View source for York

{{Short description|City in North Yorkshire, England}}
{{About|the city in the United Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox UK place <!--The City of York article covers the council area's statistics and coat of arms.-->
| official_name = York
| type = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]]
| static_image_name = {{multiple images
 | perrow = 1/2/2/2/2/2
 | total_width = 280px
 | align = center
 | border = infobox
 | image1 = York Minster (2797690).jpg
 | caption1 = [[York Minster]]
 | image2 = Clifford's Tower, from south.JPG
 | caption2 = [[York Castle|Clifford's Tower]]
 | image3 = Guildhall Annex, Municipal Offices and Guildhall - geograph.org.uk - 5475746.jpg
 | caption3  = [[York Guildhall|Guildhall]]
 | image4 = Constantine the Great Statue in York, commissioned in 1998 and sculptured by Philip Jackson, Eboracum, York, England (7643906080).jpg
 | caption4 = [[Statue of Constantine the Great, York|Constantine Statue]]
 | image5 = Steps on path, City Walls - geograph.org.uk - 7718776.jpg
 | caption5 = [[York city walls|City Walls]]
 | image6 = Shambles shopper 8686.jpg
 | caption6 = [[The Shambles]]
 | image7 = St Marys Abbey Church York.jpg
 | caption7 = [[St Mary's Abbey, York|St Mary’s Abbey]]
 | image8 = Tourist boats on the River Ouse - geograph.org.uk - 7526879.jpg
 | caption8 = View of [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] from [[Bridges of York|Lendal Bridge]]
}}
| static_image_caption = 
| static_image_2 = Coat of Arms of City of York.svg
| static_image_2_width = 100px
| static_image_2_caption = [[Coat of arms of York|Coat of arms]]
| civil_parish = 
| unitary_england = [[City of York|York]]
| lieutenancy_england = [[North Yorkshire]]
| region = Yorkshire and the Humber
| country = England
| coordinates = {{coord|53|57|36|N|1|04|48|W|display=inline,title}}
| os_grid_reference = 
| post_town = YORK
| postcode_area = YO
| postcode_district = YO1, YO10, YO19, YO23-24, YO26, YO30-32, YO41
| dial_code = 01904
| population = 141,685
| population_ref = ([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]])<ref name="2021census">{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2257a/fig1/datadownload.xlsx|title=Figure 1: Explore population characteristics of individual BUAs|access-date=7 August 2021|format=XLS|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805183245/https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2257a/fig1/datadownload.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 33.7
| website = {{URL|https://york.gov.uk}}
| parts_type = Areas of the city
| p1 = [[Acomb, North Yorkshire|Acomb]] (Village)
| p2 = [[Bootham]]
| p3 = [[Clifton, York|Clifton]]
| p4 = [[Derwenthorpe]]
| p5 = [[Dringhouses]]
| p6 = [[Fulford, North Yorkshire|Fulford]] (Village)
| p7 = [[Heslington]]
| p8 = [[Heworth, York|Heworth]]
| p9 = [[Holgate, York|Holgate]]
| p10 = [[Huntington, North Yorkshire|Huntington]] (Village)
| p11 = [[Knapton, York|Knapton]]
| p12 = [[Middlethorpe, North Yorkshire|Middlethorpe]]
| p13 = [[New Earswick]]
| p14 = [[Osbaldwick]] (Village)
| p15 = [[Rawcliffe, North Yorkshire|Rawcliffe]] (Village)
| p16 = [[South Bank, York|South Bank]]
| p17 = [[Tang Hall]]
| p18 = [[Woodthorpe, North Yorkshire|Woodthorpe]]
}}

'''York''' is a [[cathedral city]] in [[North Yorkshire]], England, with [[Roman Britain|Roman origins]], sited at the confluence of the rivers [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|Ouse]] and [[River Foss|Foss]]. It has many historic buildings and other structures, such as a [[York Minster|minster]], [[York Castle|castle]] and [[York city walls|city walls]], all of which are [[Listed building|Grade I listed]]. It is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of the wider [[City of York]] district. It is located {{convert|27|mi|km}} north-east of [[Leeds]], {{convert|90|mi|km}} south of [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] and {{convert|207|mi|km}} north of [[London]]. York's built-up area had a recorded population of 141,685 at the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 census]].<ref name="2021census" />

The city was founded under the name of [[Eboracum]] in AD&nbsp;71. It then became the capital of [[Britannia Inferior]], a province of the [[Roman Empire]], and was later the capital of the kingdoms of [[Deira]], [[Northumbria]] and [[Jórvík|Scandinavian York]]. In the [[England in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]] it became the [[Province of York|northern England ecclesiastical province]]'s centre, and grew as a wool-trading centre.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|url= http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108205146/http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp|archive-date=8 January 2008|publisher=York Tourism Bureau|title=Timeline|year=2005|access-date=25 October 2007}}</ref> In the 19th century it became a major railway network hub and confectionery-manufacturing centre. In the [[Second World War]] York was bombed in the [[Baedeker Blitz]]. Although York was less targeted during the war than other, more industrialised northern cities, several historic buildings were gutted and restoration took place up until the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9676910.when-sparks-flew-across-the-sky|title=When sparks flew across the sky|date=28 April 2012|work=The Press|publisher=Newsquest Media Group|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420182049/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9676910.when-sparks-flew-across-the-sky/|archive-date=20 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historic local governance of the city was as a [[county corporate]], not included in the [[Ridings of Yorkshire|county's riding system]]. The city has since been locally governed as a [[municipal borough]], [[county borough]], and since 1996, a [[non-metropolitan district]] (the City of York), which also includes surrounding villages and rural areas, and the town of [[Haxby]]. The current district's local council, [[City of York Council]], is responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout this area.

==Toponymy==
York was known to the Romans as {{lang|la|Eburacum}} or {{lang|la|Eboracum}}, a Latinisation of the [[Common Brittonic|Brittonic]] {{lang|cel|*Eburācon}}. The latter may mean "place of [[Taxus baccata|yew trees]]", from {{wikt-lang|cel-x-proto|*eburos}} and {{wikt-lang|cel-x-proto|-ākos|*-āco(n)}}, a suffix meaning "associated with". {{lang|cel|Eburos}} is also recorded as a personal name, however, so an alternative etymology would be "property of Eburos".<ref>{{cite book|author1-last=Rivet|author1-first=A. L. F.|author2-last=Smith|author2-first=Colin|date=1979|title=The Place-Names of Roman Britain|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-03953-4|pages=355–357|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofroma0000rive/page/355}}</ref> Indeed, the 12th‑century chronicler [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] attributed the name to a legendary king named [[Ebraucus]].<ref name=smith>{{cite book|title=The Place-Names of the East Riding of Yorkshire and York|date=1937|last=Smith|first=A. H.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=275–280|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofeast0000ahsm/page/275}}</ref>

By the time of the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement]], the Brittonic name had developed into something like {{lang|cel|*Evorōg}} (compare modern Welsh {{lang|cy|Efrog}}). The Anglo-Saxons associated the first element with the word {{wikt-lang|ang|eofor}}, meaning "boar", and referred to the city as {{lang|ang|Eoforwīc}} (literally "boar town"). This was in turn adapted into [[Old Norse]] as {{lang|non|*Éorvík}}, which later became {{lang|non|Jórvík}} or simply {{lang|non|Jórk}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names|date=2010|editor-last=Watts|editor-first=Victor|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-16855-7|page=711|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction0000unse_y6u4/page/711}}</ref> The Norse name was then [[reborrowed]] into English as ''York'', a form that first appears in the 13th century. The Old English name survived as {{lang|enm|Everwyk}} or {{lang|enm|Everwich}}, becoming obsolete after the 15th century.<ref name=smith/>

==History==
{{Main|History of York}}
{{For timeline}}

===Early history===
[[File:Roman Fortifications in Museum Gardens York.jpg|thumb|Roman wall and the west corner tower of [[Eboracum]]. The top half is medieval.|200x200px]]

Archaeological evidence suggests that [[Mesolithic]] people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000&nbsp;BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], the area was occupied by a [[tribe]] known to the Romans as the [[Brigantes]]. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but later its leaders became more hostile and the Roman [[Legio IX Hispana|Ninth Legion]] was sent north of the [[Humber]] into Brigantian territory.<ref name="Willis26">{{cite book|last=Willis|first=Ronald|year=1988|title=The illustrated portrait of York|edition=4th|publisher=Robert Hale Limited|isbn=0-7090-3468-7|pages=26–27}}</ref>

The city was founded in AD&nbsp;71, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military [[castra|fortress]] on flat ground above the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] close to its [[confluence]] with the [[River Foss]]. The fortress, whose walls were rebuilt in stone by the VI legion based there subsequent to the IX legion, covered an area of {{convert|50|acre|ha}} and was inhabited by 6,000 [[Roman legion|legion]]ary soldiers. The site of the ''principia'' (headquarters) of the fortress lies under the foundations of [[York Minster]], and excavations in the undercroft have revealed part of the Roman structure and columns.<ref name="coyyh">{{cite web|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/|title=York's history|publisher=City of York Council|date=20 December 2006|access-date=1 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031235552/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/|archive-date=31 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="ytss-2"/>

[[File:Constantine York.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of Constantine the Great, York|Roman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor at York in 306&nbsp;AD]]|200x200px]]

The Roman emperors [[Hadrian]], [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Constantius I]] all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay between AD 207 and 211 the emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a "[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]" or city. Constantius I died in AD&nbsp;306 during his stay in York, and his son [[Constantine the Great]] was proclaimed emperor by the troops based in the fortress.<ref name="ytss-2">{{cite book|last1=Shannon|first1=John|last2=Tilbrook|first2=Richard|title=York – the second city|publisher=Jarrold Publishing|year=1990|isbn=0-7117-0507-0|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)|url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm|publisher=Vanderbilt University|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302180601/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm|archive-date=2 March 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> In AD&nbsp;314 a bishop from York attended the [[Synod of Arles (314)|Council at Arles]] to represent Christians from the [[Roman province|province]].<ref>{{cite book|section=Before the Norman Conquest|title=A History of the County of York: the City of York|editor-first=P. M. |editor-last=Tillott |year=1961|pages=2–24|via=British History Online|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp2-24|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419023839/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp2-24|archive-date=19 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

While the Roman ''colonia'' and [[castra|fortress]] were on high ground, by AD&nbsp;400 the town was victim to occasional flooding from the rivers Ouse and Foss, and the population reduced.<ref>{{cite book|last=Russo|first=Daniel G.|year=1998|title=Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 A.D.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|publication-date=1998|pages=119–120|isbn=978-0-313-30079-0}}</ref> York declined in the [[sub-Roman Britain|post-Roman]] era, and was taken and settled by the [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]] in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Barri|last2=Mattingly|first2=David|year=1990|title=An Atlas of Roman Britain|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|publication-date=2007|location=Cambridge|page=317|isbn=978-1-84217-067-0}} Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period; some graves are within the Roman cemetery on The Mount.</ref>

Reclamation of parts of the town was initiated in the 7th century under [[Edwin of Northumbria|King Edwin]] of [[Northumbria]], and York became his chief city.<ref>{{cite web|title=York history timeline|url=http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php|publisher=YorkHistory.com|year=2007|access-date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135055/http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php|archive-date=14 March 2007}}</ref> The first wooden [[minster (church)|minster church]] was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627, according to the Venerable Bede.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster |title=The First Minster: History of York |publisher=York Museums Trust |work=History of York |access-date=18 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004123310/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster |archive-date=4 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Edwin ordered the small wooden church be rebuilt in stone; however, he was killed in 633, and the task of completing the stone minster fell to his successor [[Oswald of Northumbria|Oswald]].<ref name="coyyh"/><ref name="ymhist"/> In the following century, [[Alcuin of York]] came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as [[St Peter's School, York|St Peter's School]], founded in AD&nbsp;627, and later as [[Charlemagne]]'s leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml |title=Alcuin of York |last=Ritchie |first=Anna |date=1 July 2001 |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831084537/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml |archive-date=31 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 866 Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the [[Vikings]] raided and captured York. As a thriving Anglo-Saxon metropolis and prosperous economic hub, York was a clear target for the Vikings. Led by [[Ivar the Boneless]] and [[Halfdan Ragnarsson|Halfdan]], Scandinavian forces (referred to by the Anglo-Saxons as the "[[Great Heathen Army]]") attacked the town on All Saints' Day. Launching the assault on a holy day proved an effective tactical move – most of York's leaders were in the cathedral, leaving the town vulnerable to attack and unprepared for battle.

After it was conquered, the city was renamed from the Old English Eoforwic to [[Jorvik]]. It became the capital of Viking territory in Britain, and at its peak had more than 10,000 inhabitants. This was a population second only to London within Great Britain. Jorvik proved an important economic and trade centre for the Vikings. Norse coinage was created at the Jorvik mint, while archaeologists have found evidence of a variety of craft workshops around the town's central [[Coppergate]] area. These demonstrate that textile production, metalwork, carving, glasswork and jewellery-making were all practised in Jorvik. Materials from as far afield as the [[Persian Gulf]] have also been discovered, suggesting that the town was part of an international trading network.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/anglo-saxon/key-viking-dates-lindisfarne-raid-danelaw-swein-forkbeard-harald-hardrada-stamford-bridge/|title=From the raid on Lindisfarne to Harald Hardrada's defeat: 8 Viking dates you need to know|access-date=16 June 2020|work=History Extra|publisher=BBC|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616222141/https://www.historyextra.com/period/anglo-saxon/key-viking-dates-lindisfarne-raid-danelaw-swein-forkbeard-harald-hardrada-stamford-bridge/|url-status=live}}</ref> Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe.
The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, [[Eric Bloodaxe]], was driven from the city in AD&nbsp;954 by King [[Eadred]] in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.<ref name="coyyjv">{{cite web|title=Jorvik: Viking York|publisher=City of York Council|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/|date=20 December 2006|access-date=5 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913081501/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/|archive-date=13 September 2007}}</ref>

===After the conquest===
[[File:York in the XVth century.png|thumb|A panorama of 15th-century York by [[E. Ridsdale Tate]]; York Castle is on the right hand side of the river, opposite the abandoned motte of [[Baile Hill]].|200x200px]]

In 1068, two years after the [[Norman conquest of England]], the people of York rebelled. Initially they succeeded, but upon the arrival of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] the rebellion was suppressed. William at once built a wooden fortress on a motte. In 1069, after another rebellion, the king built another timbered castle across the River Ouse. These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about the time of his ravaging Northumbria in what is called the "[[Harrying of the North]]" where he destroyed everything from York to Durham. The remains of the rebuilt castles, now in stone, are visible on either side of the River Ouse.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=York|volume=28|pages=927–929}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|section=The Old Baile|title=An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 2, the Defences |year=1972|pages=87–89|via=British History Online|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp87-89|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227014309/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp87-89|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising, and the Normans built a minster on a new site. Around the year 1080, [[Thomas I of York|Archbishop Thomas]] started building the cathedral that in time became the current Minster.<ref name="ymhist">{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/ |title=York Minster: a very brief history |publisher=York Minster |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209035428/http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/ |archive-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Clifford's Tower, from south.JPG|thumb|[[Clifford's Tower]], part of York Castle|200x200px]]

York prospered in the 12th century. In 1190 [[York Castle#12th century|York Castle]] was the site of an infamous [[12th century English pogroms|massacre of its Jewish inhabitants]], in which at least 150 people were murdered, although some authorities put the figure as high as 500.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre|title=The 1190 Massacre|publisher=York Museums Trust|work=History Of York|access-date=13 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103050430/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre|archive-date=3 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bbcpog">{{cite web |title=Death in York |publisher=BBC |date=28 September 2006 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml |access-date=10 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214091034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml |archive-date=14 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the [[Great North Road (Great Britain)|Great North Road]], became a major trading centre. [[John, King of England|King John]] granted the city's first [[charter]] in 1212,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535|title=Charter Day celebrations for York announced|work=BBC News|access-date=29 January 2015|date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016054044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> confirming trading rights in England and Europe.<ref name="ymhist"/><ref name="coynm">{{cite web |title=Norman and Medieval York |publisher=City of York Council |url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/ |date=20 December 2006 |access-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915160317/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/
|archive-date=15 September 2007}}</ref> During the later Middle Ages, York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the [[Low Countries]], timber and furs from the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] and exported grain to [[Gascony]] and grain and wool to the Low Countries.<ref name="VCH">{{cite book |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool |title=''A History of the County of York: the City of York'': The later middle ages – Communications, markets and merchants |publisher=British History Online |access-date=18 July 2009 |year=1961 |editor-first=P. M. |editor-last=Tillott |pages=97–106 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112100958/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

York became a major cloth-manufacturing and trading centre. [[Edward I]] further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381. The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] in 1396.

