View source for Xu Wei

{{Short description|Ming Dynasty painter (1521–1593)}}
{{other people}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2009}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Xu (surname 徐)|Xu]]|lang=Chinese}}{{Infobox writer
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| death_date       = 1593 (aged 71-72)
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| occupation       = Painter, poet, writer, playwright, calligrapher
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| children         = Xu Du, Xu Mei
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[[File:Hsü Wei 001.jpg|thumb|Bamboos]]

'''Xu Wei''' ({{zh|c=徐渭|p=Xú Wèi|w='''Hsü Wei'''}}, 1521–1593), also known as '''Qingteng Shanren''' ({{zh|c=青藤山人|p=Qīngténg Shānrén}}), was a Chinese painter, playwright, poet, and tea master during the Ming dynasty. <ref name="Cihai">Cihai: Page 802.</ref><ref name="Barnhart232">Barnhart: Page 232.</ref> 

==Life==
Xu's [[courtesy name]]s were Wenqing (文清) and then later Wenchang (文長). His [[Art name|pseudonyms]] were "The Mountain-man of the Heavenly Pond" (天池山人 Tiānchí Shānrén), "Daoist of the Green Vine House" (青藤道士 Qīngténg Dàoshì) and "The Water and Moon of the Bureau's Farm" (署田水月 Shǔtián Shuǐ Yuè).<ref name="Cihai"/> Born in Shanyin (modern [[Shaoxing]], [[Zhejiang]]),<ref name="Cihai"/> Xu was raised by a single mother who died when he was 14. At 21, he married a woman who died five years later. Though he passed the county civil examination at age 20, Xu was never able to pass the provincial [[civil service examination]]s, even after attempting it eight times.<ref name="Barnhart230">Barnhart: Page 230.</ref> Nevertheless, Xu was employed by [[Hu Zongxian]], Supreme Commander of the Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Fujian coastal defense against the ''[[wokou]]'' pirates.<ref name="Cihai"/>

[[File:Chrysanthemums and Bamboos by Xu Wei.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Chrysanthemums and Bamboos'' (菊竹图) by Xu Wei, [[Liaoning Museum]]]]
[[File:Xu Wei's tomb.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Xu Wei's tomb]]
After General Hu was arrested and lost his job, Xu Wei feared a similar fate for himself. Xu became mentally distraught at this juncture, attempting to commit suicide nine times, such as by axing himself in the skull and drilling both of his ears. His mental imbalance led to his killing of his second wife Zhang (張氏)<ref name="Barnhart230"/> after becoming paranoid that she was having an affair. As a punishment for this murder, he was jailed for seven years<ref name="Barnhart230"/> until his friend Zhang Yuanbian (張元忭) from the [[Hanlin Academy]] managed to free him at age of 53. It is possible Xu Wei suffered from [[bipolar disorder]], a condition actually recognized in China at this time.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Xu spent the rest of his life painting, but with little financial success.

==Literary career==
Xu was a [[playwright]] as well. He produced the works [[Singing in Place of Screaming]] ({{lang-zh|s=歌代啸|t=歌代嘯|p=gē dài xiào}}), as well as the treatise on southern drama [[Nanci Xulu]] ({{lang-zh|s=南词叙录|t=南詞敘錄|p=Náncí Xùlù}}).   

He wrote the four play cycle known as ''[[Four Cries of a Gibbon]]'' ({{lang-zh|s=四声猿|t=四聲猿|p=Sì Shēng Yuán}}). This cycle consists of the following four plays: 
* ''The Mad Drummer Plays The Yuyang Triple Rolls (Mi Heng)'' ({{lang-zh|s=狂鼓史渔阳三弄
|t=狂鼓史漁陽三弄|p=Kuáng gǔ shǐ yú yángsān nòng}}) - describes the crimes of [[Cao Cao]]
* ''Zen Master Yu Has a Dream of Cuixiang'' ({{lang-zh|s=玉禅师翠乡一梦|t=玉禅師翠鄉一夢|p=Yù chánshī cuì xiāng yī mèng}}) - a [[Buddhist]] story
* ''The Female Mulan Joins the Army in Place of Her Father'' ({{lang-zh|s=雌木兰替父从军|t=雌木蘭替父從軍|p=Cí mùlán tì fù cóngjūn}}) - describes [[Hua Mulan]]
* ''The Girl Graduate Rejects the Female Phoenix and Gains the Male Phoenix'' ({{lang-zh|s=女状元辞凰得凤|t=女狀元辭凰得鳳|p=Nǚ zhuàngyuán cí huáng dé fèng}}) - describes [[Huang Chonggu]]

