Yugoslav collaborators)<ref>{{cite book|author=Danijela Nadj|url=http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations|title=Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims-The authors survey of the demographic and human war losses in Yugoslavia|location=Zagreb|publisher=Croatian Information Center|year=1993|isbn=978-0-919817-32-6|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808091228/http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Civilian dead of 581,000 included 57,000 Jews. Losses by each Yugoslav republic were: Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000.<!--295,000 of the 587,000 killed in Croatia and Bosnia were Serbs --><ref name="Danijela Nadj, 1993"/>
* [[Bogoljub Kočović]], a Yugoslav statistician, calculated the actual war losses at 1,014,000.<ref name="Kočović, Bogoljub 1990. pp. 172"/>
* [[Jozo Tomasevich]], Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University, stated that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić "seem to be free of bias, we can accept them as reliable".{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=737|loc={{sp}}|ps=. In Cap. 17 ''Alleged and True Population Losses'' there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses.}}

<u>The losses of Yugoslav collaborators</u>
* Croatian emigres in the west made exaggerated allegations that 500,000–600,000 Croatians and Chetniks were massacred by the Partisans after the war; these claims are cited by [[Rudolph Rummel]] in his study Statistics of Democide.<ref>''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE5.HTM Statistics of Democide]'' (1997).</ref>[[Jozo Tomasevich]] noted that the figures of the number of collaborators killed by the Partisans are disputed. According to Tomasevich some Croatian exiles "have been more moderate in their estimates", putting the death toll at "about 200,000".<ref name="Tomasevich 2001">{{cite book|last1=Tomasevich|first1=Jozo|author-link1=Jozo Tomasevich|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8047-3615-4|page=729}}</ref> Regarding the death toll in the reprisals by the Yugoslav partisans Tomasevich believed that "It is impossible to establish the exact number of victims in these operations, although fairly accurate figures could probably be reached after much additional unbiased research".{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=746}}

<u>The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows</u>
A. [[World War II in Yugoslavia|Military operations]] between the occupying German military forces and their "Quislings and collaborators"<!--THIS MUST BE CLARIFIED--> against the [[Yugoslav partisans|Yugoslav resistance]].<ref name="JT 17 744-750"/>
<br/>
B. German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special [[World War II persecution of Serbs|vengeance against the Serbs]], who were considered [[Untermensch]].<ref name="JT 17 744-750"/> One of the worst one-day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the [[Kragujevac massacre]].
<br />
C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war, many [[Ustaše]] and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the [[Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators]].<ref name="JT 17 744-750"/>
<br/>
D. The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The most numerous victims were [[Serbs]].<ref name="JT 17 744-750"/> According to [[Yad Vashem]], "During their four years in power, the Ustasa carried out a Serb genocide, exterminating over 500,000, expelling 250,000 and forcing another 200,000 to convert to Catholicism. The Ustasa also killed most of Croatia's Jews, 20,000 Gypsies, and many thousands of their political enemies."<ref>{{cite web|title=Croatian President Mesic Apologizes for Croatian Crimes Against the Jews during the Holocaust|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/31-october-2001-10-14|website=Yad Vashem|access-date=2016-03-06|archive-date=2017-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516015139/http://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/31-october-2001-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] "The Croat authorities murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia during the period of Ustaša rule; more than 30,000 Croatian Jews were killed either in Croatia or at Auschwitz-Birkenau".
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jasenovac | title=JASENOVAC | publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | website=USHMM}}</ref> The [[USHMM]] reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac]] and [[Stara Gradiška]] concentration camps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449 |title=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Jasenovac" |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916030858/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449 |archive-date=September 16, 2009}}</ref> The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims. [[Stara Gradiška concentration camp|Stara Gradiška]] was a sub-camp of Jasenovac established for women and children.<ref name="Springer">{{cite book |last1=Silberman |first1=F. |title=Memory and Postwar Memorials: Confronting the Violence of the Past |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |pages=79}}</ref> The names and data for 12,790 victims at Stara Gradiška have been established.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=6751|title=JUSP Jasenovac - Stara Gradiška|website=www.jusp-jasenovac.hr|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref> Serbian sources currently claim that 700,000 persons were murdered at [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac]].<ref name="Springer"/><br />
Some 40,000 [[Romani people|Roma]] were murdered.<ref name="Donald Kendrick p. 184">Donald Kendrick, ''The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies''. Basic Books, 1972; {{ISBN|0-465-01611-1}}, p. 184</ref> Jewish victims in Yugoslavia totaled 67,122.<ref name="MG AotH 244">[[Martin Gilbert]] ''Atlas of the Holocaust'' 1988; {{ISBN|0-688-12364-3}}, p. 244</ref><br />
E. Reduced food supply caused famine and disease.<ref name="JT 17 744-750"/><br />
F. Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were [[Podgorica]], [[Leskovac]], [[Zadar]] and [[Belgrade]].<ref name="JT 17 744-750"/>
<br />
G. The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties.<ref name="JT 17 744-750"/>

{{note|Other|BH}}'''Other Nations'''
*: Dominican Republic had 27 Merchant Mariners killed.<ref>Thomas M. Leonard, John F. Bratzel, George Lauderbaugh. ''Latin America in World War II'', Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (September 11, 2006), p. 83<!--ISSN/ISBN needed--></ref>
{{Refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Suppan |first1=Arnold|author-link=Arnold Suppan|title-link=Hitler–Beneš–Tito |title=Hitler–Beneš–Tito: National Conflicts, World Wars, Genocides, Expulsions, and Divided Remembrance in East-Central and Southeastern Europe, 1848–2018 |date=2019 |publisher=[[Austrian Academy of Sciences Press]] |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-7001-8410-2 |jstor=j.ctvvh867x|chapter=The Death Tolls in World War II |pages= 733–738 |doi=10.2307/j.ctvvh867x |s2cid=214097654 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution]—''[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]]''
* [https://yvng.yadvashem.org The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names]

{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:World War Ii Casualties}}
[[Category:World War II casualties| ]]
[[Category:Demographic history]]