===16th to 18th centuries===
[[File:Wall of the ruins, st marys abbey York 8714.jpg|thumb|[[St Mary's Abbey, York|St Mary's Abbey]] was founded in 1155 and destroyed during the Dissolution, {{circa|1539}}.|200x200px]]

The city underwent a period of economic decline during the [[Tudor period]]. Under [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] saw the end of York's many [[Monastery|monastic houses]], including several orders of [[friars]], the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]], an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority by establishing the [[Council of the North]] in York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city became a trading and service centre during this period.<ref name="coyad">{{cite web|title=The Age of Decline|publisher=City of York Council|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/|date=20 December 2006|access-date=5 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204082654/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/|archive-date=4 February 2008}}</ref><ref name="iadbpm"/> King Henry VIII spent a lot of time travelling around the country on official Royal Tours also known as "progresses".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2023/research/new-light-on-royal-tours-of-iconic-king/ |website=York University |title=Research to shed new light on 'royal tours' of iconic King }}</ref> In 1541 Henry VIII and Catherine Howard visited the city of York on their royal tour. The royal party would have been met outside the walls by civic dignitaries before formally entering the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://henryontour.uk/|title=Henry on Tour |website=henryontour.uk|accessdate=3 August 2024}}</ref> The civic dignitary would have been the Lord Mayor of York, who at the time of their arrival on 15 September 1541<ref name="yorkmuseumgardens"/> was Robert Hall.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Drake |first1=Francis |title=A Catalogue of the Mayors and Bailiffs, Lord Mayors, and Sheriffs of the city of Your from anno 1273, 1 Edward I, and upwards, to the present year (1735)}}</ref> He owned the residential property at 74 Low Petergate. Following a special service held in their honour at York minster, Henry and Catherine rode from the minster down to Petergate, one of the five gateways, and over to the closed Benedictine abbey of St. Mary<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2023/research/new-light-on-royal-tours-of-iconic-king/ |website=University of York |date=2 May 2023 | title=Research to shed new light on 'royal tours' of iconic King }}</ref> which had been converted into a palace for the King to stay in while he visited York on his Royal Tour.<ref name="yorkmuseumgardens">{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkmuseumgardens.org.uk/about/st-marys-abbey/|title=St Mary's Abbey |publisher= York Museum Gardens|accessdate=3 August 2024}}</ref>

[[Anne of Denmark]] came to York with her children [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry]] and [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Princess Elizabeth]] on 11 June 1603. The Mayor gave her a tour and offered her [[hippocras|spiced wine]], but she preferred beer.<ref>Ethel Carleton Williams, ''Anne of Denmark'' (London, 1970), p. 77.</ref> [[Guy Fawkes]], who was born and educated in York, was a member of a group of [[Roman Catholic]] restorationists that planned the [[Gunpowder Plot]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051215081802/http://www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html|archive-date=15 December 2005|publisher= ThisWeek Newspapers|work=ThisWeek Online|title=Transplanted Englishman brings country's Guy Fawkes party tradition to Burnsville|date=24 October 2007}}</ref> Its aim was to displace [[Protestant]] rule by blowing up the [[Houses of Parliament]] while King [[James I of England|James I]], the entire Protestant, and even most of the Catholic [[aristocracy]] and [[nobility]] were inside.

[[File:A map of York england.jpg|thumb|A map of York, 1611|200x200px]]

In 1644, during the [[English Civil War]], the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] [[Siege of York|besieged York]], and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The [[barbican]] at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but the plot was discovered. On the arrival of [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]], with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some {{convert|6|mi|km|0}} from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the [[Battle of Marston Moor]]. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed and the city surrendered to [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Sir Thomas Fairfax]]<ref name="coyad"/> on 15 July.

Following the [[English Restoration|restoration of the monarchy]] in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from [[Leeds]] and [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre, but its role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was rising. York's many elegant [[townhouse]]s, such as the [[Mansion House, York|Lord Mayor's Mansion House]] and [[Fairfax House]] date from this period, as do the [[York Assembly Rooms|Assembly Rooms]], the [[Theatre Royal, York|Theatre Royal]], and the [[York Racecourse|racecourse]].<ref name="iadbpm">{{cite web |title=Post-medieval York |publisher=York Archaeological Trust |work=Secrets Beneath Your Feet |url=http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm |access-date=18 July 2009 |year=1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517134912/http://www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm |archive-date=17 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="coygt">{{cite web|title=Georgian York – social capital of the North|publisher=City of York Council|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/07_georgian/|date=22 July 2008|access-date=5 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204082705/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/07_georgian/|archive-date=4 February 2008}}</ref>

===Modern history===
[[File:National Railway Museum - Virgin 91101 (rear).JPG|thumb|The Great Hall at the [[National Railway Museum]]|200x200px]]

The railway promoter [[George Hudson]] was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of York over Leeds, and of his own railway company (the [[York and North Midland Railway]]), helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late-19th century.<ref>Sources:
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ|title=A History of modern Leeds|editor-first=Derek|editor-last=Fraser|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1980|isbn=0-7190-0747-X|chapter=V. Leeds becomes a transport centre|first=R. W.|last=Unwin|at=pp. 132–133|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA132|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C|title=Stability And Change in an English County Town: A Social Study of York 1801–51|first=Alan|last=Armstrong|publisher=Cambridge University Press|orig-year=1974|year=2005|pages=37–43|isbn=9780521019873|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/ |title=East Coast Main Line: York's part in the history of the railways |first=Stephen |last=Lewis |work=York Press |date=3 July 2009 |access-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418011441/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/ |archive-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm |title=George Hudson |publisher=Spartacus Educational |work=SchoolNet |access-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401155437/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm |archive-date=1 April 2009}}</ref>

The introduction of the railways established engineering in the city.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC|title=Civil engineering heritage: Northern England|first=Robert William|last=Rennison|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=1996|at=5. York and North Yorkshire, pp. 133–134|isbn=9780727725189|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC|archive-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ind1">{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation|title=Industrialisation |website=historyofyork.org.uk |access-date=30 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025125941/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation|archive-date=25 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]], which employed more than 5,500 people. The railway was instrumental in the expansion of [[Rowntree's|Rowntree's Cocoa Works]]. It was founded in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist [[Joseph Rowntree (Philanthropist)|Joseph Rowntree]].<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History+of+Rowntree.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104184252/http://www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History%2Bof%2BRowntree.htm |archive-date=4 January 2008 |publisher=Nestlé UK Ltd |title=History of Nestlé Rowntree |year=2008 |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Another chocolate manufacturer, [[Terry's|Terry's of York]], was a major employer.<ref name="iadbpm"/><ref name="coyrapd"/> By 1900, the railways and confectionery had become the city's two major industries.<ref name="ind1"/>

[[File:Lower Petergate in York, England.jpg|thumb|Low Petergate with the minster in the background|296x296px]]

York was a centre of [[early photography]], as described by Hugh Murray in his 1986 book ''Photographs and Photographers of York: The Early Years, 1844–79''. Photographers who had studios in York included [[William Hayes (photographer)|William Hayes]], [[William Pumphrey]], and [[Augustus Mahalski]] who operated on [[Davygate]] and [[Petergate|Low Petergate]] in the 19th century, having come to England as a refugee after serving as a [[Uhlan|Polish lancer]] in the Austro-Hungarian war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cyc.sdp.sirsidynix.net.uk/client/en_GB/search/asset/1018049|title=KNO/3/8: Transcript of 'Yorkshire Artists' by J W Knowles|last=Murray|first=Jill|pages=112x, 113|work=explore York libraries and archives|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225123426/https://cyc.sdp.sirsidynix.net.uk/client/en_GB/search/asset/1018049|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb192-mah|title=Records of Augustus Mahalski, Photographer|work=Archives Hub|access-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919151649/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb192-mah|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1942 the city was bombed during the [[Second World War]] (part of the [[Baedeker Blitz]]) by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' of [[Nazi Germany]]. 92 people were killed and hundreds were injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.1333684.0.luftwaffe_pilot_says_sorry_for_bombing_york.php|title=Luftwaffe pilot says sorry for bombing York|date=17 April 2007|work=The Press|publisher=Newsquest Media Group|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005239/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/1333684.luftwaffe-pilot-says-sorry-for-bombing-york/|url-status=live}}</ref> Buildings damaged in the raid included the [[York railway station|Railway Station]], [[Rowntree's]] Factory, Poppleton Road Primary School, St Martin-le-Grand Church, the [[Bar Convent]] and the [[Guildhall, York|Guildhall]] which was left in total disrepair until 1960.

[[File:Bench King's Square York.jpg|thumb|Bench with [[Kit Kat]] advertising in York (where the bar was created by the confectionery company [[Rowntree's]]) to mark National Chocolate Week in 2018|200x200px]]

With the emergence of tourism, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a [[conservation area]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3509/conservation_area_-_01_-york_central_histoic_corepdf.pdf|title=York Central Historic Core: Conservation Area Appraisal|publisher=City of York Council|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118163437/https://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3509/conservation_area_-_01_-york_central_histoic_corepdf.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the [[National Railway Museum]] in York in 1975,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx |title=History of the NRM |publisher=National Railway Museum |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207051101/http://www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx |archive-date=7 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Jorvik Viking Centre]] in 1984<ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice|first1=Colin |last1=Renfrew|first2=Paul G. |last2=Bahn|edition=5|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2008|isbn=9780500287194|page=542}}</ref> and the [[York Dungeon]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14842323.York_Dungeon_celebrates_30th_anniversary/|title=York Dungeon celebrates 30th anniversary|publisher=York Press|date=4 November 2016|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235530/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14842323.York_Dungeon_celebrates_30th_anniversary/|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The opening of the [[University of York]] in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm |title=Founding students return to York 40 years on |publisher=University of York |date=7 October 2003 |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109065509/http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm |archive-date=9 November 2005}}</ref> In March 2012 [[York's Chocolate Story]] opened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9614506.Inside_York_s_new_chocolate_museum/|title=Inside York's new chocolate museum|publisher=York Press|date=27 March 2012|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235119/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9614506.Inside_York_s_new_chocolate_museum/|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

York was voted European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007, beating 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing [[Gothenburg]] in Sweden (second) and [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] in Spain (third).<ref name="yorkaward">{{cite news |title=York voted top city for tourists |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm |date=14 June 2007 |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107035149/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm |archive-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> York was also voted safest place to visit in the 2010 ''[[Condé Nast Traveller]]'' Readers' Choice Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Conde Nast Traveller|url=http://www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2010/destinations-uk-cities|publisher=Conde Nast Traveller|access-date=22 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017090312/http://www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2010/destinations-uk-cities|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> In 2018 ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' deemed York to be its overall 'Best Place to Live' in Britain, highlighting the city's "perfect mix of heritage and hi-tech" and as a "mini-metropolis with cool cafes, destination restaurants, innovative companies – plus the fastest internet in Britain".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/best-places-to-live/article/york-best-places-to-live-8grhj85sn|title=York — the best place to live in the UK 2018|date=18 March 2018|access-date=27 June 2018|work=The Sunday Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230634/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/york-best-places-to-live-8grhj85sn|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/revealed-york-tops-prestigious-list-of-best-places-to-live-in-uk-for-2018-a3792751.html|title=This is the best place to live in the UK, according to a prestigious list|work=The Standard|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706004408/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/revealed-york-tops-prestigious-list-of-best-places-to-live-in-uk-for-2018-a3792751.html|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The result was confirmed in a [[YouGov]] survey, reported in August 2018, with 92 per cent of respondents saying that they liked the city, more than any of 56 other British cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/news/2018/08/20/york-britains-most-liked-city/|title=YouGov – York is Britain's most popular city|website=YouGov: What the world thinks|access-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142307/https://yougov.co.uk/news/2018/08/20/york-britains-most-liked-city/|archive-date=27 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Governance==
===Local===
{{For|detailed history on local government in the City of York|City of York Council}}{{Outdated section|date=July 2024}}[[File:York Guildhall.jpg|thumb|[[York Guildhall]] is the seat of local government.|200x200px]]

The City of York is governed by the [[City of York Council]]. It is a [[unitary authority]] that operates on a [[leader and cabinet]] style of governance, having the powers of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined. It provides a full range of local government services including Council Tax billing, libraries, social services, processing planning applications, waste collection and disposal, and it is a local education authority. The city council consists of 47 councillors<ref name="councillors">{{cite web |url=http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.asp?bcr=1 |title=Your councillors |publisher=City of York Council |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711184047/http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.asp?bcr=1 |archive-date=11 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |url=http://democracy.york.gov.uk/Published/StdDataDocs/3/1/6/0/SD00000613/$part1.doc.pdf |title=The Constitution – Part 1 Summary and explanation |publisher=City of York Council |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726095920/http://democracy.york.gov.uk/Published/StdDataDocs/3/1/6/0/SD00000613/%24part1.doc.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> representing 21 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]], with one, two or three per ward serving four-year terms. Its headquarters are at the [[York Guildhall|Guildhall]] and West Offices in the city centre.

York is divided into 21 administrative wards: [[Acomb, North Yorkshire|Acomb]], [[Bishopthorpe]], [[Clifton, York|Clifton]], [[Copmanthorpe]], [[Dringhouses]] and [[Woodthorpe, North Yorkshire|Woodthorpe]], [[Fishergate]], [[Fulford, North Yorkshire|Fulford]] and [[Heslington]], Guildhall, [[Haxby]] and [[Wigginton, North Yorkshire|Wigginton]], [[Heworth, York|Heworth]], [[Heworth Without]], [[Holgate, North Yorkshire|Holgate]], Hull Road, [[Huntington, City of York|Huntington]] and [[New Earswick]], [[Micklegate]], [[Osbaldwick]] and [[Derwent (ward)|Derwent]], [[Rawcliffe, York|Rawcliffe]] and [[Clifton Without]], [[Rural West York]], [[Strensall]], [[Westfield, York|Westfield]], and [[Wheldrake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.york.gov.uk/wards/|title=City of York Council – wards|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121022206/https://www.york.gov.uk/wards|archive-date=21 November 2018|publisher= City of York Council|access-date= 20 November 2018}}</ref>

The members of the cabinet, led by the [[Leader of the City of York Council|Council Leader]], makes decisions on their portfolio areas individually.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=676 |publisher=City of York Council |access-date=10 May 2010 |title=committee details – leisure culture and social inclusion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726095939/http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=676 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=672 |publisher=City of York Council |access-date=10 May 2010 |title=committee details – city strategy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726100010/http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=672 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the [[Local Government Act 2000]], the Council Leader commands the [[Confidence and supply|confidence]] of the city council; the leader of the largest political group and head of the City of York Council. The Leader of the council and the cabinet (consisting of all the executive councillors) are collectively [[Accountability|accountable]] for their policies and actions to the city council. The current Council Leader, [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]' Cllr Keith Aspden, was appointed on 22 May 2019, following the [[2019 City of York Council election]].

[[File:St Helen's Square, York.jpg|thumb|The [[Mansion House, York|Mansion House]] is home to the [[List of lord mayors of York|Lord Mayor of York]].|200x200px]]

York's first citizen and civic head is the [[List of lord mayors of York|Lord Mayor]], who is the [[chairman]] of the City of York Council. The appointment is made by the city council each year in May, at the same time appointing the Sheriff, the city's other civic head. The offices of Lord Mayor and Sheriff are purely ceremonial. The Lord Mayor carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full council meetings.<ref name="Constitution"/> The incumbent Lord Mayor since 26 May 2022 is Councillor David Carr, and the Sheriff is Suzie Mercer.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cooper|first=Joe|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/20169052.new-lord-mayor-york-david-carr-pledges-help-cost-living/|title=New Lord Mayor of York David Carr pledges to help over cost of living|work=YorkMix|date=26 May 2022|access-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522210035/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/20169052.new-lord-mayor-york-david-carr-pledges-help-cost-living/|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York's young people, and who also elect York's [[Member of Youth Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yorkyouthcouncil.com/ |title=York Youth Council |publisher=York Youth Council |access-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215202200/https://yorkyouthcouncil.com/ |archive-date=15 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14274284.York_teenagers_to_help_improve_bus_services/ |title=York teenagers to help improve bus services |date=13 February 2016 |work=York Press |access-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143236/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14274284.York_teenagers_to_help_improve_bus_services/ |archive-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The results of the [[2023 City of York Council election]] saw the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] with three councillors, the Liberal Democrats with 19 councillors, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] had 24 councillors and one Independent.<ref name="yorkgovelection23">{{cite news|url=https://www.york.gov.uk/ElectionResults2023|title=City of York local elections May 2023|publisher=City of York Council|date=5 May 2023|access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref> The council went from [[no overall control]] in the 2019 election, to being run by the Labour Party holding a majority.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;" | Party
! style="vertical-align:top" | Seats
! colspan="25" | [[2023 City of York Council election|City of York Council (2023 election)]]
|-
| {{Party name with color|Conservative Party (UK)}}
| 3
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Conservative Party (UK)}} |
| colspan="25" style="width:4px; background:#fff;" |
|-
| {{Party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
| 1
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Independent}} |
| colspan="25" style="width:4px; background:#fff;" |
|-
| {{Party name with color|Labour Party (UK)}}
| 24
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Labour Party (UK)}} |
| colspan="25" style="width:4px; background:#fff;" |
|-
| {{Party name with color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}
| 19
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| style="width: 4px" bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} |
| colspan="25" style="width:4px; background:#fff;" |
|-
|}

York is the traditional [[county town]] of [[Yorkshire]], and therefore did not form part of any of its [[Ridings of Yorkshire|three historic ridings]], or divisions. Its Mayor has had the status of Lord Mayor since 1370,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/548255|title=York in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries |first=Maud |last=Sellers |author-link=Maud Sellers |year=1897|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=12|issue=47|pages=437–447|jstor=548255 }}</ref> one of 23 in England.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.birmingham.gov.uk/info/20158/lord_mayor/318/lord_mayors_office|title=Lord Mayor's Office|publisher=Birmingham City Council|website=birmingham.gov.uk|accessdate=21 May 2024}}</ref> Only five of these have the title "[[The Right Honourable]]", the others being the Lord Mayors of [[London]], [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]] and [[Belfast]].{{cn|date=April 2024}} York is an ancient [[borough]], and was reformed by the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]] to form a [[municipal borough]]. It gained the status of a [[county borough]] in 1889, under the [[Local Government Act 1888]], and existed so until 1974, when, under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], it became a [[non-metropolitan district]] in the county of North Yorkshire, whilst retaining its Lord Mayor and its Sheriff.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=1960380&word=NULL |title=Gazetteer of the British Isles entry for York |year=1887 |access-date=19 July 2009 |work=A Vision of Britain Through Time |publisher=Great Britain Historical GIS Project |last=Bartholomew |first=John |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005205241/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=1960380&word=NULL |archive-date=5 October 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazetteer.co.uk/gazmap2.htm |title=Gazetteer of British Place Names – Map 2. Administrative counties and unitary authority areas |publisher=Association of British Counties |date=10 September 2006 |access-date=17 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722102437/http://www.gazetteer.co.uk/gazmap2.htm |archive-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result of [[1990s UK local government reform]], York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of [[Selby (district)|Selby]] and [[Harrogate (borough)|Harrogate]] districts, and about half the population of the [[Ryedale]] district.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1995/Uksi_19950610_en_9.htm |title=The North Yorkshire (District of York) (Structural and Boundary Changes) Order |publisher=Stationery Office Books |isbn=978-0-11-052605-8 |date=1995 |access-date=17 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419182300/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1995/Uksi_19950610_en_9.htm |archive-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the former city council's own proposal.

