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{{short description|Place in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany}}
{{Expand German|topic=geo|date=March 2016|Xanten}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}

{{Infobox German location
|type               = Stadt
|image_photo       = Xanten markt Norbertbrunnen 02.jpg
|image_coa            = DEU Xanten COA.svg
|coordinates       = {{coord|51|39|44|N|06|27|14|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan          = Xanten in WES.svg
|state        = Nordrhein-Westfalen
|region  = Düsseldorf
|district             = Wesel
|elevation              = 50
|area            = 72.43
|postal_code               = 46509
|area_code           = 02801 and 02804 ([[Marienbaum]])
|licence               = WES
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 1 70 052
|divisions        = 6 [[Stadtbezirk]]e
|website           = [https://www.xanten.de/ www.xanten.de]
|mayor             = Rafael Zur<ref>[https://wahl.krzn.de/kw2025/wep190/navi/190-303-BUW-STMM.html Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2025], Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 20 November 2025.</ref>
|leader_term       = 2025&ndash;30
|party             = FoX
}}

'''Xanten''' ({{IPA|de|ˈksantn̩|-|De-Xanten.ogg}}, [[Low Rhenish]]: ''Santen'') is a [[town]] in the [[States of Germany|state]] of [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]]. It is located in the [[Districts of Germany|district]] of [[Wesel (district)|Wesel]].

Xanten is known for the [[Archaeological site|Archaeological Park]], one of the largest [[archaeological open air museum]]s in the world, built at the site of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Human settlement|settlements]] ''[[Colonia Ulpia Traiana]]''. Other attractions include the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[town centre]] with [[Xanten Cathedral]], many [[Museum|museums]] and large [[Lake#Artificial lakes|man-made]] [[List of lakes of Germany|lakes]] for various [[List of water sports|watersport]] activities. Xanten is visited by approximately one million [[Tourism|tourists]] a year. It is also the only German [[List of cities and towns in Germany|town]] with a name that begins with ''X''.<ref>[http://www.mygermancity.com/german-cities-x German Cities — Letter X]</ref>

==Geography==
Xanten is made up of three boroughs (''[[Ortsteil]]e''): ''Hochbruch'', ''Niederbruch'', and the ''town centre''. Other localities (''Bezirke'')  belonging to the town of Xanten include ''Birten'', ''Lüttingen'', ''Marienbaum'', ''Vynen'', ''Obermörmter'', ''Wardt'', ''Mörmter'', ''Willich'', ''Beek'' and ''Ursel''. Parts of a nature reserve called ''Bislicher Insel'' are located in the municipality as well.

The town borders the [[Lower Rhine]] and the town of [[Rees, Germany|Rees]] to the north, the town of [[Wesel]] to the east, the municipalities of [[Alpen, Germany|Alpen]] and [[Sonsbeck]] to the south, and the towns of [[Uedem]] and [[Kalkar]] to the west.

The closest international airport is [[Weeze Airport]] (also called Niederrhein Airport; Ryanair hub) in [[Weeze]] (25&nbsp;km); the closest intercontinental airport is [[Düsseldorf Airport]] (60&nbsp;km). It has a station on the [[Rheinhausen–Kleve railway]], which connects to [[Duisburg]] via [[Moers]].

==History==

[[Image:Silvered-bronze horse trappings from Xanten (BM).JPG|thumb|left|[[Xanten Horse-Phalerae|Set of Roman silvered-bronze horse trappings from Xanten]], now in the [[British Museum]]<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/m/military_horse_trapping.aspx British Museum Highlights] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203083856/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/m/military_horse_trapping.aspx |date=December 3, 2013 }}</ref>]]

===Antiquity===
{{main|Vetera|Colonia Ulpia Traiana}}
[[Image:Archäologischer Park Xanten DE.png|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Colonia Ulpia Traiana, Tricensimae, Archäologischer Park Xanten]]
[[Image:Amphitheater Xanten.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Reconstructed Roman amphitheatre in Archäologischer Park Xanten]]

The first settlements by isolated tribes can be dated to around the year 2000 BC. Around 15 BC the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] ''[[Castra|castrum]]'' or camp ''[[:de:Vetera|Vetera]]'' was created on the Fürstenberg near modern-day Birten. It was intended as a base for campaigns into [[Germania]] and until its destruction during the [[Revolt of the Batavi]] in 70 AD it was occupied by 8,000 to 10,000 legionaries, and was the main base of the [[Roman Navy#Classis Germanica|Classis germanica]].