Xu's dramatic efforts often deal with women's themes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kwa|first=Shiamin|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1dnnbtf|title=Strange Eventful Histories|date=2013-01-05|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1dnnbtf|isbn=978-1-68417-064-7}}</ref> 

The British orientalist [[Arthur Waley]], in his introduction to the 1942 translation of ''[[Jin Ping Mei]]'' argued that Xu Wei was the author but later scholars have not been convinced.<ref>Shizheng Wang, translated from the German of [[Franz Kuhn]] by [[Bernard Miall]], with an Introduction by Arthur Waley. ''Chin P'ing Mei: The Adventurous History of Hsi Men and His Six Wives.'' (London: John Lane,  1942; rpr. New York, Putnam, 1947. For more details, see the article on Jin Pingmei.</ref>

Xu Wei was also a poet in ''shi'' style. Xu's collected works in 30 chapters exists with a commentary by the late Ming writer [[Yuan Hongdao]]. Xu cared most about calligraphy and then poetry. A modern typeset edition of Xu Wei's collected works, ''Xu Wei ji'', was published by the Zhonghua Publishing House in Beijing in 1983. Previously a 17th-century edition of his collected works known as the ''Xu Wenchang sanji'' was reproduced in Taiwan in 1968. In 1990 a book length study of Xu Wei concludes that Xu Wei can be seen as a “scholar in cotton clothes” or ''buyi wenren'' (布衣文人), a scholar who failed the civil service examination, yet became active in the realm of literature. Many such individuals appeared in the late 16th and early 17th centuries and attached themselves to officials or became independent in late Ming China.

==Painting style==
Xu Wei used "splattered ink [that] utilises considerable quantities of ink that are practically poured onto the painting surface".<ref>Wang Yao-t'ing, ''Looking at Chinese Painting'', Nigensha Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, 1996 (first English edition), p. 75. {{ISBN|4-544-02066-2}}</ref>
[[File:Xu Wei Grapes.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Grapes'' (葡萄), '''Xu Wei''', [[Palace Museum]]]]

== See also ==

* [[Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou]]
* [[Wu Changshuo]] 
* [[Qi Baishi]]
* [[Bada Shanren]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997). Three thousand years of Chinese painting. New Haven, [[Yale University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-300-07013-6}}
* Chaves, Jonathan. "The Columbia Book of Later Chinese Poetry." New York:  Columbia University Press, 1986; pp.&nbsp;310–320. First scholarly presentation of Xu as a poet.
* Liang and Goodrich in Goodrich and Fang, ''Dictionary of Ming Biography 1368-1644'', [[Columbia University Press]], New York, 1976, vol. 1, pp.&nbsp;609–612.
* Carpenter, Bruce E, "Cruelty and Genius: Poems of Hsü Wei", ''Tezukayama University Review'' (Tezukayama Daigaku Ronshu), Nara, Japan, 1979, no. 26, pp.&nbsp;16–36. {{ISSN|0385-7743}}
* Yu Jianhua and Chen Sunglin, ''A Complete Collection of Chinese Paintings'' (Zhongguo huihua chuanji) Zhejiang Peoples' Art Press, 2000, vol. 15, pp.&nbsp;1–51.
* Ma Liangchun and Li Futian, ''Encyclopedia of Chinese Literature'', vol. 7, p.&nbsp;4904.
* Shen Moujian, ''Encyclopedia of Chinese Artists'' (Zhongguo meishu jia renming cidian), Shanghai, p.&nbsp;73.
* Wang Yao-t'ing, ''Looking at Chinese Painting'', Nigensha Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, 1996 (first English edition), p.&nbsp;75. {{ISBN|4-544-02066-2}}
* Zhang Xinjian, ''A Preliminary Study of Xu Wei'' (Xu Wei lungao), Wenhua yishu Publishing Co., Beijing, 1990.
* ''Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui'' (辞海编辑委员会). Ci hai  (辞海). Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she  (上海辞书出版社), 1979.

{{Commons category|Xu Wei}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xu, Wei}}
[[Category:1521 births]]
[[Category:1593 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Chinese dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:16th-century Chinese male writers]]
[[Category:16th-century Chinese painters]]
[[Category:16th-century Chinese poets]]
[[Category:Artists from Zhejiang]]
[[Category:Chinese tea masters]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty poets]]
[[Category:People with bipolar disorder]]
[[Category:Poets from Zhejiang]]
[[Category:Writers from Shaoxing]]