===Parliament===
{{multiple image
| image1            = Rachael Maskell MP - official portrait 2017 (3-to-4 crop).jpg
| width1            = 100
| caption1          = [[Rachael Maskell]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]), [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP)<br />for York Central since 2015
| image2            = Luke_Charters_Portrait_-_2024.jpg
| width2            = 100
| caption2          = [[Luke Charters]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]]), [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]]<br />for York Outer since 2024
}}

From 1997 to 2010, the central part of the district was covered by the [[City of York (UK Parliament constituency)|City of York]] constituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies of [[Ryedale (UK Parliament constituency)|Ryedale]], [[Selby (UK Parliament constituency)|Selby]], and [[Vale of York (UK Parliament constituency)|Vale of York]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMP.asp?bcr=1 |title=Your MPs |publisher=City of York Council |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509032822/http://democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMP.asp?bcr=1 <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=9 May 2009}}</ref> These constituencies were represented by [[Hugh Bayley]], [[John Greenway (MP)|John Greenway]], [[John Grogan (UK politician)|John Grogan]], and [[Anne McIntosh]] respectively.

Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in [[North Yorkshire]], the [[Boundary Commission for England]] recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|general election in 2010]]. These are [[York Central (UK Parliament constituency)|York Central]], which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by the [[York Outer (UK Parliament constituency)|York Outer]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boundarycommissionforengland.org.uk/review_areas/downloads/FR_NR_NYorks_York.doc|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091102211613/http://www.boundarycommissionforengland.org.uk/review_areas/downloads/FR_NR_NYorks_York.doc|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 November 2009|title=Final recommendations for Parliamentary constituencies in the County of North Yorkshire and the City of York|format=[[Microsoft Word|Microsoft Word document]]|publisher=Boundary Commission for England|date=5 November 2003|access-date=20 April 2010}}</ref>

===Ceremonial===
York is within the [[ceremonial county]] of [[North Yorkshire]] and, until 1974, was within the jurisdiction of the [[Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire|Lord Lieutenant of the County of York, West Riding and the County of The City of York]]. The city does retain the right to appoint its own Sheriff. The holder of the [[Royal Duke|Royal]] [[Duke of York|dukedom of York]] has no responsibilities either ceremonially or administratively as regards to the city.

==Geography==
{{Further|Areas of York}}

===Location===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! Place
! Distance
! Direction
! Relation
|-
| [[London]]
| 280 km<ref>{{cite web|title=Distance from City of London to York|url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-city-of-london-to-york|access-date=20 July 2022|website=Distance Calculator|archive-date=20 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155206/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-city-of-london-to-york|url-status=live}}</ref>
| South-east
| Capital
|-
| [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]]
| 90 km<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from York to Lincoln |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-lincoln-2-to-york |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Distance Calculator |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155206/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-lincoln-2-to-york |url-status=live}}</ref>
| South-east
| Next nearest historic [[county town]]
|-
| [[Middlesbrough]]
| 70 km<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from York to Middlesbrough |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-york |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Distance Calculator |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720155207/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Middlesbrough-to-york |url-status=live}}</ref>
| North
| Largest place in the county
|-
| [[Ripon]]
| 35 km<ref>{{cite web |title=Distance from York to Ripon |url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-ripon-to-york |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=Distance Calculator |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005256/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-ripon-to-york |url-status=live}}</ref>
| North-west
| Next nearest city
|-
| [[Leeds]]
| 35 km<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-Leeds-to-york|title=Distance from Leeds to York|access-date=8 May 2022|website=Distance Calculator|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726155223/https://www.distancecalculator.net/from-leeds-to-york|url-status=live}}</ref>
| South-west
| Next nearest city
|}
{{Geographic location
| Centre = York
| North = [[Helmsley]], [[Northallerton]], [[Middlesbrough]]
| Northeast = [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]]
| East = [[Pocklington]], [[Bridlington]]
| Southeast = [[Market Weighton]], [[Kingston upon Hull]]
| South = [[Selby]], [[Doncaster]]
| Southwest = [[Tadcaster]], [[Leeds]]
| West = [[Wetherby]], [[Knaresborough]], [[Harrogate]]
| Northwest = [[Ripon]], [[Masham]]
}}

York lies in the [[Vale of York]], a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the [[Pennines]], the [[North York Moors]] and the [[Yorkshire Wolds]]. The city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal [[moraine]] left by the [[Last Glacial Period|last ice age]].<ref name="Hall-25">

{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Richard |title=English Heritage: Book of York |edition=1st |year=1996 |publisher=B.T.Batsford Ltd |isbn=0-7134-7720-2 |page=25}}</ref>

[[File:Tour boats on the River Ouse.jpg|thumb|Tour boats on the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|Ouse]]|200x200px]]
[[File:River Foss (19380846674).jpg|thumb|The [[River Foss]]|200x200px]]

During Roman times, the land surrounding the Ouse and Foss was marshy, making the site easy to defend. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive network of flood defences with walls along the river, and a liftable barrier across the Foss where it joins the Ouse at the "[[Bridges of York#The Blue Bridge|Blue Bridge]]". In October and November 2000, York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years; more than 300 homes were flooded.<ref name="dmcbflood">{{cite web |title=The impact of the October–November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the River Swale catchment, North Yorkshire, UK |url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin%20files/HP%20Dennis%20et%20al.%202003.pdf |publisher=Wiley InterScience |year=2002 |last1=Dennis |first1=Ian A. |last2=Macklin |first2=Mark G. |last3=Coulthard |first3=Tom J. |last4=Brewer |first4 =Paul A. |page=1 |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071129111926/http://www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin%20files/HP%20Dennis%20et%20al.%202003.pdf |archive-date= 29 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2015, the flooding was more extensive and caused major disruption.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/york-floods-hundreds-evacuated-and-swathes-of-historic-city-underwater-as-rivers-reach-record-levels-a6787271.html|title=York floods: Hundreds evacuated and swathes of historic city underwater as rivers reach record levels|work=The Independent|date=27 December 2015|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820215349/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/york-floods-hundreds-evacuated-and-swathes-of-historic-city-underwater-as-rivers-reach-record-levels-a6787271.html|archive-date=20 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The extreme impact led to a personal visit by Prime Minister [[David Cameron]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/weather/12071198/UK-floods-York-Leeds-Manchester-live-updates.html|title=Storm Frank: Jeremy Corbyn explains why he has only just turned up in the North – 'I didn't want to get in the way' – live|work=The Telegraph|date=31 December 2015|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228104411/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/weather/12071198/UK-floods-York-Leeds-Manchester-live-updates.html|archive-date=28 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Much land in and around the city is on flood plains too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. The ''[[Clifton Ings|ings]]'' are flood meadows along the Ouse, while the ''[[Strays of York|strays]]'' are open common grassland in various locations around the city.

===Climate===
York has a temperate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Cfb]]) with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of York, the city's climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] region. Owing to its lowland location, York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring, and very early summer.<ref>{{cite web|title=England Rural Development Programme: Appendix A3 – Yorkshire and The Humber Region – Section 1 Description Of Current Situation In The Yorkshire And The Humber Region|pages=2–3|url=http://www.hull.ac.uk/coastalobs/media/pdf/appendixa3.pdf|publisher=East Yorkshire Coastal Observatory|access-date=15 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606041951/http://www.hull.ac.uk/coastalobs/media/pdf/appendixa3.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April but quickly melts. As with much of the British Isles, the weather is changeable. York experiences most sunshine from May to July, an average of six hours per day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Average Conditions:York, United Kingdom|publisher=[[BBC Weather]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820/|access-date=24 July 2008|archive-date=28 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228232345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820|url-status=dead}}</ref> With its inland location, summers are often warmer than the Yorkshire coast with temperatures of 27 °C or more. Extremes recorded at Linton-on-Ouse between 1984 and 2021 include a highest temperature of {{convert|34.8|C|F|abbr=on}} on 25 July 2019 and 3 August 1990 and a lowest temperature of {{convert|-17.3|C|F|abbr=on}} on 4 December 2010.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roostweather.com/ukobs/temp_station_extreme_map.php|title=Starlings Roost Weather}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The most rainfall in one day was {{convert|88.4|mm|in|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://weather.elec.york.ac.uk/ |title=Weather Pages |publisher=Department of Electronics, University of York |access-date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074316/http://weather.elec.york.ac.uk/ |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = [[RAF Linton-on-Ouse]], 15 km north-west of York
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 14.7
| Feb record high C = 17.2
| Mar record high C = 21.2
| Apr record high C = 25.7
| May record high C = 27.5
| Jun record high C = 30.3
| Jul record high C = 34.8
| Aug record high C = 34.8
| Sep record high C = 28.7
| Oct record high C = 28.5
| Nov record high C = 18.1
| Dec record high C = 16.1
| year record high C = 
| Jan high C = 7.2
| Feb high C = 8.0
| Mar high C = 10.4
| Apr high C = 13.3
| May high C = 16.4
| Jun high C = 19.2
| Jul high C = 21.4
| Aug high C = 21.0
| Sep high C = 18.2
| Oct high C = 14.1
| Nov high C = 10.0
| Dec high C = 7.3
| year high C = 
| Jan low C = 1.3
| Feb low C = 1.3
| Mar low C = 2.5
| Apr low C = 4.3
| May low C = 7.1
| Jun low C = 10.1
| Jul low C = 12.1
| Aug low C = 11.9
| Sep low C = 9.7
| Oct low C = 6.8
| Nov low C = 3.6
| Dec low C = 1.2
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = -11.9
| Feb record low C = -14.2
| Mar record low C = -8.5
| Apr record low C = -4.6
| May record low C = -2.0
| Jun record low C = 0.5
| Jul record low C = 4.9
| Aug record low C = 3.3
| Sep record low C = -1.0
| Oct record low C = -5.1
| Nov record low C = -11.2
| Dec record low C = -17.3
| year record low C = 
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 49.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 42.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 39.8
| Apr precipitation mm = 47.6
| May precipitation mm = 43.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 57.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 55.8
| Aug precipitation mm = 64.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 52.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 61.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 60.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 59.2
| year precipitation mm = 
| Jan precipitation days = 11.1
| Feb precipitation days = 9.8
| Mar precipitation days = 8.6
| Apr precipitation days = 9.0
| May precipitation days = 9.3
| Jun precipitation days = 9.7
| Jul precipitation days = 9.2
| Aug precipitation days = 10.4
| Sep precipitation days = 8.8
| Oct precipitation days = 10.9
| Nov precipitation days = 11.7
| Dec precipitation days = 11.6
| year precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 31.0
| Feb sun = 56.5
| Mar sun = 93.0
| Apr sun = 150.0
| May sun = 186.0
| Jun sun = 180.0
| Jul sun = 186.0
| Aug sun = 155.0
| Sep sun = 120.0
| Oct sun = 93.0
| Nov sun = 60.0
| Dec sun = 31.0
| year sun = 
| source 1 = [[BBC Weather]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820|title=Average Conditions – York, United Kingdom|publisher=BBC Weather|access-date=8 March 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812014156/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820|archive-date=12 August 2010}}</ref>
| source 2 = Met Office<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/location-specific-long-term-averages/gcx57w9fb|title=York climate|work=metoffice.gov.uk|access-date=8 August 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto"/>
| width = 100%
| date = August 2025
}}

===Green belt===
{{main|York Green Belt}}

York's urbanised areas are surrounded by a green belt that restricts development in the rural areas and parts of surrounding villages,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fawcett|first1=Tony|title=Green Belts: A greener future – Campaign to Protect Rural England|url=http://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/housing-and-planning/green-belts/item/1956-green-belts-a-greener-future?highlight=WyJncmVlbmJlbHRzIiwiaW4iLCJlbmdsYW5kIiwiaW4gZW5nbGFuZCJd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627232227/http://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/housing-and-planning/green-belts/item/1956-green-belts-a-greener-future?highlight=WyJncmVlbmJlbHRzIiwiaW4iLCJlbmdsYW5kIiwiaW4gZW5nbGFuZCJd|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> to preserve the setting and historic character of the city.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=City of York Council|title=City of York Council download – The Development Control Local Plan (2005) and proposals maps{{!}} Planning and building – Planning policy|url=https://www.york.gov.uk/downloads/file/3663/the_local_plan_2005_-_development_control_local_plan_full_document_and_appendicespdf|website=www.york.gov.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132450/https://www.york.gov.uk/downloads/file/3663/the_local_plan_2005_-_development_control_local_plan_full_document_and_appendicespdf|archive-date=28 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The green belt surrounds nearly all of the city and its outer villages, extending out into North Yorkshire.

==Demography==
[[File:York population pyramid.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of York (local authority) in 2021]]

{{multiple image
| image1 = SouthBankYork2.jpg
| width1 = 150
| caption1 = Terraced housing in [[South Bank, York|Southbank]]
| image2 = Slaidburn House, Holgate, York (28th August 2020).jpg
| width2 = 150
| caption2 = Apartment blocks in [[Holgate, North Yorkshire|Holgate]]
}}

The York [[urban area]] (built-up area) had a population of 153,717 at the time of the [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 UK census]],<ref name="BUA">{{cite web|url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]|access-date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921045319/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> compared with 137,505 in 2001.<ref name="KS01">{{cite web
|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html
|title=KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas
|date=17 June 2004
|publisher=Office for National Statistics
|access-date=11 March 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316014926/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html
|archive-date=16 March 2012
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
The population of the [[City of York]] (Local Authority) was 198,051 and its ethnic composition was 94.3 per cent White, 1.2 per cent Mixed, 3.4 per cent Asian and 0.6 per cent Black. York's elderly population (those 65 and over) was {{#expr:((16929+11629+3200+1657)/198051)*100 round 1}} per cent, however only 13.2 per cent were listed as retired.<ref name="UAStats">{{NOMIS2011|id=1946157112|title=York Local Authority|access-date=7 February 2018}}</ref>

{{update|section|date=November 2018}}
Also at the time of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 UK census]], the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male. Of the 76,920 households in York, 36.0 per cent were married couples living together, 31.3 per cent were one-person households, 8.7 per cent were [[cohabitation|co-habiting]] couples and 8.0 per cent were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5 per cent, and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5 per cent; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1 per cent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276825&c=York&d=13&e=15&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1242741872656&enc=1&dsFamilyId=55 |title=2001 Census: Key Statistics: Household Composition (KS20): Area: York (Local Authority) |work=Neighbourhood Statistics |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |access-date=19 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613033401/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276825&c=York&d=13&e=15&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1242741872656&enc=1&dsFamilyId=55 |archive-date=13 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2001 the population density was {{convert|4368|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="KS01"/> Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6 per cent had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9 per cent in all of England. Of York's residents, 5.1 per cent were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2 per cent. [[White British]] form 95 per cent of the population; the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9 per cent of the population.

The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7, compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively.<ref name="CrimeFigs">{{cite web |url=http://www.upmystreet.com/local/crime-in-york.html |title=Crime figures for 2007/08 in York |publisher=UpMyStreet |access-date=19 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325180022/http://www.upmystreet.com/local/crime-in-York.html |archive-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average.<ref name="CrimeFigs"/> The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 17.5.<ref name="CrimeFigs"/> The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006–07 financial year.