After the destruction of ''Vetera'' a second camp was established at the Bislicher Insel, named ''Castra Vetera II'', which became the base camp of [[Legio VI Victrix]]. A nearby created settlement, which was inhabited by 10,000 to 15,000 former legionaries and others, was given the rights of a [[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]] in 110 AD by the Roman emperor Marcus Ulpius [[Traianus]], who renamed the town ''Colonia Ulpia Traiana''. The colonia was a completely new town with a town wall and other buildings like an amphitheatre. For this town the old settlement was completely destroyed. The colonia became the second most important commercial post in the province of [[Germania Inferior]], surpassed only by ''Colonia Agrippinensis'' (today's [[Cologne]]). In 122, ''Vetera II'' became the camp of [[Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix]], replacing VI Victrix which had moved to [[Roman Britain|Britannia]].

In 275, the colonia was almost destroyed by Germanic tribes. Subsequently, in 310 in the area of the colonia a new town was established, named ''Tricensimae'' ("of the Thirtieth"), which was built on the nine central ''[[Insula (building)|insula]]'' of the former colonia but fortified and more easily defended. At the beginning of the 5th century, assaults by Germanic tribes rapidly increased, with the result that ''Tricensimae'' was finally given up.

Around 300, [[Viktor of Xanten]] is named among the [[Theban Legion]] executed for refusing to sacrifice to the Roman gods. Venerated as a [[martyr]] and a [[saint]] by the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] as well as the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], Viktor of Xanten is commemorated in [[Xanten Cathedral]], where his [[relic]]s are kept in a shrine embedded in the high altar.

===Middle Ages===
[[Image:Xanten Klever Tor.jpg|thumb|Klever Tor in Xanten]] 
In the 5th century the [[Franks]] began to settle in the area of today's Xanten, but no urban settlements have been found from this time as the Franks did not build in stone, unlike the Romans. Only graves from this time have been discovered.

According to the legend of the [[Nibelungs]], the mythical [[Sigurd|Siegfried of Xanten]] was born ''ze Santen an dem Rhîne''.

In the second half of the 8th century a church was built on the grounds of an old cemetery of the ancient Roman colony and called ''Sanctos (super Rhenum)'' (also mentioned as ''ad Sanctum''). The name of "place of saints" was derived from the assumed grave of the martyr [[Viktor of Xanten]] and is the source of today's municipal name of ''Xanten''. After the establishment of a convent to the south, what became today's town centre grew into existence.

In 939 troops under [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]], [[Kingdom of Germany|King of Germany]] defeated rebellious Franconian, Saxon and Lotharingian troops under [[Eberhard of Franconia]] in the [[Battle of Birten]] near Xanten. Following the [[Battle of Andernach]] the same year the Rhineland was reaffirmed to the kingdom of Otto I.

While Xanten, with its rich ''Viktor Convent'', was still being besieged by [[Norsemen]] in 863, in 1122 the place already appears as part of a trading network at the Lower Rhine. On 15 July 1228, Xanten was given town rights by the [[Archbishop of Cologne]], [[Heinrich of Molenark]].

Xanten had a Jewish community in early medieval times. Two massacres of Jews occurred during the [[First Crusade]], on (1 and 27 June 1096). On the latter occasion some Jews committed suicide in order to escape the fury of the Crusaders.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}

In 1263 the foundation stone for the Gothic [[Xanten Cathedral|St. Victor cathedral]] was laid. After 281 years of construction it was finally completed in 1544. By the end of the 14th century, Xanten was surrounded by a town wall.

In 1392 the northern part of the town came into the possession of the [[Duchy of Cleves|Dukes of Cleves]], while the southern part remained with the Archbishopric of Cologne. The division of Xanten was a cause of a conflict between Cleves and Cologne, which ended when the whole of Xanten was awarded to the Duchy of Cleves in 1444.

