View source for Wuchereria bancrofti

{{Short description|Species of parasitic worm}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Speciesbox
|image=Wuchereria bancrofti 1 DPDX.JPG
|image_caption=Microfilaria of ''Wuchereria bancrofti'', from a patient seen in [[Haiti]]. Thick blood smears stained with [[hematoxylin]]. The microfilaria is sheathed, its body is gently curved, and the tail is tapered to a point. The nuclear column (the cells that constitute the body of the microfilaria) is loosely packed, the cells can be visualized individually and do not extend to the tip of the tail. The sheath is slightly stained with hematoxylin.
|taxon=Wuchereria bancrofti
|authority=([[Thomas Spencer Cobbold|Cobbold]], 1877)
|synonyms=*''Filaria bancrofti'' <small>Cobbold, 1877</small>
*''Filaria sanguinis hominis'' <small>Lewis, 1877</small>
*''Filaria nocturna'' <small>Manson</small>
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=2682083|pmc=1035937|doi=10.1017/s0025727300049954|title="Barbadoes leg": Filariasis in Barbados, 1625–1900|journal=Medical History|volume=33|year=1989|pages=480–488|last=Laurence|first=B.R.|issue=4 }}</ref>{{rp|484-485}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=McFadzean|first=James A.|title=Investigations into the Cause of Microfilarial Periodicity|year=1952|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=4768|pmid=14925382|pmc=2023506|pages=1106–1109|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4768.1106}}</ref>
}}
'''''Wuchereria bancrofti''''' is a [[filaria]]l ([[arthropod]]-borne) [[nematode]] (roundworm) that is the major cause of [[lymphatic filariasis]]. It is one of the three parasitic worms, together with ''[[Brugia malayi]]'' and ''[[Brugia timori|B. timori]]'', that infect the lymphatic system to cause lymphatic filariasis. These filarial worms are spread by a variety of [[mosquito]] [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] species. ''W. bancrofti'' is the most prevalent of the three and affects over 120 million people, primarily in Central Africa and the Nile delta, South and Central America, the tropical regions of Asia including southern China, and the Pacific islands.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00062-0|author=Melrose WD|year=2002|title=Lymphatic filariasis: New insights into an old disease|pages=947–60|journal=[[Int J Parasitol]] |volume=32|issue=8|pmid=12076624}}</ref> If left untreated, the infection can develop into lymphatic filariasis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wuchereria bancrofti: The causative agent of Bancroftian Filariasis|url=http://www.nematodes.org/research/nematodes/fgn/pnb/wuchban.html|work=ww.nematodes.org|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103162547/http://www.nematodes.org/research/nematodes/fgn/pnb/wuchban.html|archive-date=3 January 2019}}</ref> In rare conditions, it also causes [[tropical pulmonary eosinophilia]]. No [[vaccine]] is commercially available, but high rates of cure have been achieved with various antifilarial regimens, and lymphatic filariasis is the target of the [[World Health Organization]] Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis with the aim to eradicate the disease as a public-health problem by 2020.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramaiah|first1=KD|last2=Ottesen|first2=EA|title=Progress and impact of 13 years of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis on reducing the burden of filarial disease.|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=November 2014|volume=8|issue=11|article-number=e3319|pmid=25412180|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003319|pmc=4239120 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This goal was not met.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030 |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240010352 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

== Morphology ==
{{additional citations|section|date=April 2025}}
As a [[dioecious]] worm, ''W. bancrofti'' exhibits [[sexual dimorphism]]. The adult worm is long, cylindrical, slender, and smooth with rounded ends. It is white in colour and almost transparent. The body is quite delicate, making removing it from tissues difficult. It has a short cephalic or head region connected to the main body by a short neck, which appears as a constriction. Dark spots are dispersed nuclei throughout the body cavity, with no nuclei at the tail tip. Males and females can be differentiated by size and structure of their tail tips. The male worm is smaller, {{convert|40|mm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|100|μm|abbr=on}} wide, and features a ventrally curved tail. The tip of the tail has 15 pairs of minute caudal papillae, the sensory organs. The anal region is an elaborate structure consisting of 12 pairs of papillae, of which eight are in front and four are behind the anus. In contrast, the female is {{convert|60|mm}} to {{convert|100|mm}} long and {{convert|300|μm}} wide, nearly three times larger in diameter than the male. Its tail gradually tapers and is rounded at the tip. No additional sensory structures are seen. Its vulva lies towards the anterior region, about 0.25&nbsp;mm from the head. Adult males and females are most often coiled together and are difficult to separate. Females are [[ovoviviparous]] and can produce thousands of juveniles known as microfilariae.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lymphatic Filariasis|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2006/Lymphatic_filariasis/Introduction.htm|publisher=Stanford University|archive-date=25 February 2014|website=Parasites & Pestilence: Infectious Public Health Challenges, Prof. D. Scott Smith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225065032/http://www.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2006/Lymphatic_filariasis/Introduction.htm|last=Hills-Evans|first=Kelsey|year=2008}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2025}}