The city's estimated population in 2019 was 210,620.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=https://www.centreforcities.org/city/york/|title=York|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210446/https://www.centreforcities.org/city/york/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Population change===
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:120%;"
|-
! colspan="24" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" | [[Population growth]] in York since 1801
|- style="background:#fff; color:navy; height:17px;"
! Year
! 1801 !! 1811 !! 1821 !! 1831 !! 1841 !! 1851 !! 1861 !! 1871 !! 1881 !! 1891 !! 1901 !! 1911 !! 1921 !! 1931 !! 1941{{ref label|1939|a|a}} !! |1951 !! 1961 !! 1971 !! 1981 !! 1991 !! 2001{{ref label|2001|b|b}} !! 2011
|- style="background:#fff; color:black; height:17px;"
! Population
| 24,080 || 27,486 || 30,913 || 36,340 || 40,337 || 49,899 || 58,632 || 67,364 || 76,097 || 81,802 || 90,665 || 100,487 || 106,278 || 112,402 || 123,227 || 135,093 || 144,585 || 154,749 || 158,170 || 172,847 || 181,131 || 198,051
|-
| colspan="24" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" | <small>Source: ''Vision of Britain''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057127&c_id=10001043&add=N |title=York UA/City: Total Population |access-date=19 July 2009 |work=A Vision of Britain Through Time |publisher=Great Britain Historical GIS Project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223203637/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057127&c_id=10001043&add=N |archive-date=23 February 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref></small>
|-
|}
</div>

===Ethnicity===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="3" | Ethnic Group
! colspan="8" | Year
|-
! colspan="2" | 1991<ref name=":412">Data is taken from United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm Casweb Data services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215152146/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm |date=15 December 2021}} of the United Kingdom [http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm |date=5 April 2022}} (Table 6)</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2001<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=UK Government Web Archive |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602031124/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2011<ref name=":36">{{cite web |title=2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=UK Government Web Archive |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808112341/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic group – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=www.ons.gov.uk |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207095805/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Number !! % !! Number !! % !! Number !! % !! Number !! %
|-
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
! [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]: Total !! 165,118 !! 99% !! 177,191 !! 97.8% !! 186,731 !! 94.2% !! 188,167 !! 92.8%
|-
| White: [[White British|British]] || – || – || 172,237 || 95.1% || 178,613 || 90.1% || 176,963 || 87.3%
|-
| White: [[White Irish|Irish]] || – || – || 1,217 || || 1,103 || || 1,317 || 0.6%
|-
| White: [[White Gypsy or Irish Traveller|Gypsy or Irish Traveller]] || – || – || || || 269 || || 368 || 0.2%
|-
| White: Roma || || || || || || || 222 || 0.1%
|-
| White: [[Other White|Other]] || – || – || 3,737 || || 6,746 || || 9,297 || 4.6%
|-
! [[British Asian|Asian or Asian British]]: Total !! 952 !! 0.6% !! 2,027 !! 1.1% !! 6,740 !! 3.4% !! 7,634 !! 3.8%
|-
| Asian or Asian British: [[British Indians|Indian]] || 237 || || 542 || || 1,531 || || 1,853 || 0.9%
|-
| Asian or Asian British: [[British Pakistanis|Pakistani]] || 68 || || 201 || || 417 || || 545 || 0.3%
|-
| Asian or Asian British: [[British Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] || 133 || || 364 || || 370 || || 413 || 0.2%
|-
| Asian or Asian British: [[British Chinese|Chinese]] || 318 || || 642 || || 2,449 || || 2,889 || 1.4%
|-
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian || 196 || || 278 || || 1,973 || || 1,934 || 1.0%
|-
! [[Black British people|Black or Black British]]: Total !! 304 !! 0.2% !! 341 !! 0.2% !! 1,194 !! 0.6% !! 1,325 !! 0.7%
|-
| Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|African]] || 113 || || 164 || || 903 || || 978 || 0.5%
|-
| Black or Black British: [[British African-Caribbean people|Caribbean]] || 104 || || 143 || || 205 || || 208 || 0.1%
|-
| Black or Black British: [[Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom|Other Black]] || 87 || || 34 || || 86 || || 139 || 0.1%
|-
! [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed or British Mixed]]: Total !! – !! – !! 1,144 !! 0.6% !! 2,410 !! 1.2% !! 3,741 !! 1.8%
|-
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean || – || – || 248 || || 529 || || 631 || 0.3%
|-
| Mixed: White and Black African || – || – || 114 || || 305 || || 494 || 0.2%
|-
| Mixed: White and Asian || – || – || 456 || || 873 || || 1,579 || 0.8%
|-
| Mixed: Other Mixed || – || – || 326 || || 703 || || 1,037 || 0.5%
|-
! Other: Total !! 439 !! 0.2% !! !! !! 973 !! !! 1,954 !! 1%
|-
| Other: Arab || – || – || || || 498 || || 623 || 0.3%
|-
| Other: Any other ethnic group || 439 || 0.2% || 391 || || 475 || || 1,331 || 0.7%
|-
| || || || || || || || ||
|-
! Total !! 166,813 !! 100% !! 181,094 !! 100% !! 198,051 !! 100% !! 202,821 !! 100%
|-
|}

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in York}}

{{Multiple images|
| total_width = 350px
| image1 = Inside York Minster.jpg
| caption1 = Nave of York Minster
| image2 = Stained glass yorkminster 8424.jpg
| caption2 = Stained glass at York Minster
| image3 = YorkStWilliamsCollege1.jpg
| caption3 = St William's College facade
}}

Having "No Religion" was higher than the national average for York in 2011 and 0.9 per cent lower than having a religion in 2021.

Christianity has the largest religious following in York; 43.9 per cent of residents reported as Christian at the 2021 census. York has multiple churches, most of which are  medieval. Leaders of different Christian denominations work together across the city, forming a network of churches known as One Voice York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12863688.Archbishop_of_York_to_maintain_Easter_baptisms_tradition/|title=Archbishop of York to maintain Easter baptisms tradition|work=York Press|access-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421194913/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12863688.Archbishop_of_York_to_maintain_Easter_baptisms_tradition/|archive-date=21 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are 33 active [[Anglican]] churches in York. It is the [[Province of York|northern province]]'s administrative centre, home to the [[Archbishop of York]] and the province's [[Mother Church]] ([[York Minster]]). [[St William's College]] behind the Minster, and [[Bedern|Bedern Hall]], off [[Goodramgate]], are former dwelling places of the [[Canon (priest)|canons]] of the York Minster.

York, in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough]], has eight churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders. Other Christian denominations active in York include the [[Religious Society of Friends]] who have three [[Friends meeting house|meeting houses]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkquakers.org.uk/|title=Quakers in the York area|publisher=yorkquakers.org.uk|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908032041/http://www.yorkquakers.org.uk/|archive-date=8 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Methodist]]s, and [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]]. St Columba's [[United Reformed Church]] in Priory Street, originally built for the [[Presbyterians]], dates from 1879.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stcolumbaswithnewlendal.yolasite.com/history.php|title=St Columba's with New Lendal URC York|work=St Columba's York, United Reformed Church|publisher=yolasite.com|access-date=29 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309034052/http://stcolumbaswithnewlendal.yolasite.com/history.php|archive-date=9 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Percentages in York following non-Christian religion were below England's national average, in the 2011 census. York's only Mosque is located in the [[Layerthorpe]] area, and the city also has a [[UK Islamic Mission]] centre.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://yorkmosque.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6|title=York Mosque and Islamic Centre – About Us|publisher=York Mosque|access-date=15 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818030911/http://yorkmosque.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6|archive-date=18 August 2009}}</ref> Various [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] traditions are represented in the city and around York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.communigate.co.uk/brad/leedsbuddhistgroup/page5.phtml|title=Buddhist organisations in York, NY, North-East areas|work=CommuniGate|publisher=This is Bradford|access-date=19 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210142429/http://www.communigate.co.uk/brad/leedsbuddhistgroup/page5.phtml|archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> There is also an active Jewish community.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherwood|first1=Harriet|title=Eight centuries after the pogrom, pride flickers again in York's Jewish community|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/13/york-pogrom-pride-flickers-again-jewish-community|access-date=12 April 2020|work=The Guardian|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412132235/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/13/york-pogrom-pride-flickers-again-jewish-community|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! rowspan="2" | Religion
! colspan="2" | 2001<ref>{{cite web |title=KS007 – Religion – Nomis – 2001 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018175200/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2011<ref>{{cite web |title=KS209EW (Religion) – Nomis – 2011 |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=www.nomisweb.co.uk |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018172755/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew |url-status=live}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 2021<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1 | title=Religion – Office for National Statistics | access-date=20 December 2022 | archive-date=30 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130201825/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| || || || ||
|-
! No religion
! style="text-align:right" | 30,003
! style="text-align:right" | 16.6
! style="text-align:right" | 59,646
! style="text-align:right" | 30.1
! style="text-align:right" | 93,577
! style="text-align:right" | 46.1
|-
! Holds religious beliefs
! 137,377
! 75.9
! 123,009
! 62.1
! 95,314
! 47.0
|-
| [[File:Gold Christian Cross no Red.svg|26x26px]] [[Christians|Christian]]
| style="text-align:right" | 134,771
| style="text-align:right" | 74.4
| style="text-align:right" | 117,856
| style="text-align:right" | 59.5
| style="text-align:right" | 89,019
| style="text-align:right" | 43.9
|-
| [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|20x20px]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]
| style="text-align:right" | 388
| style="text-align:right" | 0.2
| style="text-align:right" | 1,016
| style="text-align:right" | 0.5
| style="text-align:right" | 1,045
| style="text-align:right" | 0.5
|-
| [[File:Om.svg|21x21px]] [[Hinduism|Hindu]]
| style="text-align:right" | 347
| style="text-align:right" | 0.2
| style="text-align:right" | 983
| style="text-align:right" | 0.5
| style="text-align:right" | 1,043
| style="text-align:right" | 0.5
|-
| [[File:Star of David.svg|23x23px]] [[Jews|Jewish]]
| style="text-align:right" | 191
| style="text-align:right" | 0.1
| style="text-align:right" | 202
| style="text-align:right" | 0.1
| style="text-align:right" | 273
| style="text-align:right" | 0.1
|-
| [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|20x20px]] [[Muslim]]
| style="text-align:right" | 1,047
| style="text-align:right" | 0.6
| style="text-align:right" | 2,072
| style="text-align:right" | 1.0
| style="text-align:right" | 2,488
| style="text-align:right" | 1.2
|-
| [[File:Khanda.svg|24x24px]] [[Sikhism|Sikh]]
| style="text-align:right" | 95
| style="text-align:right" | 0.1
| style="text-align:right" | 133
| style="text-align:right" | 0.1
| style="text-align:right" | 179
| style="text-align:right" | 0.1
|-
| Other religion
| style="text-align:right" | 538
| style="text-align:right" | 0.3
| style="text-align:right" | 747
| style="text-align:right" | 0.4
| style="text-align:right" | 1,266
| style="text-align:right" | 0.6
|-
! Religion not stated
! style="text-align:right" | 13,714
! style="text-align:right" | 7.6
! style="text-align:right" | 15,396
! style="text-align:right" | 7.8
! style="text-align:right" | 13,930
! style="text-align:right" | 6.9
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Total population
! style="text-align:right" | 181,094
! style="text-align:right" | 100.0
! style="text-align:right" | 198,051
! style="text-align:right" | 100.0
! style="text-align:right" | 202,821
! style="text-align:right" | 100.0
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Christian hierarchies
! Denomination
! Top tier !! 2nd !! 3rd !! 4th
|-
| [[Church of England]] || [[Province of York]] || [[Diocese of York]] || [[Archdeaconry of York]] || Deanery of York<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sheahan|first1=James Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5gaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22ralph+de+paganel%22&pg=PA503|title=History and Topography of the City of York, the East Riding of Yorkshire and a Portion of the West Riding|last2=Whellan|first2=T.|year=1857|volume=1|page=501|access-date=12 June 2009|archive-date=12 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005243/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5gaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22ralph+de+paganel%22&pg=PA503|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Diocese of York Directory 2011/12|year=2011|publisher=Diocese of York|pages=187–200}}</ref>
|-
| [[Roman Catholic]] || [[Archdiocese of Liverpool]] || [[Diocese of Middlesbrough]]
|colspan=2| Central Vicariate<ref name="Middiocese">{{cite web|url=http://middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/?page_id=64|title=Parishes|year=2007|publisher=Middlesbrough Diocese|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624051833/http://middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/?page_id=64|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Organisation of the Methodist Church of Great Britain#List of districts and circuits|Methodist]]
|colspan=2|District of York and Hull
|colspan=2|Circuit of York<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkhullmethodist.org.uk/index.php?cid=29&pid=20|title=Circuits & Churches|publisher=The Methodist Church York and Hull District|access-date=6 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002095413/http://www.yorkhullmethodist.org.uk/index.php?cid=29&pid=20|archive-date=2 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==Economy==
===Overview===
{{see also|List of companies based in York}}
[[File:Yorkshire Museum, York, England-23March2005.jpg|thumb|[[Yorkshire Museum]]|200x200px]]

A July 2020 report by Council stated that York is worth "£5.2 billion to the UK economy ... with 9,000 businesses and 110,000 people employed across the city".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.york.gov.uk/BackYork|title=Back York|first=|last=|publisher=City of York Council|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731181417/https://www.york.gov.uk/BackYork|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to ''Make It York'', the city benefits from features that include a well-educated workforce, "excellent transport links to both national and international markets, pronounced strengths in a range of high value sectors, a pioneering digital infrastructure," and support networks for businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.makeityork.com/business-support-advice/a-place-to-do-business/|title=A Place To Do Business|publisher=Make It York|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219160244/https://www.makeityork.com/business-support-advice/a-place-to-do-business/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

York's economy is based on the [[service industry]], which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city.<ref name="NOMIS">{{cite web |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038432023/report.aspx |title=Labour Market ProfileYork |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |work=Nomis |access-date=17 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717101557/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038432023/report.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>

Statistics based on 2019 data indicated that tourism was worth over £765 million to the city, supported 24,000 jobs and attracted 8.4 million visitors each year.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.visityork.org/dbimgs/York%20Tourism%20Recovery%20Marketing%20Strategy%20Webres%20(1).pdf|title=York Marketing Strategy|date=13 August 2020|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020093919/https://www.visityork.org/dbimgs/York%20Tourism%20Recovery%20Marketing%20Strategy%20Webres%20(1).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:York designer outlet (geograph 6848025).jpg|thumb|[[York Designer Outlet]]|200x200px]]

The Employment Rate in 2018 was 78.8%. The private sector accounted for 77,000 jobs in 2019 while 34,500 jobs were in the public sector.<ref name="auto4"/>

The service industries include public sector employment, health, education, finance, information technology (IT) and tourism that accounted for 10.7% of employment as of 2016. Tourism has become an important element of the economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of which [[York Minster]] is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural activities. As a holiday destination York was the 6th most visited English city by UK residents (2014–16)<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Visited Towns by Trip Purpose 2014–16 (Excel, 32KB)|url=https://www.visitbritain.org/sites/default/files/vb-corporate/Documents-Library/documents/England-documents/a_listing_of_the_most_visited_towns_2014-16.xlsx|publisher=Visit Britain|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104135310/https://www.visitbritain.org/sites/default/files/vb-corporate/Documents-Library/documents/England-documents/a_listing_of_the_most_visited_towns_2014-16.xlsx|archive-date=4 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors (2016).<ref>{{cite web|title=Inbound Town Data|url=https://www.visitbritain.org/town-data|publisher=Visit Britain|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223052855/https://www.visitbritain.org/town-data|archive-date=23 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A 2014 report, based on 2012 data,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-26136096|title=Tourists spend more than £600m|date=11 February 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712080152/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-26136096|archive-date=12 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> stated that the city receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visityork.org/dbimgs/KeyFacts-ResearchandStatistics(2).pdf|title=Report|publisher=VisitYork|access-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627202206/https://www.visityork.org/dbimgs/KeyFacts-ResearchandStatistics(2).pdf|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cntraveller.com/gallery/best-cities-in-the-uk|title=The best cities in the UK|first=Condé Nast|last=Traveller|website=www.cntraveller.com|access-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230655/http://www.cntraveller.com/gallery/best-cities-in-the-uk|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants, and friendliness".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cntraveller.com/gallery/best-cities-in-the-uk|title=The best cities in the UK 2020|date=7 October 2020|publisher=Condé Nast Traveller|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307161008/https://www.cntraveller.com/gallery/best-cities-in-the-uk|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Spark York 02.jpg|thumb|Spark:York, opened in 2018 as part of the Piccadilly regeneration scheme, offers a range of [[street food]], drinks and live music.|200x200px]]

Unemployment in York was low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%.<ref name="NOMIS"/> The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 2,000 staff include [[Aviva]] (formerly Norwich Union Life), [[Network Rail]], [[Northern Trains]], York Hospitals NHS Trust and the [[University of York]]. Other major employers include [[BT Group]], [[CPP Group]], [[Nestlé]], [[NFU Mutual]] and a number of railway companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Major Employers in the City of York Council area. |publisher=City of York Council |year=2011 |url=http://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/2715/york_s_major_employers_2011 |access-date=5 November 2013 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105142612/http://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/2715/york_s_major_employers_2011
|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=University of York Profile 2009. |publisher=University of York |year=2009 |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/media/communications/corporatepublications/Profile%202009%20reduced%203.pdf |access-date=3 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117151854/http://www.york.ac.uk/media/communications/corporatepublications/Profile%202009%20reduced%203.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A 2007 report stated that the economic position at that time very different from the 1950s, when its prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies.<ref name="FYGREPORT"/> Most industry around the railway has gone, including the [[York Carriage Works]], which at its height in the 1880s employed 5,500 people, but closed in the mid-1990s.<ref name="FYGREPORT">{{cite web |title=The Future York Group Report: An Independent Strategic Review of the York Economy |publisher=The Future York Group Report |date=June 2007 |url=http://www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/FYG_Main_Report.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001063656/http://www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/FYG_Main_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2011 |access-date=22 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/917865.yet_more_railway_jobs_axed_in_york/ |title=Yet more railway jobs axed in York |publisher=Newsquest Media Group |work=The Press |date=13 September 2006 |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005239/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/917865.yet-more-railway-jobs-axed-in-york/ |url-status=live}}</ref> York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees) and home to the ''[[KitKat]]'' and eponymous [[Yorkie (chocolate bar)|''Yorkie'' bar]] chocolate brands. [[Terry's]] chocolate factory, makers of the ''[[Terry's Chocolate Orange|Chocolate Orange]]'', was located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, [[Kraft Foods]], to Poland. The historic factory building is situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.

