View source for Yotvata

{{Short description|Kibbutz in southern Israel}}
:''"Yotvat" is also the Hebrew name for [[Tiran Island]]''.
{{Infobox Kibbutz
|name           = Yotvata
|hebname        = {{Script/Hebrew|יָטְבָתָה}}
|arname         = يوتفاتا‎
|image          = Yotvata and Edom Mountains.jpg|
|caption        = Yotvata (Edom Mountains in the background).
|foundation     = 1951
|founded_by     = [[Ihud HaKvutzot VeHaKibbutzim]] Members 
|country        = {{ISR}}
|district=south
|council        = [[Hevel Eilot Regional Council|Hevel Eilot]]
|affiliation    = [[Kibbutz Movement]]
|popyear        = {{Israel populations|Year}}
|population     = {{Israel populations|Yotvata}}
|population_footnotes= {{Israel populations|reference}}
|pushpin_map    = Israel negev mt#Israel
|pushpin_mapsize= 250
|coordinates    = {{coord|29|53|44|N|35|3|36|E|display=inline,title}}
|website        = [http://www.yotvata.org.il www.yotvata.org.il]
}}

'''Yotvata''' ({{langx|he|יָטְבָתָה}} ''yotváta'' (but commonly pronounced ''yotvetá''), {{langx|ar|يوتفاتا}}) is a [[kibbutz]] in the [[Aravah|Arava]] Valley in southern [[Israel]]. Located on the [[Highway 90 (Israel–Palestine)|Highway 90]]'s segment known as the Arava Road, adjacent to the southern [[Negev]], it falls under the jurisdiction of [[Hevel Eilot Regional Council]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}}, it had a population of {{Israel populations|Yotvata}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}

The Arava Valley is an arid desert where the average annual rainfall is less than 30&nbsp;mm and temperatures often exceed 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F) in summer and 21&nbsp;°C (70&nbsp;°F) in winter.<ref name="cbs" />

==Location==
Located approximately 40&nbsp;km north of the [[Red Sea]], Yotvata is most prosperous Kibbutz in [[Hevel Eilot Regional Council]]. Being relatively far from major urban centers (41&nbsp;kilometers north of Eilat and 130&nbsp;kilometers south of Dimona), it is the center of the region, where most regional facilities are based, including a  regional school, regional council offices, community center, sports center, movies and concert hall, and local airfield.

==History==
===Establishment===
[[File:Ein Radian 1948.jpg|thumb|Ein Radian/Yotvata 1948]]
[[File:Nahal Settlment.jpg|thumb|right|Ein Radian Nahal Settlement]]
Yotvata was formed in 1951 as a [[Nahal settlement]] named Ein Radian. In 1957, it became the first kibbutz in the southern Arava region, affiliated [[Ihud HaKvutzot VeHaKibbutzim]]. The kibbutz was named for an [[Israelite]] encampment mentioned in [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 33:34 and [[Deuteronomy]] 10:7: "…from there they went to Gudgodah, and then to Jotbatha, a land of streaming water".<ref>Hareouveni, Emanouel (1974). ''The Settlements of Israel and Their Archaeological sites'' (in Hebrew). Israel: Hakibbutz Hameuchad. p. 160</ref> Some say that biblical Yotvata was closer to the [[Red Sea]] near [[Taba, Egypt|Taba]].<ref name="yot" />

The founders were a small group of men and women after military service. The  challenges were many: the burning sun,  heat, shortage of water, infertile land, distance from other settled areas and no solid source of income. They experimented  with different crops, such as  grapes, pomegranates and vegetables. They also tried to raise cattle and chickens but with little success. A date plantation proved more suitable to the arid conditions.
[[File:Yotvata - 2003.jpg|thumb|right|Yotvata - 2003]]
At that point, they decided  to found a dairy that would provide milk to [[Eilat]] although breeding milking cows in the desert was considered an impossible mission. In 1962 the dairy was founded, with four cows. The person who came up with the idea was Ori Horazo (1939–1966).<ref name="yot" /> The [[Jewish Agency]] refused to finance the project but  the [[Israeli Trade and Industry Minister]], [[Pinhas Sapir]] agreed. In its first year, the dairy produced 500,000 liters of milk. By 2008, it was producing 62 million liters a year and controlled 63% of the Israeli dairy-beverage market (making [[Israeli new shekel|NIS]] 400 million a year), and 49% of the fortified milk market (making NIS 250 million a year). It employed 130 workers and had 700 cows.<ref name="peretz" /> The dairies of Kibbutz [[Yahel (kibbutz)|Yahel]], [[Lotan (kibbutz)|Lotan]], and [[Ketura (Kibbutz)|Ketura]] provide [[milk]] for Yotvata.