The microfilaria is a miniature adult, and retains the egg membrane as a sheath, and is often considered an advanced embryo. It measures 280 μm long and 25 μm wide. It appears quite structureless ''in vivo'', but histological staining makes its primitive gut, nerve ring, and muscles apparent.<ref name=jung>{{cite book|editor-last3=Junghanss|editor-first1=Jeremy|editor-last1=Farrar|editor-first2=Peter J.|editor-last2=Hotez|editor-first3=Thomas|editor-first4=David|editor-last4=Laloo|editor-first5=Nicholas J.|editor-last5=White|title=Manson's Tropical Diseases: Expert Consult - Online|year=2013|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-7020-5306-1|pages=e49–e52|edition=23rd|chapter=Appendix 3: Medical Helminthology|last1=Jones|first1=Malcolm K.|last2=McCarthy|first2=James S.|doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-5101-2.00082-0}}</ref>

== Lifecycle ==
[[Image:Filariasis 01.png|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Lifecycle of ''Wuchereria bancrofti'']]
''W. bancrofti'' carries out its [[biological life cycle|lifecycle]] in two [[Host (biology)|hosts]]. [[Human]]s serve as the [[definitive host]] and [[mosquito]]s as the [[intermediate host]]. The adult parasites reside in the [[lymphatic]]s of the human host. They are found mostly in the afferent lymphatic channels of the lymph glands in the lower part of the body. The first-stage larvae, known as [[microfilaria]]e, are present in the [[Circulatory system|circulation]]. The microfilariae have a membrane "sheath".  This sheath, along with the area in which the worms reside, makes identification of the species of microfilariae in humans easier to determine. The microfilariae are found mainly in the peripheral blood and can be found at peak amounts from 10 pm to 4 am.  They migrate between the deep and the peripheral, circulation exhibiting unique diurnal periodicity. During the day, they are present in the deep veins, and during the night, they migrate to the peripheral circulation. The cause of this periodicity remains unknown, but the advantages of the microfilariae being in the peripheral blood during these hours may ensure the vector, the nighttime mosquito, will have a higher chance of transmitting them elsewhere. Physiological changes also are associated with sleeping, such as lowered body temperature, oxygen tension, and adrenal activity, and an increased carbon dioxide tension, among other physical alterations, any of which could be the signals for the rhythmic behavior of microfilarial parasites. If the hosts sleep by day and are awake at night, their periodicity is reversed. In the South Pacific, where ''W. bancrofti'' shows diurnal periodicity, it is known as periodic.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

The microfilariae are transferred into a [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]], which are most commonly mosquito species of the genera ''[[Culex]]'', ''[[Anopheles]]'', ''[[Mansonia (fly)|Mansonia]]'', and ''[[Aedes]]''. Inside the mosquito, the microfilariae mature into motile [[larva]]e called juveniles; these migrate to the labium after a period around 10 days. When the infected mosquito has its next blood meal, ''W. bancrofti'' larvae are deposited from the mouthparts onto the skin of the prospective host and migrate through microcuts in the dermis or the tract created by the [[proboscis]] into the bloodstream of the new human host. The larvae move through the [[lymphatic system]] to regional lymph nodes, predominantly in the legs and genital area. The larvae develop into adult worms over the course of a year, and reach sexual maturity in the afferent lymphatic vessels. After mating, the adult female worm can produce thousands of microfilariae that migrate into the bloodstream. A mosquito vector can bite the infected human host, ingest the microfilariae, and thus repeat the lifecycle. The organism notably does not multiply within its intermediate host, the mosquito.<ref name=jung/><ref>{{cite book|last=Ridley|first=John W.|title=Parasitology for Medical and Clinical Laboratory Professionals|year=2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|location=Clifton Park, N.Y.|isbn=978-1-4354-4816-2|pages=103–104}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rajan|first=T.V.|title=Textbook of Medical Parasitology|year=2008|publisher=BI Publications Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-7225-317-2|pages=73–77}}</ref>