[[File:Aviva, York.jpg|thumb|The [[Aviva Building]]|200x200px]]

On 20 September 2006, Nestlé announced that it would cut 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York.<ref name="bbcrown">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5363992.stm |title=More jobs lost at chocolate firm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=20 September 2006 |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215005804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5363992.stm |archive-date=15 February 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> This came after a number of other job losses in the city at [[Aviva]], [[British Sugar]], and [[The Chocolate Works|Terry's chocolate factory]].<ref name="bbcjobs">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/north_yorkshire/5345168.stm |title=Job losses 'bitter blow' for city |work=[[BBC News]] |date=14 September 2006 |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313115912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5345168.stm |archive-date=13 March 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the [[late 2000s recession]] began to be felt.<ref name="pressjobs">{{cite news |url=http://www.thepress.co.uk/search/4263943.York_reels_from_Norwich_Union_job_cuts_shock/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114033708/http://www.thepress.co.uk/search/4263943.York_reels_from_Norwich_Union_job_cuts_shock/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2013 |title=York reels from Norwich Union job cuts shock |publisher=Newsquest Media Group |work=York Press |date=3 April 2009 |access-date=8 April 2009}}</ref>

Since the closure of the carriage works, the site has been developed into offices. York's economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and the [[creative industries]]. The city became a founding National Science City with the creation of a [[science park]] near the [[University of York]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/ |title=Welcome to Science City York – 10 Years Promoting Innovation and Creativity |publisher=Science City York |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531004904/http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/ |archive-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 1998 and 2008, York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Science City York |publisher=Science City York |year=2006 |url=http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html |access-date=19 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804055318/http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html |archive-date=4 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="strgv">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf |title=Regional Gross Value Added |publisher=Office for National Statistics |year=2005 |pages=240–253 |access-date=19 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728091019/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref>

===Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic===
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was confirmed to have [[COVID-19 pandemic in England|reached England]] after cases were discovered in York on 31 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ball|first1=Tom|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/healthcare/article/hunt-for-contacts-of-coronavirus-stricken-pair-in-york-dh363qf8k|title=Hunt for contacts of coronavirus-stricken pair in York|date=31 January 2020|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=6 March 2020|url-status=live|last2=Wace|first2=Charlotte |issn=0140-0460|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204105559/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hunt-for-contacts-of-coronavirus-stricken-pair-in-york-dh363qf8k|archive-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moss|first1=Peter|last2=Barlow|first2=Gavin|last3=Easom|first3=Nicholas|last4=Lillie|first4=Patrick|last5=Samson|first5=Anda|date=14 March 2020|title=Lessons for managing high-consequence infections from first COVID-19 cases in the UK|journal=The Lancet|volume=395|issue=10227|pages=e46|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30463-3|issn=0140-6736|pmid=32113507|pmc=7133597|url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930463-3|doi-access=free|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331102349/https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930463-3|archive-date=31 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The pandemic caused an economic slowdown because of restrictions imposed on businesses and on travel in the UK; by January 2021, many cities were in their third lockdown and the country's unemployment rate had reached its highest level in over four years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.centreforcities.org/blog/labour-market-update-what-does-the-third-lockdown-mean-for-the-largest-cities-and-towns/|title=Labour market update: what does the third lockdown mean for the largest cities and towns?|date=25 February 2021|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310102847/https://www.centreforcities.org/blog/labour-market-update-what-does-the-third-lockdown-mean-for-the-largest-cities-and-towns/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/unemployment-rate-soars-highest-level-more-four-years-3112648|title=Unemployment rate soars to highest level for more than four years|work=The Yorkshire Post|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126094904/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/unemployment-rate-soars-highest-level-more-four-years-3112648|url-status=live}}</ref> The retail, hospitality, and tourism sectors were especially hard hit in York.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/aug/02/york-crossroads-coronavirus-tourism-city-pandemic|title='No one expected this': York at crossroads as coronavirus takes toll|first=Josh|last=Halliday|date=2 August 2020|access-date=2 March 2021|work=The Guardian|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228184149/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/aug/02/york-crossroads-coronavirus-tourism-city-pandemic|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2020, the campaign "Make It York" and the city council embarked on a six-month tourism marketing plan "to reenergise the city while building resident and visitor confidence".<ref name="auto3"/>

A report in June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114% over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/18508829.toughest-time-living-memory---unemployment-141-york/|title='Toughest time in living memory' – unemployment up 141 in York|work=York Press|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801201337/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/18508829.toughest-time-living-memory---unemployment-141-york/|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to high unemployment during lockdown periods, one analysis by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan".<ref name="auto2"/> Other analyses suggested that "York is well-placed for the high street to recover and evolve from the pandemic if new businesses focus on creating an attraction or experience rather than traditional retail". The North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership also "predicted a significant rise in [[staycation]] trips to York in 2021".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/good-news-york-empty-shops-city-centre-are-being-bought-local-investors-3082725|title='Good news' for York as empty shops in city centre are being bought by local investors|work=The Yorkshire Post|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107122651/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/good-news-york-empty-shops-city-centre-are-being-bought-local-investors-3082725|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Public services==
[[File:York Hospital Front entrance.jpg|thumb|York Hospital is the city's primary medical facility.|200x200px]]

Under the requirements of the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]], York City Council appointed a [[watch committee]] which established a police force and appointed a chief constable.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36381#s8 |title=''A History of the County of York: the City of York'': Public services |publisher=British History Online |access-date=20 September 2009 |year=1961 |editor-first=P. M. |editor-last=Tillott |pages=460–472 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213122355/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36381#s8 |archive-date=13 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire, and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the [[York and North East Yorkshire Police]]. Since 1974, [[Home Office]] policing in York has been provided by the [[North Yorkshire Police]]. The force's central headquarters for policing York and nearby [[Selby (district)|Selby]] are in Fulford.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northyorkshire.police.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1051|title=North Yorkshire Police : Central Area Commander – Chief Superintendent Ali Higgins|publisher=North Yorkshire Police|access-date=20 July 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Fire service in the United Kingdom|Statutory emergency fire and rescue service]] is provided by the [[North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service]], based in [[Northallerton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northyorksfire.gov.uk/index.html |title=Welcome to the website of North Yorkshire Fire & Rescue Service |publisher=North Yorkshire fire and Rescue Service |access-date=18 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615084309/http://www.northyorksfire.gov.uk/index.html |archive-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The city's first hospital, [[York County Hospital]], opened in 1740 in Monkgate<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/hospital.html |title=York County Hospital |publisher=York History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824113330/http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/hospital.html <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=24 August 2010 |access-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> funded by public subscription. It closed in 1976 when it was replaced by [[York Hospital]], which opened the same year and gained [[NHS foundation trust|Foundation status]] in April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase, and outpatient services.<ref name="YDH">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/servicedirectories/pages/hospital.aspx?id=rcb55 |title=York Hospital – About our hospital |publisher=National Health Service |access-date=18 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504032158/http://www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Hospital.aspx?id=RCB55 |archive-date=4 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH.<ref name="YDH"/>

[[File:Cour Magistrats York 6.jpg|thumb|York Magistrates Court|200x200px]]

The [[Yorkshire Ambulance Service]] NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html |title=About Us – Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust |publisher=Yorkshire Ambulance Service |access-date=18 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518120423/http://www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html |archive-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other forms of health care are provided for locally by clinics and surgeries.

Since 1998, [[waste management]] has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.letstalklessrubbish.com/ltlr/Main.nsf/LookupUnid/D2703AD852D1C83E802572E30053BEE9?opendocument |title=History |publisher=The York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership |access-date=18 May 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090520193555/http://www.letstalklessrubbish.com/ltlr/Main.nsf/LookupUnid/D2703AD852D1C83E802572E30053BEE9?opendocument <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=20 May 2009}}</ref> York's [[distribution network operator]] for electricity is [[CE Electric UK]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceelectricuk.co.uk/page/index.cfm |title=Welcome – CE Electric UK |publisher=CE Electric UK |access-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708003602/http://www.ceelectricuk.co.uk/page/index.cfm |archive-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> there are no [[power station]]s in the city. [[Yorkshire Water]], which has a local water extraction plant on the [[River Derwent, Yorkshire|River Derwent]] at Elvington, manages York's [[drinking water|drinking]] and [[waste water]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshirewater.com/your-water-services.aspx |title=Your water services |publisher=Yorkshire Water |access-date=18 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515214231/http://www.yorkshirewater.com/your-water-services.aspx |archive-date=15 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:York Crown Court.jpg|thumb|200x200px|York Crown Court]]

The city has a [[magistrates' court (England and Wales)|magistrates' court]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/HMCSCourtFinder/SearchLinked.do?court_name=York%20Magistrates%27%20Court |title=Her Majesty's Courts Service – York Magistrates' Court |publisher=Her Majesty's Courts Service |access-date=17 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610214737/http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/HMCSCourtFinder/SearchLinked.do?court_name=York%20Magistrates%27%20Court |archive-date=10 June 2007}}</ref> and venues for the [[Crown Court]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=692 |title=Crown Court Directory – York |publisher=CourtServe Legal Information Centre |access-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525044020/http://hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=692 |archive-date=25 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[County Court (England and Wales)|County Court]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=691 |title=County Court Directory – York |publisher=CourtServe Legal Information Centre |access-date=24 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525062629/http://hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=691 |archive-date=25 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[York Crown Court]] was designed by the architect [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]], and built next to the then prison (including execution area).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/georgian/john-carr-architect |title=John Carr – Architect: History of York |publisher=York Museums Trust |access-date=17 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004122038/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/georgian/john-carr-architect |archive-date=4 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Between 1773 and 1777, the Grand Jury House was replaced by John Carr's elegant Court House for the [[Assizes]] of the whole county.
{{anchor|Eye of York}} The Female Prison was built opposite and mirrors the court building positioned around a circular lawn which became known as the "Eye of the Ridings", or the "Eye of York".

1776 saw the last recorded instance of a wife hanged and burnt for poisoning her husband. [[Horse theft]] was a [[capital offence]]. The culprits of lesser crimes were brought to court by the city constables and would face a fine. The corporation employed a "common informer" whose task was to bring criminals to justice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/georgian/the-county-court-house |title=The County Court House |publisher=York Museums Trust |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417050229/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/georgian/the-county-court-house |archive-date=17 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The former prison is now the [[York Castle Museum|Castle Museum]] but still contains the cells.

==Transport==
===Water===
York's location on the River Ouse, and in the centre of the Vale of York, means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.<ref name="VCH"/> The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the Ouse and the Foss. The Ouse was originally a [[tidal river]], accessible to seagoing ships of the time. Today, both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A [[Lock (water navigation)|lock]] at [[Naburn]] on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse|title=River Ouse|publisher=Canal & River Trust|access-date=23 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908144027/http://canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse|archive-date=8 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by [[barge]]s to carry freight between York and the [[Port of Hull|port of]] [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]]. The last significant such traffic was the supply of [[newsprint]] to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today, navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented.

{{wide image|York night.JPG|1000px|align-cap=center|Panorama of the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] looking south from Lendal Bridge}}

===Roads===
[[File:Stonegate in York - geograph.org.uk - 1261035.jpg|thumb|Stonegate is pedestrianised during the day.|200x200px]]

Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long-distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the [[A19 road]] from [[Doncaster]] to [[Tyneside]], the [[A59 road]] from [[Liverpool]] to York, the [[A64 road]] from [[Leeds]] to [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] and the [[A1079 road]] from York to [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]]. The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both the [[A1(M) motorway|A1(M)]] and the [[M1 motorway]]s at a distance of about {{convert|10|mi|km|round=5}} from the city. The trans-Pennine [[M62 motorway]] is less than {{convert|20|mi|km|round=5}} away providing links to [[Manchester]] and Liverpool.
The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence, many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as [[Pedestrian zone|car-free]] during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, six bus-based [[York park and ride|park and ride]] sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.<ref name="coypar">{{cite web|title=Park & Ride|publisher=City of York Council|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Parking/Park_and_Ride/|date=31 August 2007|access-date=9 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014003339/http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Parking/Park_and_Ride/|archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>

===Buses===
[[File:First bendy bus on York P&amp;R.jpg|thumb|A First York [[Mercedes-Benz Citaro]] articulated bus on Rougier Street|200x200px]]

Public transport within the city is largely bus-based. [[First York]] operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the [[York park and ride]] services. York was the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental and controversial [[FTR (bus)|FTR bus concept]], which sought to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/ftr/ |title=ftr – York's new public transport scheme |publisher=City of York Council |date=22 May 2008 |access-date=20 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628212433/http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/ftr/ |archive-date=28 June 2008}}</ref> The service was withdrawn following an election manifesto pledge by the Labour Group at the 2011 local government election.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9584455.ftr_buses_withdrawn_from_York/ |title=Controversial ftr buses make their final journey in York |work=York Press |date=13 March 2012 |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520013757/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9584455.ftr_buses_withdrawn_from_York/ |archive-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Transdev Blazefield|Transdev York]] also operates a large number of local bus services. Open-top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York, on behalf of [[City Sightseeing]] and York Pullman on behalf of [[Golden Tours]].

Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies with [[Yorkshire Coastliner|Transdev York & Country]], [[East Yorkshire (bus company)|East Yorkshire]] and Reliance Motor Services operating most of them. Longer-distance bus services are provided by a number of operators, including [[Arriva Yorkshire]] services to Selby, [[East Yorkshire (bus company)|East Yorkshire]] services to Hull, Beverley, Market Weighton and Pocklington, and [[Yorkshire Coastliner|Transdev York & Country]] services to Boroughbridge, [[Knaresborough]], Harrogate, [[Castle Howard]] and Malton. [[Yorkshire Coastliner]] links [[Leeds City bus station|Leeds]] and York with Scarborough, Malton, Pickering and [[Whitby]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=York, York bus services |work=Bus Times |date=2023 |access-date=17 December 2024 |url=https://bustimes.org/localities/york-york}}</ref>

===Railway===
[[File:York station rush hour.jpg|thumb|York railway station's interior|200x200px]]

The city has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839, at the beginning of the railway age. For many years, the city hosted the headquarters and works of the [[North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom)|North Eastern Railway]].<ref name="coyrapd">{{cite web |title=The Railway Age to the present day |publisher=City of York Council |url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/ |date=20 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516063727/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/ |archive-date=16 May 2012}}</ref>

[[York railway station]] is a principal stop on the [[East Coast Main Line]]. It is served by five [[train operating companies]]:

{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:100%; width:100%"
|-
! Point A || Via || Point B || Via
|-
! colspan=4 | [[London North Eastern Railway]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our timetables |work=LNER |date=15 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |url=https://www.lner.co.uk/travel-information/travelling-later/timetables/ |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922141135/https://www.lner.co.uk/travel-information/travelling-later/timetables/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | {{rws|London King's Cross}} (under two hours from York, around 25 direct trains each weekday)
| rowspan=3 | {{rws|Peterborough}} & {{rws|Doncaster}}
| {{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}
| rowspan=2 | {{rws|Durham}} & {{rws|Newcastle}}
|-
| {{rws|Sunderland}}
|-
| {{rws|Middlesbrough}}
| {{rws|Thornaby}}
|-
! colspan=4 | [[CrossCountry]]<ref>{{Cite web |work=CrossCountry |title=Timetables |date=15 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |url=https://www.crosscountrytrains.co.uk/travel-updates-information/train-timetables}}</ref>
|-
| {{rws|Plymouth}}
| {{rws|Bristol Temple Meads}}, {{rws|Birmingham New Street}}, {{rws|Derby}}, {{rws|Sheffield}} & {{rws|Wakefield Westgate}}
| {{rws|Glasgow Central}} & or Edinburgh Waverley
| Darlington, Durham & Newcastle
|-
| Newcastle
| Durham & Darlington
| {{rws|Southampton Central}} & or {{rws|Reading}}
| {{rws|Birmingham International}}, Birmingham New Street & {{rws|Oxford}}
|-
! colspan=4 | [[TransPennine Express]]<ref>{{Cite web |work=TransPennine Express |title=Timetables |date=15 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |url=https://www.tpexpress.co.uk/travel-updates/timetables}}</ref>
|-
| Newcastle
| {{rws|Darlington}}
| {{rws|Liverpool Lime Street}}
| Leeds, {{rws|Dewsbury}}, {{rws|Huddersfield}} & {{rws|Manchester Victoria}}
|-
| {{rws|Redcar Central}}
| Middlesbrough
| {{rws|Manchester Airport}}
| Huddersfield, {{rws|Manchester Oxford Road}} & {{rws|Manchester Piccadilly}}
|-
| York
| Terminus
| {{rws|Scarborough}}
| {{rws|Malton}} & {{rws|Seamer}}
|-
! colspan=4 | [[Northern Trains|Northern]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timetables and engineering information for travel with Northern |work=Northern Railway |date=15 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |url=https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/travel/timetables}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | York (the provider's headquarters)
| rowspan=3 | Terminus
| {{rws|Leeds}}
| {{rws|Harrogate}}
|-
| {{rws|Bridlington}}
| {{rws|Hull Paragon}}
|-
| {{rws|Sheffield}}
| {{rws|Rotherham Central}}
|-
| {{rws|Blackpool North}}
| [[Bradford Interchange]], {{rws|Halifax|England}}, {{rws|Hebden Bridge}}, {{rws|Burnley Manchester Road}}, {{rws|Blackburn}} & {{rws|Preston}}
|-
! colspan=4 | [[Grand Central (train operating company)|Grand Central]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand Central timetables |work=Grand Central |date=15 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |url=https://www.grandcentralrail.com/travelling-with-gc/timetables}}</ref>
|-
| London King's Cross
| {{rws|Peterborough}}
| {{rws|Sunderland}}
| {{rws|Eaglescliffe}} & {{rws|Hartlepool}}
|-
|}

===Air===
[[File:Hawker Hunter at Yorkshire Air Museum (8248).jpg|thumb|Yorkshire Air Museum|200x200px]]

The closest international airports are [[Leeds Bradford Airport|Leeds Bradford]], which is {{convert|30|mi|km}} away from the city centre, [[Teesside International Airport|Teesside]] {{convert|47|mi|km}}, [[Humberside Airport|Humberside]] {{convert|54|mi|km}}. Further afield are [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]] {{convert|84|mi|km}} and [[Newcastle International Airport|Newcastle]] {{convert|95|mi|km}}.