===Early Modern period===
After being taken by the Dukes of Cleves, in the wake of war and crop failure, the number of inhabitants slumped from 5,000 at the beginning of the 16th century to approximately 2,500 by the end of the 18th century. The Rhine had been a basis of Xanten's status as a trading town until the river bed shifted away from the town, causing its economic situation to deteriorate. The river even flooded and destroyed the locality of Birten several times.

The borough Marienbaum, however, became the main place of pilgrimage on the Lower Rhine between 1430 and 1441. In 1460 a monastery of the [[Bridgettines]] was established, with an abbey church called ''St. Mariä Himmelfahrt'' ([[Assumption of Mary]]) which nowadays serves as a parish church.

In the 17th century Xanten was (along with Cleves) inherited by the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]. [[Protestantism]] was placed on an equal footing with the [[Roman Catholic Church]], as confirmed by the ''[[Treaty of Xanten]]'' on 12 November 1614. Thereupon a church was built at the ''Großer Markt'' (Great Marketplace), which was expanded with a spire in 1622. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 20th century only 5% of the population were of Protestant denomination. By the beginning of the 21st century, the Protestant share of the population had increased to some 20%.

===19th and early 20th century===
In 1802, the Viktor-convent was secularized by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]], and the libraries of closed monasteries and the convent library were merged. After that, the economic situation deteriorated more rapidly. A town gate called the ''Marstor'' was torn down in 1821, and the ''Scharntor'' and parts of the town walls were removed in 1825. The removal of the ''Klever Tor'' and a mill called ''Kriemhildmühle'' was prevented by a town councillor in 1843. At the same time, the ruins of the ''Colonia Ulpia Traiana'', which had been used as a quarry since the Roman settlement was given up, aroused the interest of archaeologists.

Xanten was administered within the [[Prussia]]n [[Rhine Province]] from 1822 to 1945. Between 1819 and 1844, excavations were carried out at the Roman ruins. In September 1927, the Catholic Church municipality celebrated its 1,600th&nbsp;anniversary; in 1937 [[Pope Pius XI]] granted the right for the cathedral of ''St. Viktor'' to be called a [[basilica minor]].

In the later part of the 19th century, there was a high-profile case of alleged ritual murder, also known as [[blood libel]]. On 29 June 1891, Johann Hegemann, the five-year-old son of a local cabinet maker, was found dead in a neighbour's barn, with his throat cut from ear to ear. [[Anti-Semitic]] agitation connected the Jewish butcher and former [[Shechita|shoḥeṭ]] Adolf Buschoff with this crime, and the local priest, Father Bresser, lent support to this rumour by publishing articles on ritual murder in the paper ''Bote für Stadt und Land'', which he edited. The agitation in the anti-Semitic press, as well as at anti-semitic meetings, where it was insinuated that the Jews had bribed or intimidated the authorities in order to prevent the discovery of the truth, compelled the government to arrest Buschoff and his family (14 October 1891). The evidence against the man, who had always borne a good reputation, was so flimsy, however, that he was discharged (20 December). This action aroused the anti-Semites to still stronger agitation, which culminated in a heated debate in the Prussian Diet. In the course of this argument, Stoecker, the ex-court chaplain, repeated the accusation of ritual murder, and hinted at Jewish influence as the cause of the failure to find the murderer (7 February 1892). Under pressure from this agitation, Buschoff was rearrested (8 February), and tried before a jury at Cleves (4–14 July 1892). During this trial, it was found that the accusations were based on mere hearsay, and contained impossible assertions. The prosecuting attorney himself moved for the dismissal of the charge, and the jury rendered its verdict accordingly. The real murderer was never discovered, and the possibility that the death of the child was due to an accident was not entirely disproved. The agitation had the effect of reducing the Jewish population of the town, and Buschoff himself had to leave. In 1905, Xanten had about thirty Jews out of a total population of 3,770.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}

===Nazi Germany===
In 1933, mayor Heinrich Wagner was locked up in a tower called the ''Meerturm'', accused of alleged nepotism in the loan business. His successor was Friedrich Karl Schöneborn, while the post of deputy mayor was given to Heinrich Prang junior. Prang had already created a local group of the [[NSDAP]] in 1925. As the local council of the ''Deutsche Zentrumspartei'' was dissolved, three of formerly eight town council members were group members of the NSDAP. The remaining opposition consisted of [[communists]] and liberal politicians lacking a clear political mandate.