In 1960, the first children of the community were born, and six years later the school opened with three first graders; today there are 200 kids in the kibbutz, and 600 students from all of the region communities attend the Maale Shaharut School in Yotvata from 1st grade until 12th grade.<ref name="yot" />

===Archaeology===
Judging by the numerous historic forts surrounding the Kibbutz, Yotvata's location was a strategic one:<ref name="skr" />
* Southwest of the kibbutz lies a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] fortress built during the reign of the Emperor [[Diocletian]] (dated c. 300 AD) as part of a line of border fortresses (the ''[[Limes Arabicus]]'') in the Negev, in order to protect the trade route from marauding Arab nomads.<ref name="skr" /><ref name="jvl" /><ref name="esi" />
* East of the kibbutz lies an ancient Arab resting fortress with towers in its corners, dating from the [[Nabataeans]] era (c. 700 AD) and served as a resting station for the convoys crossing the desert.<ref name = "skr" />
* On a hill west of the kibbutz (50 m), there is an ancient fort dating from the [[Iron Age]] (c. 12th century BCE). The fort overlooks the wellspring, and is  considered to have  served the Egyptians copper miners.<ref name="skr" />
* East of the kibbutz to the north and to the south there is a wells-chain (known as [[Fugaras]]) connected with a tunnel that leads the [[aquifer]] water to the surface. Fugaras is an ancient but sophisticated irrigation system.<ref name="skr" />
* North of the kibbutz are two ancient [[leopard]] traps. Leopards are known to have inhabited this area.<ref name="skr" />

==Economy and community==
Yotvata is a cooperative community, where most adult residents work on the kibbutz in production, services or education. The revenues are equally distributed among the members regardless of their position, along the idea of ''each one gives as much as he can and gets as much as he needs''. Most of daily affairs are conducted communally: education, holidays, dining (three meals a day conducted in the commune dining room give the community more relaxed time to spend together) and more.<ref name="yot" />

[[Yotvata Dairy]] is a milk products factory which provides the kibbutz with its main source of income and occupies the highest number of members.

Agriculture ranks second in terms of income but perhaps first in importance to the community character and pride. Agriculture branches are [[irrigated land]] (onions, potatoes, corn, animal feed, garlic and pumpkins), [[plantations]] (dates and mangos) and a big and modern [[dairy farm]].<ref name="yot" />

[[File:Yotvata001.jpg|thumb|right|Yotvata's road stop]]
There is a large road station with restaurant, local ice cream and souvenir shop on the Arava Road.

Other small branches are a picturesque horse stable that lies in the date plantation east to the kibbutz and a few artistic studios.

All members take turns contributing to the kibbutz service branches: kitchen, dining room, laundry, and security.

The kibbutz gets all its drinking and irrigation water from aquifer wells in the Arava Valley.

==Attractions==
[[Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve]] is dedicated to reintroducing extinct species mentioned in the Bible, as well as other endangered desert animals, to the wild. It has three parts: a park for herbivorous animals; a Predators Center that displays reptiles, small desert animals and large predators; and the Desert Night Life Exhibition Hall to observe [[nocturnal animal]]s during their active hours.<ref name="haaretz" />

15&nbsp;km south of Yotvata lies [[Timna valley]], where the sandstone and calcareous rock formations present some breathtaking desert features such as the [[Timna Valley#Solomon's Pillars|Solomon's Pillars]], [[Timna Valley#Arches|Arches]] and a [[Timna Valley#Mushroom|Mushroom]]. Timna is also known for its ancient copper mines.

The area provides many great desert walks including canyons, roman routes, sand dunes, fossil hunting, rock-climbing and more.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<!-- <ref name="mfa">{{Bibleverse|Deuteronomy|10:7|he}}</ref>
<ref name="mapa">{{Cite book
| publisher = Mapa Publishing
| isbn = 965-7184-34-7
| editor-last=El'azari
| editor-first=Yuval
| title = Mapa's Concise Gazetteer of Israel
| location = Tel Aviv
| year = 2005
| page = 217
| language=he}}</ref> -->
<ref name="peretz">{{Cite news
| last = Peretz
| first = Sapir
| title=איך הפכה יטבתה ממחלבה קטנה בלב המדבר לאחד המותגים החזקים במשק?
| trans-title = How did Yotvata turn from a small dairy in the middle of the desert to one of the market's strongest brands?
| work = Globes
| access-date = 2019-05-27
| date = 2008-07-30
| url = https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?fid=821&did=1000366778
| language=he}}</ref>
<ref name="haaretz">{{Cite news
| title = The Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve
| work = Haaretz
| access-date = 2008-10-01
| date = 2008-04-16
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/968281.html
}}</ref>
<ref name="jvl">
{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Eilat Region |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |editor-last=Bard |editor-first=Mitchell G. |date=January 2016 |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/archaeology-in-the-eilat-region}}</ref>
<ref name="skr">{{Cite book
| title = Hevel Eilot Survey
| author = Menachem Marcus
| year = 1979
| pages = 214–220
| publisher = Hevel Eilot Regional Council
}}</ref>
<ref name="yot">{{Cite web
| title = Yotvata website
| url = http://www.yotvata.org.il
}}</ref>
<ref name="esi">{{Cite web
 |title        = Israel Antiquities Authority
 |url          = http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=149&mag_id=110
 |access-date  = 2011-04-24
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120606142144/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=149&mag_id=110
 |archive-date = 2012-06-06
 |url-status     = dead
}}</ref>
<ref name = "cbs">{{Cite web
| title = Israel In Numbers
| publisher = Central Bureau of Statistic
| url = http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/isr_in_n08h.pdf
}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Yotvata}}
*[http://www.yotvata.org.il Official website]
*{{Cite web
 |title       = Hai Bar Animal and Nature Reserve Red Sea Desert
 |work        = redseadesert.com
 |access-date  = 2008-10-01
 |url         = http://redseadesert.com/html/060haibar.html
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080929014355/http://redseadesert.com/html/060haibar.html
 |archive-date = 2008-09-29
}}

{{Hevel Eilot}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kibbutzim]]
[[Category:Kibbutz Movement]]
[[Category:Nahal settlements]]
[[Category:Populated places in Southern District (Israel)]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Israel]]