Manchester Airport – with connections to Europe, North America, Africa and Asia – has direct rail links by [[TransPennine Express]] with its {{rws|Manchester Airport||namesake station}}.<ref name="coyrail">{{cite web|title=Trains|publisher=City of York Council|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/|date=31 August 2007|access-date=9 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019101942/http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/|archive-date=19 October 2007}}</ref> By road, it is accessible by the [[A64 road|A64]] to the [[M60 motorway (Great Britain)|M60]] via the [[A1(M) motorway]], [[M1 motorway|M1]] and [[M62 motorway|M62]].

Teesside Airport has one rail connection via Darlington and Eaglescliffe, with a limited service by bus from {{rws|Teesside Airport||its station}}. By road, it is accessible by the [[A19 road|A19]] north to the [[A67 road|A67]]. Newcastle Airport has one connection via Newcastle station, with the metro to {{stl|Tyne and Wear Metro|Newcastle Airport}}; it is accessible by the [[A1(M) motorway|A1(M)]] north to the [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] then the [[A696 road|A696]].

Leeds Bradford and Humberside have no direct railway stations, with bus route connections instead. Leeds Bradford serves most major European and North African airports.<ref name="fgyac">{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkaircoach.com|title=Welcome to YorkAirLink.com|publisher=[[First York]]|access-date=20 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827235554/http://www.yorkaircoach.com/|archive-date=27 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Humberside is accessible by the [[A1079 road|A1079]] to the [[A15 road (England)|A15]] via the [[A63 road|A63]]; Leeds Bradford by the [[A59 road|A59]] to the [[A658 road|A658]] via the [[A661 road|A661]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skyscanner.net/news/airports/york-airports|title=York Airports|date=19 August 2016|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126140657/https://www.skyscanner.net/news/airports/york-airports|url-status=live}}</ref>

York has an airfield at the former [[RAF Elvington]], {{convert|7|mi|km}} south-east of the city centre, which is the home of the [[Yorkshire Air Museum]] and used for [[private aviation]]. In 2003, plans were drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.<ref name="tpelb">{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7898363.Up_in_the_air_for_Elvington/|title=Up in the air for Elvington|publisher=Newsquest Media Group|work=The Press|date=9 October 2003|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125630/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7898363.Up_in_the_air_for_Elvington/|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Former [[RAF Church Fenton]] is also near the city and private; it is now called [[Leeds East Airport|Leeds East]].

==Education==
{{See also|List of schools in York}}

===Institutions===
[[File:York Castle Museum - geograph.org.uk - 3609942.jpg|thumb|York Castle Museum, an 18th-century building|200x200px]]
[[File:York Art Gallery (geograph 7551006).jpg|thumb|[[York Art Gallery]]|200x200px]]

[[York Castle]], a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford's Tower to the 20th-century entrance to the [[York Castle Museum]] (formerly a prison) has had a chequered history. As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the [[Yorkshire Museum]] and its [[Museum Gardens]], [[Jorvik Viking Centre]], [[York Art Gallery]], [[Merchant Adventurers' Hall]], the reconstructed medieval house [[Barley Hall]] (owned by the [[York Archaeological Trust]]), the 18th-century [[Fairfax House]], the [[Mansion House, York|Mansion House]] (the historic home of the Lord Mayor) and the so-called [[Treasurer's House, York|Treasurer's House]] (owned by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=York – Museums & Art Galleries |url=http://www.touristnetuk.com/Ne/york/attractions/museums.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906024511/http://www.touristnetuk.com/ne/york/attractions/museums.htm |archive-date=6 September 2009 |access-date=12 June 2009 |publisher=Tourist Net UK Ltd}}</ref> The [[National Railway Museum]] is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive [[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|LNER Class A4 4468 ''Mallard'']] and the world-famous [[LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|LNER Class A3 4472 ''Flying Scotsman'']], which has been overhauled in the Museum.<ref name="nrmfs">{{cite web |title=About Flying Scotsman |url=http://www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/about.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225225723/http://www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/about.aspx |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=3 September 2007 |publisher=National Railway Museum}}</ref>
Although noted for its Medieval history, visitors can also gain an understanding of the Cold War through visiting the [[York Cold War Bunker]], former headquarters of No 20 Group of the Royal Observer Corps.<ref>{{cite web |title=York Cold War Bunker |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/york-cold-war-bunker/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115045005/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/york-cold-war-bunker/ |archive-date=15 January 2014 |access-date=19 January 2014 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref>

[[File:York Library (15th July 2013) 002.JPG|thumb|York Library|200x200px]]

The city's first subscription library opened in 1794.<ref>{{cite web |title=York History – York Public Library |url=http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/library.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411101710/http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/library.html |archive-date=11 April 2011 |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=York History}}
</ref> The first free [[public library]], the [[York Library]], was built on [[Clifford Street (York)|Clifford Street]] in 1893, to mark [[Queen Victoria]]'s jubilee. A new building was erected on [[Museum Street (York)|Museum Street]] in 1927, and this is still the library today; it was extended in 1934 and 1938.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 September 1927 |title=York Central Library |url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/20th-century/york-central-library |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104407/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/20th-century/york-central-library |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=23 December 2015 |publisher=History of York}}</ref>

===Higher and further===
[[File:Central Hall University of York.jpg|thumb|University of York, view across the lake to [[Central Hall, University of York|Central Hall]]|200x200px]]

The [[University of York]]'s main campus is on the southern edge of the city at [[Heslington]]. The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King's Manor in the city centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/ |title=The University of York |publisher=University of York |access-date=19 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426214815/http://www.york.ac.uk/ |archive-date=26 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally located [[York St John University]], formerly an autonomous college of the [[University of Leeds]], attained full university status. The city formerly hosted a branch of the [[University of Law]] before it moved to Leeds. The University of York also has a medical school, [[Hull York Medical School]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/universityguide2005/table/0,15905,-5163909,00.html |title=Guardian Medical school ranking tables |year=2009 |work=Guardian Education |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |access-date=17 July 2009 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000049/http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,15905,-5163909,00.html |archive-date=4 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city has two major further education institutions. [[York College (York)|York College]] is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from [[School leaving age|school leavers]] and [[sixth form]]ers to people training to make career moves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkcollege.ac.uk/new-college/news/index.html |title=About the new college |publisher=York College |access-date=19 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403015541/http://www.yorkcollege.ac.uk/new-college/news/index.html <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=3 April 2009}}</ref> [[Askham Bryan College]] offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture, agriculture, animal management and even [[golf course]] management.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.askham-bryan.ac.uk/ |title=Welcome to Askham Bryan College |publisher=Askham Bryan College |access-date=19 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322034433/http://www.askham-bryan.ac.uk/ |archive-date=22 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Secondary and primary===
[[File:Hall range St Peter's School York.jpg|thumb|200x200px|St Peter's School, the city's oldest school. founded in the 7th century]]

There are 70 [[Local Education Authority|local council]] schools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/ |title=Schools and colleges |publisher=City of York Council |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919100932/http://www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/ |archive-date=19 September 2009}}</ref> The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city.{{update|date=July 2022}} Primary schools cover education from ages 5–11, with some offering early years education from age 3. From 11 to 16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/Secondary_schools_directory/ |title=Secondary schools in York |publisher=City of York Council |date=1 February 2007 |access-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206073443/http://www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/Secondary_schools_directory/ |archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref> In 2007, Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known as [[York High School, York|York High School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/942080.10m_merger_unveiled_as_york_high_school/ |title=£10m merger unveiled as 'York High School' |publisher=Newsquest Media Group |work=The Press |date=28 September 2006 |access-date=19 May 2009 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005239/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/942080.10m-merger-unveiled-as-york-high-school/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

There is one "''outstanding''"<ref>{{cite web |last=Ofsted Communications Team |date=25 July 2022 |title=Find an inspection report and registered childcare |url=http://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=reports.ofsted.gov.uk |archive-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913130530/https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report |url-status=live}}</ref> Roman Catholic secondary school in the city, [[All Saints Roman Catholic School, York|All Saints School]], which was founded in 1665, the school is split-site meaning that the education of lower years (years 7–9) happens on the Lower Site attached to the oldest running convent in the country, [[Bar Convent]]. And the upper years including sixth form are taught on the Upper Site which is on Mill Mount, the former site of [[Millthorpe School|Mill Mount County Grammar School for Girls]]. The Sixth form is the largest sixth form in the city. As a school it plays an essential role in York's Catholic community being the only secondary institution dedicated to the denomination. It was the first Catholic school in the country to admit girls for education in the 1660s.

York also has several private schools. [[St Peter's School, York|St Peter's School]] was founded in 627. The scholar [[Alcuin]], who went on to serve [[Charlemagne]], taught there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01276a.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Alcuin |publisher=New Advent |access-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317205312/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01276a.htm |archive-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was also the school attended by [[Guy Fawkes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.st-peters.york.sch.uk/history/guyfawkes.htm |title=Guy Fawkes History |publisher=St Peter's School Archives |access-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419054604/http://www.st-peters.york.sch.uk/history/guyfawkes.htm |archive-date=19 April 2008}}</ref>

Two schools have [[Quaker]] origins: [[Bootham School]] is [[co-education]]al<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boothamschool.com/school_ethos.html |title=The School and its Ethos |publisher=Bootham School York |access-date=19 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418012016/http://www.boothamschool.com/school_ethos.html
|archive-date=18 April 2009}}</ref> and [[The Mount School, York|The Mount School]] is all-girls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mountschoolyork.co.uk/mount-parents.php |title=Welcome to The Mount School York |publisher=The Mount School York
|access-date=19 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323032829/http://www.mountschoolyork.co.uk/mount-parents.php
|archive-date=23 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Another all-girls school is [[Queen Margaret's School, York|Queen Margaret's School]], which was established under the [[Woodard Foundation]].

==Culture==
{{see also|Roses rivalry}}

The city is part of the UNESCO [[Creative Cities Network]] as a city of ''Media Arts''. An unsuccessful 2010 bid by York city council and a number of heritage organisations to make a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] indirectly led to the city making a successful bid for its title.<ref name="BBC WHS 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10291260|title=York submits bid for World Heritage status|work=BBC News|date=11 June 2010|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925133708/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10291260|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC WHS 2">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-12811652|title=York World Heritage Site bid fails|work=BBC News|date=22 March 2011|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016054044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-12811652|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="YorksPost MediaCity">{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/general-news/city-bids-for-unesco-media-arts-recognition-1-6260240|title=City bids for Unesco Media Arts recognition|work=Yorkshire Post|date=22 November 2013|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605053358/http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/general-news/city-bids-for-unesco-media-arts-recognition-1-6260240|archive-date=5 June 2014|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web|title=York celebrates securing UNESCO City of Media Arts accolade|url=http://www.unesco.org.uk/york_celebrates_securing_unesco_city_of_media_arts_accolade|website=UNESCO|publisher=UK National Commission for UNESCO|access-date=15 May 2015|date=1 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512213954/http://www.unesco.org.uk/york_celebrates_securing_unesco_city_of_media_arts_accolade|archive-date=12 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Theatre===
[[File:Théâtre Royal York 1.jpg|thumb|York Theatre Royal|200x200px]]

The [[York Theatre Royal|Theatre Royal]], which was established in 1744, produces an annual [[pantomime]] which attracts loyal audiences from around the country. The theatre's veteran star, [[Berwick Kaler]], often played the [[pantomime dame|dame]], before he retired from acting in the pantomime in 2019,<ref>{{cite web|title='If the theatre needs me, I'll be back like a shot,' says departing dame Berwick|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/17405356.theatre-needs-back-like-shot-says-departing-dame-berwick/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=York Press|date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125133048/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/17405356.theatre-needs-back-like-shot-says-departing-dame-berwick/|url-status=live}}</ref> and officially parted ways with the theatre after the so-called "Panto Wars".<ref>{{cite web|date=12 January 2020|title=Axed after 41 years: 'Devastated' panto stars told they won't be back at York Theatre Royal|url=https://yorkmix.com/axed-after-41-years-devastated-panto-stars-told-they-wont-be-back-at-york-theatre-royal/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=YorkMix|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125113131/https://yorkmix.com/axed-after-41-years-devastated-panto-stars-told-they-wont-be-back-at-york-theatre-royal/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Theatre Royal continues to produce an annual pantomime without Kaler, who came out of retirement in 2021 to star in a new panto at The [[Grand Opera House, York|Grand Opera House]].<ref>{{cite web|date=10 January 2022|title=This is what Berwick Kaler told the audience at the last night of the panto|url=https://yorkmix.com/read-berwick-kalers-message-to-panto-audience-after-covid-forced-him-to-miss-the-final-night/|access-date=25 January 2022|website=YorkMix|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124221128/https://yorkmix.com/read-berwick-kalers-message-to-panto-audience-after-covid-forced-him-to-miss-the-final-night/|url-status=live}}</ref> Both the Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grandoperahouseyork.org.uk/whatson.asp?venueid=94 |title=What's on Grand Opera House York |publisher=Grand Opera House York |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302100216/http://grandoperahouseyork.org.uk/whatson.asp?VenueID=94 |archive-date=2 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jrtheatre.co.uk/about/ |title=About Joseph Rowntree Theatre |publisher=Joseph Rowntree Theatre Limited |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302135253/http://jrtheatre.co.uk/about/ |archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city is home to the [[Riding Lights Theatre Company]], which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ridinglights.org/aboutus/ |title=About Riding Lights |publisher=Riding Lights Theatre Company |access-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702101045/http://www.ridinglights.org/aboutus/ |archive-date=2 July 2009}}</ref> The Department of Theatre, Film and Television and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/tft/ |title=Department of Theatre, Film and Television – The University of York |publisher=Department of Theatre, Film and Television, University of York |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419181934/http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/tft/ |archive-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:York Opera.jpg|thumb|Interior of York's Grand Opera House|200x200px]]

The [[York Mystery Plays]] are performed in public at intervals, using texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds – often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the Shipwrights' Play is the ''Building of Noah's Ark'' and the fish-sellers and mariners the ''Landing of Noah's Ark'').<ref>J S Purvis, ''The York Cycle of Mystery Plays,'' London S.P.C.K. 1957 repr.1962</ref> The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city from the 14th century until 1570, they were revived in 1951 during the [[Festival of Britain]], when York was one of the cities with a regional festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkmysteryplays.org/|title=NCEM Archive|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701212456/http://www.yorkmysteryplays.org/|archive-date=1 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> They became part of the York City Festival every three years and later four years. They were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St Mary's Abbey, using some professional but mostly amateur actors. Lead actors have included [[Christopher Timothy]] and [[Robson Green]] (in the role of Christ) and Dame [[Judi Dench]] as a school girl, in 1951, 1954 and 1957. (She remains a Patron of the plays). The cycle was presented in the Theatre Royal in 1992 and 1996, within York Minster in 2000 and in 2002, 2006 and 2010 by Guild groups from wagons in the squares, in the [[Dean's Park]], or at the Eye of York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yorkmysteryplays.co.uk/|title=Guilds of York|access-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229062617/http://www.yorkmysteryplays.co.uk/|archive-date=29 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> They go around the streets, recreating the original productions. In 2012, the York Mystery Plays were performed between 2 and 27 August at [[St Mary's Abbey, York|St Mary's Abbey]] in the [[York Museum Gardens]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkmysteryplays-2012.com/ |title=York Mystery Plays 2012 |access-date=13 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315001438/http://www.yorkmysteryplays-2012.com/ |archive-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>

===Music===
The [[Academy of St Olave's]], a [[chamber orchestra]] which gives concerts in [[St Olave's Church, York|St Olave's Church, Marygate]], is one of the music groups that perform regularly in York.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academyofstolaves.org.uk/ |title=Academy of St. Olave's Orchestra – Welcome |publisher=Academy of St Olave's |year=2008 |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129072041/http://www.academyofstolaves.org.uk/ |archive-date=29 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A former church, [[Medieval churches of York#St Margaret, Walmgate|St Margaret's, Walmgate]], is the [[National Centre for Early Music]], which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events including the [[York Early Music Festival]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ncem.co.uk/ |title=The National Centre for Early Music, York: Welcome |publisher=The National Centre for Early Music |access-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106082353/http://www.ncem.co.uk/
|archive-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncem.co.uk/yemf.shtml |title=York Early Music Festival: Overview |publisher=The National Centre for Early Music |access-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629125348/http://www.ncem.co.uk/yemf.shtml |archive-date=29 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Students, staff and visiting artists of [[York St John University]] music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the university chapel. The staff and students of the [[University of York]] also perform in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://music.york.ac.uk/concerts/newconcerts/ |title=University of York Concerts |publisher=University of York |access-date=17 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430123222/http://music.york.ac.uk/concerts/newconcerts/|archive-date=30 April 2009}}</ref>