==History==
The effects of ''W. bancrofti'' were documented early in ancient texts. Ancient Greek and Roman writers noted the similarities between the enlarged limbs and thickened, cracked skin of infected individuals to that of elephants, hence the name elephantiasis to describe the disease.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

In 1862 in Paris, {{ill|Jean-Nicolas Demarquay|fr|Jean Nicolas Demarquay}} found what appeared to be nematode worms in the fluid aspirated from a hydrocele in a young man from [[Havana]], Cuba. Unaware of this observation, three years later in [[Bahia]], Brazil, {{ill|Otto Wucherer|pt}} found these same worms but this time in urine from a woman with chyluria. Ignorant of both these observations, [[Timothy Richards Lewis|Timothy Lewis]] in [[India]] in 1870 found them in the urine of an Indian with chyluria then two years later found them in blood. Some of Lewis's specimens were examined in the same year in England by [[George Busk]] who named them ''Filaria sanguinis hominis''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grove |first=David I |date=1990 |title=A history of human helminthology |location=Wallingford |publisher=CAB International |pages=1–848 |isbn=0-85198-689-7 }}</ref> In 1876 and 1877, [[Joseph Bancroft]] in [[Brisbane, Australia]] found adult worms in lymphatic abscesses in patients with larvae in the blood. He sent them to Spencer Cobbold in London who named them ''Filaria Bancrofti''. [[Patrick Manson]] in [[Xiamen, China]] (then called Amoy) made two important observations. Firstly he discovered in 1877 that if ''Culex quinquefasciatus'' and ''Aedes aegypti'' mosquitoes fed on a person with larvae (microfilariae) in the blood, they moulted twice in the insects' abdomen and became larger worms now called infective larvae. Secondly, he found in 1879 that the blood-dwelling forms had a nocturnal periodicity with large numbers appearing in the blood around midnight with minimal numbers in the middle of the day. This coincided with the biting habits of these mosquitoes. Manson surmised that infected mosquitoes drowned and infective larvae were ingested in water. In 1899, [[Thomas Lane Bancroft|Thomas Bancroft]] in Brisbane fed laboratory-reared mosquitoes on a patient with microfilaraemia, kept them for 16 days, then sent some specimens to [[George Carmichael Low|George Low]] in London. Low prepared histological sections of the mosquitoes and found that the larvae migrated from the abdomen to the thorax to the salivary glands then passed down the proboscis suggesting that infective larvae were injected at a subsequent mosquito bite. In 1902, Thomas Bancroft proved that this was the mode of transmission using a related worm, ''Dirofilaria immitis'', and generated adult worms in experimentally infected dogs. In 1921, [[Léon Gaston Seurat|Léon Seurat]] erected the genus ''Wuchereria'' and placed this worm in it as ''Wuchereria bancrofti''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grove |first=David I |date=2014 |title=Tapeworms, lice and prions: a compendium of unpleasant infections |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=1–602 |isbn=978-0-19-964102-4 }}</ref>

''W. bancrofti'' is speculated to have been brought to the New World by [[Atlantic slave trade|the slave trade]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0169-4758(89)90260-3|author=Laurence BR|year=1989 |title=The global dispersal of bancroftian filariasis|journal=[[Parasitology Today]] |volume=5|issue=8|pages=260–4|pmid=15463229}}</ref> Once it was introduced to the New World, this filarial worm disease persisted throughout the areas surrounding [[Charleston, South Carolina]], until its sudden disappearance in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Chernin E|year=1987|title=The disappearance of bancroftian filariasis from Charleston, South Carolina|journal=[[Am J Trop Med Hyg]]|volume=37|issue=1|pages=111–4|pmid=3300389|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.111}}</ref>

== References ==
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== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB     = 29234
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|B|74|0}}
| ICD9           = {{ICD9|125.0}}
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* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Wuchereria_bancrofti/ Animal Diversity Web]
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Filaria|year=1921 |short=x}}

{{Helminthiases}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q311109}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wuchereria Bancrofti}}
[[Category:Spirurida]]
[[Category:Parasitic nematodes of humans]]
[[Category:Insect-borne diseases]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]
[[Category:Nematodes described in 1921]]
[[Category:Lymphatic filariasis]]