The following years saw harassment of the Jewish population of Xanten. This included the destruction of the local prayer room and the devastation of several dwellings of Jewish inhabitants on ''[[Reichskristallnacht]]'' of 9 November 1938. After these events, the entire Jewish population fled Xanten. In May 1940, the German 256th infantry division was transferred to Xanten to take part in the forthcoming [[Battle of the Netherlands|invasion of the Netherlands]].  During the [[Second World War]] an ammunition factory of the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' was established in a small forest close to the town, called ''Die Hees''. While citizens of Xanten worked there at the beginning of the war, women and children, and especially foreigners were forced to perform hard labour at the plant as the war progressed. Incidents in the area of the factory occurred in November 1942 and October 1944, causing the explosion of a portion of the stored ammunition, which cost several workers' lives.

When Allied troops reached Xanten in February 1945, mayor Schöneborn left the town. With him fled almost the entire town administration to areas to the east. In the same month the bombardment of the town had begun, killing civilians and destroying parts of Xanten. In addition, the cathedral was hit by [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Allied bombs]] and damaged heavily. On 8 March, Xanten was finally taken by Canadian troops. The Canadian military lost, according to their own data, 400 soldiers in the fight against the defending ''[[Fallschirmjäger (Nazi Germany)|Fallschirmjäger]]'' (paratroops) under the command of [[Eugen Meindl]]. Thereupon the town, 85% of which had already been destroyed, was occupied by British troops while the population was evacuated to [[Bedburg-Hau]] in preparation for the crossing of the Rhine near the town of Wesel. Artillery projectiles fired by German soldiers from the right bank of the Rhine further devastated Xanten at this time. When the crossing of the Rhine finally succeeded on 24 March, the Second World War was over for Xanten.

===Post-World War II===
[[Image:Xanten.JPG|thumb|upright=1.45|right|Reconstructed corner of the ''Hafentempel'' (harbour temple) in ''Archäologischer Park Xanten'']]
The reconstruction of the town and the cathedral was influenced particularly by the archaeologist and monument conservationist Walter Bader, and lasted until 1966. [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)|Expellees]] from [[East Prussia]] were resettled in Xanten and caused the population to rise by almost 40%. In the course of the local re-organization in 1969, the localities ''Birten'', ''Lüttingen'', ''Marienbaum'', ''Obermörmter'', ''Vynen'' and ''Wardt'' were integrated into Xanten, so that around 16,000 inhabitants lived within the town boundaries. The area of the town increased from 8&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> to 72&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.

In 1975, the ''Archäologischer Park Xanten'' (Xanten Archaeological Park), a partial reconstruction of the ''Roman Colonia Ulpia Traiana'', was established and opened for tourism.

On 28 November 1988, Xanten was granted the title of a ''Staatlich anerkannter Erholungsort'' (state-recognized leisure town) as the first such town in the [[Düsseldorf (region)|region of Düsseldorf]]. Between 1990 and 2004, the number of inhabitants rose from 16,930 to about 22,000.

==Attractions==
The ''Archäologischer Park Xanten'' is built on the site of the Roman town, and it is one of the most frequently visited parks in Germany. In 2012, the Archaeological Park was expanded to nearly the whole area of the Roman colonia after Bundesstraße 57 was moved away from the area.

Historical buildings in the town centre have been restored. At the ''Xantener Südsee'' and ''Xantener Nordsee'', two lakes connected by a channel close to the localities Wardt and Vynen, the ''Freizeitzentrum Xanten'' (Xanten Leisure Center) was established in 1982. Today, it is a popular destination for sailors.

==Culture==
Big events include the ''Xantener Sommerfestspiele'' (a prestigious classical music festival lasting two weeks every summer from 1993 to 2012), the annual ''KleinMontMartre'' where artists from all over the world show their latest works as well as the annual German sandcastle-building championship.

==Education==
Among other schools there is one [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] (grammar school), the ''Stiftsgymnasium Xanten'', and a private school for girls, the ''Marienschule'', in Xanten.