===Food and drink===
Each September since 1997, York has held an annual Festival of Food and Drink. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production. The Festival attracts up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days from all over the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkfoodfestival.com/AboutUs.htm |title=York Festival of Food and Drink – Who we are and what we do |publisher=York Food Festival Ltd |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024053931/http://www.yorkfoodfestival.com/AboutUs.htm |archive-date=24 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Assize of Ale is an annual event in the city where people in medieval costume take part in a [[pub crawl]] to raise money for local charities. It has its origins in the 13th century, when an [[Assize of Bread and Ale]] was used to regulate the quality of goods. The current version was resurrected in 1990/91 by the then Sheriff of York, Peter Brown, and is led by the Guild of Scriveners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8329854.Sheriff_of_York_to_test_York_s_beers_in_traditional_Assize_of_Ale/|title=Sheriff of York to test York's beers in traditional Assize of Ale|work=York Press|date=13 August 2010|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915050011/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8329854.Sheriff_of_York_to_test_York_s_beers_in_traditional_Assize_of_Ale/|archive-date=15 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:York ham.jpg|thumb|York ham|200x200px]]

The Knavesmire, home of York Racecourse, plays host to Yorkshire's largest beer festival every September run by York CAMRA – York Beer & Cider Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkbeerfestival.org.uk|title=York Beer & Cider Festival is back and in a new exciting location|publisher=York Beer & Cider Festival|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815180107/http://www.yorkbeerfestival.org.uk/|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is housed in a marquee opposite the grandstand of the racecourse in the enclosure and in 2016 offered over 450 real ales and over 100 ciders.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14637425.Tickets_go_on_sale_for_York_Beer_and_Cider_Festival/?ref=mrb&lp=10|title=Tickets go on sale for York Beer and Cider Festival|work=The Press|date=23 July 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923083635/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14637425.Tickets_go_on_sale_for_York_Beer_and_Cider_Festival/?ref=mrb&lp=10|archive-date=23 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A product claimed to be local is York ham,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.information-britain.co.uk/food/foodlegends/York%20Ham/|title=Food Legends of the United Kingdom: York Ham|publisher=Information Britain|access-date=11 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613143953/http://www.information-britain.co.uk/food/foodlegends/York%20Ham/|archive-date=13 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> a mild-flavoured [[ham]] with delicate pink colouring. It is traditionally served with [[Madeira wine#Uses|Madeira Sauce]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blham.htm|title=Home Cooking – Ham Varieties and Terminology|publisher=The New York Times Company|work=About.com|date=16 September 2008|access-date=5 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006223953/http://homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blham.htm|archive-date=6 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.recipetips.com/search.asp?index=recipes&querytext=york+ham
|title=Recipe Favourites York ham and other recipes related to York ham|publisher=Recipe Tips|access-date=5 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113102746/http://www.recipetips.com/search.asp?index=recipes&querytext=york+ham|archive-date=13 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The ham has been described as a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham that is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.foodsubs.com/MeatcureHams.html|title=Cook's Thesaurus: Ham|publisher=Food Subs|first=Lori|last=Alden|access-date=5 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016063903/http://www.foodsubs.com/MeatcureHams.html|archive-date=16 October 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/food-drink/hooray-for-festive-ham-31597|title=Hooray for Festive Ham|website=[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]|date=25 November 2008|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022041012/https://www.countrylife.co.uk/food-drink/hooray-for-festive-ham-31597|url-status=live}}</ref> A likely apocryphal story attributes Robert Burrow Atkinson's butchery shop, in [[Blossom Street]], to be the birthplace of the original York ham, or at least to have made it famous.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oliversofthemount.com/history.html |title=History of 57 & 59 Blossom Street |publisher=Oliver's of the Mount |access-date=5 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108070325/http://www.oliversofthemount.com/history.html |archive-date=8 November 2008}}</ref>

==Attractions==
===Architecture===
{{See also|York sites of interest|Medieval parish churches of York}}

[[York Minster]], a large [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] cathedral, dominates the city.

York's centre is enclosed by [[York city walls|the city's medieval walls]], which are a popular walk.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 March 2012|title=The city walls|url=http://www.york.gov.uk/visiting/citywalls/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531165259/http://www.york.gov.uk/visiting/citywalls/|archive-date=31 May 2012|access-date=19 March 2012|publisher=City of York Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=York City Walls Walk Map|url=https://www.walksinyorkshire.com/our-walks/york-city-walls/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926191031/https://www.walksinyorkshire.com/our-walks/york-city-walls/|archive-date=26 September 2017|website=Walks in Yorkshire}}</ref> These defences are the most complete in England. They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Barbara|title=The City Walls and Castles of York: The Pictorial Evidence|last2=Mee|first2=Frances|publisher=[[York Archaeological Trust]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1-874454-36-6|page=ix}}</ref> They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work, as well as 19th- and 20th-century renovations.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pevsner|first1=Nikolaus|title=Yorkshire: York and the East Riding|last2=Neave|first2=David|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1995|isbn=0-14-071061-2|edition=2nd|location=London|page=192|author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner|orig-year=1972}}</ref>

The entire circuit is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km|0}}, and encloses an area of {{convert|263|acres|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilson|Mee|2005|page=1}}</ref> The north-east section includes a part where walls never existed, because the Norman [[moat]] of York Castle, formed by damming the [[River Foss]], also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown.
A feature of central York is the [[Snickelways of York|Snickelways]], narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in [[Pavement (York)|Pavement]] and [[St Sampson's Square]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Mark W.|title=A Walk Around the Snickelways of York|date=31 January 2004|publisher=Dales Court Press|isbn=978-1-871125-72-6|display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[The Shambles]] is a narrow [[medieval]] street, lined with shops, boutiques and [[tea room]]s. Its unusual name comes from an old English term for an open-air slaughterhouse or meat market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.backpackingbella.com/romantic-things-to-do-in-york-for-couples/|title=The Most Romantic Things to Do in York for Couples|date=5 April 2021|website=Backpacking Bella|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=18 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018165539/https://www.backpackingbella.com/romantic-things-to-do-in-york-for-couples/|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of [[Margaret Clitherow]], although it is not located in the house where she lived.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Shambles, York UK|url=http://www.insideyork.co.uk/shambles|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130025753/http://insideyork.co.uk/shambles|archive-date=30 January 2009|access-date=12 June 2009|publisher=Inside York}}</ref> [[Goodramgate]] has many medieval houses including the early-14th‑century [[Lady Row]] built to finance a [[Chantry]], at the edge of the churchyard of [[Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate, York|Holy Trinity church]].
<gallery mode="packed">
File:York Micklegate Bar - panoramio.jpg|The southern entrance to York, Micklegate Bar, is a 12th{{endash}}14th century structure.
File:Shambles shopper 8686.jpg|[[The Shambles]] is a medieval shopping street; most of the buildings date from between {{circa}} 1350 and 1475.
File:Odeon Cinema 3.jpg|The [[Art Deco]] style Odeon Cinema on Blossom Street
File:Stonebow House, York.jpg|The 1960s [[Brutalist]]-style Stonebow House
</gallery>

===Pubs===
[[File:Kings Arms York - geograph.org.uk - 583995.jpg|thumb|The Kings Arms|200x200px]]

In June 2015, York [[Campaign for Real Ale|CAMRA]] listed 101 pubs on its map of the city centre, some of which are hundreds of years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yorkcamra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/YorkMapA4-June-2015.pdf|title=York Real Ale Pub Map 2015|website=yorkcamra.org.uk|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429232313/http://yorkcamra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/YorkMapA4-June-2015.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> These include the [[Golden Fleece Inn, York|Golden Fleece]], [[Ye Olde Starre Inne]], noted for its sign which has spanned the street since 1733,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol5/pp220-235|title='Houses: Stonegate', in An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 5, Central (London, 1981), pp. 220–235|website=www.britishhistory.ac.uk|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619204921/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol5/pp220-235|archive-date=19 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kings Arms, York|The Kings Arms]], often photographed during floods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com/film/january-floods-york|title=The January Floods in York (1982)|website=www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923132020/http://www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com/film/january-floods-york|archive-date=23 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 18 June 2016, York CAMRA undertook a "Beer Census" and found 328 unique real ales being served in over 200 pubs in York, reinforcing the city's reputation as a top UK beer destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://york.camra.org.uk/york-beer-census-18-june-2016/|title=York Beer Census 18 June 2016|date=18 June 2016|publisher=York Campaign for Real Ale|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805030720/http://york.camra.org.uk/york-beer-census-18-june-2016/|archive-date=5 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Tea Rooms===
[[File:Betty's Cafe Tea Rooms, York (geograph 407877).jpg|thumb|Bettys Café Tea Rooms|200x200px]]

In the centre of York, in [[St Helen's Square]], there is the York branch of [[Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate|Bettys Café]] Tea Rooms. Bettys' founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the ''[[RMS Queen Mary|Queen Mary]]'' in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Mary's designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen's Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement 'Bettys Bar' became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. 'Bettys Mirror', on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bettys.co.uk/blog/bettys-mirror|title=Bettys Café Tea Rooms, York|publisher=Bettys & Taylors of Harrogate Limited|access-date=2 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203082848/https://www.bettys.co.uk/blog/bettys-mirror|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Media==
[[File:The Press, York (geograph 6247772).jpg|thumb|200x200px|''The Press'' on Walmgate]]

The York area is served by a local newspaper, ''[[The Press (York)|The Press]]'' (known as the ''Evening Press'' until April 2006), ''The York Advertiser'' newspaper (based at ''The Press'' on Walmgate), and four local radio stations: [[BBC Radio York]], [[YorkMix Radio]], [[YO1 Radio]] and [[Jorvik Radio]]. A local commercial radio station, [[Minster FM]], broadcast until 2020 when it was replaced by [[Minster FM|Greatest Hits Radio York and North Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/05/most-of-acquired-bauer-stations-to-become-greatest-hits-radio/|title=Most of acquired Bauer stations to become Greatest Hits Radio|date=27 May 2020|accessdate=2 July 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626141037/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/05/most-of-acquired-bauer-stations-to-become-greatest-hits-radio/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/ |title=York news, North Yorkshire news and information from ''The Press'' newspaper in York |publisher=Newsquest Media Group |work=The Press |access-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629102856/http://www.thepress.co.uk/news/ |archive-date=29 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneandother.com/|title=Events in York, Visit York, Local News Yorkshire, Things to Do in York – Oneandother.com – York|publisher=Oneandother.com|date=26 November 2011|access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201090556/http://www.oneandother.com/|archive-date=1 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minsterfm.com/mi/welcome/|title=Minster FM – Welcome|publisher=The Local Radio Company|work=Minster FM|access-date=12 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630133544/http://www.minsterfm.com/mi/welcome/|archive-date=30 June 2009}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14610934.On_the_air__hear_and_now/|title=On the air, hear and now|work=The Press|date=11 July 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923082749/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14610934.On_the_air__hear_and_now/|archive-date=23 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/england/north_yorkshire |title=BBC Radio York |publisher=BBC Local – York & North Yorkshire |access-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703233305/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/local_radio/ |archive-date=3 July 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Another digital news and radio website is [[YorkMix]] run by former print journalists, that incorporates Local News; What's On; Food & Drink; Things To Do and Business sections with articles written by residents and local journalists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkmix.com/|publisher=YorkMix|title=Home|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817115407/http://www.yorkmix.com/|archive-date=17 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 2016 YorkMix was nominated in two categories in the O2 Media Awards for Yorkshire and The Humber.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkmix.com/news/yorkmix-nominated-two-awards/|title=YorkMix nominated for two awards|publisher=YorkMix|date=2 August 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106225149/http://www.yorkmix.com/news/yorkmix-nominated-two-awards/|archive-date=6 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Local news and television programmes are provided by [[BBC Yorkshire]] and [[BBC North East and Cumbria]] on BBC One and [[ITV Yorkshire]] and [[ITV Tyne Tees]] on ITV. Television signals are received from either the [[Emley Moor transmitting station|Emley Moor]] or [[Bilsdale transmitting station|Bilsdale]] transmitters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Emley_Moor|title=Emley Moor (Kirklees, England) Full Freeview transmitter|date=1 May 2004|website=UK Free TV|accessdate=17 September 2023|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819070317/https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Emley_Moor|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Bilsdale|title=Bilsdale (North Yorkshire, England) Full Freeview transmitter|date=1 May 2004|website=UK Free TV|accessdate=17 September 2023|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903034040/https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Bilsdale|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 November 2013, Ofcom awarded the 12-year local TV licence for the York area to a consortium entitled The York Channel, with the channel due to be on air in spring 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/11/27/ofcom-awards-york-and-middlesbrough-local-tv-licences/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220162102/http://media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/11/27/ofcom-awards-york-and-middlesbrough-local-tv-licences/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2013 |title=The York Channel |publisher=The York Channel |work=Local Television – York & North Yorkshire |access-date=9 May 2014}}</ref> This service is now on air as [[That's TV]] North Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite web|title=North Yorkshire – That's TV|date=2 October 2020 |url=http://www.thats.tv/north-yorkshire/|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917041554/http://www.thats.tv/north-yorkshire/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[York St John University]] has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724 |title=Film & Television Production BA (Hons) Entry Profile |publisher=York St John University |year=2006 |access-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511070933/http://www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724 |archive-date=11 May 2009}}</ref>

The [[University of York]] has its own television station [[York Student Television]] (YSTV) and two campus newspapers ''[[Nouse]]'' and ''[[York Vision]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ystv.york.ac.uk/ |title=YSTV – Watch TV. Make TV. YSTV |publisher=York Student Television |access-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318002513/http://ystv.york.ac.uk/
|archive-date=18 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its radio station [[University Radio York|URY]] is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted Student Radio Station of the Year 2020 at the [[Student Radio Association|Student Radio Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ury.org.uk/about |title=URY – About Us |publisher=University Radio York |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022132020/https://ury.org.uk/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sport==
===Football===
[[File:York's new stadium (geograph 6866365).jpg|thumb|York Community Stadium|200x200px]]

The city's [[association football]] team is [[York City F.C.|York City]] who are competing in the {{English football updater|YorkCity}} as of the 2025–26 season. York have played as high as the [[Football League Second Division|old Second Division]] but are best known for their 'giant killing' status in cup competitions, having reached the [[FA Cup]] semi-final in [[1954–55 FA Cup|1955]] and beaten [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] 3–0 during the 1995–96 [[Football League Cup|League Cup]]. Their matches are played at the [[York Community Stadium]] as of 2021,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/club/visit-us|title=Visit Us|website=York City Football Club|access-date=6 September 2021|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923154027/https://www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/club/visit-us/|url-status=live}}</ref> having previously played at [[Bootham Crescent]] since 1932. The most notable footballers to come from York in recent years are [[Lucy Staniforth]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22841597|title=Lucy Staniforth: Bristol Academy midfielder wants new deal|work=BBC Sport|date=11 July 2013|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104143426/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22841597|archive-date=4 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup|Under-20 World Cup]] winning captain [[Lewis Cook (footballer, born 1997)|Lewis Cook]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/15346161.York__39_s_World_Cup_winning_captain_Lewis_Cook_has_right_ingredients_to_make_it_to_the_top_says_ex_Minstermen_mentor/|title=York's World Cup-winning captain Lewis Cook has right ingredients to make it to the top says ex-Minstermen mentor|publisher=York Press|date=14 June 2017|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041027/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/15346161.York__39_s_World_Cup_winning_captain_Lewis_Cook_has_right_ingredients_to_make_it_to_the_top_says_ex_Minstermen_mentor/|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and former [[England national football team|England]] manager [[Steve McClaren]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.millthorpeschool.co.uk/school/expupils/nunthorpe.php|title=Millthorpe School – Steve McClaren – Nunthorpe Grammar School|publisher=Millthorpe School|access-date=19 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905224408/http://www.millthorpeschool.co.uk/school/expupils/nunthorpe.php|archive-date=5 September 2008}}</ref>

York also has a strong [[rugby league]] history. York FC, later known as [[York Wasps]], formed in 1868, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town [[Huntington Stadium]], poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/1882617.stm |title=York lose survival fight |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=20 March 2002 |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030223210638/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/1882617.stm |archive-date=23 February 2003 |url-status=live}}</ref> The supporters formed a new club, [[York City Knights]], who played at the same stadium until 2015 when they moved to [[Bootham Crescent]]. In 2021, they moved to [[York Community Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yorkcityknights.com/reports/promising-signs-knights-lner-community-stadium-debut/|title=Promising signs for the Knights in LNER Community Stadium debut: Thursday 11th March – pre-season|website=York City Knights|date=15 March 2021|access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928144023/https://yorkcityknights.com/reports/promising-signs-knights-lner-community-stadium-debut/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, the club was renamed York RLFC<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yorkrlfc.com/post/riseup |title=#RiseUp |website=York RLFC |date=18 October 2022 |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002213929/https://www.yorkrlfc.com/post/riseup |url-status=live}}</ref> and {{As of|2023|lc=y}} the men's team (York Knights) play in The [[Championship (rugby league)|Championship]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yorkrlfc.com/knights-fixtures |title=Knights Fixtures |website=York RLFC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727103542/https://www.yorkrlfc.com/knights-fixtures |url-status=live}}</ref> and the women's team ([[York Valkyrie]]) play in the [[RFL Women's Super League|Super League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yorkrlfc.com/valkyrie-fixtures |title=Valkyrie Fixtures |website=York RLFC |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727102040/https://www.yorkrlfc.com/valkyrie-fixtures |url-status=live}}</ref> There are three amateur rugby league teams in York; New Earswick All Blacks (in [[New Earswick]]), [[York Acorn A.R.L.F.C.|York Acorn]] and [[Heworth A.R.L.F.C.|Heworth]]. [[York International 9s]] was an annual [[rugby league nines]] tournament which took place in York between 2002 and 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=3982|title=York International Rugby 9s|publisher=York City of Festivals|year=2005|access-date=20 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718142553/http://www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=3982|archive-date=18 July 2011}}
</ref> Amateur side [[York Lokomotive]] compete in the [[Rugby League Conference]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

===Rugby===
[[Rugby union]] has been played in York since the 1860s, with multiple teams currently playing within the city. [[York RUFC]] was formed in 1928, and amalgamated with the [[York Cricket Club]] in 1966. The teams' home ground is at York sports ground at Clifton Park. The men's 1st team play in [[North 1 East]], with the women's team in RFUW Women's NC1 North East championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yorkrufc.co.uk/ |title=York Rugby Union Football Club |publisher=York Rugby Union Football Club |access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022085903/https://www.yorkrufc.co.uk/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> York Railway Institute (RI) RUFC home ground is at the York RI sports club on newlane, York. The men's team currently compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East ([[Yorkshire 4]]), and the ladies team play in the RFUW Women's NC1 North East championship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/yorkrirufc/ |title=York RI Rugby Union Football Club |publisher=York RI Rugby Union Football Club |access-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022085858/https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/yorkrirufc/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Based at the York site of chocolate and confectionery maker Nestle [[Rowntree's]], Nestle Rowntree RUFC was founded originally in 1894 and re-founded in 1954. They currently play their home games at [[York St. John University]] Sports Field and they compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East ([[Yorkshire 4]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nestlerowntreerufc.co.uk/ |title=Welcome To Rowntree RUFC Club |publisher=Nestle Rowntree Rugby Union Football Club |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013161001/https://nestlerowntreerufc.co.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Field hockey===
York has a few [[field hockey]] clubs that compete in the [[North Hockey Association|North Hockey League]], the [[Yorkshire Hockey Association|Yorkshire Hockey Association League]] and the [[British Universities and Colleges Sport|BUCS leagues]]. These are City of York Hockey Club, [[Acomb, North Yorkshire|Acomb]] Hockey Club and [[University of York]] Hockey Club.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cityofyorkhc.co.uk/ |title=City of York Hockey Club |access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/city-of-york-hc/teams|title=England Hockey– City of York Hockey Club |access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acombhc.co.uk/|title=Acomb Hockey Club |access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/acomb-hc/teams|title=England Hockey – Acomb Hockey Club |access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://yorksu.org/activities/view/hockey |title=University of York – Hockey|access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.englandhockey.co.uk/clubs/university-of-york-hc/teams|title=England Hockey – University of York Hockey Club |access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref>

===Racing===
[[File:York Racecourse (geograph 6167043).jpg|thumb|York Racecourse|200x200px]]

[[York Racecourse]] was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major [[horseracing]] venue is located on the [[Knavesmire]] and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted [[Royal Ascot]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/4088800.stm |title=Day One: Royal Ascot at York |work=[[BBC Sport]] |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819063057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/4088800.stm |archive-date=19 August 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August, racing takes place over the four-day [[Ebor Festival]] that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkracecourse.co.uk/about-york-racecourse/history |title=York Racecourse History |publisher=York Racecourse |access-date=12 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710040904/http://www.yorkracecourse.co.uk/about-york-racecourse/history |archive-date=10 July 2009}}</ref>

On 6 July 2014, York hosted the start of Stage 2 of the 2014 [[Tour de France]]. Starting the Départ Fictif from [[York Racecourse]], the riders travelled through the city centre to the Départ Actuel on the A59 just beyond the junction with the Outer Ring Road heading towards [[Knaresborough]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.com/le-tour/2014/us/stage-2.html|title=Tour de France Stage 1|access-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725103415/http://www.letour.com/le-tour/2014/us/stage-2.html|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015, the inaugural [[Tour de Yorkshire]] was held as a legacy event to build on the popularity of the previous year, with the Day 2 stage finishing in York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://letour.yorkshire.com/route-maps#Stage2|title=Stage 2 – Selby to York 174 km|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621162932/http://letour.yorkshire.com/route-maps#Stage2|archive-date=21 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/York%20Speedway.htm |title=York Speedway |publisher=John Skinner |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231134548/http://www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/York%20Speedway.htm |archive-date=31 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Other===
An open rowing club [[York City Rowing Club]] is located underneath Lendal Bridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ycrc.co.uk/ |title=York City Rowing Club |publisher=York City Rowing Club |access-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619213646/http://www.ycrc.co.uk/ |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The rowing clubs of The University of York, [[York St John University Rowing Club]] and [[Leeds University Boat Club]] as well as York City RC use the Ouse for training. There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club house and boat park on the outskirts of [[Bishopthorpe]], a village{{convert|3|mi|km}} to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of [[Naburn]],{{convert|5|mi|km}} south of York.

York hosts the [[UK Championship|UK Snooker Championship]], which is the second biggest ranking tournament in the sport, at the [[York Barbican]].

==Garrison==
[[File:Imphall Barracks (geograph 6765373).jpg|thumb|Imphal Barracks]]

York Garrison is a garrison of the British army, which administers a number of units based in and around the city of York.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 July 2020|title=York Garrison – Army Garrisons|url=https://www.armygarrisons.uk/york-garrison/|access-date=28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715141253/https://www.armygarrisons.uk/york-garrison/|archive-date=15 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 December 2010|title=Army in York – British Army Website|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/20976.aspx|access-date=28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208234433/http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/20976.aspx|archive-date=8 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=York Garrison|url=https://forcesyork.2day.uk/?setLocation=YO31%200AA|access-date=28 March 2021|website=forcesyork.2day.uk|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419085828/https://forcesyork.2day.uk/?setLocation=YO31%200AA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=King |first=Hannah |title=Base to Base: York|url=https://www.forces.net/services/army/base-base-york|access-date=28 March 2021|website=Forces Network|date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730210823/https://www.forces.net/services/army/base-base-york|url-status=live}}</ref> The garrison's current units are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2017-03-28.69633.h|title=Military Bases: City of York|access-date=30 March 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515184937/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2017-03-28.69633.h|url-status=live}}</ref>
* York Station
** [[Imphal Barracks]]
*** Headquarters, [[1st (United Kingdom) Division]]
*** [[2nd Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)|2 Signal Regiment]], [[Royal Corps of Signals]]
*** 12 Military Intelligence Company, 1 Military Intelligence Battalion
*** 1 Investigation Company, [[Special Investigation Branch|Special Investigation Branch Regiment]]
*** Kohima Troop, 50 (Northern) Signal Squadron, [[37th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)|37 Signal Regiment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-fulford-road|title=Imphal Barracks|access-date=30 March 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727194334/https://apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-fulford-road|url-status=live}}</ref>
*** 3 Army Education Centre, [[Educational and Training Services Branch]]
** Worsley Barracks<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-worsley-barracks|title=Worsley Barracks|access-date=30 March 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727172350/https://apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-worsley-barracks|url-status=live}}</ref>
*** Helmand Company, [[East and West Riding Regiment|4th Battalion]], [[Royal Yorkshire Regiment]]
*** York Detachment, [[Officers' Training Corps#Leeds|Leeds University Officers' Training Corps]]
** Yeomanry Barracks<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-yeomanry-barracks|title=Yeomanry Barracks|access-date=30 March 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727192152/https://apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-yeomanry-barracks|url-status=live}}</ref>
*** A ([[Queen's Own Yorkshire Yeomanry|Yorkshire Yeomanry]]) Squadron, [[Queen's Own Yeomanry]]
* Strensall Station
** [[Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Strensall|Queen Elizabeth Barracks]]
*** Headquarters, [[2nd Medical Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Medical Brigade]]
*** 34 Field Hospital, [[Royal Army Medical Corps]]
*** Headquarters, Army Training Unit (North)
*** [[4th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters North East|4th Infantry Brigade]] Cadet Training Team
*** 1st (United Kingdom) Division Operational Shooting Training Team
** Towthorpe Lines
*** [[Army Medical Services]] Training Centre<ref>{{cite web|title=A Better Defence Estate November 2016|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/576401/Better_Defence_Estate_Dec16_Amends_Web.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=1 April 2021|page=20|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725043021/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/576401/Better_Defence_Estate_Dec16_Amends_Web.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom}}

York is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
* [[Dijon]], [[Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]], France, since 1953<ref name="Twin">{{cite web |url=http://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3806/y4537-twinning_pdf |title=Enquiry Y4537: – City of York Council |publisher=City of York Council |date=30 January 2012 |access-date=12 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123450/http://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3806/y4537-twinning_pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
* [[Münster]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany, since 1957<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="Münster twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html|title=Portrait of Münster: Die Partnerstädte|access-date=7 August 2013|work=Stadt Münster|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509134659/http://www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html|archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref>
* [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]], China, since 2016<ref name="York Press"/><ref name="Visit York"/>
In 2016 York became [[sister city|sister cities]] with the Chinese city of Nanjing, in line with an agreement signed by the [[List of lord mayors of York|Lord Mayor of York]], focusing on building links in tourism, education, science, technology and culture.<ref name="York Press">{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14885295.Lord_Mayor_signs_up_for_China_links/|title=Lord Mayor signs up for China links|work=York Press|date=14 November 2016|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052729/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14885295.Lord_Mayor_signs_up_for_China_links/|archive-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Visit York">{{cite web|url=https://www.visityork.org/members/opportunities/Campaign-international-china.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031213718/http://www.visityork.org/members/opportunities/Campaign-international-china.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2015|title=International Campaign – China Focus|publisher=Visit York|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12896586.york-succeeds-in-attracting-chinese-tourists/|title=York succeeds in attracting Chinese tourists|work=York Press|date=17 April 2015|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420221729/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12896586.york-succeeds-in-attracting-chinese-tourists/|archive-date=20 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.minsterfm.com/news/local/1878846/new-tourism-figures-revealed-for-york/|title=New Tourism Figures Revealed for York|publisher=Minster FM|date=9 February 2016|access-date=3 April 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630202137/https://www.minsterfm.com/news/local/1878846/new-tourism-figures-revealed-for-york/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 October 2014, it announced the first 'temporal twinning' with Jórvík, the Viking city on the site of York from 866 to 1066.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29721533|title=York twinned with Viking city Jorvik|date=22 October 2014 |work=BBC News|access-date=22 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022123517/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29721533|archive-date=22 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017 York became UK's first [[Human Rights City|human rights city]], which formalised the city's aim to use human rights in decision making.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/15247293.human-rights-city/|title=Human rights city|work=York Press|date=27 April 2017|access-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616103252/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/15247293.human-rights-city/|archive-date=16 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Freedom of the City==
The following people and military units have received the [[Freedom of the City]] of York.

===Individuals===
* [[John Kendal]]: 1482.<ref name="Freemen">{{cite web|url=http://www.freemenofyork.com/famous_honorary_freemen.html|title=Famous Honorary Freemen|website=www.freemenofyork.com|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=7 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507171118/http://www.freemenofyork.com/famous_honorary_freemen.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* John Moore: 29 September 1687.<ref name="Freemen"/>
* [[Cosmo Gordon Lang]]: 1928.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/archbishop-of-york/query/Lang|title=Archbishop Of York|work=British Pathé|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228195303/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/archbishop-of-york/query/Lang|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood]]: 1952.<ref name="Freemen"/>
* [[Edna Annie Crichton]]: 1955.<ref name="Freemen"/>
* the former Prince Andrew, Duke of York (later [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]]): 23 February 1987<ref>{{cite web |last1=Batchelor |first1=Tom |title=Prince Andrew hangs on to Freedom of the City of York after Covid derails council vote |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-andrew-freedom-city-york-b2043526.html |website=The Independent |access-date=22 November 2024 |date=24 March 2022}}</ref> (revoked by a [[Unanimity|Unanimous]] vote of the [[City of York Council]] on 27 April 2022).<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince Andrew: Duke of York loses Freedom of City honour |work=BBC News |date=27 April 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-61247885 |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427174837/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-61247885 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sarah, Duchess of York]]: 23 February 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-andrew-freedom-city-york-b2043526.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-andrew-freedom-city-york-b2043526.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Prince Andrew hangs on to Freedom of the City of York after Covid derails council vote |last=Batchelor |first=Tom |date=25 March 2022 |website=The Independent |access-date=27 March 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Katharine, Duchess of Kent]]: April 1989.<ref name="Freemen"/>
* [[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]]: 2002.<ref name="Freemen"/>
* [[Judi Dench|Dame Judi Dench]]: 13 July 2002.<ref name="Freemen"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2127040.stm|title=Dame Judi gets 'freedom' of York|date=13 July 2002|access-date=24 July 2020|work=BBC News|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724135927/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2127040.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Berwick Kaler]]: 2003.<ref name="Freemen"/>
* [[Professor]] [[Ron Cooke|Sir Ronald Cooke]]: 2006.<ref name="Freemen"/>
* Neal Guppy: 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8731489.neal-guppy-becomes-honorary-freeman-of-the-city-of-york/|title=Neal Guppy Freeman of York|date=10 December 2010 |access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124063007/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8731489.neal-guppy-becomes-honorary-freeman-of-the-city-of-york/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Military units===
* The [[Royal Dragoon Guards]]: 24 April 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rdgmuseum.org.uk/allsaints.htm|title=All Saints' Church, Pavement, York|publisher=The Royal Dragoon Guards Museum and Regimental Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605050256/http://www.rdgmuseum.org.uk/allsaints.htm|archive-date=5 June 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref>
* [[2nd Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)|2 Signals Regiment]]: January 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9801157.soldiers-exercise-their-freedom-of-the-city/|title=Soldiers exercise their Freedom of the City|website=York Press|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920174328/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9801157.soldiers-exercise-their-freedom-of-the-city/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A Squadron The [[Queen's Own Yeomanry]]: 3 December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/4768151.york-soldiers-to-be-honoured/|title=York soldiers to be honoured|website=York Press|date=30 November 2009 |access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306074957/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/4768151.york-soldiers-to-be-honoured/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[RAF Linton-on-Ouse|RAF Linton on Ouse]]: 19 September 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rafa.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/20160624-Freedom-of-City-of-York-Parade-Timings.pdf|publisher=Royal Air Force|access-date=24 July 2020|title=Freedom of the City of York by Royal Air Force Linton on Ouse|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426152414/https://www.rafa.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/20160624-Freedom-of-City-of-York-Parade-Timings.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/raflintononouse/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=D1EA5C28-5056-A318-A80F55A2CA577E3B|title=RAF Linton-on-Ouse – Royal Air Force|website=www.raf.mod.uk|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426152525/http://www.raf.mod.uk/raflintononouse/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=D1EA5C28-5056-A318-A80F55A2CA577E3B|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-11362707|title=RAF staff in Freedom of the City|date=19 September 2010 |work=BBC News|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502155607/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-11362707|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Queen's Gurkha Signals]]: 8 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/13652262.Gurkhas_to_parade_through_York_today/|title=Gurkhas parade through York: 13 photos|website=York Press|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=27 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627062407/http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/13652262.Gurkhas_to_parade_through_York_today/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkmix.com/news/video-the-gurkhas-receive-the-freedom-of-york-in-colourful-ceremony/|title=Video: the Gurkhas receive the Freedom Of York in colourful ceremony • YorkMix|date=8 September 2015|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101411/https://www.yorkmix.com/news/video-the-gurkhas-receive-the-freedom-of-york-in-colourful-ceremony/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from York}}

==See also==
{{portal|Yorkshire}}
* [[Big Blue Ocean Cleanup]]
* [[CityConnect WIFI]]
* [[Evelyn collection]]
* [[Goddards House and Garden]]
* [[Rowntree Park]]
* [[Southlands Methodist Church]]
* [[White Rose Theatre]]
* [[York Festival of Ideas]]
* [[York Shakespeare Project]]
* [[Yorkshire dialect]]

==Explanatory notes==
: {{note label|1939|a|a}}There was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age, and Marital Condition.
: {{note label|2001|b|b}}There is a discrepancy of 37 between Office for National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the ''Vision of Britain'' website (quoted here).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage}}
{{commons}}
===Photos and images===
* [https://images.exploreyork.org.uk/default.aspx Imagine York: Historic Photographs] – online council library archive of historic photographs of York, searchable by keyword

===Historical and genealogical sources===
* {{Genuki|county=ARY|York}}
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17848 Life in a Mediæval City Illustrated by York in the XVth Century] – Gutenberg

{{Hanseatic League}}
{{North Yorkshire}}
{{UK cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:York| ]]
[[Category:1st-century establishments in Roman Britain]]
[[Category:70s establishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:71 establishments]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Cities in Yorkshire and the Humber]]
[[Category:Coloniae (Roman)]]
[[Category:County towns in England]]
[[Category:Fortified settlements]]
[[Category:Leeds City Region]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st century]]
[[Category:Towns in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League]]
[[Category:Unparished areas in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Former non-metropolitan districts of North Yorkshire]]<!-- the district was abolished in 1996 and merged to form a larger York unitary district -->
[[Category:Former boroughs in England]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in North Yorkshire]]