==Governance==
===Council===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2|Seat distribution in the town council after the 2025 elections
|-
| Party|| Number of seats 
|-
| [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] ||15
|-
|[[Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands|SPD]] || 9
|-
|FoX || 9
|-
|[[Alternative for Germany]] || 6
|-
|[[Alliance '90/The Greens]] || 4
|-
|Free Initiative (Xanten) || 4
|-
|[[Die Linke]] || 2
|-
|[[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] || 1
|-
|BBX || 0
|-
|}

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Xanten is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Partnerstädte von Xanten|url=https://www.xanten.de/de/dienstleistungen/partnerstaedte-von-xanten/|website=xanten.de|publisher=Xanten|language=de|access-date=2021-02-18|archive-date=2019-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014063449/https://www.xanten.de/de/dienstleistungen/partnerstaedte-von-xanten/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Beit Sahour]], Palestine
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Geel]], Belgium
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Saintes, Charente-Maritime|Saintes]], France
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Salisbury]], England, United Kingdom

==Notable people==
[[File:Johannes Janssen.jpg|thumb|150px|Johannes Janssen in his later years]]
* [[Georg Bleibtreu]] (1828–1892), battle painter
* [[Gottfried Hagen]] (1230–1299), Cologne city writer
* [[Dorothe Ingenfeld]] (born 1974), operatic mezzo-soprano
* [[Johannes Janssen]] (1829–1891), historian
* [[Otto Lancelle]] (1885–1941), army general
* [[Reinhart Maurer]] (born 1935), philosopher
* [[Norbert of Xanten]] (c. 1075–1134), Catholic bishop and founder of the [[Premonstratensians]]
* [[Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal]] (1794–1866), botanist

==Bibliography==
*{{ill|Julius Aronius|de}}, "Regesten", p.&nbsp;89, No. 188; p.&nbsp;92, No. 195). In 1187 the martyrs of Neuss were brought to Xanten to be buried by the side of those martyred in 1096 (p.&nbsp;144, No. 322)
*''Mittheilungen aus dem {{ill|Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus|de}}'', 1892, Index, s.v. Xanten and Buschoff
*''[[Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums]]'' 1892, Nos. 29–31
*''{{ill|lt=Der Prozess Buschoff|Xantener Ritualmordvorwurf|de}}'', Leipzig, 1892{{author missing|date=February 2020}}
*Paul Nathan, ''Der Prozess Buschoff'', Berlin, 1892
*''[[Der Prozess Xanten-Cleve]]'', ''ibid.''{{full citation needed|date=February 2020|reason=Unclear whether this is part of the previous work or independent or who wrote it}}
* Ralph Trost, ''Eine gänzlich zerstörte Stadt. Nationalsozialismus, Krieg und Kriegsende in Xanten''. Münster: Waxmann 2004. ISBN 3-8309-1413-X. (online (pdf))

*''[[wikisource:de:Der Knabenmord in Xanten vor dem Schwurgericht zu Cleve vom 4. bis 14. Juli 1892|Der Knabenmord in Xanten vor dem Schwurgericht zu Cleve vom 4. bis 14. Juli 1892]]'', Berlin, 1893 (a complete stenographic record)
*Holger Schmenk, ''Xanten im 19. Jahrhundert: eine rheinische Kleinstadt zwischen Tradition und Moderne'', Cologne / Weimar / Vienna: Böhlau 2008. {{ISBN|9783412201517}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{JewishEncyclopedia|wstitle=Xanten}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.xanten.de/ Xanten municipal website]
* [https://www.rathaus-xanten.de Virtual town hall]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224131640/https://www.rathaus-xanten.de/ |date=2017-12-24 }} {{In lang|de}}
* [http://www.apx.lvr.de/en/willkommen/willkommen_1.html Archaeological Park (English)]
* [https://f-z-x.de/ Leisure Center Xanten]
* [https://www.livius.org/articles/place/xanten/xanten-cut/ Livius.org: Xanten: Colonia Ulpia Traiana]

{{Cities and towns in Wesel (district)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Xanten| ]]
[[Category:10s BC establishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Germany]]
[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Rhine]]
[[Category:Roman fortifications in Germania Inferior]]
[[Category:Roman harbors in Germany]]
[[Category:Roman legionary fortresses in Germany]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Germany]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Germania]]
[[Category:Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:Wesel (district)]]